1114:, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead ... Dentists hammered out gold teeth, bridges and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See for yourself the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself!"
56:
483:
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1214:. Wirth's house and the neighbouring SS building, which had been the property of the Polish Railway before the war, were not demolished. After locals started digging for valuables in Bełżec, the Germans installed a permanent guard so that their mass murder would not come to light. SS personnel with work commandos turned the camp into a fake farm with one Ukrainian SS guard assigned to settle there permanently with his family. This model for guarding and disguising murder sites was also adopted at the
67:
1487:. The team identified the railway sidings and remains of a number of buildings. They also found 33 mass graves, the largest of which had an area of 480 m (5,200 sq ft) and was 4.8 m (16 ft) deep. The total volume of these mass graves was estimated at 21,000 m (0.74 million cu ft). Air photo analysis suggests that these 33 mass graves were not the only graves at Bełżec extermination camp.
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599:. The installation, resembling a railway transit point for the purpose of forced labour, was finished before Christmas. It featured insulated barracks for showering among several other structures. Some local men were released. The SS completed the work in February 1942 by fitting in the tank engine and the exhaust piping systems for gassing. The trial killings were performed in early March.
1423:
investigation in 1947, the site itself continued to be neglected and memory of the site was suppressed as very few of the camp's victims were Polish, and few of the camp's primarily Jewish victims survived. Beginning in the second half of the 1950s the pursuit by
Germany itself of the German perpetrators revived interest in the site. The Soviet trials of Russian camp personnel, held in
1227:
821:
of
Operation Reinhard. There were many technical difficulties with the early attempts at mass extermination. The gassing installation was imperfect and usually only one or two rooms were working, causing a backlog. In the first three months, 80,000 people were murdered and buried in pits covered with a shallow layer of earth. The victims were Jews deported from the
724:' postwar affidavit indicates that most probably it was a petrol engine with a system of pipes delivering exhaust fumes into the gas chambers. For very small transports of Jews and Gypsies over a short distance, a minimised version of the gas van technology was also used in Bełżec. The T-4 participant and first operator of the gas chambers, SS-
1470:. Her mother, Ethel Helfgott, was among the victims in Bełżec. Anita Ekstein has led many groups of students on educational trips to Poland where she shares her Holocaust story. She first visited Bełżec in 2005, a year after the new memorial opened, and discovered her mother's name inscribed on the memorial wall on Mother's Day.
1454:, an American Holocaust survivor whose own parents were murdered in Bełżec, raising approximately 5 million dollars with the help of the Polish government and the American Jewish Committee. Another prominent Holocaust survivor with a connection to Bełżec is philanthropist Anita Ekstein, former national chair of
867:
told him: "trains filled with Jews pass almost daily through the railway yards and leave immediately on the way to the camp. They return swept clean most often the same evening." The last transport of Jews arrived at Bełżec on 11 December 1942. The buried remains often swelled in the heat as a result
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accommodations with kitchen as well as sorting and packing yard for victims possessions. Dismantled barracks can still be seen surrounded by walking sand. The railway unloading platform, with two parallel ramps, marked with red arrow. A smaller arrow shows the holding pen for Jews still waiting to be
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In the 1960s, the grounds of the former Bełżec camp were fenced off. The first monuments were erected, although the area did not correspond to the actual size of the camp during its operation due to lack of proper evidence and modern forensic research. Some commercial development took place in areas
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Jewish
Committee discussed the continuing plunder of the site. In 1945 Szmul Pelc, the chair of the committee of the Jewish Committee, was murdered by local graverobbers. Investigations of grave digging continued through the late 1950s. While Lublin District Commission published the results of their
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The wooden gas chambers—which were built with double walls that were insulated by earth packed between them—were disguised as the shower barracks, so that the victims would not realise the true purpose of the facility. The gassing itself, which took about 30 minutes, was conducted by
Hackenholt with
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men that they had arrived at a transit camp. To ready themselves for the communal shower, women and children were separated from men. The disrobed new arrivals were forced to run along a fenced-off path to the gas chambers, leaving them no time to absorb where they were. The process was conducted as
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camp meant to circumvent the problems of supply, and instead, rely on a system of extermination based on ordinary and readily available killing agents. For economic and practical reasons, Wirth had almost the same carbon monoxide gas used in T-4, generated with the torque of a large engine. Although
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books of Jewish ghettos, which were not guaranteed to give the exact estimates of the numbers of deportees. He also relied on partial German railway documentation, from which the number of trains could be gleaned. Some assumptions had to be made about the number of persons per each
Holocaust train.
1316:
records were notoriously incomplete as revealed by postwar analysis by the Main
Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes against the Polish Nation. The difference between the "low-end" figure and other estimates can be explained by the lack of exact and detailed sources on the deportations
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revealed details of the mass murder by examining preserved bodies. The
Germans attempted to use the commission's results to drive a wedge between the Allies. All corpses buried at Bełżec were secretly exhumed and then gradually cremated on long open-air pyres, part of the country-wide plan known as
820:
The history of Bełżec can be divided into two (or three) periods of operation. The first phase, from 17 March to the end of June 1942, was marked by the existence of smaller gas chambers housed in barracks constructed of planks and insulated with sand and rubber. Bełżec was the first killing centre
737:
post-office vehicle with the help of a local craftsman into a small gas van. The killing process, using the lethal carbon monoxide, often failed to be completed quickly, inflicting horrific suffering on the victims as they suffocated to death. The guards jokingly referred to the killing site as the
3325:
an official wartime report in which
Lieutenant Westermann, a German police officer in the reserve, describes the deportation of 8,000 Jews from the Eastern Galician towns ... in a single (thirty-wagon train) ... on September 10, after more than three days on this journey without food or water ...
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All graves discovered by archaeologists contained large amounts of human cremation remains, and 10 graves also contained unburned human remains, which Prof. Kola described as follows: "Deposition of corpses in the water-bearing layers or in very damp structure of the ground just above that layer,
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Following the collapse of the
Communist dictatorship in 1989, the situation began to change. As the number of visitors to Poland interested in Holocaust sites increased, more of them came to Bełżec. In the 1990s the camp appeared badly neglected, even though it was cleaned by students from Bełżec
811:(a common practice with murder factories after clean-up, making sure that it is safe to abandon). Known structures are gone except for the brick-and-mortar garage and auto-shop for the SS, whose foundations still exist today (lower left). Across the fence (left), separated from the main camp, the
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comes up. I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping "like in the synagogue", says
Professor
750:
Polish-language sign. Reads: "Attention! All belongings must be handed in at the counter except for money, documents and other valuables, which you must keep with you. Shoes should be tied together in pairs and placed in the area marked for shoes. Afterward, one must go completely naked to the
1443:
school. In the late 1990s extensive investigations were carried out on the camp grounds to determine precisely the camp's extent and provide greater understanding of its operation. Buildings constructed after the war on the camp grounds were removed. In 2004, Bełżec became a new branch of the
837:. The wooden gas chambers were dismantled. The new building was 24 meters long and 10 meters wide and had six gas chambers, insulated with cement walls. It could handle over 1,000 victims at a time. The design was soon replicated by the other two Operation Reinhard extermination camps:
585:
and the highway between Lublin-Stadt and Lemberg. The northern boundary of the planned killing centre consisted of an anti-tank trench constructed a year earlier. The ditch, excavated originally for military purposes was likely to serve as the first mass grave. Globocnik brought in
1663:. It is almost impossible to squeeze such a large crowd into such a small space. The total of 750 victims per gas chamber was provided by the camp's commandant Christian Wirth to a company of high-ranking SS officers who visited the camp in the middle of Aug. 1942 including
1418:. In 1945, the Lublin District Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes conducted an investigation into the crimes in Bełżec. The mass graves at the site were dug up by graverobbers seeking gold and valuables. In 1945 provincial authorities and the
816:"processed". Location of gas chambers marked with a cross. Undressing and hair-cropping area marked with rectangle, with fenced-out "Sluice" into the woods, obstructing the view of the surroundings. Cremation pyres and ash pits (yellow), upper half.
1273:
and Peter Witte, gave an estimate of 480,000 to 540,000. Michael Tregenza stated that it would have been possible to have buried up to one million victims on the site although the true number of people murdered is probably around half that number.
790:
work-details. The workshops for the Jewish prisoners and the barracks for the Ukrainian guards were separated from the "processing" zone behind an embankment of the old Otto Line with the barbed wire on top. Most Jews from the corpse-unit (the
828:
The second phase of extermination began in July 1942, when new gas chambers were built of brick and mortar on a lightweight foundation, thus enabling the facility to "process" Jews of the two largest agglomerations nearby including the
1636:(8.4.63: 208 AR-Z 251/59, vol. 9, pp. 1784 f.) in the Sobibór-Bolender trial about the installation of the gas chambers would indicate that the engine disassembled from a tank or a lorry might have been fueled by gasoline or diesel.
795:) were murdered periodically and replaced by new arrivals, so that they would neither organise a revolt nor survive to tell about the camp's purpose. The German SS and the administration were housed in two cottages outside the camp.
1097:
less than a hundred kilometres away, of whom 1,450 were already dead on arrival from suffocation and thirst. The remaining new arrivals were marched naked in batches to the gas chambers; beaten with whips to squeeze tighter inside.
572:
by three months. The first steps were taken between mid-September and mid-October 1941, and the construction began around 1 November. The site near Bełżec was chosen for several reasons: it was situated on the border between the
414:
became known, thanks to his official postwar testimony. The lack of viable witnesses able to testify about the camp's operation is the primary reason why Bełżec is little known, despite the victim number count. Israeli historian
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made from rail tracks, splashed with petrol and burned over wood. The bones were collected and crushed. The last period of camp's operation continued until June 1943 when the area was ploughed over, and disguised as a farm.
1649:
headed the ominous German Society for Race Hygiene (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene) as Professor of Hygiene at the University of Marburg in Germany, leading to the development of T4 programme some time later.
1478:
From late 1997 until early 1998, a thorough archaeological survey of the site was conducted by a team led by two Polish scientists including Andrzej Kola, director of the Underwater Archaeological Department at the
1326:
were predetermined with the carrying capacity of each trainset set up at 50 boxcars, each loaded with 50 prisoners, which was routinely disregarded by the SS cramming trains up to 200% capacity for the same price.
1183:
In the last phase of the camp operations, all prior mass graves were unearthed by a mechanical digger. It was the result of direct orders from the Nazi leadership (possibly from Himmler), soon after the Soviet
2273:
1297:. It was published in 2001 by Stephen Tyas and Peter Witte. The radio telegram indicated that 434,508 Jews were deported to Bełżec through 31 December 1942 based on numbers shared by the SS with the state-run
3252:
communiqués detailing the number of trains arriving at Operation Reinhard death camps augmented by the demographic information regarding the number of people deported from each ghetto, were published by the
498:, the city of Lublin became the hub of the early Nazi transfer of about 95,000 German, Austrian, and Polish Jews expelled from the West and the General Government area. The prisoners were put to work by the
852:
or Hackenholt Foundation named after the SS man who designed it. Until December 1942, at least 350,000 to 400,000 Jews were murdered in the new gas chambers. One Wehrmacht sergeant at the train station in
661:
since 1940 in common with almost all of their German staff thereafter. Wirth had the leading position as the supervisor of six extermination hospitals in the Reich; Hering was the non-medical chief of the
2585:
2475:. Translated from Polish by Ewa Józefowicz and Mateusz Józefowicz. Warsaw-Washington: The Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom – The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
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suggesting their common origin. Other sources, like Westermann's report, contain the exact data about the number of deported persons, but only estimates of the numbers of those who died in transit.
1210:
for gassing in late June 1943. They were told that they were being evacuated to Germany. Any equipment that could be reused was taken by the German and Ukrainian personnel to the concentration camp
621:
personnel in the process. Only two months later, on 17 March 1942, the daily gassing operations at Bełżec extermination camp began with the T4 leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of
3732:
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hotel while in the French custody, Gerstein described his visit to Belzec on 18 or 19 August 1942. He witnessed there the unloading of 45 cattle cars crowded with 6,700 Jews deported from the
1199:. Bone fragments were pulverised and mixed with the ashes to hide the evidence of mass murder. The site was planted with small firs and wild lupines and all camp structures were dismantled.
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became broadly available later on, Wirth decided against it. Zyklon B was produced by a private firm for both Birkenau, and Majdanek nearby, but their infrastructure differed. Bełżec was an
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branches: Camp 1, which included the victims' unloading area with two undressing barracks further up; as well as Camp 2, which contained the gas chambers and the mass graves dug by the
1257:, 1947) following an investigation by GKBZNwP which began in 1945, estimated the number of people murdered in Bełżec at 600,000. This number became widely accepted in the literature.
3373:
Kopciowski, A. "Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II." Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials) 3 (2007): 188"
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3772:(2000). "The Origins of 'Operation Reinhard': The Decision-Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the Generalgouvernment". In David Cesarani; Sarah Kavanaugh (eds.).
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quickly as possible amid constant screaming by the Germans. At times, a handful of Jews were selected at the ramp to perform all the manual work involved with extermination.
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in late January 1942 by the leading proponents of gassing (who were unaware of Bełżec's existence), including Wilhelm Dolpheid, Ludwig Losacker, Helmut Tanzmann and Governor
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and the escape of gases. The surface layer of soil split. In October 1942, the exhumation and burning of all corpses was ordered to cover up the crime on direct orders from
361:", the overall Nazi effort to complete the genocide of all European Jews. Before Germany's defeat put an end to this project more than six million Jews had been murdered in
1503:
It is believed that some 50 Jews might have escaped from Bełżec and only seven were still alive at the war's end. An unknown number of prisoners jumped out from the moving
1309:
around August 1943 and murdered on arrival. "In our view," wrote Pohl & Witte in 2001, "there is no evidence to justify a figure higher than that of 600,000 victims."
1301:. The camp had ceased to operate for mass-murder by then. The clean-up commando of up to 500 prisoners remained in the camp, disinterring the bodies and burning them. The
786:
the Ukrainian guards and a Jewish aide. Removing the bodies from the gas chambers, burying them, sorting and repairing the victims' clothing for shipping was performed by
3833:
Chris Webb, Victor Smart & Carmelo Lisciotto (2009), The Bełżec Death Camp. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (Internet Archive). Retrieved 10 May 2015.
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who was a civil engineer by profession and the camp construction expert in the SS. Work had commenced in early November 1941, using local builders overseen by a squad of
1353:
Symbolic "death road" (portion of the memorial in Bełżec). Underground passage built in place of former "Sluice" into the gas chambers, evokes the feelings of no escape.
5650:
1044:
2122:
Browning, Christopher R. (1994). "The Nazi Decision to Commit Mass Murder: Three Interpretations: The Euphoria of Victory and the Final Solution: Summer-Fall 1941".
3543:
1545:, published in 1946 by the Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków with Preface by Nella Rost, his editor and literary helper. The book was illustrated with a map by
1510:
There were only two Jewish escapees from the camp who shared their testimony with the Polish Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi German Crimes. They were
5685:
5640:
2343:
A Report on the 1959–63 West German Police Search for Lorenz Hackenholt, the Gas Chamber Expert of the Aktion Reinhard Extermination Camps. Mazel on-line library.
5680:
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accepted 600,000 as minimum, and the sum in his table of Bełżec deportations by the city exceeded 500,000. Józef Marszałek calculated 500,000. British historian
2596:
690:, because no delivery from outside the camp would be required as in the case of the T-4 method. However, Wirth decided that the comparable technology of mobile
5665:
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5670:
5645:
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Portion of the memorial in Bełżec. Cemented rails built in place of the original unloading ramp, lead in all directions from which the Jews were brought in.
89:
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formed after Operation Barbarossa. It could "process" the Jews of both regions. The ease of transportation was secured by the railroad junction at nearby
1523:
460:
396:
Between 430,000 and 500,000 Jews are believed to have been murdered by the SS at Bełżec. It was the third-deadliest extermination camp, exceeded only by
5614:
1484:
3954:
3906:
1036:
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686:. It was his proposal to use the exhaust gas emitted by the internal-combustion engine of a motorcar as the killing agent instead of the bottled
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3198:
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966:, and later followed Wirth and Globocnik to Trieste. After the war ended, Hering served for a short time as the chief of Criminal Police of
6082:
5699:
3899:
1538:, to crush the anti-communist underground. Hirszman was murdered before he was able to give a full account of his experiences at the camp.
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3341:
55:
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1760:
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1904:. Critical Issues in World and International History (2nd ed.). Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185.
17:
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670:. Christian Wirth had been a killing expert from the beginning as participant of the first T-4 gassing of handicapped people at the
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formerly belonging to it. Also, its remote location on the Polish–Soviet border meant that few people visited the site before the
6021:
5318:
4076:
3483:
3270:
3182:
913:, lived very close to the camp in a house which also served as a kitchen for the SS as well as an armoury. He later moved to the
3846:
Witte, Peter; and Tyas, Stephen (2001), "A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during 'Einsatz Reinhardt 1942'",
6151:
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5243:
72:
Location of Bełżec (lower centre) on the map of German extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. Borders of the
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386:
342:
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Fahlbusch, Jan H., "Im Zentrum des Massenmordes. Ernst Zierke im Vernichtungslager Bełżec", in: Wojciech Lenarczyk (Ed.),
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1821:
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Wirth developed his method on the basis of experience he had gained in the fixed gas chambers of Aktion T4. Even though
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writes that Belzec "was perhaps the place most representative of the totality and finality of the Nazi plans for Jews".
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1998:
1965:
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Report on the Archeological Investigation at the Site of the Former NAZI Extermination Camp in Belzec, Poland, 1997–98
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1909:
1535:
1249:
771:, or "the Tube". All arriving Jews disembarked from the trains at a platform in the reception zone. They were met by
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Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu w relacjach ocalonych i zeznaniach polskich świadków (Testimonies of survivors and witnesses).
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in Munich against eight former SS members of the extermination camp personnel. The accused were set free except for
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with translation by Margaret M. Rubel. In 1960, Reder's testimony became part of the German preparations for the
1554:
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136:
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Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungslager im Spiegel deutscher Strafprozesse. Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno
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Pohl, Dieter; Witte, Peter (2001). "The number of victims of belżec extermination camp: A faulty reassessment".
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with the difficulty of air penetration, because of the depth, caused the changes of the deposited bodies into
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of 22,000 Polish soldiers was discovered in Russia. At Katyn, the German-led exhumations by the international
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1870:
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The field of crushed stone serves as grave marker; the entire perimeter contains human ashes mixed with sand.
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82:
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2918:"Drzewa "żywe pomniki" w Muzeum – Miejscu Pamięci w Bełżcu [Trees as living monuments at Bełżec]"
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942:
509:
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and its vicinity. The original three gas chambers were found insufficient for completing their purpose.
767:. The two zones were completely screened from each other and connected only by a narrow corridor called
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1013:, and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, of which he served half before being released.
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993:, Karl Gringers, (unknown), Reinhold Feiks, Karl Alfred Schluch, and Friedrich Tauscher (front left).
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3872:(2015), Resources about Bełżec. Text, maps and photographs at The Holocaust Resource Center website.
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1565:, who was sentenced to 4½ years of imprisonment, and released after serving half of his sentence.
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on the way to the camp, at their own peril. The railway embankments used to be lined with bodies.
1367:
Belzec extermination camp memorial. During the construction of the Mausoleum trees planted by the
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once gave an estimate of about 800,000 based on his investigations at the site. German historians
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4403:
3999:
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2978:. Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Archived from
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2080:
555:
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874:
863:
174:
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Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu [History of the Belzec extermination camp]
1383:
428:
73:
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Das Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager Majdanek: Funktionswandel im Kontext der "Endlösung"
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31:
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1047:) in the concentration camps as guards and gas chamber operators. They provided the bulk of
641:
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1483:, and Mieczysław Góra, senior curator of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź
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Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. Captain
674:. He was, therefore, an obvious choice to be the first commandant of the first stationary
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373:. It was situated about 500 m (1,600 ft) south of the local railroad station of
8:
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World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, Volume 1
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2358:
1798:, Muzeum-Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu, Oddział Państwowego Muzeum na Majdanku, archived from
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The bricks-and-mortar building with the new gas chambers had six cubicles, each about 25
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A detailed description of how the gas chambers at Belzec were managed came in 1945 from
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The "Final Solution": Operation Reinhard – The Camps of Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka
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Fritz Jirmann (Irmann) standing at the podium with a loudspeaker, and were told by the
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456:
382:
350:
338:
140:
47:
5844:
5556:
5127:
5065:
4348:
3891:
3694:
KZ-Verbrechen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
3278:
3142:"A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during 'Einsatz Reinhardt' 1942"
883:
861:, recorded in his diary a conversation with a German policeman on 30 August 1942. The
588:
535:
5819:
5521:
5197:
4924:
4889:
4841:
4683:
4622:
3853:
3800:
3779:
3749:
3722:
3701:
3669:
3634:
3519:
3314:
3233:
3192:
3163:
3118:
3088:
3062:
3038:
3011:
2866:
2787:
2747:
2720:
2476:
2430:
2364:
2303:
2172:
2139:
2090:
2060:
2035:
1961:
1905:
1558:
1195:
986:
971:
764:
730:
622:
451:, Ukraine) with the largest Jewish populations in the region. Bełżec fell within the
416:
160:
6044:
5729:
5546:
5541:
4547:
1580:
1290:
1282:
1234:" with Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibor extermination camps – part of official note of
925:
in 1943, he was transferred by Globocnik to serve along with him in his hometown of
5981:
5586:
5536:
5326:
5147:
5005:
4793:
4783:
4758:
4642:
4632:
4607:
4557:
4398:
4270:
4233:
4218:
3539:
3501:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054338/http://www.holocaust-history.org/belzec/
3221:
3153:
2494:
Also in: Archeologists reveal new secrets of Holocaust, Reuters News, 21 July 1998.
2344:
2131:
1847:
1594:
1562:
1504:
1189:
1006:
962:
934:
887:
858:
705:
704:
in the East), had proven insufficient for the projected number of victims from the
592:
521:
296:
261:
154:
4985:
4955:
4733:
4562:
4393:
4328:
4298:
4280:
2408:
2258:
2003:(in Polish), National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrology , archived from
1414:
Grave robbing at the site resumed after the German guard fled for the approaching
1294:
1142:
830:
531:
6002:
5997:
5854:
5785:
5734:
5714:
5475:
5282:
5212:
5142:
5080:
5070:
5010:
4945:
4813:
4723:
4612:
4597:
4582:
4542:
4408:
4260:
3773:
3743:
3697:
3308:
3114:
2850:
1672:
1668:
1604:
1519:
1463:
1401:
1361:
1347:
1313:
1266:
1170:
1156:
1124:
1106:
1086:
1064:
953:
922:
910:
878:
746:
687:
654:
645:
635:
561:
378:
333:
193:
187:
61:
5724:
5055:
4637:
4517:
4492:
4373:
3395:. Obóz Zagłady w Bełżcu (Belzec extermination camp museum). 2005. Archived from
3348:. Obóz Zagłady w Bełżcu (Belzec extermination camp museum). 2005. Archived from
2783:
History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church
2323:
2321:
2319:
1541:
Rudolf Reder summarised his account of the Bełżec camp imprisonment in the book
607:
6118:
5744:
5739:
5571:
5439:
5346:
5268:
5222:
5137:
5035:
4996:
4919:
4778:
4763:
4738:
4678:
4567:
4552:
4532:
4522:
4383:
4275:
3836:
3778:. Yad Vashem Studies, No. 28. Translated by William Templer. Psychology Press.
3429:
3304:
1955:
1825:
1331:
1185:
1052:
982:
777:
700:
468:
406:
358:
4960:
4768:
4728:
4333:
4203:
3882:
3840:
3745:
The "Good Old Days" – The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders
3225:
2700:
2558:
1577:
of eight former SS staff of Bełżec extermination camp in the mid-1960s, Munich
1094:
834:
6140:
6130:
5941:
5759:
5531:
5272:
5207:
5202:
5187:
5157:
5152:
5122:
5060:
5015:
4929:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4866:
4856:
4836:
4808:
4698:
4668:
4587:
4572:
4527:
4418:
4388:
4363:
4353:
4323:
4318:
4254:
3936:
3248:
3167:
2870:
2506:
2316:
2284:"Chapter 3. A new and better method of killing had to be found. The gas-vans"
2143:
1664:
1467:
1439:
and the return of democracy. It was largely forgotten and poorly maintained.
1119:
1070:
1023:
822:
803:
539:
500:
362:
125:
104:
91:
5162:
2004:
1850:. Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies : University of Minnesota
1148:
Bełżec mausoleum. Unloading ramp and cremation rails (historical artefacts).
5849:
5561:
5368:
5308:
5217:
5182:
5177:
5045:
5030:
4871:
4803:
4773:
4743:
4693:
4663:
4658:
4512:
4413:
4378:
4265:
3714:
3657:
3389:"Dawne upamiętnienie: pół wieku zapomnienia (Half-a-century of forgetting)"
3342:"Dawne upamiętnienie: pół wieku zapomnienia (Half-a-century of forgetting)"
3277:. Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association, London Branch. Archived from
3158:
3141:
2509:, "Report" dated 4 May 1945, excerpted, translated, and reprinted in Klee,
1587:
personnel, held in Poland and in Germany, decided almost twenty years apart
1574:
1511:
1451:
1390:
1262:
1258:
1239:
1028:
1010:
990:
977:
904:
869:
691:
614:
596:
411:
247:
4703:
3804:
3588:. Imprint: Kraków, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, 1946. p. 1
1514:
and Chaim Hirszman. While Reder submitted a deposition in January 1946 in
1495:. In some graves the layer of corpses reached the thickness of ca 2,00m."
546:, which entailed the removal of Jews from the areas of future settlement.
5581:
5117:
5107:
5040:
5020:
4950:
4909:
4846:
4831:
4753:
4713:
4602:
4592:
1633:
1447:. New official monuments commemorating the camp's victims were unveiled.
1293:
sent to Berlin on 11 January 1943 by Operation Reinhard's Chief of Staff
1270:
974:
survived the defeat of Germany, but disappeared in 1945 without a trace.
756:
721:
543:
487:
431:, the village of Bełżec was situated between the two major cities in the
755:
Bełżec "processing" zone consisted of two sections surrounded by a high
5167:
5132:
4688:
4537:
3869:
3739:
2859:: The End Product of 'The Rabka Four's' Activities in Distrikt Galicia"
2151:
1546:
938:
734:
582:
66:
3799:. Complete Book and Research by Robin O'Neil hosted by JewishGen.org.
3119:
A Reassessment: Resettlement Transports to Belzec, March–December 1942
2893:, p. 102. Another translation of Gerstein's testimony can be found at
2642:
Sentence by the First Munich District Court (Belzec-Prozess – Urteil,
854:
5424:
4861:
4434:
2472:
Belzec. The Nazi Camp for Jews in the Light of Archaeological Sources
1518:, Hirszman was assassinated in March 1946 at his home, by so-called "
1492:
1428:
1078:
967:
812:
808:
658:
618:
401:
5449:
5411:
2135:
1515:
5864:
3733:
Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard
2917:
1450:
One of the prime benefactors behind the new memorial at Bełżec was
1415:
1317:
statistics. Thus, Y. Arad writes, that he had to rely, in part, on
1090:
1074:
946:
891:
712:
2863:
The Rabka Four: Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny (Poland)
2429:, Państwowe Muzeum Oświęcim – Brzezinka, ed. by Franciszek Piper.
1246:
The historian Eugeniusz Szrojt in his 1947 study published by the
1073:, Head of the Technical Disinfection Services who used to deliver
3886:
1277:
1082:
926:
628:
1250:
Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland
807:
Aerial photograph of Bełżec camp perimeter taken in 1944 by the
720:
Holocaust witnesses' testimonies differ as to the type of fuel,
463:
was brought into the area in April 1940 for the construction of
5936:
4052:
2831:
2819:
2698:
2453:"Chapter 4. The camp had clean sanitary facilities" pp. 238–244
2341:"The 'Disappearance' of SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Lorenz Hackenholt."
1318:
1002:
574:
436:
3664:
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
2942:
981:
Bełżec extermination camp SS staff, 1942. from right to left:
314:
3843:. Eleven minute video that portrays accurately what happened.
2394:
1255:
Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce
970:
in the American zone, and died in autumn 1945 in a hospital.
432:
4493:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2086:
The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution
1799:
1039:
before they were posted as "Hiwis" (German abbreviation for
1031:(mostly Ukrainians) organised into four platoons. Following
945:
whilst travelling in an open-top car in what is now western
848:
There was a hand-painted sign on the new building that read
3762:
3609:"A New Nazi War Crimes Trial – And This Time It's Personal"
2229:"Aktion Reinhard and the Emergence of 'The Final Solution'"
2027:
1660:
1459:
1424:
1226:
1206:
prisoners who performed the clean-up operation departed to
448:
390:
317:
305:
282:
270:
3775:
Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder
3721:, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition,
3061:, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition,
2688:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC.
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
404:. Only seven Jews performing slave labour with the camp's
2528:"Belzec Death Camp: Eyewitness Report – Wilhelm Cornides"
2357:
Harran, Marilyn, ed. (2000). "1942: The Final Solution".
2191:
2103:
1763:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
1289:
The crucial piece of evidence came from the declassified
760:
370:
366:
6050:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
3455:
3326:
reached Belzec, 2,000 of the 8,000 deportees were dead .
3007:
Golden Harvest: Events at the Periphery of the Holocaust
2976:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre"
1285:, confirms 434,508 Jews were murdered at Bełżec in 1942.
5911:
3921:
3414:
2951:. Warsaw Uprising by Project InPosterum. Archived from
2658:
2614:
1935:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 2007
525:
346:
2546:
Martin Gilbert, Peter Longerich, Max Freiherr Du Prel.
1901:
War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust
1758:
6102:
3827:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Bełżec and
3586:
Stanford University Libraries' official online search
3426:
Powstanie Państwowego Muzeum (Creation of the Museum)
2999:
2997:
323:
285:
279:
30:"Belzec" redirects here. For the nearby village, see
3748:. Translated by Deborah Burnstone. Konecky Konecky.
2743:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945
2411:
made at the request of the Bełżec Mayor, circa 1971.
1957:
Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District
933:
there, killing up to 5,000 prisoners and sending 69
439:
76 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of Bełżec, and
320:
308:
302:
273:
267:
3579:
3004:Gross, Jan Tomasz; Gross, Irena Grudzinska (2012).
2843:
2302:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 46–47, 175.
2194:"The Construction of the Belzec Extermination Camp"
560:The decision to begin work on the first stationary
299:
264:
3661:
3310:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past
2994:
2936:
2807:
1534:, a secret police organisation created by the new
231:Polish, German, Czech, Ukrainian and Austrian Jews
3763:Museum-Memorial Site in Bełżec (official website)
3271:"The ZWZ-AK Bureau of Information and Propaganda"
3078:
2521:
2519:
1787:
1785:
1689:
941:in April 1944. The following month he was killed
6138:
5412:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
3738:
3538:
2943:International Katyn Commission (30 April 1943).
2915:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2837:
2825:
2448:
2327:
2279:
1051:collaborators in all major killing sites of the
1035:, all of them underwent special training at the
949:. After the camp's closure, his successor there
741:
3505:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3336:
3334:
3125:, Yizkor Book Project. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2023:
2021:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1530:. Following the war's end, Hirszman had joined
504:(SS) in the construction of anti-tank ditches (
3582:"Bełżec. Author/Creator: Reder, Rudolf, 1881–"
3544:"Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu (Death camp in Bełżec)"
3428:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. Archived from
3303:
3268:
2974:Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004).
2770:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013.
2635:
2516:
2382:
2380:
1782:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1607:, the longest Nazi war crimes trial in history
629:Experience in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program
393:and bone crushing continued until March 1943.
349:for the purpose of implementing the secretive
5897:
5397:
4478:
4038:
3907:
3298:
3296:
3135:
3133:
3131:
2973:
2967:
2900:
2746:. Oxford University Press. pp. 356–357.
2073:
6083:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
3548:Jewish.org.pl Portal Społeczności Żydowskiej
3376:
3331:
3174:
3037:. University Press of America. p. 435.
2922:Współczesna Przeszłość, 125–140, Poznań 2009
2525:
2468:
2333:
2295:
2243:
2212:
2018:
1923:
1921:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1667:himself. The above figure was stated in his
1132:
633:The three commandants of the camp including
4053:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
3606:
3140:Witte, Peter; Tyas, Stephen (Winter 2001).
3010:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–26.
2779:
2725:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2502:
2500:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2444:
2442:
2377:
2363:. Publications International. p. 308.
2257:. Annefrank.dk. 26 May 1945. Archived from
1953:
1893:
1891:
1840:
1727:
708:arriving at the new railway approach ramp.
602:The "Final Solution" was formulated at the
311:
276:
5904:
5890:
5404:
5390:
4485:
4471:
4045:
4031:
3914:
3900:
3511:
3313:. Columbia University Press. p. 217.
3293:
3205:
3197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3128:
3051:
3003:
2849:
2586:"Risiera di San Sabba. History and Museum"
2577:
2171:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
2059:. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 52.
2048:
1549:, a Holocaust survivor who studied at the
3668:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3499:Alex Bay,'The Reconstruction of Belzec',
3211:
3157:
3139:
3085:Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East
2692:
2583:
2289:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1918:
1806:
389:. The burning of exhumed corpses on five
27:Nazi German death camp in occupied Poland
3742:; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991).
3532:
3180:
2773:
2497:
2457:
2439:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2121:
2079:
2054:
1888:
1473:
1276:
1225:
976:
931:San Sabba concentration and transit camp
802:
745:
516:project was abandoned with the onset of
481:
6008:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
3629:Ernst Klee, Willi Dreßen, Volker Rieß:
3573:
3263:newspaper (BI) on behalf of the exiled
3030:
2760:
2559:"Belzec – the house of Christian Wirth"
2409:sketch by Jan Krupa and Bronisław Ragan
2350:
2164:
960:temporarily until the massacres of the
467:of the German strategic plan codenamed
14:
6139:
5991:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
5351:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
3768:
3600:
2865:. Spiderwize Publishing. p. 237.
2707:(in Polish). Trawniki official website
2356:
2168:The Extermination of the European Jews
2109:
2028:Robert Rozett; Shmuel Spector (2013).
1974:
1897:
1868:
1707:
1616:
1458:Canada. Anita Ekstein was born in the
1009:(leader of the SS guard platoon), was
5885:
5385:
4466:
4026:
3895:
3765:. Museum and Memorial Site in Bełżec.
3240:
2739:
2699:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002).
2683:
2565:from the original on 17 November 2021
2414:
2386:
1371:were removed and only the oaks, that
1330:The Höfle's numbers were repeated in
890:in Berlin. The bodies were placed on
410:survived World War II; and only
332:
6167:German extermination camps in Poland
3719:The Destruction of the European Jews
3656:
3633:S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt, 1988,
3059:The Destruction of the European Jews
2916:Jacek Małczyński (19 January 2009).
2890:
2813:
2733:
2671:
2629:
1848:"Belzec Death Camp Memorial, Poland"
1795:Decyzja o podjęciu akcji 'Reinhardt'
1695:
1671:at face value. —from "End Notes" by
898:
549:
5912:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3923:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
3883:Concentration camps of Nazi Germany
3863:Yad Vashem – About the Holocaust –
2192:Kenneth McVay, Yad Vashem (2015) .
2185:
1819:
1021:Belzec camp guards included German
486:Deportation of Jews to Bełżec from
24:
6177:World War II sites of Nazi Germany
6073:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
3797:Bełżec: Stepping Stone to Genocide
2949:Transcript, Smolensk 30 April 1943
2686:"Holocaust Encyclopedia: Trawniki"
1553:. It was reprinted in 1999 by the
1462:area and was hidden as a child by
1431:in the early 1960s soon followed.
494:In the territory of the so-called
471:against the Soviet advance beyond
65:
25:
6188:
5755:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
3876:
3302:For the Westermann's Report, see
2253:Der Gerstein-Bericht im NS-Archiv
1824:. Aktion Reinhard. Archived from
1791:
1701:
997:Only seven former members of the
937:to Auschwitz. Wirth received the
798:
698:before December 1941 (and by the
124:Annihilation of Europe's Jews in
6162:1943 disestablishments in Poland
6124:
6112:
5932:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4981:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
3814:, 2nd ed., dtv, München 1978, .
3735:. Holocaust Controversies, 2011.
3550:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku (
2786:. Lexington Books. p. 274.
1929:"Belzec Death Camp: Remember Me"
1871:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
1869:Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009).
1600:List of Nazi concentration camps
1407:Belzec extermination camp museum
1400:
1382:
1360:
1346:
1324:Deutsche Reichsbahn calculations
1169:
1155:
1141:
1001:were indicted 20 years later in
433:southeastern part of the country
295:
260:
215:17 March 1942 – end of June 1943
54:
6035:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5947:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
3852:, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001,
3650:
3493:
3476:
3462:
3444:
3400:(Internet Archive 2009 capture)
3367:
3353:(Internet Archive 2009 capture)
3108:
3072:
3031:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005).
3024:
2895:Klee, Dressen & Riess (1991
2701:"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach"
2677:
2551:
2158:
2115:
1947:
1653:
1639:
1623:
1555:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
1202:The last train with 300 Jewish
1058:
610:. Dolpheid negotiated with the
5363:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
5339:36th Estonian Police Battalion
3849:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3146:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2838:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991
2826:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991
2449:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991
2328:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991
2280:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991
2089:. Cambridge University Press.
1862:
1016:
528:-and-Police Leader of Lublin,
13:
1:
6152:1942 establishments in Poland
6030:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5860:Human medical experimentation
3607:Alan Elsner (29 March 2010).
2330:, pp. 230–237, 241, 296.
2031:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1611:
1281:This document, the so-called
909:The camp's first commandant,
742:Concealment of camp's purpose
672:Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
617:in Berlin for the use of the
510:transitory Nazi-Soviet border
422:
64:during deportation to Belzec
6172:World War II sites in Poland
3580:SearchWorks catalog (2015).
3512:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007).
3393:Camp history and photographs
3346:Camp history and photographs
3214:East European Jewish Affairs
2855:"Appendix 5: Rudolf Reder's
2532:HolocaustResearchProject.org
2390:Testimony of Bronisław Ragan
1759:The Holocaust Encyclopedia.
1682:
1498:
1375:the genocide, were retained.
958:Poniatowa concentration camp
666:in Saxony as well as at the
664:Sonnenstein gassing facility
459:against Poland. Originally,
207:1 November 1941 – March 1942
7:
6065:Righteous Among the Nations
5952:Ministry of Public Security
5331:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3941:Related articles by country
3265:Polish government in London
2165:Gerlach, Christian (2016).
1954:Silberklang, David (2013).
1568:
1337:
759:fence camouflaged with cut
657:, had been involved in the
465:military defence facilities
10:
6193:
5977:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
5359:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3518:. McFarland. p. 131.
3181:Tregenza, Michael (1998),
3087:. McFarland. p. 400.
3079:Joseph Poprzeczny (2004).
2880:– via JewishGen.org.
2593:With Selected Bibliography
2055:Schwindt, Barbara (2005).
1960:. Yad Vashem. p. 16.
1585:Chełmno extermination camp
1536:Stalinist regime in Poland
1307:Sobibor extermination camp
1261:gave a figure of 550,000.
1236:Polish government-in-exile
1221:
1208:Sobibor extermination camp
1062:
902:
696:Chełmno extermination camp
553:
443:to the southeast (German:
29:
6147:Belzec extermination camp
6063:
6020:
5990:
5969:
5960:
5917:
5881:
5832:
5812:
5773:
5750:Sobibor perpetrator album
5707:
5698:
5633:
5602:
5595:
5509:
5468:
5417:
5381:
5335:Estonian Auxiliary Police
5317:
5261:
5236:
5100:
5093:
4994:
4938:
4880:
4822:
4651:
4505:
4498:
4462:
4445:Human medical experiments
4427:
4289:
4247:
4186:
4119:
4067:
4058:
4022:
4018:
3929:
3810:Rückerl, Adalbert (ed.),
3226:10.1080/13501670108577932
3104:– via Google Books.
2339:Michael Tregenza (2000),
2034:. Routledge. p. 47.
1524:anti-communist resistance
1299:Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG)
1218:and Sobibor death camps.
1133:Closure and dismantlement
1085:during the Holocaust. In
1037:Trawniki SS camp division
668:Hadamar Euthanasia Centre
659:forced euthanasia program
453:German zone of occupation
365:. The camp operated from
353:, the plan to murder all
243:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
180:
170:
147:
131:
120:
81:
53:
46:
41:
18:Belzec concentration camp
5998:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
5343:Latvian Auxiliary Police
5076:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
4578:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
3255:Polish Underground State
2766:Holocaust Encyclopedia,
2200:. Jewish Virtual Library
2081:Browning, Christopher R.
1011:brought to trial in 1964
999:SS-Sonderkommando Bełżec
923:German takeover of Italy
921:till the end. After the
577:District and the German
143:(German-occupied Poland)
6088:Garden of the Righteous
5840:Identification in camps
5833:Technical and logistics
5279:Order Police battalions
3789:. Retrieved 9 May 2015ł
3269:Grzegorz Mazur (2013).
2360:The Holocaust Chronicle
1715:. Shoah Resource Center
1393:of the Belzec mausoleum
1045:"those willing to help"
1029:Soviet prisoners of war
738:Hackenholt Foundation.
556:The Holocaust in Poland
477:Soviet invasion of 1939
455:in accordance with the
357:, a major part of the "
196:(Aug. 1942 – June 1943)
190:(Dec. 1941 – Aug. 1942)
48:Nazi extermination camp
5501:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4966:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
3795:O'Neil, Robin (2009),
3081:"Notes to Chapter VII"
2469:Andrzej Kola (2015) .
2251:"The Gerstein Report (
2231:. Deathcamps.org. 2014
1898:Bergen, Doris (2009).
1820:ARC (26 August 2006).
1286:
1243:
1130:
1005:. Of these, just one,
994:
817:
752:
520:. On 13 October 1941,
491:
444:
429:Second Polish Republic
387:German-occupied Poland
345:. It was built by the
220:Number of gas chambers
74:Second Polish Republic
70:
6040:Majdanek State Museum
5173:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
4077:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3552:Majdanek State Museum
3484:"March of the Living"
3452:"March of the Living"
3260:Biuletyn Informacyjny
2945:"Commission Findings"
2526:SJ H.E.A.R.T (2007).
2296:Jack Fischel (1998).
2124:German Studies Review
1822:"Belzec Camp History"
1645:Before World War II,
1593:by Chełmno prisoner,
1474:Archeological studies
1445:Majdanek State Museum
1280:
1229:
1100:
1027:and up to 120 former
980:
903:Further information:
806:
749:
485:
473:their common frontier
105:50.37167°N 23.45750°E
69:
5517:Mordechai Anielewicz
5228:Elisabeth Volkenrath
5113:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4749:Arthur Liebehenschel
4674:Hermine Braunsteiner
4618:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3159:10.1093/hgs/15.3.468
2982:on 30 September 2012
2780:David Cymet (2012).
2768:"Belzec: Chronology"
2740:Yahil, Leni (1991).
2573:– via YouTube.
1933:Alphabetical Listing
1551:Academy of Fine Arts
1033:Operation Barbarossa
915:Lublin airfield camp
875:SS-Obergruppenführer
568:preceded the actual
518:Operation Barbarossa
461:Jewish forced labour
337:) was a Nazi German
334:[ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s]
175:SS-Totenkopfverbände
6055:March of the Living
5927:Holocaust survivors
5791:Vrba–Wetzler report
5567:Alexander Pechersky
5527:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4976:Alexander Palfinger
4799:Johann Schwarzhuber
4359:Międzyrzec Podlaski
4338:Lviv pogroms (1941)
4239:Sonderaktion Krakau
3432:on 13 February 2011
3275:Essays and Articles
2674:, pp. 52, 177.
2632:, pp. 371–372.
2602:on 7 September 2012
2595:: 3. Archived from
2112:, pp. 192–194.
1875:The New York Review
1828:on 25 December 2005
1617:Informational notes
1481:University of Toruń
1456:March of the Living
1437:revolutions of 1989
1305:was transported to
956:was transferred to
951:SS-Hauptsturmführer
850:Stiftung Hackenholt
651:SS-Hauptsturmführer
579:District of Galicia
496:Nisko "reservation"
101: /
76:before World War II
5970:West German trials
5765:Wannsee Conference
5552:Itzhak Katzenelson
5304:General Government
4789:Franz Reichleitner
4719:Fritz Hartjenstein
4709:Maximilian Grabner
4628:Bruno Streckenbach
4440:Grossaktion Warsaw
4093:Operation Reinhard
3558:on 5 November 2014
3515:Poland's holocaust
3402:on 2 February 2009
3355:on 31 January 2009
3281:on 27 October 2012
2584:San Sabba (2009).
2261:on 3 February 2014
2007:on 29 October 2015
1768:(Internet Archive)
1591:Grojanowski Report
1287:
1244:
1242:, 10 December 1942
1087:his postwar report
995:
929:. They set up the
919:Operation Reinhard
818:
753:
717:Operation Reinhard
684:General Government
680:Operation Reinhard
676:extermination camp
642:SS-Sturmbannführer
604:Wannsee Conference
570:Wannsee Conference
566:General Government
538:an order to start
492:
457:German-Soviet Pact
383:General Government
351:Operation Reinhard
339:extermination camp
141:General Government
110:50.37167; 23.45750
71:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6016:
6015:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5828:
5827:
5820:Sonderaktion 1005
5694:
5693:
5377:
5376:
5355:Ypatingasis būrys
5257:
5256:
5198:Johanna Langefeld
5193:Hildegard Lächert
5089:
5088:
4925:Alfred Trzebinski
4890:Franz von Bodmann
4842:Lorenz Hackenholt
4684:Theodor van Eupen
4623:Jakob Sporrenberg
4458:
4457:
4182:
4181:
3785:978-0-415-27511-8
3755:978-1-56852-133-6
3706:978-3-938690-50-5
3675:978-0-253-34293-5
3554:). Archived from
2511:The Good Old Days
1802:on 20 August 2009
1770:on 7 January 2012
1710:"Aktion Reinhard"
1420:Tomaszów Lubelski
1196:Sonderaktion 1005
1081:from the company
987:Lorenz Hackenholt
985:, Artur Dachsel,
972:Lorenz Hackenholt
899:Command structure
864:Bahnschutzpolizei
765:crawler excavator
731:Lorenz Hackenholt
623:Organisation Todt
550:Camp construction
417:David Silberklang
253:
252:
161:Lorenz Hackenholt
16:(Redirected from
6184:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6108:
5982:Treblinka trials
5967:
5966:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5781:Graebe affidavit
5774:Witness accounts
5720:Frank memorandum
5705:
5704:
5600:
5599:
5587:Szmul Zygielbojm
5577:Frumka Płotnicka
5537:Leon Feldhendler
5522:Icchak Cukierman
5476:Ghetto uprisings
5406:
5399:
5392:
5383:
5382:
5327:Schutzmannschaft
5148:Feodor Fedorenko
5098:
5097:
5006:Wolfgang Birkner
4794:Heinrich Schwarz
4784:Josef Oberhauser
4759:Heinrich Matthes
4643:Dieter Wisliceny
4633:Richard Thomalla
4608:Heinz Reinefarth
4558:Heinrich Himmler
4503:
4502:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4428:Other atrocities
4065:
4064:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3817:
3792:
3790:
3759:
3711:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3644:
3643:
3626:
3624:
3615:. Archived from
3613:Internet Archive
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3540:Dariusz Libionka
3536:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3458:on 11 June 2014.
3454:. Archived from
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3188:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3137:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3076:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2705:The camp history
2696:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2514:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2466:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2354:
2348:
2345:Internet Archive
2337:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1756:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1595:Szlama Ber Winer
1505:Holocaust trains
1404:
1386:
1364:
1350:
1248:Bulletin of the
1232:Raczyński's Note
1190:Katyn Commission
1173:
1159:
1145:
1128:
1103:Unterscharführer
1007:Josef Oberhauser
963:Aktion Erntefest
935:Holocaust trains
888:Heinrich Himmler
881:, the deputy of
859:Wilhelm Cornides
727:Hauptscharführer
706:Holocaust trains
593:Richard Thomalla
542:the area around
522:Heinrich Himmler
372:
368:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
155:Richard Thomalla
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
58:
39:
38:
32:Bełżec (village)
21:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6103:
6101:
6092:
6059:
6012:
6003:Stutthof trials
5986:
5956:
5913:
5910:
5869:
5855:Holocaust train
5824:
5808:
5796:Witold's Report
5786:Gerstein Report
5769:
5735:Katzmann Report
5715:Auschwitz Album
5690:
5629:
5591:
5557:Michał Klepfisz
5505:
5464:
5413:
5410:
5373:
5313:
5283:Ordnungspolizei
5253:
5232:
5213:Erich Muhsfeldt
5143:Margot Dreschel
5128:Alexander Bülow
5085:
5081:Udo von Woyrsch
5071:Hermann Schaper
5066:Emanuel Schäfer
5051:Josef Meisinger
5011:Helmut Bischoff
4990:
4946:Heinz Auerswald
4934:
4876:
4824:
4818:
4814:Christian Wirth
4724:Gottlieb Hering
4647:
4613:Julian Scherner
4598:Georg Michalsen
4583:Franz Kutschera
4543:Odilo Globocnik
4494:
4491:
4454:
4423:
4285:
4243:
4224:Kielce cemetery
4178:
4115:
4054:
4051:
4014:
3925:
3920:
3879:
3820:Reder, Rudolf,
3815:
3788:
3786:
3756:
3709:
3700:, Berlin 2007.
3680:
3678:
3676:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3578:
3574:
3561:
3559:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3321:
3301:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3245:
3241:
3210:
3206:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3175:
3138:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3077:
3073:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2955:on 3 March 2016
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2901:
2897:, p. 242).
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2536:
2534:
2524:
2517:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2458:
2447:
2440:
2425:Reder, Rudolf,
2424:
2415:
2400:
2398:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2136:10.2307/1431894
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1975:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1790:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1669:Gerstein Report
1658:
1654:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1605:Majdanek trials
1571:
1520:cursed soldiers
1501:
1476:
1464:Righteous Poles
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1340:
1314:Holocaust train
1224:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1125:Gerstein Report
1118:
1089:written at the
1067:
1065:Gerstein Report
1061:
1019:
954:Gottlieb Hering
911:Christian Wirth
907:
901:
884:Reichsführer-SS
879:Odilo Globocnik
801:
744:
688:carbon monoxide
655:Gottlieb Hering
646:Christian Wirth
636:Kriminalpolizei
631:
597:Trawniki guards
589:Obersturmführer
558:
552:
536:Odilo Globočnik
425:
379:Lublin District
343:occupied Poland
298:
294:
263:
259:
244:Notable inmates
239:434,508–600,000
199:
194:Gottlieb Hering
188:Christian Wirth
166:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
77:
62:Lublin District
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:1942 in Poland
6154:
6149:
6134:
6133:
6121:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6045:Sobibór Museum
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5886:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:Sonderkommando
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Posen speeches
5742:
5740:Korherr Report
5737:
5732:
5730:Höfle telegram
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5572:Witold Pilecki
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5547:Henryk Iwański
5544:
5542:Paweł Frenkiel
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5347:Arajs Kommando
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5269:Einsatzgruppen
5265:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5223:Alice Orlowski
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5138:John Demjanjuk
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Gerhard Flesch
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4997:Einsatzgruppen
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4939:Ghetto command
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Horst Schumann
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Johann Niemann
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Hermann Michel
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4739:Karl-Otto Koch
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:Irmfried Eberl
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:Fritz Katzmann
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Arthur Greiser
4550:
4548:Richard Glücks
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Ludwig Fischer
4530:
4525:
4523:Adolf Eichmann
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4187:Mass shootings
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4174:Danzig-Matzkau
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Kraków-Płaszów
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3877:External links
3875:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3844:
3837:Izhak Weinberg
3834:
3831:
3825:
3824:, Kraków, 1946
3818:
3808:
3793:
3784:
3770:Musiał, Bogdan
3766:
3760:
3754:
3736:
3730:
3712:
3690:
3674:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3631:Schöne Zeiten.
3599:
3572:
3531:
3525:978-0786429134
3524:
3504:
3492:
3475:
3461:
3443:
3413:
3375:
3366:
3330:
3320:978-0231109659
3319:
3305:Martin Gilbert
3292:
3239:
3204:
3173:
3152:(3): 468–486.
3127:
3107:
3094:978-0786481460
3093:
3071:
3057:Raul Hilberg,
3050:
3044:978-0761829638
3043:
3023:
3017:978-0199731671
3016:
2993:
2966:
2935:
2899:
2883:
2842:
2840:, p. 238.
2830:
2828:, p. 230.
2818:
2806:
2793:978-0739132951
2792:
2772:
2759:
2753:978-0195045239
2752:
2732:
2691:
2684:USHMM (2014).
2676:
2657:
2634:
2613:
2576:
2550:
2515:
2507:Gerstein, Kurt
2496:
2482:978-8390559063
2481:
2456:
2438:
2413:
2387:USHMM (2015).
2376:
2370:978-0785329633
2369:
2349:
2332:
2315:
2309:978-0313298790
2308:
2288:
2272:
2242:
2211:
2184:
2178:978-0521880787
2177:
2157:
2114:
2102:
2095:
2072:
2066:978-3826031236
2065:
2047:
2041:978-1135969509
2040:
2017:
1973:
1967:978-9653084643
1966:
1946:
1917:
1910:
1887:
1861:
1839:
1805:
1781:
1726:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1652:
1638:
1631:SS-Scharführer
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1588:
1581:Chełmno trials
1578:
1570:
1567:
1500:
1497:
1475:
1472:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:Korherr Report
1303:Sonderkommando
1291:Höfle Telegram
1283:Höfle Telegram
1223:
1220:
1204:Sonderkommando
1186:Katyn massacre
1175:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1116:
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1053:Final Solution
1018:
1015:
983:Heinrich Barbl
900:
897:
800:
799:Camp operation
797:
788:Sonderkommando
778:Sonderkommando
773:SS-Scharführer
743:
740:
701:Einsatzgruppen
630:
627:
554:Main article:
551:
548:
475:following the
469:Operation Otto
424:
421:
407:Sonderkommando
391:open-air grids
369:to the end of
359:Final Solution
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
198:
197:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
165:
164:
163:(gas chambers)
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
133:
129:
128:
122:
118:
117:
85:
79:
78:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6189:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Kielce pogrom
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5907:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:Stroop Report
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Documentation
5697:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Marek Edelman
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:Organizations
5416:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5319:Collaboration
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:Organizations
5260:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Eduard Lorenz
5206:
5204:
5203:Anton Lechner
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Josef Kollmer
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Kurt Gerstein
5156:
5154:
5153:Hans Hoffmann
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Juana Bormann
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Erich Naumann
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Lothar Beutel
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4986:Jürgen Stroop
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Josef Blösche
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4930:Eduard Wirths
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Josef Mengele
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Horst Fischer
4903:
4901:
4900:Karl Gebhardt
4898:
4896:
4895:Carl Clauberg
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Ludwig Plagge
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Herbert Lange
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Kurt Bolender
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Gustav Wagner
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Franz Hössler
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Karl Fritzsch
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Wilhelm Boger
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Erwin Lambert
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:Wilhelm Koppe
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Hermann Höfle
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Theodor Eicke
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:Aktion Krakau
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Bloody Sunday
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4121:Concentration
4118:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4069:Extermination
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:The Holocaust
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:0-19-922506-0
3855:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3841:A Polish Tune
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:0-300-09557-0
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:Hilberg, Raul
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:Arad, Yitzhak
3655:
3654:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3619:on 8 May 2015
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:"Kalendarium"
3417:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:Armia Krajowa
3243:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:O'Neil, Robin
2846:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2816:, p. 31.
2815:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2653:9 August 2013
2647:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:The Holocaust
2292:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1911:9780742557161
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1711:
1704:
1698:, p. 73.
1697:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:Affidavit of
1626:
1622:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1526:organisation
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1468:the Holocaust
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1392:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:Hermann Höfle
1292:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:Page 7 from "
1228:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1172:
1158:
1144:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:Kurt Gerstein
1115:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Kurt Gerstein
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Hilfswilligen
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:Volksdeutsche
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:, to oversee
916:
912:
906:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
865:
860:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
824:
823:Lublin Ghetto
814:
810:
805:
796:
794:
789:
783:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
748:
739:
736:
733:, rebuilt an
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
653:
652:
647:
644:
643:
638:
637:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
612:SS-Oberführer
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
591:
590:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:
533:
532:Brigadeführer
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
501:Schutzstaffel
497:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
385:territory of
384:
380:
377:, in the new
376:
367:17 March 1942
364:
363:the Holocaust
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
328:
290:
257:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:the Holocaust
123:
119:
114:
86:
84:
80:
75:
68:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5801:
5725:Höcker Album
5708:Nazi sources
5596:Victim lists
5562:Miles Lerman
5369:Trawniki men
5309:Hotel Polski
5218:Detlef Nebbe
5183:Oswald Kaduk
5178:Karl Jeschke
5056:Bruno Müller
5046:Felix Landau
5031:Ernst Damzog
5026:Karl Brunner
4995:
4971:Franz Konrad
4872:Adolf Theuer
4825:executioners
4804:Franz Stangl
4774:Robert Mulka
4744:Josef Kramer
4694:Karl Frenzel
4664:Richard Baer
4659:Hans Aumeier
4652:Camp command
4638:Otto Wächter
4518:Josef Bühler
4513:Viktor Brack
4499:Perpetrators
4098:
4091:
3933:Main article
3847:
3821:
3811:
3796:
3774:
3744:
3718:
3693:
3686:
3679:. Retrieved
3663:
3651:Bibliography
3630:
3628:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:the original
3612:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3585:
3575:
3567:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:the original
3547:
3534:
3514:
3507:
3495:
3478:
3470:"Yad Vashem"
3464:
3456:the original
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3425:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3397:the original
3392:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3350:the original
3345:
3324:
3309:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3274:
3258:
3257:through the
3247:
3242:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3183:
3176:
3149:
3145:
3122:
3115:Robin O'Neil
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3084:
3074:
3058:
3053:
3033:
3026:
3006:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2948:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2921:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2862:
2856:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2782:
2775:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2694:
2679:
2651:. Retrieved
2644:LG München I
2643:
2637:
2604:. Retrieved
2597:the original
2592:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2542:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2510:
2486:. Retrieved
2471:
2426:
2399:. Retrieved
2389:
2359:
2352:
2335:
2298:
2291:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2252:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2202:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2167:
2160:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2105:
2085:
2075:
2056:
2050:
2030:
2009:, retrieved
2005:the original
1999:
1956:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1932:
1900:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1800:the original
1794:
1772:. Retrieved
1765:the original
1717:. Retrieved
1708:Yad Vashem.
1703:
1691:
1673:Robin O'Neil
1655:
1647:Pfannenstiel
1641:
1630:
1625:
1575:Bełżec trial
1559:Bełżec trial
1542:
1540:
1522:", from the
1512:Rudolf Reder
1509:
1502:
1489:
1477:
1452:Miles Lerman
1449:
1441:
1433:
1413:
1372:
1368:
1329:
1311:
1302:
1288:
1267:Robin O'Neil
1263:Yitzhak Arad
1259:Raul Hilberg
1254:
1247:
1245:
1240:Anthony Eden
1203:
1201:
1194:
1182:
1123:
1112:Pfannenstiel
1102:
1101:
1068:
1059:Gas chambers
1048:
1040:
1022:
1020:
998:
996:
991:Ernst Zierke
961:
950:
943:by partisans
908:
905:Belzec trial
882:
873:
870:putrefaction
862:
849:
847:
835:Lwów Ghettos
827:
819:
813:Hiwi guards'
792:
787:
784:
776:
772:
769:der Schlauch
768:
754:
725:
710:
699:
649:
640:
634:
632:
615:Viktor Brack
611:
608:Otto Wächter
601:
587:
562:gas chambers
559:
529:
513:
508:) along the
505:
499:
493:
490:, April 1942
426:
412:Rudolf Reder
405:
395:
255:
254:
248:Rudolf Reder
36:
5845:Gas chamber
5813:Concealment
5804:photographs
5651:Gross-Rosen
5620:Lviv (Lwów)
5582:Roza Robota
5486:Częstochowa
5118:Herta Bothe
5108:Hans Anhalt
5101:Camp guards
5041:Ludwig Hahn
5021:Paul Blobel
4961:Franz Bürkl
4951:Hans Biebow
4910:Fritz Klein
4847:Josef Klehr
4832:Erich Bauer
4823:Gas chamber
4769:Karl Möckel
4754:Maria Mandl
4729:Rudolf Höss
4714:Otto Hantke
4603:Oswald Pohl
4593:Ernst Lerch
4404:Stanisławów
4314:Częstochowa
4204:Bronna Góra
4134:Gross-Rosen
4129:Auschwitz I
3816:(in German)
3740:Klee, Ernst
3710:(in German)
2959:15 November
2649:(in German)
2397:Collections
2110:Musiał 2000
1634:Erich Fuchs
1271:Dieter Pohl
1095:Lwów Ghetto
1017:Camp guards
757:barbed wire
722:Erich Fuchs
540:Germanizing
355:Polish Jews
223:3 (later 6)
212:Operational
204:First built
171:Operated by
108: /
83:Coordinates
6141:Categories
5168:Irma Grese
5163:Paul Götze
5133:Luise Danz
4882:Physicians
4689:Kurt Franz
4538:Hans Frank
4506:Organizers
4450:Heidelager
3870:Yad Vashem
3639:310039304X
3406:9 February
3359:9 February
3285:1 December
3067:0300095570
2513:, page 242
2435:8390771535
2407:See also:
2130:(3): 477.
2096:0521558786
1612:References
1563:Oberhauser
1049:Wachmänner
939:Iron Cross
793:Totenjuden
735:Opel Blitz
583:Rawa-Ruska
514:Burggraben
506:Burggraben
435:including
423:Background
331:, Polish:
258:(English:
181:Commandant
96:23°27′27″E
93:50°22′18″N
60:Jews from
6022:Memorials
5919:Aftermath
5686:Treblinka
5641:Auschwitz
5496:Treblinka
5481:Białystok
5469:Uprisings
5249:Treblinka
5094:Personnel
4862:Otto Moll
4852:Hans Koch
4704:Amon Göth
4435:Action T4
4399:Sosnowiec
4369:Nowy Sącz
4304:Białystok
4271:Szczuczyn
4219:Erntefest
4209:Bydgoszcz
4194:Białystok
4109:Treblinka
3985:Lithuania
3805:779194210
3660:(1999) .
3234:162068368
3220:: 15–22.
3168:1476-7937
3123:JewishGen
2986:26 August
2891:Arad 1999
2871:796270628
2814:Arad 1999
2672:Arad 1999
2630:Arad 1999
2144:0149-7952
1696:Arad 1999
1683:Citations
1547:Józef Bau
1499:Survivors
1493:adipocere
1429:Krasnodar
1373:witnessed
1216:Treblinka
1079:Auschwitz
968:Heilbronn
843:Treblinka
809:Luftwaffe
751:showers."
639:officers
619:Aktion T4
524:gave the
402:Auschwitz
398:Treblinka
371:June 1943
121:Known for
5865:Zyklon B
5681:Trawniki
5676:Stutthof
5661:Majdanek
4409:Tarnopol
4349:Lubartów
4261:Jedwabne
4164:Trawniki
4154:Stutthof
4144:Potulice
4087:Majdanek
4005:Slovakia
3829:Timeline
3698:Metropol
3542:(2015).
3307:(1999).
3193:citation
3187:, Lublin
3100:9 August
2928:8 August
2853:(2011).
2721:cite web
2711:30 April
2563:Archived
2544:Sources:
2401:29 April
2286:. p. 69.
2204:25 April
2083:(1995).
2011:14 March
1939:27 April
1832:27 April
1761:"Belzec"
1665:Gerstein
1569:See also
1416:Red Army
1338:Post-war
1212:Majdanek
1117:—
1091:Rottweil
1075:Zyklon B
947:Slovenia
713:Zyklon B
694:used at
692:gas vans
157:(layout)
148:Built by
132:Location
6119:Germany
6105:Portals
5850:Gas van
5666:Sobibór
5603:Ghettos
5510:Leaders
5491:Sobibor
5244:Sobibor
5237:By camp
4384:Siedlce
4291:Ghettos
4276:Tykocin
4248:Pogroms
4234:Palmiry
4159:Szebnie
4104:Sobibor
4082:Chełmno
4010:Ukraine
3995:Romania
3975:Germany
3965:Estonia
3960:Denmark
3955:Croatia
3950:Belgium
3945:Belarus
3887:YouTube
3687:Belzec.
3436:9 April
2924:: 39–46
2569:4 March
2265:4 March
2235:4 March
2152:1431894
1880:8 April
1792:MMPwB,
1583:of the
1466:during
1222:Victims
1083:Degesch
1043:, lit.
927:Trieste
855:Rzeszów
839:Sobibor
682:in the
564:in the
445:Lemberg
427:In the
381:of the
228:Inmates
6131:Poland
5962:Trials
5937:Bricha
5671:Soldau
5656:Izbica
5646:Bełżec
5625:Warsaw
5610:Kraków
5450:Żegota
4419:Warsaw
4394:Słonim
4389:Sambor
4364:Mizocz
4354:Lublin
4329:Kraków
4324:Kielce
4319:Grodno
4299:Będzin
4281:Wąsosz
4257:(1946)
4255:Kielce
4169:Warsaw
4149:Soldau
4099:Belzec
4000:Russia
3990:Norway
3980:Latvia
3970:France
3865:Bełżec
3856:
3822:Bełżec
3803:
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3752:
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3672:
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3592:11 May
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1774:10 May
1719:1 July
1543:Bełżec
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1003:Munich
831:Kraków
625:(OT).
575:Lublin
544:Zamość
512:. The
488:Zamość
447:, now
437:Lublin
375:Bełżec
256:Belzec
236:Killed
137:Bełżec
42:Belzec
5634:Camps
5294:RKFDV
4414:Wilno
4379:Radom
4374:Pińsk
4309:Brest
4214:Dynów
4060:Camps
3487:(PDF)
3230:S2CID
2799:3 May
2606:2 May
2600:(PDF)
2589:(PDF)
2537:8 May
2488:3 May
2395:USHMM
2148:JSTOR
1713:(PDF)
1661:sq. m
1107:Wirth
892:pyres
135:Near
6077:List
5615:Łódź
5435:Bund
5299:VoMi
5289:WVHA
4344:Łódź
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4266:Lviv
3854:ISBN
3801:OCLC
3780:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3683:2015
3670:ISBN
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3625:2015
3594:2015
3564:2015
3520:ISBN
3438:2013
3408:2013
3361:2013
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3164:ISSN
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2036:ISBN
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1856:2015
1834:2015
1776:2015
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1425:Kiev
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