1604:
a misunderstanding and mistrasmission of the text in all the census lists of Exodus and
Numbers (not to mention other texts)" and produces several inconsistencies in the book of Numbers that cannot be resolved. Most scholars who hold this view posit a much lower number for the fighting men of Israel, closer to 20,000. Another theory is that of an error in transmission, with J.W. Wenham arguing that "biblical texts are often corrupted by the simple addition of zeroes to the numbers", although the flaw in this suggestion "is that the mistake in zeroes would easily occur only where numbers were represented by figures rather than by words", and there is "little or no evidence that figures were used in the biblical texts during the biblical period." Based on the nature of the book and the many accounts of tax payment and records of animals and persons, it is most likely that Numbers is referring to an actual account of a numerical tally of the Israelite people. A more likely explanation for the large number stated in the book is that the actual numerical metrics cannot really be established today. This requires us to take the values given as they are, as any other alternatives raises more problems than solutions. In his commentary on the book of Numbers,
1537:
1575:(meaning treaties, legally binding agreements) stretching from Genesis to Deuteronomy and beyond. The first is the covenant between God and Noah immediately after the Deluge in which God agrees never again to destroy the Earth with water. The next is between God and Abraham, and the third between God and all Israel at Mount Sinai. In this third covenant, unlike the first two, God hands down an elaborate set of laws (scattered through Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers), which the Israelites are to observe; they are also to remain faithful to Yahweh, the god of Israel, meaning, among other things, that they must put their trust in his help.
1619:"No one system answers all the questions or solves all the problems. In short, we lack the materials in the text to solve this problem. When all is said and done, one must admit that the answer is elusive. Perhaps it is best to take these numbers as R.K. Harrison has done — as based on a system familiar to the ancients but unknown to moderns. According to Harrison the figures are to be taken as "symbols of relative power, triumph, importance, and the like and are not meant to be understood either strictly literally or as extant in a corrupt textual form."
1587:
to Israel's sin of unfaithfulness. In the final section, the
Israelites of the new generation follow Yahweh's instructions as given through Moses and are successful in all they attempt. The last five chapters are exclusively concerned with land: instructions for the extermination of the Canaanites, the demarcation of the boundaries of the land, how the land is to be divided, holy cities for the Levites and "cities of refuge", the problem of pollution of the land by blood, and regulations for inheritance when a male heir is lacking.
31:
1431:
2959:
1208:
1304:, on Canaan's eastern border. The Israelites blame Moses for the lack of water. Moses is ordered by God to speak to a rock but initially disobeys, and is punished by the announcement that he shall not enter Canaan. The king of Edom refuses permission to pass through his land and they go around it. Aaron dies on Mount Hor. The Israelites are bitten by
1297:'s men and are stricken with the plague, with 14,700 perishing. Aaron and his family are declared by God to be responsible for any iniquity committed in connection with the sanctuary. The Levites are again appointed to help in the keeping of the Tabernacle. The Levites are ordered to surrender to the priests a part of the tithes taken to them.
1600:
Israelites does not conform to modern historical knowledge of the period or archaeological evidence. Some scholars see the book of
Numbers as unhistorical, and the figures given as either greatly exaggerated or simply fabricated, opting instead to focus on Numbers as a theological book and not a historical one.
1195:), linked by two travel sections; an alternative is to see it as structured around the two generations of those condemned to die in the wilderness and the new generation who will enter Canaan, making a theological distinction between the disobedience of the first generation and the obedience of the second.
1603:
On the other hand, some
Biblical scholars speculate that the literature is not referring to the actual number, and that the word for "thousand" is actually referring to a noun signifying a group or clan. However, this interpretation poses a problem, as it undermines the validity of the text, "assumes
1586:
The
Israelites then set out to conquer the land, but almost immediately they refuse to enter it, and Yahweh condemns the whole generation who left Egypt to die in the wilderness. The message is clear: failure was not due to any fault in the preparation, because Yahweh had foreseen everything, but due
1599:
The book of
Numbers records in some detail the population of the fighting men in Israel, providing a figure of approximately 600,000 soldiers. This would translate to a total population of 1.5 to 2.5 million Israelites. However, scholars have proposed multiple alternatives, as such a large number of
1590:
A large part of the theological theme in
Numbers is the righteousness and holiness of God being met with human rebellion. The two censuses not only show the different response of two generations but rather that God had remained faithful despite the rebellion of the Israelites. The theme of the book
1237:
is exempted from military service and therefore not included in the census. Moses consecrates the
Levites for the service of the Tabernacle in the place of the first-born sons, who hitherto had performed that service. The Levites are divided into three families, the Gershonites, the Kohathites, and
1135:
into the land. Upon hearing the spies' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan, the
Israelites refuse to take possession of it. God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task. Furthermore, there were some who rebelled against Moses
1582:
The theme of descendants marks the first event in
Numbers, the census of Israel's fighting men: the huge number which results (over 600,000) demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham of innumerable descendants, as well as serving as God's guarantee of victory in Canaan. As chapters
1578:
It is important to note that among the reasons this law was given was to establish the Israelite people as Yahweh's people. The laws and instructions were as much for identity as they were for obedience. Yahweh by providing all the different instructions and laws was affirming that the Israelite
1198:
Despite the strong chronological order and the clear distinction of the three geographic locations, the key theme of censuses among the Israelites and the parallels between the old and new generation seem to be a better fit for this book if seen as a theological account rather than a purely
1471:(i.e., after c. 520 BC), based on preexisting written and oral traditions, as well as contemporary geographical and political realities. The five books are often described as being drawn from four "sources", generally regarded as the works of schools of writers rather than individuals: the
1568:. The promise has three elements: posterity (i.e., descendants – Abraham is told that his descendants will be as innumerable as the stars), divine-human relationship (Israel is to be God's chosen people), and land (the land of Canaan, cursed by Noah immediately after the Deluge).
1583:
1–10 progress, the theme of God's presence with Israel comes to the fore: these chapters describe how Israel is to be organized around the Sanctuary, God's dwelling-place in their midst, under the charge of the Levites and priests, in preparation for the conquest of the land.
1418:. Moses recalls the stations at which the Israelites halted during their forty years' wanderings and instructs the Israelites to exterminate the Canaanites and destroy their idols. The boundaries of the land are spelled out; the land is to be divided under the supervision of
1343:
to curse the Israelites. However, God tells Balaam not to curse them, and when Balaam attempts to travel to Balak with the Moabite officials God sends an angel to stop his donkey. Realising that he cannot curse the Israelites, Balaam blesses them instead, and foresees
2962:
1286:, two of the spies, report that the land is abundant and is "flowing with milk and honey", but the other spies say that it is inhabited by giants, and the Israelites refuse to enter the land. Yahweh decrees that the Israelites will be punished for their loss of
1527:
do point to the plausibility of a pre-exilic written tradition of the passage from Numbers 6 and Deuteronomy 7. Although this does not decisively prove that there was a canonical written tradition it does point to a possibility of such a tradition.
1257:
The Israelites set out from Sinai. The people murmur against God and are punished by fire; Moses complains of their stubbornness and God orders him to choose seventy elders to assist him in the government of the people.
1395:, in retaliation for the Baal-Peor incident. Specifically, all Midianite men and boys and women who are not virgins are killed. Virgin Midianite women and girls are spared, but kept as prizes for the Israelite army.
1382:
A new census gives the total number of men from twenty years and upward as 601,730, and the number of the Levites from the age of one month and upward as 23,000. The land shall be divided by lot. The daughters of
1379:, he enters their tent and runs a spear through them. God rewards him by giving his descendants an everlasting priesthood. God also tells the Israelites to consider the Midianites their enemies.
1515:, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws that make up the bulk of the book, was extended in the early part of the 6th century BCE to serve as the introduction to the
1167:: God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great (i.e. numerous) nation, that they will have a special relationship with him, and that they shall take possession of the land of
1233:, to number those able to bear arms—of all the men twenty years and older and to appoint princes over each tribe. A total of 603,550 Israelites are found to be fit for military service. The
1092:
containing verses from Numbers have been dated as far back as the late seventh or early sixth century BC. These verses are the earliest known artifacts to be found in the Hebrew Bible text.
1487:. There is an ongoing dispute over the origins of the non-Priestly source(s), but it is generally agreed that the Priestly source is post-exilic. Below is an outline of the hypothesis:
1119:. The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march. The Israelites begin the journey, but complain about the hardships along the way and about the authority of
1591:
should seem to be more centrally focused on the faithfulness and holiness of God as this is a common theme that runs through the whole of the Pentateuch, not just the book of Numbers.
1348:
whom he identifies as 'the Star of Jacob' who will defeat Israel's enemies. This angers Balak, but Balaam informs Balak that he cannot say anything except what God tells him to say.
3874:
2457:
Write That They May Read: Studies in Literacy and Textualization in the Ancient Near East and in the Hebrew Scriptures: Essays in Honour of Professor Alan R. Millard
2864:
1391:
as his successor. Prescriptions for the observance of the feasts and the offerings for different occasions are enumerated. Moses orders the Israelites to
1136:
and for these acts, God destroyed approximately 15,000 of them through various means. The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the
3559:
1293:
God orders Moses to make plates to cover the altar. The children of Israel murmur against Moses and Aaron on account of the destruction of
4491:
4373:
1608:
acknowledged that even among his contemporaries, "certain sceptics" had questioned the veracity of the figures quoted, but defended the
1519:(the books from Joshua to Kings), and later still was detached from that history, extended and edited again, and attached to the Torah.
3050:
4450:
3505:
4358:
4353:
1762:
4368:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2749:
2728:
2701:
2680:
2657:
2636:
2615:
2586:
2565:
2544:
2506:
2485:
2464:
2441:
2420:
2397:
2376:
2355:
2332:
2309:
2288:
2265:
2244:
2129:
2024:
30:
4059:
1294:
4165:
1000:
4486:
4160:
4021:
4128:
2527:
2096:
2861:
4246:
4123:
3974:
3552:
957:
20:
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1410:. Moses grants their request after they promise to help in the conquest of the land west of the Jordan. The land
2175:
1536:
4496:
4565:
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3043:
2941:
2937:
2904:
1664:, on Numbers 13–15: Mixed report of the scouts and Israel's response, libations, bread, idol worship, fringes
1171:. Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness, faithfulness, and trust: despite God's presence and
4455:
2931:
2916:
1727:
4539:
3969:
3545:
947:
2892:
4143:
3459:
1747:
1712:, on Numbers 33–36: Stations of the Israelites' journeys, instructions for conquest, cities for Levites
4261:
1648:, on Numbers 4–7: Priestly duties, the camp, unfaithfulness, and the Nazirite, Tabernacle consecration
4175:
4154:
4148:
4560:
4170:
4138:
4133:
3869:
3830:
3263:
3036:
1680:, on Numbers 19–21: Red heifer, water from a rock, Miriam's and Aaron's deaths, victories, serpents
1026:
834:
1696:, on Numbers 25–29: Phinehas, second census, inheritance, Moses' successor, offerings and holidays
4476:
4348:
4205:
4066:
3806:
3323:
1516:
1359:, worshipping a deity known as Baal-Peor. God sends a plague in retaliation, and Moses tells the
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4332:
4215:
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4190:
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812:
2897:
2712:
2668:
2431:
2408:
2389:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts
2343:
2276:
2255:
2014:
4281:
4220:
4210:
4118:
3123:
3113:
2801:
Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (ed.).
2452:
2387:
2320:
1652:
1468:
730:
246:
2647:
2576:
2453:"Earliest Literary Allusions to Homer and the Pentateuch from Ischia in Italy and Jerusalem"
2366:
1704:, on Numbers 30–32: Vows, Midian, dividing booty, land for Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh
1081:(5th century BC). The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites.
4570:
4481:
4401:
4113:
4026:
3936:
3702:
3589:
3521:
2951:
1742:
1629:
1524:
1305:
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914:
711:
426:
1656:, on Numbers 8–12: Levites, journeying by cloud and fire, complaints, questioning of Moses
1339:, king of Moab decides to fight the Israelites as well, and summons a local diviner named
1266:
and is shut out of camp for seven days, at the end of which the Israelites proceed to the
8:
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4423:
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4185:
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3647:
3617:
3469:
3181:
3146:
3108:
3073:
3007:
1572:
1571:
The theme of the divine-human relationship is expressed, or managed, through a series of
1439:
1411:
1355:, the more they intermarry with the local Moabites, and the more they participate in the
1104:
868:
608:
559:
489:
111:
1672:, on Numbers 16–18: Korah's rebellion, plague, Aaron's staff buds, duties of the Levites
1556:
of the five books as the partial fulfilment of a promise made by God to the patriarchs,
4315:
4230:
4036:
4031:
3993:
3916:
3879:
3859:
3789:
2717:
2455:. In Block, Daniel I.; Deuel, David C.; Collins, C. John; Lawrence, Paul J. N. (eds.).
1609:
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863:
201:
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2676:
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2523:
2502:
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2416:
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2102:
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2020:
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1752:
1692:
1636:
1415:
1164:
923:
789:
779:
549:
479:
306:
296:
91:
1175:, Israel lacks in faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation.
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2187:
1275:
1132:
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774:
706:
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365:
291:
222:
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3707:
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794:
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682:
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311:
271:
232:
177:
71:
1540:
A Plague Inflicted on Israel While Eating the Quail (illustration from the 1728
530:
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3825:
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1736:
1700:
1684:
1497:
1456:
1430:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1160:
1137:
1108:
1078:
1069:. The book has a long and complex history; its final form is possibly due to a
1054:
1018:
859:
854:
849:
829:
784:
721:
701:
623:
603:
588:
583:
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469:
446:
301:
212:
187:
167:
157:
81:
2855:
2828:
1387:, who had no sons, are to share in the allotment. God orders Moses to appoint
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to kill anyone participating in this practice. When one of Aaron's grandsons,
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and Aaron insult Moses at Hazeroth, which angers God; Miriam is punished with
4554:
4276:
4085:
3954:
3820:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3717:
3687:
3585:
3500:
3423:
3020:
2878:
2515:
2139:
2034:
1644:
1484:
1251:
1188:
1116:
932:
824:
769:
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759:
739:
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286:
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3083:
3016:
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2106:
2019:. Michael A. Grisanti, Eugene H. Merrill. Nashville: B & H Pub. Group.
1732:
1509:
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a non-Priestly original.
1316:
1141:
1062:
976:
749:
744:
662:
638:
613:
593:
436:
416:
266:
261:
38:
2323:. In Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.).
4417:
4013:
3931:
3926:
3840:
3835:
3667:
3495:
3283:
2325:
The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books
2210:
1623:
1605:
1512:
1464:
1184:
1096:
909:
904:
844:
839:
647:
375:
4251:
2192:
1246:, while the Gershonites and Merarites were headed by Aaron's other son,
4406:
3358:
3232:
3118:
2922:
2910:
2628:
Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes
1399:
1392:
1384:
1219:
1148:
1112:
1100:
129:
1183:
Most commentators divide Numbers into three sections based on locale (
3921:
3537:
3454:
3403:
3378:
2319:
Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (2007).
1902:
1503:
1460:
1309:
899:
2947:
1849:
4428:
3998:
3985:
3964:
3911:
3906:
3413:
3398:
3138:
2966:
1364:
1324:
952:
942:
889:
884:
3028:
1735:(only appears twice in the Book of Numbers and seven times in the
1506:
is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.
1500:
is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.
4440:
4305:
3393:
3343:
3278:
2848:
1914:
1557:
1476:
1472:
1419:
1403:
1345:
1320:
1263:
1247:
1239:
1238:
the Merarites, each under a chief. The Kohathites were headed by
1153:
journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers
1074:
329:
2433:
The Task of Old Testament Theology: Substance, Method, and Cases
4411:
4288:
3672:
3373:
3368:
3353:
3348:
3318:
3298:
3293:
3273:
3217:
3171:
3161:
3098:
3088:
2999:
2607:
Treasures Old and New: Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch
1722:
1434:
1407:
1388:
1340:
1332:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1234:
1215:
1211:
1168:
1128:
652:
355:
2257:
Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
1612:
of the text by invoking the miraculous "interference of God".
3572:
3526:
3490:
3449:
3383:
3363:
3333:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3268:
3191:
3186:
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1757:
1708:
1565:
1561:
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1376:
1336:
1287:
1283:
1243:
1226:
1172:
1124:
1120:
1085:
1066:
54:
2649:
Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations
2016:
The World and the Word: an Introduction to the Old Testament
1323:. Here, the Israelites find themselves in conflict with the
1300:
Miriam dies at Kadesh Barnea and the Israelites set out for
1155:. As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in
3288:
3258:
3242:
1301:
1278:
are sent out into Canaan and come back to report to Moses.
1250:. Preparations are then made for resuming the march to the
1192:
2804:
The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1447:
The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the
1207:
1989:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1965:
1821:
1819:
1315:
The Israelites arrive on the plains of Moab, across the
3408:
2411:. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
2146:
1328:
1953:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1854:
1797:
1624:
Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Numbers
1878:
1816:
2557:
Numbers (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)
2385:
2318:
2068:
2058:
2056:
1977:
1920:
1908:
1866:
1414:
is divided among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the
1290:
by having to wander in the wilderness for 40 years.
1115:. The task before them is to take possession of the
1084:
Numbers is one of the better-preserved books of the
2645:
2386:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002).
2346:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
2279:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
2041:
1926:
2716:
1785:
1406:request Moses to assign them the land east of the
2477:Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction
2053:
1831:
1494:is made up of Priestly and non-Priestly material.
1422:, Joshua, and twelve princes, one of each tribe.
1111:and God has taken up residence among them in the
4552:
1890:
1688:, on Numbers 22–25: Balaam's donkey and blessing
2673:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel
1640:, on Numbers 1–4: First census, priestly duties
3553:
3044:
1579:people were his and would bear his identity.
1479:(frequently treated as a single source), the
994:
2779:
2758:
2646:Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993).
2581:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
1615:According to Timothy R. Ashley's analysis:
2624:
2603:
2578:The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary
1254:. Various ordinances and laws are decreed.
1147:Numbers is the culmination of the story of
1065:and the fourth of five books of the Jewish
1038:
3560:
3546:
3051:
3037:
2800:
2574:
1971:
1437:and the Angel (illustration from the 1493
1001:
987:
2759:Knierim, Rolf P; Coats, George W (2005).
2473:
2205:
2203:
2191:
2119:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1810:
2875:'s translation and commentary at Ort.org
2858:(Jewish Publication Society translation)
2780:Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009).
2710:
2450:
2253:
2217:. Ada, MI: Baker Book House. p. 22.
1995:
1825:
1535:
1429:
1206:
1149:Israel's exodus from oppression in Egypt
2879:Bamidbar – Numbers (Judaica Press)
2737:
2429:
2406:
2341:
1959:
1947:
1884:
4553:
3567:
2553:
2536:Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch
2297:
2232:
2209:
2200:
2173:
2161:
2074:
2012:
2001:
1983:
1872:
1860:
1791:
1763:What hath God wrought (disambiguation)
1351:The longer the Israelites stay on the
1308:for speaking against God and Moses. A
3541:
3032:
2689:
2494:
2047:
1837:
2839: – English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
2741:A Complete Introduction to the Bible
2666:
2364:
2274:
2176:"Large Numbers in the Old Testament"
2124:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books.
2086:
1935:
1896:
1548:David A. Clines, in his influential
1375:has married a Midianite woman named
1312:is made to ward off these serpents.
1030:
4492:Other books referenced in the Bible
4451:New Testament manuscript categories
3058:
2669:"The Formation of the Hebrew Bible"
2532:
2091:. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
2062:
1552:(1978), identified the overarching
13:
4022:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
2597:
1921:Coogan, Brettler & Newsom 2007
1077:source made sometime in the early
14:
4587:
2822:
1594:
1467:—reached its present form in the
2957:
2348:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
2281:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1909:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002
1127:. They arrive at the borders of
29:
21:Book of Numbers (disambiguation)
4507:Biblical and Quranic narratives
2843:
2807:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2501:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2167:
2113:
2080:
1073:redaction (i.e., editing) of a
16:Fourth book of the Hebrew Bible
2520:The Torah: A Modern Commentary
2215:Calvin's Commentaries Volume 2
1843:
1425:
1140:ready for the crossing of the
1:
2942:Authorized King James Version
2738:Gilbert, Christopher (2009).
2459:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2451:Lawrence, Paul J. N. (2020).
2120:Bellinger, W. H. Jr. (2012).
1773:
1393:massacre the people of Midian
2932:New Revised Standard Version
2917:New Revised Standard Version
2783:An Introduction to the Bible
2711:Fretheim, Terence E (1998).
2625:Brueggemann, Walter (2002).
2604:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004).
2304:. Sheffield Academic Press.
2174:Wenham, J. W. (1967-05-01).
1778:
1728:Book of the Wars of the Lord
1550:The Themes of the Pentateuch
1335:, both of whom they defeat.
1178:
1061:) is the fourth book of the
7:
2965:public domain audiobook at
2723:. Oxford University Press.
2671:. In Niditch, Susan (ed.).
2407:Houston, Walter J. (2003).
2327:. Oxford University Press.
2301:The Theme of the Pentateuch
2089:The Early History of Israel
1716:
10:
4592:
4487:English Bible translations
3875:Song of the Three Children
3460:Ordeal of the bitter water
2881:translation at Chabad.org
2862:Numbers (The Living Torah)
2474:McDermott, John J (2002).
2254:Bandstra, Barry L (2004).
2233:Ashley, Timothy R (1993).
2225:
1627:
1202:
18:
4525:
4469:
4387:
4341:
4239:
4084:
4047:
4012:
3983:
3945:
3890:
3797:
3781:
3579:
3514:
3478:
3437:
3251:
3200:
3137:
3066:
3014:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2975:
2693:Introduction to the Bible
2690:Dawes, Gregory W (2005).
2675:. John Wiley & Sons.
2631:. Westminster John Knox.
2575:Van Seters, John (2004).
2413:Eerdmans Bible Commentary
1531:
1218:, and furnishings of the
488:
478:
468:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
374:
364:
354:
231:
221:
211:
186:
176:
166:
156:
110:
100:
90:
80:
70:
2715:. In John Barton (ed.).
2554:Stubbs, David L (2009).
2533:Ska, Jean-Louis (2006).
2495:Olson, Dennis T (1996).
2430:Knierim, Rolf P (1995).
2342:Dozeman, Thomas (2000).
2298:Clines, David A (1997).
2087:Vaux, Roland de (1978).
4349:Intertestamental period
3324:Daughters of Zelophehad
2856:Numbers at Mechon-Mamre
2719:Oxford Bible Commentary
2667:Carr, David M. (2016).
2321:"Editors' Introduction"
1517:Deuteronomistic history
1229:, in the wilderness of
4333:Apocalyptic literature
3970:Paralipomena of Baruch
3238:Stations of the Exodus
2392:. Simon and Schuster.
1748:Ordeal of bitter water
1621:
1545:
1444:
1416:half-tribe of Manasseh
1222:
1058:
948:Paralipomena of Baruch
4497:Additional Scriptures
4461:New Testament uncials
2938:Numbers at Wikisource
2368:The Evolution of Adam
2013:Rooker, Mark (2011).
1617:
1539:
1433:
1306:fiery flying serpents
1210:
4566:5th-century BC books
4482:Bible version debate
4456:New Testament papyri
4402:Samaritan Pentateuch
4027:Testament of Abraham
3965:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
3522:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
2952:Douay-Rheims Version
2924:oremus Bible Browser
2912:oremus Bible Browser
2696:. Liturgical Press.
2365:Enns, Peter (2012).
2275:Carr, David (2000).
1743:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
1630:Weekly Torah portion
1525:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
1103:have received their
1090:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
943:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
19:For other uses, see
4424:Muratorian fragment
4359:New Testament canon
4354:Old Testament canon
4247:Chapters and verses
3865:Additions to Daniel
3831:Additions to Esther
3470:Water of lustration
2948:Numbers at drbo.org
2236:The Book of Numbers
2193:10.53751/001c.30680
1542:Figures de la Bible
1440:Nuremberg Chronicle
1088:. Fragments of the
869:Additions to Daniel
835:Additions to Esther
4037:Testament of Jacob
4032:Testament of Isaac
3917:Prayer of Manasseh
3880:Bel and the Dragon
3860:Letter of Jeremiah
2905:King James Version
2867:2011-08-01 at the
2652:. Fortress Press.
2277:"Genesis, Book of"
2122:Leviticus, Numbers
1546:
1469:post-Exilic period
1445:
1412:east of the Jordan
1223:
1191:and the plains of
1159:and played out in
1095:Numbers begins at
1025:, lit. 'numbers';
895:Prayer of Manasseh
864:Letter of Jeremiah
4548:
4547:
4517:Textual criticism
4080:
4079:
4004:Psalms of Solomon
3947:Orthodox Tewahedo
3535:
3534:
3465:Priestly Blessing
3223:Kibroth Hattaavah
3027:
3026:
3005:Succeeded by
2901:at GospelHall.org
2814:978-0-664-25652-4
2793:978-0-8028-4636-5
2772:978-0-8028-2231-4
2751:978-0-8091-4552-2
2744:. Paulist Press.
2730:978-0-19-875500-5
2703:978-0-8146-2835-5
2682:978-0-470-65677-8
2659:978-1-4514-1367-0
2638:978-0-664-22231-4
2617:978-0-8028-2679-4
2588:978-0-567-08088-2
2567:978-1-4412-0719-7
2546:978-1-57506-122-1
2508:978-0-664-23736-3
2487:978-0-8091-4082-4
2480:. Pauline Press.
2466:978-1-7252-5210-3
2443:978-0-8028-0715-1
2422:978-0-8028-3711-0
2399:978-0-7432-2338-6
2378:978-1-58743-315-3
2357:978-90-5356-503-2
2344:"Exodus, Book of"
2334:978-0-19-528880-3
2311:978-0-567-43196-7
2290:978-90-5356-503-2
2267:978-0-495-39105-0
2246:978-0-8028-2523-0
2164:, pp. 65–66.
2131:978-0-8010-4560-8
2026:978-1-4336-7374-0
1911:, pp. 68–69.
1768:Wilderness of Sin
1753:Priestly Blessing
1353:plains of Shittim
1270:on the border of
1105:laws and covenant
1011:
1010:
971:
970:
965:
964:
924:Orthodox Tewahedo
850:Wisdom of Solomon
802:
801:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
455:
454:
384:
383:
320:
319:
241:
240:
196:
195:
120:
119:
4583:
4397:Dead Sea Scrolls
4379:Dating the Bible
4257:Historical books
3894:Eastern Orthodox
3807:Eastern Orthodox
3795:
3794:
3788:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3506:Textual variants
3445:Covenant of salt
3419:The Twelve Spies
3208:Cities of Refuge
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3029:
2990:Preceded by
2977:Book of Numbers
2973:
2972:
2969:Various versions
2961:
2960:
2818:
2797:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2722:
2707:
2686:
2663:
2642:
2621:
2592:
2571:
2560:. Brazos Press.
2550:
2512:
2491:
2470:
2447:
2426:
2403:
2382:
2361:
2338:
2315:
2294:
2271:
2250:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2180:Tyndale Bulletin
2171:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2010:
1999:
1998:, p. 28–29.
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:, p. 19–20.
1858:
1852:
1850:Numbers 13:31–33
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1199:historical one.
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1003:
996:
989:
819:
818:
815:
813:Deuterocanonical
689:
688:
685:
641:
577:
533:
524:
523:
518:
466:
465:
403:
402:
396:
352:
351:
343:
342:
338:
334:
209:
208:
154:
153:
143:
142:
138:
134:
68:
67:
63:
59:
49:
48:
43:
33:
26:
25:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4561:Book of Numbers
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4521:
4465:
4383:
4374:Christian canon
4337:
4272:Prophetic books
4235:
4166:2 Thessalonians
4161:1 Thessalonians
4076:
4043:
4008:
3979:
3941:
3900:
3886:
3814:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3536:
3531:
3510:
3474:
3433:
3389:Nadab and Abihu
3329:Eldad and Medad
3247:
3213:Desert of Paran
3196:
3133:
3062:
3060:Book of Numbers
3057:
3019:
3010:
2995:
2985:
2978:
2958:
2869:Wayback Machine
2846:
2833: – Numbers
2825:
2815:
2794:
2773:
2752:
2731:
2704:
2683:
2660:
2639:
2618:
2600:
2598:Further reading
2595:
2589:
2568:
2547:
2539:. Eisenbrauns.
2509:
2488:
2467:
2444:
2423:
2400:
2379:
2371:. Baker Books.
2358:
2335:
2312:
2291:
2268:
2247:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2208:
2201:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2147:
2132:
2118:
2114:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2027:
2011:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1972:Van Seters 2004
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1719:
1632:
1626:
1597:
1534:
1481:Priestly source
1463:, Numbers, and
1428:
1268:desert of Paran
1205:
1181:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1027:Biblical Hebrew
1015:Book of Numbers
1007:
967:
966:
816:
811:
804:
803:
686:
681:
674:
673:
672:
642:
637:
630:
629:
628:
578:
573:
566:
565:
564:
534:
529:
516:
504:
503:
394:
340:
336:
330:
322:
321:
316:
140:
136:
130:
122:
121:
65:
61:
55:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4512:Synod of Hippo
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Masoretic Text
4443:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4282:Minor prophets
4279:
4277:Major prophets
4269:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4055:Pseudepigrapha
4051:
4049:
4048:Classification
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Psalms 152–155
3990:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3648:1–2 Chronicles
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3576:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:Numbers Rabbah
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Levitical city
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2963:Bible: Numbers
2955:
2945:
2935:
2920:
2908:
2895:
2888:translations:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2859:
2851:translations:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2823:External links
2821:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2708:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2664:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2530:
2516:Plaut, Gunther
2513:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2362:
2356:
2339:
2333:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2272:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2199:
2166:
2145:
2130:
2112:
2097:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2040:
2025:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1962:, p. 102.
1952:
1950:, p. 443.
1940:
1938:, p. 492.
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1887:, p. 381.
1877:
1875:, p. 2–3.
1865:
1853:
1842:
1830:
1815:
1811:McDermott 2002
1796:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1737:Book of Psalms
1730:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1628:Main article:
1625:
1622:
1596:
1595:Census numbers
1593:
1533:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1451:—the books of
1427:
1424:
1367:, finds out a
1357:local religion
1310:brazen serpent
1204:
1201:
1180:
1177:
1138:plains of Moab
1079:Persian period
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
927:
926:
920:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
879:
878:
874:
873:
872:
871:
866:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
817:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
734:
733:
731:Minor prophets
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
696:
695:
693:Major prophets
687:
680:
679:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
643:
636:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:1–2 Chronicles
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
579:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
535:
528:
527:
520:
519:
517:(Christianity)
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:Divre Hayyamim
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
399:
398:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
348:
347:
341:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
205:
204:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
164:
163:
160:
150:
149:
141:
128:
127:
124:
123:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
74:
66:
53:
52:
45:
44:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4588:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:2 Corinthians
4127:
4125:
4124:1 Corinthians
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4086:New Testament
4083:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:New Testament
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3975:Broader canon
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Song of Songs
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:Old Testament
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Star Prophecy
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3021:Old Testament
3018:
3013:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2528:0-8074-0055-6
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:. Wadsworth.
2259:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-664-20762-6
2094:
2090:
2083:
2077:, p. 62.
2076:
2071:
2065:, p. 38.
2064:
2059:
2057:
2050:, p. 14.
2049:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:Bandstra 2004
1992:
1986:, p. 29.
1985:
1980:
1974:, p. 93.
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 58.
1827:
1826:Lawrence 2020
1822:
1820:
1813:, p. 21.
1812:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1523:However, the
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:Deuteronomist
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:prince named
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1252:Promised Land
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:tribe of Levi
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:Kadesh-Barnea
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Promised Land
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
984:
982:
981:
978:
975:
974:
959:
958:Broader canon
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
925:
922:
921:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:
877:Orthodox only
876:
875:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
814:
808:
807:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
732:
729:
728:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
694:
691:
690:
684:
678:
677:
669:
668:Song of Songs
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
640:
634:
633:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
570:
569:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
532:
526:
525:
522:
521:
515:
514:Old Testament
512:
511:
493:
491:
487:
483:
481:
480:Ezra–Nehemiah
477:
473:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
411:Shir Hashirim
410:
408:
407:Song of Songs
404:
401:
400:
397:
393:
388:
387:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
333:
326:
325:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
248:
245:
244:
236:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
199:
191:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
133:
126:
125:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:(Instruction)
58:
51:
50:
47:
46:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
4435:Vetus Latina
4433:
4416:
4369:Jewish canon
4364:Antilegomena
4266:Poetic Books
4262:Wisdom books
4240:Subdivisions
4153:
3858: /
3783:Deuterocanon
3703:Lamentations
3683:Ecclesiastes
3612:
3590:(protocanon)
3581:Hebrew Bible
3339:The Gatherer
3157:Behaalotecha
3059:
3015:
3000:Hebrew Bible
2998:
2980:
2928:
2923:
2911:
2899:Online Bible
2898:
2884:
2873:Aryeh Kaplan
2847:
2844:Translations
2830:
2803:
2786:. Eerdmans.
2782:
2765:. Eerdmans.
2761:
2740:
2718:
2692:
2672:
2648:
2627:
2610:. Eerdmans.
2606:
2577:
2556:
2535:
2519:
2497:
2476:
2456:
2436:. Eerdmans.
2432:
2415:. Eerdmans.
2412:
2388:
2367:
2350:. Eerdmans.
2347:
2324:
2300:
2283:. Eerdmans.
2280:
2256:
2239:. Eerdmans.
2235:
2214:
2211:Calvin, John
2186:(1): 19–53.
2183:
2179:
2169:
2121:
2115:
2088:
2082:
2070:
2043:
2015:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1960:Houston 2003
1955:
1948:Dozeman 2000
1943:
1923:, p. 6.
1916:
1904:
1899:, p. 5.
1892:
1885:Knierim 1995
1880:
1868:
1856:
1845:
1840:, p. 9.
1833:
1794:, p. 1.
1787:
1733:Inverted nun
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1653:Behaalotecha
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1317:River Jordan
1314:
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1276:Twelve spies
1256:
1224:
1197:
1182:
1146:
1142:Jordan River
1133:twelve spies
1099:, where the
1094:
1083:
1063:Hebrew Bible
1059:Liber Numeri
1034:
1022:
1014:
1012:
977:Bible portal
862: /
712:Lamentations
663:Ecclesiastes
554:
437:Ecclesiastes
427:Lamentations
391:
331:
131:
101:
56:
39:Hebrew Bible
4571:Torah books
4540:WikiProject
4418:Diatessaron
4389:Manuscripts
4342:Development
4144:Philippians
4014:Beta Israel
3932:4 Maccabees
3927:3 Maccabees
3841:2 Maccabees
3836:1 Maccabees
3618:Deuteronomy
3515:Manuscripts
3496:Sifri Zutta
3284:Ammishaddai
3008:Deuteronomy
2409:"Leviticus"
2162:Ashley 1993
2075:Clines 1997
1984:Clines 1997
1873:Ashley 1993
1861:Stubbs 2009
1792:Ashley 1993
1606:John Calvin
1513:Deuteronomy
1465:Deuteronomy
1426:Composition
1225:God orders
1185:Mount Sinai
1173:his priests
1097:Mount Sinai
1031:בְּמִדְבַּר
910:4 Maccabees
905:3 Maccabees
845:2 Maccabees
840:1 Maccabees
560:Deuteronomy
112:Deuteronomy
4576:The Exodus
4555:Categories
4477:Authorship
4407:Septuagint
4252:Pentateuch
4231:Revelation
4155:Laodiceans
4149:Colossians
3638:1–2 Samuel
3359:Kohathites
3233:Mount Seir
2982:Pentateuch
2929:Anglicized
2048:Olson 1996
1838:Olson 1996
1774:References
1483:, and the
1400:Reubenites
1385:Zelophehad
1331:, king of
1220:Tabernacle
1151:and their
1101:Israelites
1086:Pentateuch
1048:In desert
599:1–2 Samuel
575:Historical
531:Pentateuch
490:Chronicles
460:Historical
337:(Writings)
137:(Prophets)
4316:Johannine
4176:2 Timothy
4171:1 Timothy
4139:Ephesians
4134:Galatians
3922:Psalm 151
3790:apocrypha
3768:Zechariah
3758:Zephaniah
3643:1–2 Kings
3608:Leviticus
3455:Nehushtan
3404:Nethaneel
3379:Merarites
3017:Christian
2993:Leviticus
2886:Christian
2713:"Numbers"
2140:793844579
2035:782868195
1936:Carr 2000
1897:Enns 2012
1779:Citations
1610:inerrancy
1573:covenants
1504:Leviticus
1461:Leviticus
1369:Simeonite
1242:, son of
1179:Structure
1165:Leviticus
1131:and send
1113:sanctuary
1075:Yahwistic
1021:Ἀριθμοί,
900:Psalm 151
790:Zechariah
780:Zephaniah
683:Prophetic
604:1–2 Kings
550:Leviticus
395:(Scrolls)
307:Zechariah
297:Zephaniah
237:Yekhezqel
227:Yirmeyahu
217:Yeshayahu
92:Leviticus
42:(Judaism)
4530:Category
4429:Peshitta
4326:Catholic
4321:Pastoral
4306:Epistles
4299:Synoptic
4186:Philemon
3999:2 Baruch
3986:Peshitta
3960:Jubilees
3912:2 Esdras
3907:1 Esdras
3802:Catholic
3753:Habakkuk
3698:Jeremiah
3678:Proverbs
3658:Nehemiah
3479:Analysis
3414:Phinehas
3399:Nehemiah
3182:Pinechas
3147:Bemidbar
3139:Parashah
3067:Chapters
2967:LibriVox
2865:Archived
2831:Bamidbar
2522:(1981),
2213:(1996).
2063:Ska 2006
1717:See also
1693:Pinechas
1637:Bemidbar
1475:and the
1402:and the
1365:Phinehas
1346:a figure
1325:Amorites
1071:Priestly
1035:Bəmīḏbar
1023:Arithmoi
953:Josippon
938:Jubilees
890:2 Esdras
885:1 Esdras
775:Habakkuk
707:Jeremiah
658:Proverbs
619:Nehemiah
474:Daniyyel
392:Megillot
366:Proverbs
360:Tehillim
292:Habakkuk
223:Jeremiah
192:Melakhim
172:Shofetim
162:Yehoshua
106:Bemidbar
76:Bereshit
4502:Studies
4470:Related
4441:Vulgate
4311:Pauline
4289:Gospels
4206:2 Peter
4201:1 Peter
4191:Hebrews
4094:Matthew
3984:Syriac
3870:Susanna
3773:Malachi
3733:Obadiah
3708:Ezekiel
3613:Numbers
3598:Genesis
3571:of the
3394:Nahshon
3369:Levites
3344:Gershon
3279:Ammihud
2893:Numbers
2762:Numbers
2498:Numbers
2226:Sources
2107:3669566
1558:Abraham
1492:Genesis
1477:Elohist
1473:Yahwist
1453:Genesis
1420:Eleazar
1404:Gadites
1321:Jericho
1264:leprosy
1248:Ithamar
1240:Eleazar
1203:Summary
1157:Genesis
1042:
795:Malachi
755:Obadiah
717:Ezekiel
555:Numbers
540:Genesis
441:Qohelet
370:Mishlei
332:Ketuvim
312:Malachi
272:Obadiah
233:Ezekiel
182:Shemuel
132:Nevi'im
116:Devarim
102:Numbers
96:Wayiqra
72:Genesis
4535:Portal
4412:Targum
4221:3 John
4216:2 John
4211:1 John
4119:Romans
4072:Jewish
3897:Others
3856:Baruch
3851:Sirach
3846:Wisdom
3826:Judith
3811:Others
3763:Haggai
3713:Daniel
3693:Isaiah
3673:Psalms
3663:Esther
3628:Judges
3623:Joshua
3603:Exodus
3424:Tirzah
3374:Merari
3354:Joshua
3349:Gilead
3319:Dathan
3299:Balaam
3294:Asriel
3274:Ammiel
3264:Ahihud
3252:People
3218:Eshcol
3201:Places
3172:Chukat
3167:Korach
3162:Shlach
2871:Rabbi
2849:Jewish
2837:Hebrew
2829:במדבר
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1723:Balaam
1677:Chukat
1669:Korach
1661:Shlach
1532:Themes
1498:Exodus
1457:Exodus
1435:Balaam
1408:Jordan
1389:Joshua
1361:judges
1341:Balaam
1333:Bashan
1280:Joshua
1272:Canaan
1260:Miriam
1216:Levite
1212:Priest
1169:Canaan
1161:Exodus
1129:Canaan
1017:(from
860:Baruch
855:Sirach
830:Judith
785:Haggai
722:Daniel
702:Isaiah
653:Psalms
639:Wisdom
624:Esther
589:Judges
584:Joshua
545:Exodus
470:Daniel
447:Esther
431:Eikhah
356:Psalms
346:Poetic
335:
302:Haggai
247:Minor
213:Isaiah
202:Latter
178:Samuel
168:Judges
158:Joshua
147:Former
135:
86:Shemot
82:Exodus
60:
4196:James
4181:Titus
3955:Enoch
3821:Tobit
3748:Nahum
3743:Micah
3738:Jonah
3718:Hosea
3573:Bible
3569:Books
3527:4Q121
3491:Sifre
3450:Manna
3438:Terms
3429:Zimri
3384:Moses
3364:Korah
3334:Eliab
3314:Cozbi
3309:Caleb
3304:Balak
3269:Ahira
3192:Masei
3187:Matot
3177:Balak
3129:33–36
3109:25–30
3104:22–25
3099:19–22
3094:16–18
3089:13–15
1758:Torah
1709:Masei
1701:Matot
1685:Balak
1566:Jacob
1562:Isaac
1554:theme
1449:Torah
1377:Cozbi
1373:Zimri
1337:Balak
1319:from
1295:Korah
1288:faith
1284:Caleb
1244:Aaron
1231:Sinai
1227:Moses
1125:Aaron
1121:Moses
1107:from
1067:Torah
1055:Latin
1019:Greek
933:Enoch
825:Tobit
770:Nahum
765:Micah
760:Jonah
740:Hosea
451:Ester
390:Five
287:Nahum
282:Micah
277:Jonah
257:Hosea
188:Kings
57:Torah
4294:List
4226:Jude
4114:Acts
4109:John
4104:Luke
4099:Mark
4060:list
3937:Odes
3728:Amos
3723:Joel
3653:Ezra
3633:Ruth
3289:Anak
3259:Agag
3243:Zoan
3152:Naso
3084:8–12
2809:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2562:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2136:OCLC
2126:ISBN
2103:OCLC
2093:ISBN
2031:OCLC
2021:ISBN
1645:Naso
1564:and
1398:The
1327:and
1302:Moab
1282:and
1193:Moab
1163:and
1123:and
1039:lit.
1013:The
915:Odes
750:Amos
745:Joel
614:Ezra
594:Ruth
484:Ezra
417:Ruth
380:Iyov
267:Amos
262:Joel
3787:and
3668:Job
3079:4–7
3074:1–4
2188:doi
1109:God
648:Job
421:Rut
376:Job
4557::
3409:Og
3124:32
3119:31
3114:30
2518:.
2202:^
2184:18
2182:.
2178:.
2148:^
2134:.
2101:.
2055:^
2029:.
2003:^
1928:^
1818:^
1799:^
1560:,
1459:,
1455:,
1329:Og
1274:.
1214:,
1187:,
1144:.
1057::
1053:;
1037:,
1033:,
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