Purim - Knowledge

5061: 6096:. Doubleday. See section “The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim.” Pages 46-49. “Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr ", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the ‘secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b… pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 2582: 3025:, and when the court's daily records are read to him to help him fall asleep, he learns of the services rendered by Mordecai in the earlier plot against his life. Ahasuerus asks whether anything was done for Mordecai and is told that he received no recognition for saving the King's life. Just then, Haman appears, and King Ahasuerus asks him what should be done for the man that the King wishes to honor. Thinking that the King is referring to Haman himself, Haman says that the honoree should be dressed in the King's royal robes and led around on the King's royal horse. To Haman's horror, the king instructs Haman to render such honors to Mordecai. 2888: 3463: 3344: 3913: 5020: 3049: 4224:(Purim play) is a comic dramatization that attempts to convey the saga of the Purim story. By the 18th century, in some parts of Eastern Europe, the Purim plays had evolved into broad-ranging satires with music and dance for which the story of Esther was little more than a pretext. Indeed, by the mid-19th century, some were even based on other biblical stories. Today, Purim spiels can revolve around anything relating to Jews, Judaism, or even community gossip that will bring cheer and comic relief to an audience celebrating the day. 3764:

themselves, because of an uncertainty as to which blessing they should recite upon the reading, nonetheless agree that they have an obligation to hear it read. According to these authorities if women, or men for that matter, cannot attend the services in the synagogue, the Megillah should be read for them in private by any male over the age of thirteen. Often in Orthodox communities there is a special public reading only for women, conducted either in a private home or in a synagogue, but the Megillah is read by a man.

3451: 4203: 3756: 3242:, a 10th-century CE compilation of Jewish history, includes an account of the origins of Purim in its chapter 4. It too follows the original biblical account and includes additional traditions matching those found in the Greek version and Josephus (whom the author claims as a source) with the exception of the details of the letters found in the latter works. It also provides other contextual information relating to Jewish and Persian history such as the identification of 4327: 40: 4992: 3857: 4980: 5100: 5086: 5032: 4968: 3205: 3786: 5044: 5008: 5340: 5410: 5379: 4075: 3812:" is explained to mean "even from wood and stones." A custom developed of writing the name of Haman, the offspring of Amalek, on two smooth stones, and knocking them together until the name was blotted out. Some wrote the name of Haman on the soles of their shoes, and at the mention of the name stamped with their feet as a sign of contempt. Another method was to use a noisy 4829:, asked that his family henceforth celebrate a private Purim, marking the end of his many troubles, including having faced trumped-up charges. Since Purim is preceded by a fast day, the rabbi also directed his descendants to have a (private) fast day, the 5th day of Tamuz, marking one of his imprisonments (1629), this one lasting for 40 days. 3892:. In the synagogue, regular collections of charity are made on the festival and the money is distributed among the needy. No distinction is made among the poor; anyone who is willing to accept charity is allowed to participate. It is obligatory for the poorest Jew, even one who is himself dependent on charity, to give to other poor people. 3487:(3rd century CE) prescribed that the Megillah should also be read on the eve of Purim. Further, he obliged women to attend the reading of the Megillah, because women were also part of the miracle. The commentaries offer two reasons as to why women played a major role in the miracle. The first reason is that it was through a lady, Queen 3277:(completed 947 CE). He refers to a Jewish woman who had married the Persian King Bahman (Artaxerxes II), and delivered her people, thus corroborating this identification of Ahasuerus. He also mentions the woman's daughter, Khumay, who is not known in Jewish tradition but is well remembered in Persian folklore. Al-Tabari calls her 6147:

above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story…. But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival… Its Lack of Historicity: are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.”

3010:. Esther discovers what has transpired; there follows an exchange of messages between her and Mordecai, with Hatach, one of the palace servants, as the intermediary. Mordecai requests that she intercede with the King on behalf of the embattled Jews; she replies that nobody is allowed to approach the King, under penalty of death. 4764:. Certain prayers like Tachanun, Eil Erech Apayim (when 15 Adar I is a Monday or Thursday) and Lam'nazteach (Psalm 20) are omitted during the service. When 15th Adar I is on Shabbat, "Av Harachamim" is omitted. When either 13th or 15th Adar I falls on Shabbat, "Tzidkas'cha" is omitted at Mincha. Fasting is prohibited. 3014:

seeks an audience with Ahasuerus, during which she invites him to a feast in the company of Haman. During the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening. Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai's refusal to bow to him; egged on by his wife Zeresh and unidentified friends, he builds a

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Moore, Carey A. “Esther, Book of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 “Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf.

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2a: "The 13th was the time of gathering", which gathering is explained to have had also the purpose of public prayer and fasting. Some, however, used to fast three days in commemoration of the fasting of Esther; but as fasting was prohibited during the month of Nisan, the first and second Mondays and

3511:(a traditional chant) which is different from that which is used in the customary reading of the Torah. Besides the traditional cantillation, there are several verses or short phrases in the Megillah that are chanted in a different chant, the chant that is traditionally used during the reading of the 3551:

Before the reading of the Megillah on Purim, both at night and again in the morning, the reader of the Megillah recites the following three blessings and at the end of each blessing the congregation then responds by answering "Amen" after each of the blessings. At the morning reading of the Megillah

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Later that evening, Ahasuerus and Haman attend Esther's second banquet, at which she reveals that she is Jewish and that Haman is planning to exterminate her people, which includes her. Ahasuerus becomes enraged and instead orders Haman hanged on the gallows that Haman had prepared for Mordecai. The

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has celebrated two historic Purims, both from the Ottoman period. One is called Window Purim, or Purim Taka, in which the community was saved when a bag of money mysteriously appeared in a window, enabling them to pay off an extortion fee to the Ottoman Pasha. Many record the date being the 14th of

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The minimum interval between occurrences of Purim Meshulash is three years (1974 to 1977; 2005 to 2008; will occur again 2045 to 2048). The maximum interval is 20 years (1954 to 1974; will occur again 2025 to 2045). Other possible intervals are four years (1977 to 1981; 2001 to 2005; 2021 to 2025;

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To recall the episodes that only happened in "outside appearance" as stated in Talmud Megillah 12a) that the Jews bowed to Haman only from the outside, internally holding strong to their Jewish belief, and likewise, God only gave the appearance as if he was to destroy all the Jews while internally

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At this feast, Ahasuerus becomes thoroughly drunk, and prompted by his courtiers, orders his wife Vashti to 'display her beauty' before the nobles and populace, while wearing her royal crown. Vashti's refusal embarrasses him in front of his guests and prompts him to demote her from her position as

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Women have an obligation to hear the Megillah because "they also were involved in that miracle." Orthodox communities, including most Modern Orthodox ones, however, generally do not allow women to lead the Megillah reading. Rabbinic authorities who hold that women should not read the Megillah for

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Esther says she will fast and pray for three days and asks Mordechai to request that all Jews of Persia fast and pray for three days together with her. She will then approach the King to seek his help, despite the law against doing so, and declares, 'If I perish, I perish.' On the third day, she

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filled with cooked meat, chicken or liver and served in soup, are traditionally served by Ashkenazi Jews on Purim. "Hiding" the meat inside the dumpling serves as another reminder of the story of Esther, the only book of Hebrew scriptures besides The Song of Songs that does not contain a single

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The primary reason for masquerading is that it alludes to the hidden aspect of the miracle of Purim, which was "disguised" by natural events but was really the work of the Almighty. Since charity is a central feature of the day, when givers and/or recipients disguise themselves this also allows

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There is a widespread tradition to study the Torah in a synagogue on Purim morning, during an event called "Yeshivas Mordechai Hatzadik" to commemorate all the Jews who were inspired by Mordechai to learn Torah to overturn the evil decree against them. Children are especially encouraged to

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previous decree against the Jewish people could not be nullified, so the King allows Mordecai and Esther to write another decree as they wish. They decree that Jewish people may preemptively kill those thought to pose a lethal risk. As a result, on 13 Adar, 500 attackers and 10 of

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Today, there is debate as to whether outlying neighborhoods of Jerusalem are obliged to observe Purim on the 14th or 15th of Adar. Further doubts have arisen as to whether other cities were sufficiently walled in Joshua's era. It is therefore customary in certain towns including

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in one breath, to indicate their simultaneous death. An additional custom that probably began in Medieval times is that the congregation recites aloud with the reader the verses Esther 2:5, Esther 8:15–16, and Esther 10:3, which relate the origin of Mordecai and his triumph.

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and provides the text of the king's letter. He also provides additional information on the dating of events relative to Ezra and Nehemiah. Josephus also records the Persian persecution of Jews and mentions Jews being forced to worship at Persian-erected shrines.

3738:); nor ever be humiliated, those taking refuge in You. Accursed be Haman who sought to destroy me, blessed be Mordechai the Yehudi. Accursed be Zeresh the wife of my terrorizer, blessed be Esther who sacrificed for me—and Charvonah, too, be remembered for good ( 4939:

chronicles the life of the young Jewish girl, Hadassah, who goes on to become the Biblical Esther, the Queen of Persia, and saves the Jewish nation from annihilation at the hands of its arch enemy while winning the heart of the fiercely handsome King Xerxes.

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surmised that just as "the Jew butchered 75,000 Persians" in one night, the same fate would have befallen the German people had the Jews succeeded in inciting a war against Germany; the "Jews would have instituted a new Purim festival in Germany".

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gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the

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reading on the 15th with no blessings. Since today we are not sure where the walled cities from Joshua's time are, the only city that currently celebrates only Shushan Purim is Jerusalem; however, Rabbi Yoel Elizur has written that residents of

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filling. More recently, flavors such as chocolate have also gained favor, while non-traditional experiments such as pizza hamantaschen also exist. The pastry is then wrapped up into a triangular shape with the filling either hidden or showing.

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writes that one must "drink wine until drunk, and pass out from drink"; according to one view, he is interpreting the Talmud this way (a sleeping person cannot distinguish), but according to another, he is intentionally contradicting it.

3726:שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב 5317:

A children's song called "Light, Gladness, Joy, Honor," based on the previously-mentioned Esther 8:16 quote, is sung in some Reform Jewish communities, but since it is based on a liturgical quote, it would not be in the list of songs

7406:]. Jewish Communities in the East in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (in Hebrew). Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East; Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 373. 3661:, our God, King of the Universe, (the God) Who takes up our grievance, judges our claim, avenges our wrong; Who brings just retribution upon all enemies of our soul and exacts vengeance for us from our foes. Blessed are You My L 3474:

The first religious ceremony which is ordained for the celebration of Purim is the reading of the Book of Esther (the "Megillah") in the synagogue, a regulation which is ascribed in the Talmud (Megillah 2a) to the Sages of the

6598: 7803:"Review of: Rivka Ulmer: Turmoil, Trauma, and Triumph. The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) According to Megillas Vintz. A Critical Edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew Text Including an English Translation" 3838:. Some of the rabbis protested against these uproarious excesses, considering them a disturbance of public worship, but the custom of using a ratchet in the synagogue on Purim is now almost universal, with the exception of 4656:

Purim Meshulash, or the three-fold Purim, is a somewhat rare calendric occurrence that affects how Purim is observed in Jerusalem (and, in theory at least, in other cities that were surrounded by a wall in ancient times).

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will occur again 2048 to 2052); seven years (1994 to 2001; will occur again 2123 to 2130); 13 years (1981 to 1994; 2008 to 2021; will occur again 2130 to 2143); and 17 years (1930 to 1947; will occur again 2275 to 2292).

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To fulfill the mitzvah of giving charity to two poor people, one can give either food or money equivalent to the amount of food that is eaten at a regular meal. It is better to spend more on charity than on the giving of

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When Haman's name is read out loud during the public chanting of the Megillah in the synagogue, which occurs 54 times, the congregation engages in noise-making to blot out his name. The practice can be traced back to the

3259:(completed 915 CE). Basing his account on Jewish and Christian sources, al-Tabari provides additional details such as the original Persian form "Asturya" for "Esther". He places events during the rule of Ardashir Bahman ( 3515:. These verses are particularly sad, or they refer to Jews being in exile. When the Megillah reader jumps to the melody of the book of Lamentations for these phrases, it heightens the feeling of sadness in the listener. 7073: 2877:

7: In the first month, that is, the month of Nisan, in the twelfth year of King Ahasuerus, pur—which means "the lot"—was cast before Haman concerning every day and every month, the twelfth month, that is, the month of

2806:(and it is celebrated in Adar II in Hebrew leap years, which occur 7 times in every 19 years), the day following the victory of the Jews over their enemies, the 13th of Adar, a date now observed in most years with the 4525:

14, for Jews living in Shushan, the holiday would be held on Adar 15. Later, in deference to Jerusalem, the Sages determined that Purim would be celebrated on Adar 15 in all cities a wall had enclosed at the time of

7780: 9005: 4521:, the Jews were involved in defeating their enemies on Adar 13–14 and rested on the 15th (Esther 9:20–22). In commemoration of this, it was decided that while the victory would be celebrated universally on 3499:). The Talmud prescribed three benedictions before the reading and one benediction after the reading. The Talmud added other provisions. For example, the reader is to pronounce the names of the ten sons of 6765: 4534:. This criterion allowed the city of Jerusalem to retain its importance for Jews, and although Shushan was not walled at the time of Joshua, it was made an exception since the miracle occurred there. 2984:. Mordecai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Haman's disfavor as he refuses to bow down to him. Having found out that Mordecai is Jewish, Haman plans to kill not just Mordecai but the entire 3179:. The second part may have been redacted as late as the 11th century CE, and contains commentary on the remaining chapters of Esther. It too contains the additional contextual material found in the 6301: 5007: 4420:

Seeds, nuts, legumes and green vegetables are customarily eaten on Purim, as the Talmud relates that Queen Esther ate only these foodstuffs in the palace of Ahasuerus, since she had no access to

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holding fir branches and blowing trumpets around a puppet of Haman which was hanged and later burnt. The practice continued into the 20th century, with children treating Haman as a sort of "

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The custom of masquerading in costumes and the wearing of masks probably originated among the Italian Jews at the end of the 15th century. The concept was possibly influenced by the Roman

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said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated on Purim, until they cannot distinguish between 'Blessed be Mordecai' and 'Cursed be Haman'". Several interpretations arose among the

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Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.”

4953:, and is about a Southern Jewish family's Purim celebration. However, once the film receives Oscar buzz, studio executives feel it is "too Jewish" and force the film to be renamed 2688:, Mordecai's cousin and adopted daughter who had become queen of Persia after her marriage to Ahasuerus. The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing among Jews. 3362:. Hallel is not recited. As such, according to some authorities, business transactions and even manual labor are allowed on Purim under certain circumstances. A special prayer ( 7080: 8415: 4760:, for which there are no set observances but it has a minor holiday aspect to it. The distinctions between the first and the second Purim in leap years are mentioned in the 3651:ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע 3705:

The rose of Jacob was cheerful and glad, when they jointly saw Mordechai robed in royal blue. You have been their eternal salvation, and their hope throughout generations.

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queen. Ahasuerus then orders all of the beautiful women throughout the empire to be presented to him, so that he can choose a new queen to replace Vashti. One of these is

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and spread across Europe. The practice was only introduced into Middle Eastern countries during the 19th century. The first Jewish codifier to mention the custom was

8306: 6242: 6239:"Purim How-To Guide – Your Purim 2019 guide contains the story of Purim, and all you need to know about the 4 mitzvahs of Purim and the other observances of the day" 5608: 4903:

In 2024, ahead of Purim, Israel's Education Ministry issued a directive to schools and kindergartens about avoiding "panic-inducing costumes" in view of the ongoing

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in remembrance of Esther, who, in Ahasuerus' palace, could not consume meat and thus had to rely on vegetarian dishes. In the Middle Ages, European Jews would eat

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Some Modern Orthodox leaders have held that women can serve as public Megillah readers. Women's megillah readings have become increasingly common in more liberal

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and ashes, a sign of mourning, publicly weeping and lamenting, and many other Jews in Shushan and other parts of Ahasuerus' empire do likewise, with widespread

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the month, which corresponds the date of Purim on 14 Adar. The other was called The Purim of Ibrahim Pasha, in which the community was saved during a battle.

4468:("eyes of Haman") is sometimes baked in the shape of Haman's head, and the eyes, made of eggs, are plucked out to demonstrate the destruction of Haman. Among 8664: 3970:

suggests that "until" should be read exclusively, so that one is obligated to become drunk but not so drunk that they cannot distinguish Mordecai and Haman.

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Mordecai assumes the position of second in rank to Ahasuerus, and institutes an annual commemoration of the delivery of the Jewish people from annihilation.

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After the Megillah reading, each member of the congregation who has heard the reading recites the following blessing. This blessing is not recited unless a

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writes that one must "never become drunk, as this is totally forbidden and leads to terrible sins. Rather, one must drink slightly more than usual", while

2695:, "they should make them days of feasting and gladness, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor". Purim is celebrated among Jews by: 8264: 7853: 6199: 4991: 4886:. In 1942, on Purim, the Nazis murdered over 5000 Jews, mostly children, in the Minsk Ghetto. All of the victims were shot and buried alive by the Nazis. 1351: 3874:, each adult must give at least two different foods to one person, and at least two charitable donations to two poor people. The food parcels are called 7506: 7231: 7633: 2559: 8384: 6368: 4375:

is eaten, as well as a range of baked or fried pastries called Orejas de Haman (Haman's Ears) or Hojuelas de Haman. The Sephardic Jewish community in

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6: having been told who Mordecai's people were, Haman plotted to do away with all the Jews, Mordecai's people, throughout the kingdom of Ahasuerus.

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the congregation should have in mind that the third blessing applies to the other observances of the day as well as to the reading of the Megillah:

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Purim has more of a national than a religious character, and its status as a holiday is on a different level from those days ordained holy by the

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are killed in Shushan. Throughout the empire 75,000 of the Jewish peoples' enemies are killed. On the 14th, another 300 are killed in Shushan. No

6302:"Reciting Verses Aloud in Honor of Esther During the Megillah Reading Responsa in a Moment: Volume 2, Issue No. 6, March 2008 Orah Hayyim 690:17" 5917: 4457:, a dessert consisting of fried dough balls and vanilla custard, is traditional for Jews from Hungary and Romania, as well as their descendants. 1594: 7446: 6805: 4513:

Purim is celebrated on Adar 14 because the Jews in unwalled cities fought their enemies on Adar 13 and rested the following day. However, in

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Historically, many Jewish communities around the world established local "Purims" to commemorate their deliverance from catastrophe or an

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is reported to have been a member. Originally this regulation was only supposed to be observed on the 14th of Adar; later, however, Rabbi

8230: 8196: 7131: 7051: 6644: 6215: 3579:, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the reading of the Megillah. 833: 796: 7964: 7729: 7109: 6835: 8113: 7982: 7614: 7026: 6901: 3495:). The second reason is that women were also threatened by the genocidal decree and were therefore equal beneficiaries of the miracle ( 8082: 8043: 6986: 5373: 5359: 9091: 8657: 7659: 6674: 4359:("Haman's ears"). A sweet pastry dough is rolled out, cut into circles, and traditionally filled with a raspberry, apricot, date, or 1772: 8412: 7536: 5394: 6503: 4480:

that is baked in a long twisted ring and topped with small colorful candies, is meant to evoke the colorful nature of the holiday.

2843:) it is celebrated on both dates because of doubts regarding their status as cities surrounded by a wall since the days of Joshua. 1795: 4015:, the fast is pushed back to the preceding Thursday, Friday being needed to prepare for Sabbath and the following Purim festival. 7201: 4250:

prayer is sung at the conclusion of the Megillah reading. A number of children's songs (with non-liturgical sources) also exist:

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CE provides an exegetical commentary on the first two chapters of the Hebrew Book of Esther and provided source material for the

1145: 3524:("epistle"), which is applied to the Book of Esther. It has been also customary since the time of the early Medieval era of the 8446: 5013:

1740 illumination of an Ashkenazic megillah reading. One man reads while another follows along and a child waves a noise-maker.

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Songs associated with Purim are based on sources that are Talmudic, liturgical and cultural. Traditional Purim songs include

843: 6071: 5646: 5552: 5441: 2998:) to choose the date on which to do this—the 14th of the month of Adar. When Mordecai finds out about the plans, he puts on 2926:

and princes of the 127 provinces of his kingdom, concluding with a seven-day drinking feast for the inhabitants of Shushan (

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the Thursday following Purim were chosen. The fast of the 13th is still commonly observed; but when that date falls on

1945: 1895: 1860: 1554: 1419: 1286: 8004: 7368: 5746: 8904: 5701: 5435: 3692:) was cheerful and glad, when they jointly saw Mordechai robed in royal blue. You have been their eternal salvation ( 3255: 2545: 1637: 1599: 1574: 1494: 1479: 1326: 1266: 1221: 3949:, although in general the classical sources are unanimous in rejecting intoxicated excess; only beginning with the 1930: 1912: 1818: 1712: 1564: 1559: 1484: 1449: 1316: 3674:

The first one is an acrostic poem that starts with each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, starting with "Who balked (

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reading and distribution of charity takes place on the Friday (Adar 14), which day is called Purim dePrazos. The

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The Book of Esther prescribes "the sending of portions one man to another, and gifts to the poor". According to

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Nazi attacks against Jews were often coordinated with Jewish festivals. On Purim 1942, ten Jews were hanged in

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participate with prizes and sweets due to the fact that Mordechai taught many children Torah during this time.

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Other historic Purim celebrations in Jewish history have occurred in Yemen, Italy, Vilna and other locations.

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to "avenge" the hanging of Haman's ten sons. In a similar incident in 1943, the Nazis shot ten Jews from the

3680:) the counsel of the nations and annulled the counsel of the cunning. When a wicked man stood up against us ( 3597:, our God, King of the universe, Who has wrought miracles for our forefathers, in those days at this season. 2342: 1880: 1865: 1828: 1790: 1762: 1752: 1747: 1732: 1727: 1707: 1692: 1677: 1652: 1618: 1589: 1489: 1474: 1398: 1388: 1306: 1276: 1201: 1187: 5043: 9112: 8491: 6469: 6364: 3988:, observed before Purim, on the 13th of Adar, is an original part of the Purim celebration, referred to in 3250: 3222:. He follows the Hebrew Book of Esther but shows awareness of some of the additional material found in the 1950: 1870: 1833: 1757: 1702: 1569: 1544: 1469: 1444: 1434: 1373: 1296: 1291: 1271: 1261: 1241: 1226: 1119: 823: 587: 582: 7917: 7342: 7253: 7175: 4435:

reference to God, who seems to hide behind the scenes. Some Sephardic Jews traditionally eat cooked green

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is a practice which is observed by some Jews on the day which precedes each Rosh Chodesh or New-Moon Day.

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Aish.com: (Although grammatically it is Purim hameshulash, people usually call it 'Purim Meshulash.')

5190: 5158: 4638: 3917: 3267:), while assuming Ahasuerus to be the name of a co-ruler. Another brief Persian account is recorded by 3119:

CE respectively) record additional contextual details such as Queen Vashti having been the daughter of

2840: 2414: 2259: 1967: 1361: 557: 547: 283: 3528:

to unroll the whole Megillah before reading it, to give it the appearance of an epistle. According to

2887: 9127: 9122: 8940: 8919: 8677: 7468: 5118: 4171: 4139:"any from among the peoples of the land became Jews; for the fear of the Jews was fallen upon them" ( 2528: 2221: 2072: 2013: 904: 8349: 8240: 7559: 7438: 6795: 6456:

Can Women Read the Megillah? An in-depth exploration of how the mitzvah of Megillah applies to women

5134: 4874:. On Purim eve that same year, over 100 Jewish doctors and their families were shot by the Nazis in 3882:("sending of portions"), and in some circles the custom has evolved into a major gift-giving event. 3615:, our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us and brought us to this season. 8099:

20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs

6944: 2231: 2211: 1321: 801: 342: 7314: 6042:

Persian Literature, Volume 1, Comprising The Shah Nameh, The Rubaiyat, The Divan, and The Gulistan

9137: 8981: 8487: 5828: 5677: 5354: 4979: 4935: 4636:

Outside of Jerusalem, Hasidic Jews don their holiday clothing on Shushan Purim, and may attend a

4183: 3768: 3218: 2895: 2372: 2362: 2327: 2206: 2196: 1979: 1150: 1092: 926: 605: 562: 277: 7135: 5031: 4868: 4851:

banned and forbade the observance of Purim. In a speech made on 10 November 1938 (the day after

4798:

attempted to exterminate the Jewish community. According to some sources, the influential Rabbi

4712: 3804:(the leading French and German rabbis of the 13th century). In accordance with a passage in the 3665:, Who exacts vengeance for His people Israel from all their foes, the God Who brings salvation. 2871:". Its use as the name of this festival comes from Esther 3:6–7, describing the choice of date: 8735: 5208: 4967: 4818: 4748:, however, celebrate it in the first month of Adar.) The 14th of the first Adar is then called 3967: 3462: 3231: 2899: 2491: 2226: 2140: 1206: 758: 377: 347: 8642: 8288: 8193: 7074:"Fiche d'inventaire du patrimoine culturel immateriel de la france « pourim-shpil »" 7043: 6636: 3335:(though which one is a subject of discussion). Other scholars find these hypotheses unlikely. 9038: 8879: 8767: 8432: 8273: 7948: 7721: 7105: 6827: 6158: 4148: 3701:

The second is recited at night, but after the morning Megillah reading only this is recited:

3321: 2959: 2382: 2377: 2322: 2110: 1025: 753: 740: 635: 352: 8097: 7978: 7598: 7010: 6885: 3907: 3518:

In some places, the Megillah is not chanted, but is read like a letter, because of the name

3433: 2722: 106: 8869: 8570: 8398: 8066: 8039: 6970: 5349: 4926: 4673: 4151:

because they only made themselves look Jewish on the outside, as they did this out of fear;

3912: 3813: 3512: 3374:

prayers during evening, morning and afternoon prayer services, and is also included in the

3127:' such as Esther having been of royal descent. Brief mention of Esther is made in Tractate 2453: 2405: 2145: 2003: 816: 681: 670: 628: 7655: 6666: 6455: 4949:

employs a film-within-a-film device in which the fictitious film being produced is titled

8: 7564: 7528: 6800: 5897: 5066: 4917: 3686:), a wantonly evil branch of Amalek's offspring ..." and ending with "The rose of Jacob ( 3508: 3273: 2506: 2201: 879: 746: 649: 642: 572: 460: 335: 7822: 7812:(in German). Bern / Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang 2001, in: sehepunkte 2 (2002), Nr. 7/8 . 6500: 8507: 8413:

Purim celebrations in the IDF, Exhibition in the IDF&defense establishment archives

6582:

Guidelines: Over two hundred and fifty of the most commonly asked questions about Purim

6126: 5822: 5670: 5375:

Encyclopædia Perthensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature etc

5193:

refers to the observance of an extra day of Jewish holidays outside the land of Israel.

5050: 4791: 3306: 2966: 2357: 2307: 2254: 2249: 2163: 2033: 1301: 1130: 889: 809: 663: 229: 8355: 7205: 6031:, ed. and French transl. by F. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet du Courteille, Paris, 1861 8296: 8162: 8135: 8103: 8072: 7954: 7770: 7604: 7407: 7016: 6976: 6891: 6415: 6164: 6061: 5911: 5832: 5697: 5542: 5431: 5400: 5264: 4795: 4737: 4604: 4518: 4170:

of Haman on Purim. Prohibitions were issued against such displays under the reign of

4007: 3938: 3842:

and other Sephardic Jews, who consider them an improper interruption of the reading.

3536: 3532:(Jewish law), the Megillah may be read in any language intelligible to the audience. 3325: 3081: 3048: 2915: 2861: 2681: 2630: 2501: 2443: 2423: 2240: 1800: 1439: 899: 770: 700: 577: 490: 357: 8361: 5184: 4904: 4856: 3829: 3223: 3034: 2973:, and Mordecai's service to the King is recorded in the daily record of the court. 2907: 2835:

Purim is observed on the 15th, and in several other biblical settlements (such as

2768:

Other customs include wearing masks and costumes, public celebrations and parades (

2692: 2471: 2352: 2312: 2276: 1974: 1524: 1035: 791: 695: 610: 500: 292: 8362:

The month of Adar and the holiday of Purim, minhagim (customs) and halachot (laws)

3771:, though women may only read for other women, according to Ashkenazi authorities. 2958:, as Mordecai told her not to. Based on the choice of words used in the text some 2910:

takes place over 9 years and begins with a six-month drinking feast given by King

9015: 8884: 8834: 8794: 8712: 8687: 8673: 8598: 8419: 8391: 8378: 8365: 8268: 8235: 8222: 8200: 7809: 7717: 6887:

The Commentators' Al Hanissim: Purim: Insights of the Sages on Purim and Chanukah

6507: 6222: 6203: 6055: 5753: 5640: 5536: 5425: 5378:. Vol. 9. Edinburgh: John Brown, Anchor Close (Printers). 1816. p. 82. 5135:

Extensions of Jewish festivals which are similar to Shushan Purim and Purim Katan

5113: 5105: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4644: 4609: 4461: 3950: 3877: 3851: 3484: 3409: 3343: 3317:

Since the 1890s, several academics have suggested that Purim has its origin in a

3243: 2930:), rich and poor, and a separate drinking feast for the women organized by Queen 2799: 2702: 2618: 2433: 2392: 2387: 2367: 2289: 2283: 2216: 2168: 2008: 1989: 1140: 869: 781: 764: 308: 96: 9006:

Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran

8371: 6264: 4864: 9117: 8965: 8955: 8854: 8844: 8789: 8722: 8535: 8472: 8226: 8034: 7826: 7284:

The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand and Vilna to the Present Day

6122: 6011: 5884: 5471: 5345: 5260: 5091: 4567: 4406: 4368: 4342: 4112:

on Esther (Chapter 3) which states that Haman's hate for Mordecai stemmed from

4057: 4002:

4; the reason there given for its institution is based on an interpretation of

3993: 3985: 3979: 3963: 3671:

After the nighttime Megillah reading the following two paragraphs are recited:

3476: 3450: 3394: 3377: 3065: 3057: 2919: 2807: 2757: 2638: 2533: 2332: 2187: 2067: 2046: 2023: 2018: 1996: 1984: 1579: 1060: 994: 959: 937: 874: 712: 690: 552: 531: 507: 273: 255: 217: 72: 7161: 6560: 6523: 6352: 5492: 4875: 4140: 9106: 8945: 8935: 8894: 8889: 8799: 8730: 8540: 7802: 7594: 7411: 6434: 6389: 6289: 5882:, Milner and Sowerby, 1864, online edition Harvard University 2004. Cited in 5228: 5223: 5168: 4852: 4695: 4454: 4175: 3937:

There is a longstanding custom of drinking wine at the feast. The Talmud (b.

3500: 3260: 3157: 3030: 2977: 2481: 2476: 1682: 1609: 1135: 984: 979: 974: 964: 942: 894: 656: 495: 400: 362: 313: 6972:

Purim And Hanukkah in Custom And Tradition – Feast of Lots – Feast of Lights

5505: 5427:

Esther Unmasked: Solving Eleven Mysteries of the Jewish Holidays and Liturgy

4883: 2942:, who was orphaned at a young age and is being fostered by her first cousin 2741:

Reciting additions to the daily prayers and the grace after meals, known as

8950: 8829: 8772: 8555: 6928: 6496: 5203: 5174: 5069: 4922: 4848: 4779: 4773: 4620:, Prague, and elsewhere celebrate Purim on the 14th and hold an additional 4571: 4551: 4346: 4333: 4095: 4079: 3998: 3942: 3442:

The three latter obligations apply only during the daytime hours of Purim.

3264: 3174: 2985: 2817:, Purim is celebrated on the 15th of the month of Adar on what is known as 2761: 2735: 2657: 2511: 2337: 2178: 2173: 2131: 2084: 1178: 1045: 1030: 989: 954: 567: 409: 8158:

Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust

6858:

Iranian Jews and Their Identity: A Study of the Jewish Community of Tehran

6624:

Gifts of Food, Gifts of Identity: The Ritual Significance of Purim Baskets

4202: 8930: 8811: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8608: 8327: 5880:

The Works of Flavius Josephus, the Learned and Authentic Jewish Historian

5140: 5128: 4998: 4930: 4890: 4799: 4469: 4421: 4392: 4349:(of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic descent) eat triangular pastries called 4326: 4215: 4003: 3959: 3365: 3141:

139b) and idolatry relating to worship of Haman is discussed in Tractate

2792: 2744: 2673: 2496: 2438: 2103: 1009: 1004: 999: 969: 122: 48: 8095: 7304:רשליקה - Rashelika - ניחוח המטבח הירושלמי ספרדי המסורתי. 1999. pp. 82-87 7295:רשליקה - Rashelika - ניחוח המטבח הירושלמי ספרדי המסורתי. 1999. pp. 82-87 4672:

prayer is only recited on Sabbath (Adar 15), which is Purim itself. The

3072:

was a redaction by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordechai.

9043: 8899: 8874: 8849: 8740: 8218: 8204: 6952: 5807: 4811: 4810:, celebrated Purim Vintz every year, even when he served as a rabbi in 4630: 4579: 4436: 4410: 4360: 4350: 4191: 4144: 4091: 3966:

writes that one may drink more or less, so long as the intent is pure.

3954: 3348: 3318: 3227: 3120: 3007: 2989: 2868: 2606: 2154: 1168: 1097: 1055: 884: 864: 423: 330: 250: 39: 8293:

The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film

8194:"MARKING THE HOLIDAY OF PURIM. Before, During and After the Holocaust" 7656:"זמני הפורים בישובים החדשים ביהודה, שומרון ובארץ בנימין / יואל אליצור" 6414:. Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 1252, 1262. 4506:

celebrate Purim. The day is also universally observed by omitting the

4405:

that is soaked in honey and filled with nuts. This name is used among

4384: 4127:

Others who "dressed up" or hid whom they were in the story of Esther:

3860:

Gaily wrapped baskets of sweets, snacks and other foodstuffs given as

3755: 3018:

for Mordecai, with the intention to hang him there the very next day.

2802:, Purim is celebrated annually on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of 8970: 8960: 8816: 8578: 8502: 6762:"Sephardic Purim Customs from the Old World to the Pacific Northwest" 5691: 5154: 4807: 4787: 4575: 4563: 4503: 4376: 3921: 3801: 3455: 3302: 3287: 2999: 2988:. Obtaining Ahasuerus' permission and funds to execute this plan, he 2947: 2911: 2832: 2779: 2649: 2317: 2302: 1392: 1340: 1102: 1050: 1040: 721: 717: 707: 622: 382: 140: 8102:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 948. 7950:

Folktales of the Jews, Volume 1: Tales from the Sephardic Dispersion

5696:, Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1985, p. 1460, 4822: 4244:("The Jews had light and gladness, joy and honor"—Esther 8:16). The 4238:("When Adar enters, we have a lot of joy"—Mishnah Taanith 4:1) and 3856: 2667: 2661: 1070: 9058: 8839: 8762: 8616: 8593: 8583: 8497: 8424: 8333: 7887: 6101: 5144: 4707: 4684: 4678: 4617: 4559: 4547: 4507: 4431: 4427: 4401: 4388: 4372: 4187: 4087: 3989: 3946: 3480: 3467: 3418: 3332: 3282: 3249:

A brief Persian account of events is provided by Islamic historian

3239: 3213: 3182: 3124: 3078: 3022: 2965:

Shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two palace guards

2943: 2813:

In cities that were protected by a surrounding wall at the time of

2771: 2677: 2653: 2626: 2486: 2096: 2028: 859: 367: 318: 209: 114: 8397: 3621: 3587:ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה 9053: 8992: 8779: 8707: 7888:"The Legend of the Window Purim and other Hebron Holiday Stories" 7726:

The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash of Yeshivat Har Etzion

6117: 5164: 4761: 4661: 4648:; however, this is just a custom and not a religious obligation. 4613: 4599: 4514: 4477: 4380: 4207: 4102:

greater anonymity thus preserving the dignity of the recipient.

4041: 4012: 3871: 3805: 3569:ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה 3529: 3496: 3492: 3386: 3351: 3204: 3191:

believed to have been written by Josippon or Joseph ben Gorion).

3161: 3098: 3087: 3015: 3003: 2981: 2970: 2923: 2462: 2428: 2297: 2091: 1080: 1075: 947: 838: 733: 729: 725: 474: 469: 446: 428: 303: 298: 288: 266: 241: 213: 68: 5099: 3785: 3491:, that the miraculous deliverance of the Jews was accomplished ( 2950:. She finds favor in the King's eyes, and is made his new wife. 9073: 9063: 8784: 8672: 8588: 8560: 8517: 8512: 8477: 8071:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 91. 6731: 6134: 6130: 6113: 6109: 6105: 5672:

A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

5148: 4871: 4833: 4826: 4700: 4626: 4595: 4555: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4510:

prayer and having a more elaborate meal than on ordinary days.

4502:

Shushan Purim falls on Adar 15 and is the day on which Jews in

4450: 4446: 4179: 4167: 4109: 3809: 3780: 3629: 3540: 3525: 3488: 3371: 3268: 3130: 3102: 3069: 3061: 2955: 2951: 2939: 2931: 2836: 2814: 2685: 2645: 2122: 2117: 2077: 2062: 1173: 1065: 485: 451: 437: 372: 199: 5986:, The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 118, 1998 4907:. Also, many places in Israel decided to cancel Purim events. 4889:

Still, the Nazi regime was defied and Purim was celebrated in

4790:

one week after the regular Purim. Purim Vinz commemorates the

3393:

Listening to the public reading, usually in synagogue, of the

9068: 9033: 9023: 6697: 6097: 4879: 4664:, the holiday is celebrated over a period of three days. The 4587: 4583: 4543: 4121: 4113: 3359: 3188: 2753: 2719:

Eating a celebratory meal with alcoholic beverages, known as

2634: 1085: 514: 418: 387: 22: 7947:

Noy, Dov; Ben-Amos, Dan; Frankel, Ellen (3 September 2006).

6926:

Rabbi Moshe Taub (21 February 2018). "The Shul Chronicles".

3895: 9078: 9048: 9028: 9000: 4690: 4522: 4166:

As early as the 5th century, there was a custom to burn an

4117: 3732:

To make known that all who hope in You will not be shamed (

3605:ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה 3328: 2927: 2828: 2824: 2803: 2622: 237: 136: 8134:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 91. 7439:"Golden walnut dumplings - Aranygaluska | Zserbo.com" 7015:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 357–59. 4074: 4028:

It is common to greet one another on Purim in Hebrew with

3808:, where the verse "Thou shalt blot out the remembrance of 3068:. It is dated to the 4th century BCE and according to the 3056:

The primary source relating to the origin of Purim is the

8262:

Israeli Ministry Warns of ‘Panic-Inducing’ Purim Costumes

8096:

Cohen, Arthur Allen; Mendes-Flohr, Paul R., eds. (2009).

6580:

Barclay, Rabbi Elozor and Jaeger, Rabbi Yitzchok (2001).

5575:"The Henna Page - Henna Traditions of Purim in Kurdistan" 4591: 3097:

CE) records the laws relating to Purim. The accompanying

5952:

The History of al-Tabari : An Annotated Translation

4744:, Purim is celebrated in the second month of Adar. (The 3281:

and tells how her father (Ardashir Bahman) married her.

8216: 8132:

Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence

7315:"Bourekitas de muez – small, sweet nut filled bourekas" 5538:

Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons

4460:

Special breads are baked among various communities. In

4186:

described how people would ride through the streets of

3187:(a chronicle of Jewish history from Adam to the age of 6536:"Comunicado sobre la actitud en los festejos de Purim" 5503: 5267: 4602:

to celebrate Purim on the 14th and hold an additional

4078:

Israeli girl dressed up as a cowboy while holding her

7398:

Ben-Naeh, Yaron; Held Delaroza, Michal, eds. (2023).

7397: 4045: 3992::31–32. The first who mentions the Fast of Esther is 3833: 2777: 7343:"Purim: The Poppy Seed Connection – Jewish Holidays" 6328:"Megilla Magic: Unique Motifs in the Book of Esther" 5504:

Barclay, Elozor; Yitzchok Jaeger (27 January 2004).

5254: 5081: 4878:. The following day, Jewish doctors were taken from 4440: 4354: 4331: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4061: 4029: 3929: 3897: 3887: 3875: 3861: 3823: 3817: 3790: 3627: 3546: 3519: 3431: 3422: 3407: 3398: 3375: 3363: 3180: 3172: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3128: 3076: 3043: 2993: 2818: 2769: 2742: 2720: 2711: 2700: 2585: 2101: 2082: 505: 76: 8064: 8033:fasting 15 Kislev, celebrating at night/16 Kislev: 6890:. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. pp. 236–45. 6160:

The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity

6057:

The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity

4241:

LaYehudim haitah orah ve-simchah ve-sasson ve-yakar

3397:

in the evening and again in the following morning (

3164:text divided in two parts. The first part dated to 7946: 7529:"The "Mordechai Hatzaddik" Yeshiva – Jewish World" 6514:(Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2003), pp. 281–304. 6470:"Women's Issues : Women and Megillah Reading" 5669: 4147:comments that those gentiles were not accepted as 3263:), but confuses him with Ardashir al-Tawil al-Ba ( 6100:, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated 5638: 5171:celebration which is held the day after Passover. 4929:as Ahasuerus. It was filmed in Italy by director 4855:), the Nazi politician and prominent anti-Semite 3301:Modern Biblical scholarship generally identifies 3105:(in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmud redacted 9104: 8129: 7722:"A Concise Guide to the Laws of Purim Meshulash" 7202:"Purim Songs for the AJ Family Megillah Reading" 6925: 6233: 6231: 6018:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000 4715:. On Sunday (Adar 16), called Purim Meshullash, 3216:recounts the origins of Purim in Book 11 of his 7716: 7557: 6883: 6512:Traditions and Celebrations for the Bat Mitzvah 6467: 5918:Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning 5794:Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Esther 4767: 4262:Chag Purim, Chag Purim, Chag Gadol Hu LaYehudim 3622:Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading 3543:, the progenitor of Haman, is also to be read. 3298:CE) also tells of King Bahman marrying Khumay. 3060:, which became the last of the 24 books of the 7593: 7044:"The Fascinating Evolution of the Purim-Spiel" 5273: 4633:should observe only the 15th, like Jerusalem. 4608:reading on the 15th with no blessings. In the 4136:Mordecai being dressed in the king's clothing; 2962:state that she was actually Mordecai's wife. 8658: 8440: 8383:The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism 7856:. Shamash: The Jewish Network. Archived from 7160:. Congregation B'nai Jeshurun. Archived from 7008: 6999:Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 edition: Purim. 6228: 5939:Josephus Goridines (The Josippon) (Vols. 1–2) 4719:are sent and the festive Purim meal is held. 4178:(408–450). The custom was popular during the 4098:use traditional Persian costumes and masks. 4051: 3750: 3539:30b), the story of the attack on the Jews by 2699:Exchanging gifts of food and drink, known as 2553: 92:Listening to the Book of Esther in synagogue; 8280: 8210: 7009:Brauer, Erich (1993). Patai, Raphael (ed.). 6793: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 5639:Köhler, Ludwig; Baumgartner, Walter (2016). 5248: 4161: 4035: 3774: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3649: 3603: 3585: 3567: 2969:to kill Ahasuerus. They are apprehended and 2855: 143:and all ancient walled cities, 15th of Adar) 6728:"Happy Purim – Traditional Purim Greetings" 5978: 5976: 5962: 5960: 5279: 4694:in leap years) is read as usual, while the 3698:), and their hope throughout generations." 3370:– "For the Miracles") is inserted into the 3312: 2954:does not reveal her origins or that she is 2730:Public recitation of the Scroll of Esther ( 2596: 797:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8665: 8651: 8447: 8433: 7428:, Jerusalem, Israel: Targum Press. p. 158. 6595:"What is Purim? A Time For Joy and Giving" 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6163:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. 6060:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. 5913:The Book of Esther in the Light of History 5909: 5874: 5872: 4711:is the same as read the previous Shabbat, 4660:When Shushan Purim (Adar 15) falls on the 4130:Esther not revealing that she is a Jewess; 3445: 2676:, respectively). His plans were foiled by 2560: 2546: 38: 7762: 7589: 7587: 6394: 4997:18th-century manuscript of the prayer of 4782:ruler or edict. One of the best known is 3845: 3246:as the uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus. 3230:) in that he too identifies Ahasuerus as 3199: 121:drinking alcoholic beverages, especially 7499:"Purim Traditions You've Never Heard Of" 7038: 7036: 6794:Kohler, Kaufmann; Malter, Henry (2002). 6759: 6409: 5996:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 5973: 5957: 5860:Encyclopedia Judaica 1997 CD-ROM Edition 4325: 4201: 4073: 3928:On Purim day, a festive meal called the 3916:Orthodox Jewish men drinking at a Purim 3911: 3855: 3784: 3754: 3461: 3454:Children during Purim in the streets of 3449: 3342: 3203: 3047: 2934:in the pavilion of the royal courtyard. 2886: 2641:(usually dated to the 5th century BCE). 8931:Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) 8286: 8125: 8123: 8068:Landmark Speeches of National Socialism 7400:The Old Sephardi Yishuv in Eretz Israel 6964: 6962: 6943: 6755: 6753: 6695: 6565: 6510:" published in Wiskind Elper, Ora, ed. 6027:Abd al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi, 5869: 5824:The Talmud: What It Is and What It Says 5820: 3953:was drunkenness occasionally endorsed. 2823:, since fighting in the walled city of 2710:Donating charity to the poor, known as 9105: 8154: 7967:from the original on 28 February 2018. 7882: 7880: 7833:from the original on 12 September 2012 7662:from the original on 23 September 2015 7584: 7558:Jacobs, Joseph; Seligsohn, M. (2002). 7204:. Adath Jeshurun. 2007. Archived from 6968: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6156: 6053: 6016:Esther: Critical Exegetical Commentary 5534: 5399:. Ready Scribe Press. pp. 94–96. 5344: 4399:is a term for a deep-fried version of 4105:Additional explanations are based on: 3634:was present for the Megillah reading: 9092:Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 8646: 8428: 8291:. In Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda (ed.). 8116:from the original on 17 October 2015. 8085:from the original on 17 October 2015. 7763:Orenstein, Aviel (5 September 1999). 7627: 7617:from the original on 17 October 2015. 7572:from the original on 15 February 2010 7424:Ari Jacobs & Abe Lederer (2013), 7379:from the original on 28 December 2019 7033: 7029:from the original on 17 October 2015. 6989:from the original on 17 October 2015. 6904:from the original on 17 October 2015. 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6708:from the original on 24 December 2022 6667:"Jewish Holidays: The Fast of Esther" 6637:"Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 695:3" 6542:from the original on 22 February 2023 6412:The Torah: Haftoras and Five Megillos 6125:, the Babylonian Creation Story, the 6000:Abd al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi 5903: 5710:from the original on 4 September 2022 5667: 5585:from the original on 21 February 2024 5423: 5413:from the original on 17 October 2015. 5382:from the original on 17 October 2015. 5197: 8545: 8454: 8120: 7603:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 233. 7426:Purim: Its Laws, Customs and Meaning 7404:היישוב היהודי הספרדי הישן בארץ ישראל 7220: 6959: 6877: 6828:"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 696:8" 6750: 6696:Simmons, Rabbi Shraga (9 May 2009). 6677:from the original on 9 December 2023 6197:Why Don't We Recite Hallel on Purim? 6104:and Esther with the Babylonian gods 6074:from the original on 29 October 2023 6040:Richard James Horatio Gottheil ed., 5157:refers to the day after each of the 4843: 4321: 3123:as well as details that accord with 3064:to be canonized by the Sages of the 2621:that commemorates the saving of the 8356:Laws, articles and Q&A on Purim 7971: 7877: 7469:"Ojos de Haman (The Eyes of Haman)" 7391: 6908: 6808:from the original on 7 October 2011 6245:from the original on 15 August 2017 5944: 5888:which quotes a work referred to as 5535:Monger, George (23 November 2004). 5464:"Esther 2 / Hebrew – English Bible" 5392: 5249: 4052: 4036: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3650: 3604: 3586: 3568: 3194: 3021:That night, Ahasuerus suffers from 2785: 2629:at the hands of an official of the 13: 8015:from the original on 22 March 2016 7985:from the original on 27 March 2016 7928:from the original on 29 March 2016 7898:from the original on 27 March 2016 7823:"This Day in Jewish History: Adar" 7707:Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayyim 688:6 7636:from the original on 11 March 2014 7539:from the original on 6 August 2020 7509:from the original on 6 August 2020 7234:from the original on 5 August 2011 7182:from the original on 16 March 2011 7112:from the original on 19 March 2011 7054:from the original on 6 August 2020 6871:Minhagei Kol Aryeh Eileh Hamitzvot 6820: 6780: 6768:from the original on 6 August 2020 6334:from the original on 24 March 2024 6308:from the original on 24 March 2024 6271:from the original on 24 March 2024 5649:from the original on 18 April 2023 5629:Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayyim 685:1 5555:from the original on 24 March 2023 5516:from the original on 27 April 2014 5219:History of the Jews in Afghanistan 4651: 4464:communities, a Purim bread called 4252:Once There Was a Wicked Wicked Man 4235:Mishenichnas Adar marbim be-simcha 3908:Seudat mitzvah § Seudat Purim 3759:Megillat Esther with Torah pointer 3101:(redacted in the same period) and 2882: 2827:continued through the 14th day of 14: 9149: 8342: 8309:from the original on 10 July 2024 8175:from the original on 10 July 2024 8046:from the original on 24 June 2020 7783:from the original on 10 July 2024 7732:from the original on 1 March 2018 7630:"Why I Observe Two Days of Purim" 7479:from the original on 10 July 2024 7449:from the original on 10 July 2024 7349:from the original on 1 March 2018 7321:Anu – Museum of the Jewish People 7264:from the original on 3 April 2022 6932:. No. 356. pp. 138–139. 6868: 6838:from the original on 10 July 2024 6760:Alhadeff, Ty (26 February 2015). 6647:from the original on 10 July 2024 6601:from the original on 10 July 2024 6371:from the original on 4 April 2023 6177:from the original on 10 July 2024 6029:Murūj al-dhahab (Meadows of Gold) 6002:, Columbia University Press, 2007 5611:from the original on 7 April 2012 5607:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. 5444:from the original on 10 July 2024 5396:Identification of Darius the Mede 5362:from the original on 3 July 2014. 5358:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4900:took place during Purim of 1994. 4483: 3547:Blessings before Megillah reading 3256:History of the Prophets and Kings 3044:Scriptural and rabbinical sources 2854:is the plural of the Hebrew word 588:Historical population comparisons 8946:Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day) 8941:Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day) 8864: 8550: 8321: 8255: 8187: 8148: 8089: 8058: 8027: 7997: 7940: 7910: 7864: 7851: 7845: 7815: 7795: 7756: 7753:1/46b; compare Orach Chayim 697. 7744: 7710: 7701: 7674: 7648: 7621: 6975:. Sutton Press. pp. 66–67. 6738:from the original on 5 June 2020 5338: 5143:, the intermediate days between 5098: 5084: 5059: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4497: 4182:(9th and 10th centuries), and a 1232:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1146:Historical population by country 8295:. De Gruyter. pp. 119–36. 7628:Enkin, Ari (23 February 2010). 7551: 7521: 7491: 7461: 7431: 7418: 7361: 7335: 7307: 7298: 7289: 7276: 7246: 7194: 7168: 7150: 7124: 7098: 7066: 7002: 6993: 6936: 6862: 6850: 6720: 6689: 6659: 6629: 6626:, Journal Jewish Social Studies 6616: 6587: 6584:. Southfield, MI: Targum Press. 6554: 6528: 6517: 6490: 6461: 6448: 6439: 6428: 6383: 6357: 6346: 6320: 6294: 6283: 6257: 6216:Why Is Work Permitted on Purim? 6208: 6189: 6150: 6140: 6086: 6047: 6034: 6021: 6005: 5989: 5931: 5852: 5814: 5799: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5684: 5661: 5632: 5623: 5597: 5311: 5241: 5072:attends megillah reading (2022) 5054:-themed Megillah reading (2014) 4915:The 1960 20th Century-Fox film 4910: 4898:Cave of the Patriarchs massacre 4726: 4492: 4157:knowing that he will save them. 4069: 3406:Sending food gifts to friends ( 3208:Haman defeated (1578 engraving) 8905:Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah 8405:New International Encyclopedia 7953:. Jewish Publication Society. 7892:the Jewish Community of Hebron 6969:Gaster, Theodor Herzl (2007). 6410:Scherman, Nosson (July 1993). 5984:Artaxerxes, Ardasir and Bahman 5567: 5528: 5497: 5486: 5456: 5417: 5386: 5366: 5332: 5259:), translated as 'lot' in the 4786:, traditionally celebrated in 4731: 4197: 3389:(obligations) of the day are: 3338: 1: 8161:. Random House. p. 244. 7230:. Aish.com. 2 February 2003. 6445:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 4a 5430:. Kodesh Press. p. 163. 5325: 3709:At night and in the morning: 3347:People dressed up for Purim. 3292: 3212:The 1st-century CE historian 3165: 3113: 3106: 3091: 2986:Jewish minority in the empire 803:Christianity and Judaism 8936:Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day) 8065:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2008). 7600:And From Jerusalem, His Word 7254:"Best Hamantaschen Fillings" 5941:, The Bialik Institute, 1978 5805:Babylonian Talmud, Tractate 5348:; et al., eds. (1906). 5268: 4768:Communal and familial Purims 4413:, the same dish is known as 4062: 4023: 3507:The Megillah is read with a 3251:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 2668: 2662: 2637:, as it is recounted in the 7: 7720:, Rav (21 September 2014). 5747:The Complete Story of Purim 5693:Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures 5255: 5214:History of the Jews in Iran 5077: 4441: 4355: 4332: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4133:Mordecai wearing sackcloth; 4046: 4030: 3930: 3898: 3888: 3876: 3862: 3840:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 3834: 3824: 3818: 3791: 3628: 3520: 3432: 3423: 3408: 3399: 3376: 3364: 3181: 3173: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3077: 2994: 2856: 2819: 2778: 2770: 2743: 2721: 2712: 2701: 2586: 2102: 2083: 1810:Latin America and Caribbean 506: 77: 10: 9154: 8807:Yom tov sheni shel galuyot 5910:Hoschander, Jacob (1923). 5900:(late fourth century BCE). 5274: 5191:Yom tov sheni shel galuyot 5159:Three Pilgrimage Festivals 4959: 4794:(1616–1620), in which one 4771: 4517:, the capital city of the 4213: 4018: 3977: 3905: 3849: 3828:, meaning "noise") and in 3778: 3751:Women and Megillah reading 3535:According to the Mishnah ( 2415:Jewish political movements 2112:Conversion to Judaism 20: 9087: 9014: 8979: 8951:Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) 8917: 8825: 8749: 8721: 8700: 8685: 8607: 8569: 8526: 8465: 8370:Union for Reform Judaism 8287:Ehrlich, Carl S. (2016). 8130:Elliott Horowitz (2006). 7979:"When is Purim Observed?" 7791:– via Google Books. 6612:Retrieved 2023-03-21. 5124:Jewish holidays 2000–2050 5119:Public holidays in Israel 4172:Flavius Augustus Honorius 4162:Burning of Haman's effigy 3947:late medieval authorities 3775:Blotting out Haman's name 2734:‎), or "reading of 2731: 2614: 2576: 818:Hinduism and Judaism 205: 195: 187: 177: 167: 157: 147: 131: 85: 63: 55: 37: 30: 8680:holidays and observances 8418:28 December 2019 at the 8155:Rhodes, Richard (2002). 7158:"Purim Songs: Ani Purim" 7134:. Zemerl. Archived from 6951:(in Hebrew) – via 6884:Yitzchak Sender (2000). 6856:Liora Hendelman-Baavur, 6221:20 February 2019 at the 6092:Moore, Carey A. (1971). 5896:), which is credited to 5829:Rowman & Littlefield 5424:First, Mitchell (2015). 5234: 5001:on the miracles of Purim 4832:The Jewish community of 4371:, a fried pastry called 4227: 3973: 3789:A wooden Purim gragger ( 3313:Modern scholarship views 2892:The Triumph of Mordechai 2738:", usually in synagogue. 644:Temple in Jerusalem 337:Bar and bat mitzvah 21:Not to be confused with 8377:6 December 2019 at the 7769:. Feldheim Publishers. 7286:, Penguin Books, p. 592 7282:Claudia Roden, (2006), 6501:Women's Megilla Reading 6202:22 January 2018 at the 5966:Moshe Perlmann trans., 5821:Neusner, Jacob (2006). 5752:22 January 2018 at the 5727:Esther chapters 1 and 2 5541:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5393:Law, George R. (2010). 5355:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5177:, is exactly one month 5037:Megillah reading (1764) 4936:One Night with the King 4387:, Travadicos, Figuela, 4353:("Haman's pockets") or 3769:Modern Orthodox Judaism 3735:להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו 3446:Reading of the Megillah 3430:Eating a festive meal ( 3382:("Grace after Meals"). 3219:Antiquities of the Jews 2896:Pieter Pietersz Lastman 2846: 606:Twelve Tribes of Israel 102:dressing up in costume; 8736:Ten Days of Repentance 8492:in rabbinic literature 8482:in rabbinic literature 8329:For Your Consideration 7872:The Feast and the Fast 7801:Schnettger, Matthias. 7632:. Hirhurim – Musings. 7560:"Shushan (Susa) Purim" 6671:Jewish Virtual Library 6622:Maya Balakirsky Katz, 6157:Kalimi, Isaac (2023). 6054:Kalimi, Isaac (2023). 6044:, Colonial Press, 1900 5668:Klein, Ernest (1966). 5209:Judeo-Persian language 4985:Purim (1699 engraving) 4973:Purim (1657 engraving) 4955:Home for Thanksgiving. 4946:For Your Consideration 4819:Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller 4698:for Purim is read for 4338: 4211: 4116:'s 'dressing up' like 4083: 3968:Yechiel Michel Epstein 3925: 3867: 3846:Food gifts and charity 3796: 3760: 3707: 3471: 3466:Purim Street Party in 3459: 3355: 3209: 3200:Traditional historians 3053: 2903: 2900:Rembrandt House Museum 2880: 9133:Masquerade ceremonies 8768:Fast of the Firstborn 8267:22 March 2024 at the 8199:11 March 2022 at the 7106:"Haman, A Wicked Man" 7012:The Jews of Kurdistan 6468:Rabbi Yehuda Henkin. 5263:, perhaps related to 5247:From the Hebrew word 4943:The 2006 comedy film 4379:traditionally served 4329: 4291:LaYehudim Hayesa Orah 4205: 4077: 3915: 3859: 3788: 3758: 3703: 3657:Blessed are You, My L 3611:Blessed are You, My L 3593:Blessed are You, My L 3575:Blessed are You, My L 3465: 3453: 3346: 3207: 3051: 2960:rabbinic commentators 2890: 2873: 2789: "Haman's ears" 1352:São Tomé and Príncipe 1347:Republic of the Congo 741:Second Temple Judaism 612:Kingdom of Judah 583:Modern historiography 112:parties and parades ( 8870:Counting of the Omer 8390:1 March 2013 at the 7808:20 July 2011 at the 7533:Israel National News 7369:"What Are Kreplach?" 7345:. 25 February 2009. 7260:. 10 February 2020. 7178:. Chabad.org. 2011. 7132:"Wicked, Wicked Man" 7108:. Musicnotes. 2001. 6538:. 22 February 2018. 5982:Said Amir Arjomand, 5968:The Ancient Kingdoms 5783:Esther chapters 9–10 5765:Esther chapters 9–16 5676:. Elsevier. p. 5645:. OakTree Software. 5169:North African Jewish 5025:Purim woodcut (1741) 4674:weekly Torah portion 4184:14th century scholar 3996:(8th century CE) in 3902:and festive drinking 3741:וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב 3513:book of Lamentations 2648:to the Persian king 2454:World Agudath Israel 1595:United Arab Emirates 682:Second Temple period 672:Babylonian captivity 9113:Judaism and alcohol 9079:Adar and Adar Sheni 8277:, February 25, 2024 8217:Church, George J.; 7860:on 24 October 2007. 7854:"It Happened Today" 7565:Jewish Encyclopedia 6801:Jewish Encyclopedia 5898:Hecataeus of Abdera 5774:Esther chapters 6–9 5736:Esther chapters 3–5 5506:"Gifts to the Poor" 5304:); also called the 5067:President of Israel 4918:Esther and the King 4882:and shot nearby in 4806:), who was born in 4758:Shushan Purim Katan 4752:("Little Purim" in 4047:ah freilichin Purim 3274:The Meadows of Gold 2976:Ahasuerus appoints 2894:, 1624 painting by 2713:mattanot la-evyonim 747:Hellenistic Judaism 325:Land of Israel 284:Principles of faith 173:nightfall, 14 March 163:nightfall, 24 March 99:and giving charity; 8508:Bigthan and Teresh 8227:McAllister, J.F.O. 8037:(Gunpowder Purim) 7981:. Orthodox Union. 7870:Rosenstein, Neil: 7475:. 1 January 1970. 6506:2008-03-21 at the 6012:Lewis Bayles Paton 5970:, SUNY Press, 1985 5954:, SUNY Press, 1989 5950:Ehsan Yar-Shater, 5858:Moshe David Herr, 5605:"Purim 2012 Guide" 5198:Persian(ate) Jewry 4792:Fettmilch uprising 4756:) and the 15th is 4688:in regular years, 4415:bourekitas de muez 4339: 4212: 4084: 4031:Chag Purim Sameach 4006:, Esther 9:31 and 3941:7b) records that " 3926: 3868: 3797: 3761: 3472: 3460: 3424:matanot la'evyonim 3356: 3307:Xerxes I of Persia 3210: 3054: 2967:Bigthan and Teresh 2946:and member of the 2904: 2308:Jewish Koine Greek 1850:Dominican Republic 1131:Judaism by country 810:Jews and Christmas 665:Assyrian captivity 183:nightfall, 3 March 171:Sunset, 13 March – 161:Sunset, 23 March – 153:nightfall, 7 March 69:Jewish deliverance 9100: 9099: 8913: 8912: 8640: 8639: 8546:Purim HaMeshulash 8231:"When Fury Rules" 8141:978-0-691-12491-9 8109:978-0-8276-0892-4 8078:978-1-60344-015-8 8040:"Gunpowder Purim" 7683:"Purim Meshulash" 7610:978-1-881939-05-4 7535:. 16 March 2003. 7164:on 12 March 2007. 7050:. 13 March 2014. 7048:ReformJudaism.org 7022:978-0-8143-2392-2 6982:978-1-4067-4781-2 6897:978-1-58330-411-2 6524:Deuteronomy 25:19 6421:978-0-89906-014-9 6170:978-1-009-26612-3 6067:978-1-009-26612-3 5878:William Whiston, 5838:978-0-7425-4671-4 5796:, Zondervan, 2002 5792:NIV Study Bible, 5579:www.hennapage.com 5548:978-1-57607-987-4 4933:. The 2006 movie 4844:In modern history 4796:Vincenz Fettmilch 4519:Achaemenid Empire 4476:, a raisin Purim 4322:Traditional foods 4297:U Mordechai Yatza 4267:Mishenichnas Adar 4174:(395–423) and of 4082:of candies (2006) 3822:(from the Hebrew 3748: 3747: 3695:תשועתם הייתה לנצח 3669: 3668: 3619: 3618: 2918:for the army and 2831:. Today, only in 2798:According to the 2691:According to the 2682:tribe of Benjamin 2631:Achaemenid Empire 2570: 2569: 2519: 2518: 2267: 2266: 2014:Reconstructionist 1958: 1957: 1110: 1109: 917: 916: 754:Jewish–Roman wars 702:Hasmonean dynasty 618:Kingdom of Israel 522: 521: 223: 222: 181:Sunset, 2 March – 151:Sunset, 6 March – 9145: 9128:Adar observances 9123:History of Purim 8752:Three Pilgrimage 8698: 8697: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8459: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8409: 8401: 8360:Peninei Halakha 8336: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8289:"Esther in Film" 8284: 8278: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8243:on 16 April 2009 8239:. Archived from 8229:(7 March 1994). 8221:; Hamad, Jamil; 8214: 8208: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8127: 8118: 8117: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7884: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7819: 7813: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7714: 7708: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7685:. Archived from 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7591: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7505:. 5 March 2019. 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7435: 7429: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7086:on 17 March 2016 7085: 7079:. Archived from 7078: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6950: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6923: 6906: 6905: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6791: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6698:"Fast of Esther" 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6597:. 2 March 2017. 6591: 6585: 6578: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6497:Frimer, Aryeh A. 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6454:Chaim Rapoport, 6452: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6407: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6298: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6235: 6226: 6214:Yehuda Shurpin, 6212: 6206: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6112:, and Haman and 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6009: 6003: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5907: 5901: 5876: 5867: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5745:Mindel, Nissan. 5743: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5501: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470:. Archived from 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306:Festival of Lots 5303: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5245: 5185:Yom Kippur Katan 5167:, a traditional 5108: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5063: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4905:Israel-Hamas war 4857:Julius Streicher 4444: 4358: 4337: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4273:Shoshanas Yaakov 4269: 4259: 4249: 4247:Shoshanat Yaakov 4243: 4237: 4210:, Germany (2016) 4143:); on which the 4065: 4055: 4054: 4053:א פרייליכן פורים 4049: 4039: 4038: 4033: 3933: 3901: 3891: 3881: 3865: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3794: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3727: 3712: 3711: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3652: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3614: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3589: 3588: 3578: 3571: 3570: 3555: 3554: 3523: 3437: 3426: 3413: 3402: 3381: 3369: 3297: 3294: 3195:Historical views 3186: 3178: 3170: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3096: 3093: 3085: 2997: 2908:Scroll of Esther 2859: 2822: 2791:), and drinking 2790: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2748: 2733: 2732:קריאת מגילת אסתר 2726: 2715: 2706: 2693:Scroll of Esther 2671: 2665: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2411: 2410: 2292: 2113: 2107: 2088: 2052: 2051: 1999: 1946:New Zealand 1898: 1861:El Salvador 1851: 1783:Northern America 1775: 1369: 1125: 1124: 1036:Crimean Karaites 932: 931: 910: 908: 829: 827: 819: 813: 804: 792:Rabbinic Judaism 773: 767: 761: 749: 737: 703: 696:Maccabean Revolt 673: 666: 660: 652: 645: 639: 631: 613: 537: 536: 511: 406: 405: 338: 326: 225: 224: 80: 42: 28: 27: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9083: 9010: 8986: 8984: 8975: 8924: 8921: 8909: 8885:The Three Weeks 8835:Fast of Gedalia 8821: 8795:Shemini Atzeret 8756: 8753: 8745: 8717: 8713:Special Shabbat 8694: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8671: 8641: 8636: 8603: 8599:Mishloach manot 8565: 8528: 8522: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8420:Wayback Machine 8396: 8392:Wayback Machine 8385:Purim Resources 8379:Wayback Machine 8372:Purim Resources 8366:Eliezer Melamed 8350:Purim Resources 8345: 8340: 8339: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8303: 8285: 8281: 8269:Wayback Machine 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8215: 8211: 8201:Wayback Machine 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8169: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8128: 8121: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7886: 7885: 7878: 7869: 7865: 7852:Fine, Yisroel. 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7810:Wayback Machine 7800: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7777: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7718:Yosef Zvi Rimon 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7689:on 7 March 2023 7681: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7626: 7622: 7611: 7592: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7482: 7480: 7473:Jewish Holidays 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7423: 7419: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7208:on 5 March 2016 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7138:on 22 July 2011 7130: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6983: 6967: 6960: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6924: 6909: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6841: 6839: 6832:www.sefaria.org 6826: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6792: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6758: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6641:www.sefaria.org 6635: 6634: 6630: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6579: 6566: 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5568: 5558: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5474:on 9 March 2021 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5346:Singer, Isidore 5339: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5200: 5137: 5114:Jewish holidays 5106:Holidays portal 5104: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5038: 5035: 5026: 5023: 5014: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4986: 4983: 4974: 4971: 4962: 4913: 4893:and elsewhere. 4846: 4821:(1579–1654) of 4776: 4770: 4742:Hebrew calendar 4734: 4729: 4717:mishloach manot 4654: 4652:Purim Meshulash 4645:mishloach manot 4530:'s conquest of 4500: 4495: 4486: 4462:Moroccan Jewish 4330:Homemade prune 4324: 4230: 4218: 4206:Purim spiel in 4200: 4164: 4072: 4026: 4021: 4008:Talmud Megillah 3982: 3976: 3951:Hasidic masters 3910: 3904: 3889:mishloach manot 3878:mishloach manot 3863:mishloach manot 3854: 3852:Mishloach manot 3848: 3783: 3777: 3753: 3729: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3624: 3612: 3608: 3594: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3549: 3485:Joshua ben Levi 3448: 3434:se'udat mitzvah 3410:mishloach manot 3400:k'riat megillah 3341: 3315: 3295: 3244:Darius the Mede 3202: 3197: 3168: 3116: 3109: 3094: 3046: 2885: 2883:Purim narrative 2876: 2849: 2800:Hebrew calendar 2788: 2703:mishloach manot 2610: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2566: 2521: 2520: 2408: 2398: 2397: 2388:Judeo-Malayalam 2368:Judaeo-Georgian 2288: 2279: 2269: 2268: 2169:Yiddish theatre 2111: 2049: 2039: 2038: 1997: 1970: 1960: 1959: 1896: 1849: 1773: 1367: 1151:Genetic studies 1122: 1112: 1111: 929: 919: 918: 906: 905: 825: 824: 817: 807: 802: 784:and Middle Ages 782:Rabbinic period 769: 763: 756: 744: 715: 701: 671: 664: 655: 647: 643: 634: 629:in Judaism 626: 611: 534: 524: 523: 403: 393: 392: 336: 324: 269: 206:Related to 196:Started by 182: 172: 162: 152: 127: 71:as told in the 67:Celebration of 51: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9151: 9141: 9140: 9138:Book of Esther 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8982:Israeli ethnic 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8966:Jabotinsky Day 8963: 8958: 8956:Ben-Gurion Day 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8920:Israeli public 8918: 8915: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8880:17th of Tammuz 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8855:Fast of Esther 8852: 8847: 8845:Tenth of Tevet 8842: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8790:Hoshana Rabbah 8782: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8759: 8757: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8723:High Holy Days 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8702: 8695: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8670: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8536:Fast of Esther 8532: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8485: 8475: 8473:Book of Esther 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8410: 8394: 8381: 8368: 8358: 8352: 8344: 8343:External links 8341: 8338: 8337: 8320: 8302:978-1614513261 8301: 8279: 8254: 8209: 8186: 8167: 8147: 8140: 8119: 8108: 8088: 8077: 8057: 8035:Abraham Danzig 8026: 8009:www.chabad.org 8005:"Other Purims" 7996: 7970: 7960:978-0827608290 7959: 7939: 7922:www.chabad.org 7918:"Purim Hebron" 7909: 7876: 7863: 7844: 7827:Orthodox Union 7814: 7794: 7776:978-0873069465 7775: 7755: 7743: 7709: 7700: 7673: 7647: 7620: 7609: 7595:Teller, Hanoch 7583: 7550: 7520: 7503:www.kosher.com 7490: 7460: 7430: 7417: 7390: 7373:www.chabad.org 7360: 7334: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7275: 7258:www.kosher.com 7245: 7219: 7193: 7167: 7149: 7123: 7097: 7065: 7032: 7021: 7001: 6992: 6981: 6958: 6935: 6907: 6896: 6876: 6873:. p. 293. 6869:Hagiz, Moses. 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4975: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4951:Home for Purim 4925:as Esther and 4912: 4909: 4845: 4842: 4772:Main article: 4769: 4766: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4713:Parshat Zachor 4653: 4650: 4642:and even give 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4484:Torah learning 4482: 4411:Jews in Greece 4407:Jews in Turkey 4395:during Purim. 4369:Sephardic Jews 4343:Ashkenazi Jews 4323: 4320: 4303:Kacha Yay'aseh 4229: 4226: 4214:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4071: 4068: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 3994:Aḥai of Shabḥa 3986:Fast of Esther 3980:Fast of Esther 3978:Main article: 3975: 3972: 3964:Moses Isserles 3906:Main article: 3903: 3894: 3850:Main article: 3847: 3844: 3779:Main article: 3776: 3773: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3683:... בקום עלינו 3667: 3666: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3548: 3545: 3477:Great Assembly 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3415: 3404: 3395:Book of Esther 3385:The four main 3378:Birkat Hamazon 3340: 3337: 3314: 3311: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3066:Great Assembly 3058:Book of Esther 3045: 3042: 2916:Persian Empire 2884: 2881: 2848: 2845: 2808:fast of Esther 2766: 2765: 2750: 2739: 2728: 2717: 2708: 2644:Haman was the 2639:Book of Esther 2619:Jewish holiday 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2449:Territorialism 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2333:Judaeo-Spanish 2330: 2328:Judaeo-Iranian 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2183: 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1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1207:Bilad-el-Sudan 1204: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1160:Land of Israel 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1018:Related groups 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 951: 950: 945: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 915: 914: 913: 912: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 875:Jewish atheism 872: 867: 862: 854: 853: 849: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826:Islamic–Jewish 821: 814: 799: 794: 786: 785: 778: 777: 776: 775: 751: 738: 710: 705: 698: 693: 691:Yehud Medinata 685: 684: 678: 677: 676: 675: 668: 661: 653: 640: 632: 620: 615: 608: 600: 599: 597:Ancient Israel 593: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 553:Land of Israel 550: 542: 541: 535: 530: 529: 526: 525: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 508:Shulchan Aruch 503: 498: 493: 488: 480: 479: 478: 477: 472: 464: 463: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 441: 440: 434: 433: 432: 431: 426: 421: 413: 412: 404: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 333: 328: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 286: 281: 274:God in Judaism 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 259: 258: 253: 245: 244: 234: 233: 221: 220: 218:Jewish holiday 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 179: 178:2026 date 175: 174: 169: 168:2025 date 165: 164: 159: 158:2024 date 155: 154: 149: 148:2023 date 145: 144: 133: 129: 128: 126: 125: 119: 110: 107:a festive meal 103: 100: 93: 89: 87: 83: 82: 73:Book of Esther 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 43: 35: 34: 16:Jewish holiday 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9150: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9108: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9016:Hebrew months 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8916: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8890:The Nine Days 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8800:Simchat Torah 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8748: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Rosh Hashanah 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:Shushan Purim 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8436: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8400: 8399:"Purim" 8395: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8258: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8223:Fischer, Dean 8220: 8213: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8124: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7943: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7704: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7651: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7323: 7322: 7319:Foodish – by 7316: 7310: 7301: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7228:"Purim Songs" 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7082: 7075: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7005: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6965: 6963: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6754: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6436: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6290:Esther 9:7–10 6286: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5890:Peri Ioudaion 5887: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5864:Esther Rabbah 5861: 5855: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5703:9780827602526 5699: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5626: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5531: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5437:9780692375426 5433: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5314: 5307: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5229:Bukharan Jews 5227: 5225: 5224:Mountain Jews 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5082: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4853:Kristallnacht 4850: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4696:Torah portion 4693: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4498:Shushan Purim 4490: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466:ojos de Haman 4463: 4458: 4456: 4455:Arany galuska 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4285:VeNahafoch Hu 4280: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4225: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180:Geonic period 4177: 4176:Theodosius II 4173: 4169: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124:'s blessings; 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4067: 4064: 4063:Purim Allegre 4059: 4048: 4043: 4032: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3931:Se'udat Purim 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3757: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3672: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3443: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3421:to the poor ( 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Artaxerxes II 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226:version (the 3225: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3206: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3158:Esther Rabbah 3154: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3104: 3100: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052:Esther Scroll 3050: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2820:Shushan Purim 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2729: 2727:or "Mishteh". 2725: 2724: 2723:se'udat Purim 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:Jewish people 2620: 2616: 2608: 2591: 2588: 2574: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373:Judeo-Aramaic 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2363:Judeo-Italian 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2343:Ghardaïa Sign 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968:Denominations 1964: 1963: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1796:United States 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282:Guinea-Bissau 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1136:Lists of Jews 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 939: 936: 935: 934: 933: 928: 923: 922: 911: 903: 901: 898: 896: 895:The Holocaust 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 851: 850: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 822: 820: 815: 811: 805: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 787: 783: 780: 779: 772: 766: 760: 755: 752: 748: 742: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 686: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 667: 662: 658: 654: 651: 646: 641: 637: 633: 630: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 609: 607: 604: 603: 602: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 539: 538: 533: 528: 527: 516: 513: 510: 509: 504: 502: 499: 497: 496:Mishneh Torah 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 466: 465: 462: 459: 458: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 439: 436: 435: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 396: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 334: 332: 329: 327: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 294: 290: 287: 285: 282: 279: 275: 272: 271: 268: 263: 262: 257: 256:Who is a Jew? 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246: 243: 239: 236: 235: 231: 227: 226: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 180: 176: 170: 166: 160: 156: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 124: 120: 117: 116: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 90: 88: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 24: 19: 8859: 8830:Rosh Chodesh 8773:Pesach Sheni 8690:holidays and 8556:Second Purim 8456:Purim 8455: 8403: 8328: 8323: 8311:. 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