1950:. Doubleday. See section "The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim." Pages 46-49. "Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr ", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the "secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b... pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the
38:
351:, Haman is considered to be an archetype of evil and persecutor of the Jews. Having attempted to exterminate the Jews of Persia, and rendering himself thereby their worst enemy, Haman naturally became the center of many Talmudic legends. Being at one time extremely poor, he sold himself as a slave to Mordecai. He was a barber at Kefar Karzum for the space of twenty-two years. Haman had an idolatrous image embroidered on his garments, so that those who bowed to him at command of the king bowed also to the image.
542:
202:
391:
of death. As God foresaw that Haman himself would be hanged on the gallows, he asked which tree would volunteer to serve as the instrument of death. Each tree, declaring that it was used for some holy purpose, objected to being soiled by the unclean body of Haman. Only the thorn-tree could find no excuse, and therefore offered itself for a gallows (Esther Rabbah 9; Midrash Abba Gorion 7 (ed. Buber, Wilna, 1886); in Targum Sheni this is narrated somewhat differently).
471:, and to seek protection of the Israelites whom Haman and Pharaoh were tormenting. Referring to Moses as a sorcerer and a liar, the Pharaoh rejected Moses' call to worship the God of Moses and refused to free the Israelite children. The Pharaoh commissioned Haman to build a tall tower using burnt bricks so that the Pharaoh could ascend and see the God of Moses. The Pharaoh, Haman, and their army in chariots pursuing Israel's fleeing children drowned in the
243:, the king's recent wife, who was herself a Jew. Esther invited Haman and the king to two banquets. In the second banquet, she informed the king that Haman was plotting to kill her (and the other Jews). This enraged the king, who was further angered when (after leaving the room briefly and returning) he discovered Haman had fallen on Esther's couch, intending to beg mercy from Esther, but which the king interpreted as a sexual advance.
479:
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1197:
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2001:
above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story.... But even more recently scholars are again looking to
Palestine for the origin of the festival... Its Lack of Historicity: are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value."
273:: Haman's house (where the pole was located) was likely in the city of Susa (a flat area), while the royal citadel and palace were located on a mound about 15 meters higher than the city. Such a tall pole would have allowed Haman to observe Mordecai's corpse while dining in the royal palace, had his plans worked as intended.
767:. Hoschander suggests that Haman may, if the connection is correct, be a priestly title and not a proper name. Strabo's names are unattested in Persian texts as gods; however the Talmud and Josephus interpret the description of courtiers bowing to Haman in Esther 3:2 as worship (other scholars assume "Omanus" refers to
1635:"Quran, Surah 10:92, note: the phrases 'we will save you' (nunajjīka نُنَجِّيكَ) & 'that you may be' (litakūna لِتَكُونَ) are all written (addressed to) in the second person singular, thus grammatically speaking there is one person addressed, namely Pharaoh, as evident in the preceding verses (Surah 10:90–91)"
2000:
Moore, Carey A. "Esther, Book of," ed. David Noel
Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 "Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf.
390:
Haman had 365 counselors, but the advice of none was so good as that of his wife, Zeresh. She induced Haman to build a gallows for
Mordecai, assuring him that this was the only way in which he would be able to prevail over his enemy, for hitherto the just had always been rescued from every other kind
311:
gives Haman's lineage as follows: "Haman the son of
Hammedatha the Agagite, son of Khada, son of Kuza, son of Alipilot, son of Dios, son of Diosos, son of Peros, son of Ma'dan, son of Bala'qan, son of Antimiros, son of Hadrus, son of Shegar, son of Negar, son of Parmashta, son of Vaizatha, son of
878:. The image occurs in the form of a spontaneous vision given to the character of Dante-as-pilgrim, the purpose of which is to envision Haman's accusers, Ahaseurus, Esther and Mordecai, as emblems of righteous anger. In this divinely inspired hallucination, the fictional Dante sees Haman as "
532:
4. The text suggests that Haman represents the
Biblical Amalekites, the epitome of evil that God commands to be destroyed. Haman thus symbolizes the evil that the Jews must struggle against in every generation until the final eschatological triumph of God's kingdom.
1974:
gods Humman and Mashti, a
Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the
362:
to ascertain which was the most auspicious day of the week for that purpose. Each day, however, proved to be under some influence favorable to the Jews. He then sought to fix the month, but found that the same was true of each month; thus,
133:, who was also Jewish and had concealed her identity from the King. Esther revealed Haman's plan to Ahasuerus and pleaded with him to spare her people. The King was outraged at Haman's treachery and ordered that he be executed instead.
528:
3. In various passages, Haman is referred to as an "Agagite" (Amalekite), "Gogite" (from the cursed city of Gog), "Ebugaios" (an unexplained term), and "Bugaean". These labels serve to further mark Haman as a foreigner and enemy.
452:) is a person mentioned and associated with pharaoh of the Exodus. Islam started up in 610 CE. McAuliffe's Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān among other sources relates "Haman" to be the Arabized form of "Ha-Amana" in Egyptian.
524:
2. Haman is accused of plotting to transfer the sovereignty of Persia to the
Macedonians, while the Jews are called "loyal Persians" by the king. This portrays Haman as disloyal and conspiring against Persia.
793:
commemorates the story of the Jews' deliverance and Haman's defeat. On that day, the Book of Esther is publicly read and much noise and tumult is raised at every mention of Haman's name. Various noisemakers
475:
as the parted water closed on them. The
Pharaoh's submission to God at the moment of death and total destruction was rejected, but his corpse was saved as a lesson for posterity and he was mummified.
1991:
Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a
Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars."
121:
In the narrative of the Book of Esther, Haman was a proud and ambitious man who demanded that everyone bow down to him as a sign of respect. However, a Jewish man named
467:
Haman appears six times throughout the Qur'an four times with
Pharaoh and twice by himself, where God sent Moses to invite Pharaoh, Haman, and their people to
521:
1. Haman is referred to as a "Macedonian" and described as "an alien" to Persia. This characterization presents him as an outsider and not a true Persian.
1564:
Silverstein, Adam "Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands" Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 20-21.
464:". However, some scholars disagree with the theory of the Quranic Haman being an Egyptian title, instead of a name and the biblical figure himself.
1639:
So today We will save you in body that you may be to those who succeed you a sign. And indeed, many among the people, of Our signs, are heedless.
973:
1616:
971:
American children's television animations in which the biblical story of Haman is told include the "Queen Esther" episode of the series
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refused to. Angered by this, and knowing of Mordecai's Jewish nationality, Haman convinced Ahasuerus to allow him to have all of the
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2096:
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159:) recorded by Greek historians. Several etymologies have been proposed for it: it has been associated with the Persian word
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refused to bow down to him, which enraged Haman. Seeking revenge, Haman convinced the king to issue a decree that all
262:
were also hanged, after they died in battle against the Jews. The Jews also killed about 75,000 of their enemies in
2116:
955:", in which he is portrayed as attempting to re-enter the mortal world in order to rule once more over the Jews.
913:
165:, meaning "illustrious" (naming dictionaries typically list it as meaning "magnificent"); with the sacred drink
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1573:
Reynolds, Gabriel Said "The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and commentary" Yale University Press, 2018, p. 603-604.
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383:, and he said, "Now I shall be able to swallow them as fish which swallow one another" (Esther Rabbah 7;
635:, though the legs are parted and the apparatus resembles a natural tree shorter than fifty cubits high.
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987:(2000), in which he is portrayed by "Mr. Lunt" during the episode "Esther, the Girl who Became Queen".
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518:
The Greek version of the Book of Esther, known as the Septuagint, portrays Haman in a distinct manner:
1617:"Search Quran – Search haman in Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Mohsin Khan – all words"
307:
TgEsth1 and TgEsth3 call him "Haman the son of Hamedatha, descended from Agag the son of Amaleq." The
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Jacob Hoschander has argued that the name of Haman and that of his father Hamedatha are mentioned by
708:
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399:
510:
translation of the Book of Esther and from other Greek and Jewish sources, some no longer extant.
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960:
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605:, used elsewhere to describe the cross-piece in crucifixion, when describing the fate of Haman:
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The apparent purpose of these unusually-high gallows can be understood from the geography of
800:) are used to express disdain for Haman by "blotting out" his name during the recitation of
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118:. Some commentators interpret this descent to be symbolic, due to his similar personality.
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1980:
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173:, meaning "good thoughts". The 19th-century Bible critic Jensen associated it with the
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Exodus 17:8-16, Numbers 24:7, Deuteronomy 25:17-19, 1 Samuel 15, 1 Chronicles 4:42-43
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Since the 1890s, several academics have "agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized
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contended that Haman is Ha-Amen as shortcut of the first few letters of title of
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Haman at the moment of his execution appears at the beginning of Canto 17 of
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193:. Hoschander suggests that Haman is a priestly title and not a proper name.
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that had originally been built by Haman himself, on the advice of his wife
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the Agagite. After Haman was appointed the principal minister of the king
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As in the Septuagint, Haman's execution is ambiguous, suggestive of both
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2031: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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336:, and Amalek, who lived several hundred years earlier. According to the
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s description of Haman's execution have variously treated the subject.
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2051:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
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Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World
1216:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
1125:
921:, investigating a murder, says he will "hang him as high as Haman".
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296:, his mother was ʾĂmatlaʾy, a descendant of ʿÔrebtî (also ʿÔrǝbtāʾ
229:
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91:
599:). The Vulgate translation of Esther 7:10 furthermore refers to a
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in the Persian empire be killed. Haman's plot was foiled by Queen
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1971:
930:
796:
591:'wood'), is similarly ambiguously referred to as "wood" (
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1933:
Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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suspensus est itaque Aman in patibulo quod paraverat Mardocheo
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2190:
2113:
1951:
790:
780:
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372:
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166:
324:". There are apparently several generations omitted between
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Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten
843:
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321:
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A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Esther
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Haman is characterised as evil vizier to a sultan in the "
627:; Haman is shown crucified in a manner similar to typical
1589:. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 131.
835:" and generally concluded that Purim has its origin in a
2037:
Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
2036:
1282:
1280:
1202:
Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
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The character was depicted in the American feature film
375:, because of the small Passover. But when he arrived at
1475:"Memuchan is Haman: Explaining a Classic Purim Medrash"
824:, 'Haman's ears') is traditionally eaten on this day.
1277:
1176:
945:
He is featured as the primary antagonist in the 1999
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he prepared for Mordechai'. In the corner of the
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853:
819:
447:
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spirit of destruction, has also been proposed as an
136:
62:
1248:
The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity
1166:"Esther 3 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"
812:(Yiddish for 'Haman's pockets'; known in Hebrew as
246:
On the king's orders, Haman was hanged from the 50-
1954:, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated
1758:"Esther 7:9–10, Apostolic Polyglot Bible English"
506:. Josephus's account of the story draws from the
2601:
1876:
1651:Lacocque, André. "HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER".
1517:A. H. Jones, "Hāmān", in J. D. McAuliffe (Ed.),
1265:
141:The name has been equated with the Persian name
1877:Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011).
1232:Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition 1.0 1997,
850:(though which one is a subject of discussion).
974:The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible
900:(1936) references Haman in the scene in which
224:, all of the king's servants were required to
2397:
2090:
1583:Noegel, S.B.; Wheeler, B.M. (2010). "Haman".
1582:
1346:
1854:"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI"
1110:"The Book of Esther in the Light of History"
813:
611:, 'therefore was Haman suspended on the
344:, because he was "destined for punishment".
196:
1586:The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
1558:
1251:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
606:
600:
406:'s reign (Targum Sheini on Esther, 4, 11).
258:, in order to hang Mordecai. The bodies of
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1286:
1228:
1226:
1224:
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904:, in jail, faces the prospect of hanging.
1554:. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
1537:. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
1133:
763:, worshipped with Anahita in the city of
367:was favorable to the Jews because of the
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1644:
1567:
858:
540:
477:
200:
36:
1221:
638:
560:. The fifty-cubit object, described as
14:
2602:
1929:
1244:
181:, a view dismissed by later scholars.
2385:
2078:
1979:, the Babylonian Creation Story, the
1930:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914).
1752:
1750:
1443:
1271:
110:indicates, Haman was a descendant of
2411:
1958:and Esther with the Babylonian gods
1650:
1547:
1530:
981:, and the computer-generated series
379:he found that its zodiacal sign was
82:was an official in the court of the
1521:, 2002, Volume II, op. cit., p. 399
1421:"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"
977:(1985-1992), where he is voiced by
814:
774:
740:
728:
437:
300:), apparently patriarch of a major
59:
24:
2104:
1806:"Compare translations Esther 7:10"
1747:
917:references Haman in a scene where
687:as the most common rendering; the
25:
2641:
2056:
1782:"Compare translations Esther 7:9"
854:In literature and popular culture
483:Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther
137:Etymology and meaning of the name
98:) but traditionally equated with
42:Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther
2062:
2026:
1195:
1078:also son of Harum, son of Harsum
74:) is the main antagonist in the
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914:The Mysterious Affair at Styles
548:by Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel
1717:Esther 9:24 (Codex Sinaiticus)
1310:
1292:
1238:
1158:
1101:
13:
1:
2324:Esther in rabbinic literature
1883:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
990:
939:Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights
623:of the execution of Haman by
513:
239:The plot was foiled by Queen
2371:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
2329:Haman in rabbinic literature
1390:Purim and the Persian Empire
1094:
580:
312:Agag, son of Sumqar, son of
288:Haman in rabbinic literature
155:
7:
1708:Esther 3:1, 8:3, 9:10, 9:24
1519:Encyclopaedia Of The Qur'an
1114:The Jewish Quarterly Review
894:Margaret Mitchell's novel,
820:
806:
746:
697:Young's Literal Translation
492:
448:
332:the prophet in the time of
205:Esther denouncing Haman by
169:; or with the Persian name
161:
63:
10:
2646:
1401:Bava Batra 91a, Ein Yaakov
1218:Retrieved 13 February 2017
1108:Hoschander, Jacob (1918).
778:
569:
536:
413:
285:
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234:Jews in the Persian empire
150:
29:
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2112:
1551:The Message of the Qur'ān
1534:The Message of the Qur'ān
889:
709:New International Version
462:The Message of The Qur'an
402:, who managed to live to
197:Haman in the Hebrew Bible
90:, commonly identified as
1946:Moore, Carey A. (1971).
1726:Additions to Esther 12:6
995:
935:made-for-television film
409:
398:, he killed the prophet
340:, Haman was also called
316:, son of a concubine of
2048:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1744:Midrash Shoḥer Tov 9:10
1548:Asad, Muhammad (1980).
1531:Asad, Muhammad (1980).
1213:The Jewish Encyclopedia
961:One Night with the King
882:", a man who undergoes
503:Antiquities of the Jews
428:'s primary scripture),
216:, Haman was the son of
78:, who according to the
2449:in rabbinic literature
2439:in rabbinic literature
2045:; et al. (eds.).
1245:Kalimi, Isaac (2023).
1210:; et al. (eds.).
933:" segment of the 1994
717:New Living Translation
617:Sistine Chapel ceiling
607:
601:
596:
549:
500:mentions Haman in his
489:
328:, who was executed by
277:Haman in other sources
209:
48:
32:Haman (disambiguation)
2615:Book of Esther people
1858:penelope.uchicago.edu
544:
481:
204:
40:
2071:at Wikimedia Commons
1453:. Charles Scribner.
713:Common English Bible
643:Translations of the
639:English translations
633:crucifixion of Jesus
546:Crucifixion of Haman
460:hm.ntr in his book "
212:As described in the
30:For other uses, see
2625:Hebrew Bible people
2039:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
1445:Paton, Lewis Bayles
1204:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
1135:2027/uc1.c100234370
651:referred both to a
564:in the Septuagint (
458:High Priest of Amun
338:Midrash Abba Gorion
2610:Biblical murderers
2465:Bigthan and Teresh
2227:Bigthan and Teresh
964:(2006), played by
897:Gone With the Wind
804:. Pastry known as
689:Douay–Rheims Bible
677:King James Version
631:depictions of the
619:is a depiction in
550:
490:
354:Haman was also an
349:Rabbinic tradition
210:
114:, the king of the
49:
2597:
2596:
2503:Purim HaMeshulash
2379:
2378:
2314:Megillah (Talmud)
2067:Media related to
2010:Dante Alighieri,
1916:978-90-04-09271-6
1890:978-1-60899-942-2
1810:Bible Study Tools
1786:Bible Study Tools
1672:Missing or empty
1596:978-1-4617-1895-6
1460:978-0-8370-6297-6
1258:978-1-009-26612-3
590:
578:
446:
394:According to the
106:. As his epithet
16:(Redirected from
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2350:Oxyrhynchus 4443
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1792:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1477:. 24 March 2016.
1471:
1465:
1464:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1105:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
979:Werner Klemperer
823:
817:
816:
811:
775:Purim traditions
742:
730:
659:(gibbet), while
649:Wycliffe's Bible
610:
604:
585:
583:
573:
571:
451:
441:
439:
260:Haman's ten sons
164:
158:
152:
67:; also known as
66:
61:
21:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2560:
2556:Mishloach manot
2522:
2485:
2479:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2380:
2375:
2359:
2355:Palau-Ribes 163
2333:
2292:
2266:
2205:
2174:
2108:
2103:
2059:
2043:Singer, Isidore
2027:
2023:
2022:
2012:Divina Commedia
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:. Brill. 1991.
1903:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1834:www.sefaria.org
1830:"Sanhedrin 61b"
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:SearchTruth.com
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1376:www.sefaria.org
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:www.sefaria.org
1352:
1351:
1347:
1340:www.sefaria.org
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:www.sefaria.org
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:www.sefaria.org
1298:
1297:
1293:
1287:Hoschander 1918
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1208:Singer, Isidore
1196:
1194:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1126:10.2307/1451208
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
927:
909:Agatha Christie
892:
875:Divina Commedia
864:
856:
783:
777:
749:
667:(gallows). The
645:Book of Esther'
641:
539:
516:
495:
418:
412:
290:
284:
279:
199:
139:
35:
28:
27:Biblical figure
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Fast of Esther
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2430:Book of Esther
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2288:Fast of Esther
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2201:Shushan (Susa)
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2106:Book of Esther
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2057:External links
2055:
2054:
2053:
2021:
2020:
2003:
1993:
1987:Myth, and the
1977:Gilgamesh Epic
1939:
1922:
1915:
1896:
1889:
1869:
1845:
1821:
1797:
1773:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1699:Esther 8:12-14
1692:
1683:
1643:
1626:
1608:
1595:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1540:
1523:
1510:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1466:
1459:
1436:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1388:Yehuda Landy,
1381:
1363:
1345:
1327:
1309:
1291:
1276:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1220:
1175:
1157:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1069:also Atnisomos
1062:
1053:
1044:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
926:
923:
891:
888:
863:
857:
855:
852:
787:Jewish holiday
779:Main article:
776:
773:
748:
745:
640:
637:
538:
535:
515:
512:
494:
491:
487:Pieter Lastman
414:Main article:
411:
408:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
278:
275:
228:to Haman, but
214:Book of Esther
207:Ernest Normand
198:
195:
138:
135:
84:Persian empire
76:Book of Esther
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2642:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Shushan Purim
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Five Megillot
2307:
2305:
2304:Esther Rabbah
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2033:public domain
2025:
2024:
2018:XVII, line 26
2017:
2013:
2007:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1506:Esther Rabbah
1502:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1410:Qiddushin 70b
1407:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1372:"Esther 9:16"
1367:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:(1/2): 1–41.
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1026:also Aphlitus
1023:
1014:
1005:
1001:
988:
986:
985:
980:
976:
975:
969:
967:
963:
962:
956:
954:
950:
949:
943:
941:
940:
936:
932:
922:
920:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:
899:
898:
887:
885:
881:
880:un crucifisso
877:
876:
871:
870:
862:
861:Divine Comedy
851:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
810:
809:
803:
799:
798:
792:
788:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
744:
738:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:(tree) and a
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
603:
598:
594:
588:
582:
576:
567:
566:Ancient Greek
563:
559:
555:
547:
543:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
511:
509:
505:
504:
499:
488:
484:
480:
476:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:Muhammad Asad
450:
444:
435:
431:
427:
423:
417:
416:Haman (Islam)
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:Ḥanan b. Rava
292:According to
289:
274:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
203:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
157:
148:
144:
134:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Artaxerxes II
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:
65:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
18:Haman (Bible)
2513:Second Purim
2413:Purim
2319:Targum Sheni
2046:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1947:
1942:
1932:
1925:
1905:
1899:
1879:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1690:Esther 16:10
1686:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1585:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1496:Megillah 16a
1492:
1487:Megillah 15a
1483:
1469:
1449:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1354:"Esther 9:6"
1348:
1339:
1336:"Esther 7:9"
1330:
1321:
1318:"Esther 7:2"
1312:
1303:
1294:
1267:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1211:
1169:
1160:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1017:also Bizna'i
1013:
1004:
982:
972:
970:
966:James Callis
959:
957:
946:
944:
937:
928:
925:Visual media
912:
906:
902:Rhett Butler
895:
893:
879:
874:
867:
865:
860:
826:
795:
784:
760:
756:
750:
732:
720:
704:
700:
692:
684:
680:
679:established
672:
669:Geneva Bible
664:
656:
652:
644:
642:
625:Michelangelo
612:
561:
551:
545:
531:
527:
523:
520:
517:
501:
496:
482:
466:
429:
419:
396:Targum Sheni
393:
389:
385:Targum Sheni
353:
346:
309:Targum Sheni
306:
297:
291:
268:
264:self-defense
245:
238:
211:
142:
140:
120:
107:
100:Artaxerxes I
80:Hebrew Bible
68:
51:
50:
41:
2589:Purim rabbi
2584:Purim Torah
2579:Purim spiel
2566:Purim humor
2528:Purim foods
2508:Purim Katan
2486:observances
2345:Papyrus 967
2338:Manuscripts
1762:Study Bible
1425:cal.huc.edu
1060:also Talyon
1051:also Hamdan
984:VeggieTales
884:crucifixion
872:in Dante's
821:ozney Haman
808:hamentashen
691:later used
661:Coverdale's
558:crucifixion
371:sacrifice;
320:the son of
187:Zoroastrian
147:Old Persian
86:under King
2604:Categories
2423:Background
2415:(פּוּרִים)
2016:Purgatorio
1863:2021-02-17
1839:2021-02-17
1815:2020-04-05
1791:2020-04-05
1767:2020-04-05
1674:|url=
1602:2021-09-23
1430:2021-03-01
1300:"Esther 3"
1272:Paton 1908
1087:also Genar
991:References
948:South Park
931:Aliyah-Din
869:Purgatorio
837:Babylonian
663:preferred
514:Septuagint
508:Septuagint
469:monotheism
356:astrologer
218:Hammedatha
151:𐎡𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁
116:Amalekites
94:(died 465
69:Haman the
2536:Hamantash
2484:Religious
2460:Ahasuerus
2222:Ahasuerus
1970:with the
1144:0021-6682
1095:Citations
1035:variants
1008:also 'Ada
951:episode "
769:Vohu Mana
613:patibulum
602:patibulum
575:romanized
443:romanized
404:Ahasuerus
360:cast lots
334:King Saul
304:n house.
298:she-raven
222:Ahasuerus
88:Ahasuerus
46:Rembrandt
2574:Adloyada
2551:Kreplach
2541:Fazuelos
2455:Mordecai
2297:Analysis
2252:Mordecai
2186:Ethiopia
2125:Esther 1
2117:chapters
1956:Mordecai
1665:cite web
1657:28428883
1447:(1908).
1170:Biblehub
953:Jewbilee
859:Dante's
848:festival
815:אזני המן
802:Megillah
797:graggers
761:Anadatus
747:As a god
719:all use
675:but the
629:Catholic
498:Josephus
493:Josephus
369:Passover
302:Nehardea
236:killed.
230:Mordecai
226:bow down
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