232:
were forced into the chambers. I heard the doors being shut; I heard shrieks and cries; I heard desperate calls for help in Polish and in
Yiddish. I heard the blood- curdling wails of women and the squeals of children, which after a short time became one long, horrifying scream. This went on for fifteen minutes. The engine worked for twenty minutes. Afterwards there was total silence. Then the askers pushed open the doors that led outside. — Rudolf Reder,
31:
231:
A dozen or so SS men drove the women along with whips and fixed bayonets all the way to the building and from there up three steps to a hall. There the askers counted 750 people for each gas chamber. Those women who tried to resist were bayoneted until the blood was running. Eventually all the women
244:
against eight former SS members of Bełżec extermination camp personnel. Further information on Reder is scant. His second daughter married
Leonard Shenker (Szenker) and settled in Great Britain. His account of the Belzec camp imprisonment, published in 1946, was reprinted in 1999 by
198:
Joanna
Borkowska whom Rudolf Reder married after the war and later emigrated with, settling in Toronto, Canada. He and his second wife, Joanna, are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, in Toronto. It was previously believed that he had died in 1968, rather than 1977.
239:
Reder changed his name to Roman Robak in 1949 and left Poland for Israel in 1950. He emigrated with his second wife to Canada in 1953. In 1960, he submitted a deposition at the prosecutor’s office in Munich as part of the German preparations for the
189:
with a handful of others. At the ramp he claimed to have been a machinist, and for the next three months performed maintenance on engine for the gas chambers among other tasks. At the end of
November 1942, during the prisoner transport to
613:
1045:
313:
The bricks-and-mortar building with the new gas chambers had six cubicles, each about 25 sq. m. It is impossible to squeeze such a large crowd into such a small space. According to
1356:
2921:
2165:
785:
321:
to a company of high-ranking SS officers who visited the camp in the middle of Aug. 1942 including
Gerstein himself. The above figure is identical to that stated in his own
283:. Kraków : Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna (Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków. Provincial Branch of Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna division of the
2522:
424:
2557:
2512:
2552:
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2532:
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108:. His testimony after the war became very well known. He submitted a deposition to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in January 1946 in
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2517:
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183:
after the new larger gas chambers were erected of brick and mortar. Because of his good knowledge of German, he was not sent off to die, but assigned to the
2775:
2486:
179:, he lost his first wife and both children. Reder, age 61, was deported to Bełżec on August 11, 1942, with one of the first transports of Jews from the
147:
shortly after the war and was himself murdered in March 1946 by anti-communist forces before he was able to give a full account of his camp experience.
215:
at present). In the same year, he published his testimony in a book, with the help of the Jewish
Historical Committee in Kraków. His monograph titled
3014:
826:
778:
1342:
916:
617:
2481:
468:
325:. Therefore, Rudolf Reder must have been familiar with the Nuremberg records already at the time of his book publication — from "End Notes" by
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for camp supplies and sheet metal, he escaped under cover of darkness. A Ukrainian woman, his former employee, helped him first, as did the
2999:
2954:
2571:
771:
2803:
2160:
139:
The postwar testimony of Reder was of special significance. This is because Chaim
Hirszman, the only other survivor of Bełżec, joined
2959:
2527:
2268:
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website. He married Feiga (née) Felsenfeld. The couple had three children, Freida (Zofia), Boruch (Bronisław), and Maria. Historian
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436:
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1070:
2994:
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2301:
1000:
698:
754:
400:
212:
2362:
647:
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Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu w relacjach ocalonych i zeznaniach polskich świadków (Testimonies of survivors and witnesses).
1852:
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902:
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1005:
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227:. In the book, Reder wrote about what he saw as the motor-maintenance worker, and what he learned afterwards:
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in bilingual edition featuring an
English translation by Margaret M. Rubel, then issued again as "Belzec" in
1230:
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164:
2367:
980:
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560:
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1080:
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1947:
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1065:
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1030:
975:
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1311:
1040:
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876:
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274:
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279:. Książki wojewódzkiej żydowskiej komisji historycznej w Krakowie, (vol) 4. Preface by Nella Rost:
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was written in Polish with the
Preface by his editor, Nella Rost, and illustrated with a map by
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and resumed (or perhaps, only began) soap production with the newly acquired knowledge. During
172:
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432:
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who perished in its gas chambers, Bełżec had the third highest death toll among the six Nazi
1185:
3004:
2989:
2984:
2388:
2099:
1984:
1620:
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1489:
207:
Soon after the Soviet takeover, whilst still in Poland, Reder testified in
January 1946 in
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8:
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1670:
1209:
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1215:
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2423:
2175:
1723:
1660:
1590:
1580:
1499:
1180:
964:
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519:
160:
125:
2716:
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1999:
1937:
1220:
763:
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1555:
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750:
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wrote that Reder was in the United States until 1919. He returned to Lwów in already
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2019:
1877:
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1479:
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420:
195:
168:
144:
1857:
1827:
1605:
1434:
1265:
1200:
1170:
1152:
317:, the figure of 750 victims per gas chamber was provided by the camp's commandant
2874:
2869:
2726:
2657:
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2586:
2347:
2154:
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2014:
1952:
1942:
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527:
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121:
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1927:
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1389:
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2009:
1907:
1868:
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1635:
1610:
1550:
1439:
1424:
1404:
1394:
1255:
1147:
561:"Remember Me! Honoring those who died in Belzec. Holocaust Roll of Remembrance"
262:
211:
before the Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes (known as the
185:
1832:
1640:
1600:
1205:
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275:
Rudolf Reder & Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna w Krakowie (1946).
180:
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2144:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2029:
2024:
1994:
1932:
1887:
1801:
1786:
1776:
1771:
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1728:
1708:
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749:. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 37, 264–265.
535:
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133:
104:(April 4, 1881 – October 6, 1977) was one of only two survivors of the
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593:. Imprint: Kraków, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, 1946. p. 1
2453:
1989:
1979:
1912:
1892:
1822:
1781:
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1703:
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113:
715:
By Rudolf Reder (Author), Mark Forstater (Author). Paperback: 80 pages.
2039:
2004:
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1409:
220:
117:
520:"Appendix 5: Rudolf Reder's "Bełzec" with Introduction by M. M. Rubel"
257:(volume 13, 2000), and republished in the UK as part of a book titled
124:, estimated between 500,000 and 600,000 men, women and children. Only
2296:
1733:
1306:
129:
2321:
2283:
614:"Belzec survivor escaped to reveal all he witnessed in gas chambers"
208:
109:
49:
2736:
156:
68:
2808:
924:
30:
743:
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
1365:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
640:"A New Nazi War Crimes Trial -- And This Time It's Personal"
469:"Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku: Rudolf Reder vel Roman Robak"
191:
554:
552:
524:
The Rabka Four: Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny
2922:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
354:"Rudolf Reder's Testimony About the Mechanisms of Crime"
2783:
793:
549:
372:
591:
Stanford University Libraries' official online search
513:
511:
509:
496:
494:
558:
163:, now Lviv in Ukraine) until 1910, according to the
584:
506:
491:
2976:
2284:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
587:"Bełżec. Author/Creator: Reder, Rudolf, 1881-"
425:"Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu (Death camp in Bełżec)"
384:
2769:
2269:
1350:
910:
779:
662:
463:
461:
459:
457:
2955:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
670:BELZEC a film by Guillaume Moscovitz. Notes.
611:
429:Jewish.org.pl Portal Społeczności Żydowskiej
925:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
712:I Survived a Secret Nazi Extermination Camp
637:
259:I Survived a Secret Nazi Extermination Camp
2776:
2762:
2276:
2262:
1357:
1343:
917:
903:
786:
772:
454:
415:
413:
411:
409:
223:, a Holocaust survivor who studied at the
37:in the collections of the Museum in Bełżec
580:
578:
3015:Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
419:
358:Belzec. eu, The State Museum at Majdanek
348:
346:
2880:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
406:
2977:
2863:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2223:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
631:
575:
2757:
2257:
1338:
898:
767:
646:. The Huffington Post. Archived from
517:
343:
736:
500:
378:
3000:Belzec extermination camp survivors
2784:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
795:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
475:, Majdanek.eu. 2014. Archived from
13:
2945:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
155:Reder ran his own soap factory in
14:
3026:
2627:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
672:PDF file, direct download 101 KB.
213:Institute of National Remembrance
2804:Population transfers (1944–1946)
1853:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
431:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku (
394:By Tadeusz Piotrowski. Page 131.
285:Central Committee of Polish Jews
29:
2907:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
2819:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
703:
675:
605:
307:
268:
247:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
202:
2235:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2211:36th Estonian Police Battalion
563:. HolocaustResearchProject.org
255:Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry
132:killed more people during the
1:
2902:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
2732:Human medical experimentation
730:
638:Alan Elsner (29 March 2010).
612:Andrew Duffy (15 June 2007).
559:C.R.W. for H.E.A.R.T (2007).
616:. Canada.com. Archived from
585:SearchWorks catalog (2015).
336:
112:. In terms of the number of
7:
2937:Righteous Among the Nations
2824:Ministry of Public Security
2203:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
813:Related articles by country
530:. Spiderwize. p. 237.
10:
3031:
3010:Polish emigrants to Canada
2849:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2231:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
545:– via JewishGen.org.
2995:Belzec extermination camp
2935:
2892:
2862:
2841:
2832:
2789:
2753:
2704:
2684:
2645:
2622:Sobibor perpetrator album
2579:
2570:
2505:
2474:
2467:
2381:
2340:
2289:
2253:
2207:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2189:
2133:
2108:
1972:
1965:
1866:
1810:
1752:
1694:
1523:
1377:
1370:
1334:
1317:Human medical experiments
1299:
1161:
1119:
1058:
991:
939:
930:
894:
890:
801:
141:the new communist militia
106:Bełżec extermination camp
84:
76:
57:
42:
28:
21:
2870:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2215:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1948:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1450:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
300:
2960:Garden of the Righteous
2712:Identification in camps
2705:Technical and logistics
2151:Order Police battalions
150:
35:A photo of Rudolf Reder
2373:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1838:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
747:(Google Books snippet)
518:Reder, Rudolf (2011).
237:
2912:Majdanek State Museum
2045:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
949:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
433:Majdanek State Museum
229:
2389:Mordechai Anielewicz
2100:Elisabeth Volkenrath
1985:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
1621:Arthur Liebehenschel
1546:Hermine Braunsteiner
1490:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
225:Academy of Fine Arts
2927:March of the Living
2799:Holocaust survivors
2663:Vrba–Wetzler report
2439:Alexander Pechersky
2399:Mordechai Tenenbaum
1848:Alexander Palfinger
1671:Johann Schwarzhuber
1231:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1210:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1111:Sonderaktion Krakau
479:on 29 November 2014
381:, pp. 264–265.
2842:West German trials
2637:Wannsee Conference
2424:Itzhak Katzenelson
2176:General Government
1661:Franz Reichleitner
1591:Fritz Hartjenstein
1581:Maximilian Grabner
1500:Bruno Streckenbach
1312:Grossaktion Warsaw
965:Operation Reinhard
685:, Cracovie, 1946.
439:on 5 November 2014
392:Poland's holocaust
287:). pp. 1–65.
161:Austrian Partition
126:Auschwitz-Birkenau
16:Holocaust survivor
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2888:
2887:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2700:
2699:
2692:Sonderaktion 1005
2566:
2565:
2249:
2248:
2227:Ypatingasis būrys
2129:
2128:
2070:Johanna Langefeld
2065:Hildegard Lächert
1961:
1960:
1797:Alfred Trzebinski
1762:Franz von Bodmann
1714:Lorenz Hackenholt
1556:Theodor van Eupen
1495:Jakob Sporrenberg
1330:
1329:
1054:
1053:
435:). Archived from
421:Libionka, Dariusz
95:
94:
52:, Austria-Hungary
3022:
2854:Treblinka trials
2839:
2838:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2653:Graebe affidavit
2646:Witness accounts
2592:Frank memorandum
2577:
2576:
2472:
2471:
2459:Szmul Zygielbojm
2449:Frumka Płotnicka
2409:Leon Feldhendler
2394:Icchak Cukierman
2348:Ghetto uprisings
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2199:Schutzmannschaft
2020:Feodor Fedorenko
1970:
1969:
1878:Wolfgang Birkner
1666:Heinrich Schwarz
1656:Josef Oberhauser
1631:Heinrich Matthes
1515:Dieter Wisliceny
1505:Richard Thomalla
1480:Heinz Reinefarth
1430:Heinrich Himmler
1375:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1300:Other atrocities
937:
936:
919:
912:
905:
896:
895:
892:
891:
788:
781:
774:
765:
764:
760:
748:
724:
707:
701:
679:
673:
668:Menemsha Films,
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
644:Internet Archive
635:
629:
628:
626:
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609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
582:
573:
572:
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568:
556:
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498:
489:
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486:
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465:
452:
451:
446:
444:
417:
404:
388:
382:
376:
370:
369:
367:
365:
350:
330:
311:
296:
251:Fundacja Judaica
196:Polish Righteous
173:sovereign Poland
169:Dariusz Libionka
145:Stalinist Poland
80:Polish, Canadian
64:
33:
19:
18:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2931:
2884:
2875:Stutthof trials
2858:
2828:
2785:
2782:
2741:
2727:Holocaust train
2696:
2680:
2668:Witold's Report
2658:Gerstein Report
2641:
2607:Katzmann Report
2587:Auschwitz Album
2562:
2501:
2463:
2429:Michał Klepfisz
2377:
2336:
2285:
2282:
2245:
2185:
2155:Ordnungspolizei
2125:
2104:
2085:Erich Muhsfeldt
2015:Margot Dreschel
2000:Alexander Bülow
1957:
1953:Udo von Woyrsch
1943:Hermann Schaper
1938:Emanuel Schäfer
1923:Josef Meisinger
1883:Helmut Bischoff
1862:
1818:Heinz Auerswald
1806:
1748:
1696:
1690:
1686:Christian Wirth
1596:Gottlieb Hering
1519:
1485:Julian Scherner
1470:Georg Michalsen
1455:Franz Kutschera
1415:Odilo Globocnik
1366:
1363:
1326:
1295:
1157:
1115:
1096:Kielce cemetery
1050:
987:
926:
923:
886:
797:
792:
757:
746:
733:
728:
727:
709:Amazon (2015),
708:
704:
680:
676:
667:
663:
653:
651:
636:
632:
623:
621:
620:on 14 July 2014
610:
606:
596:
594:
583:
576:
566:
564:
557:
550:
540:
538:
516:
507:
499:
492:
482:
480:
467:
466:
455:
442:
440:
418:
407:
389:
385:
377:
373:
363:
361:
352:
351:
344:
339:
334:
333:
323:Gerstein Report
319:Christian Wirth
312:
308:
303:
271:
205:
153:
122:occupied Poland
72:
66:
62:
61:October 6, 1977
53:
47:
38:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2970:
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2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Sobibór Museum
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
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2845:
2843:
2836:
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2829:
2827:
2826:
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2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
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2758:
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2729:
2724:
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2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:Sonderkommando
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:Posen speeches
2614:
2612:Korherr Report
2609:
2604:
2602:Höfle telegram
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
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2555:
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2545:
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2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Witold Pilecki
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Henryk Iwański
2416:
2414:Paweł Frenkiel
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
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2299:
2293:
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2286:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2219:Arajs Kommando
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2141:Einsatzgruppen
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:Alice Orlowski
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:John Demjanjuk
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1908:Gerhard Flesch
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1869:Einsatzgruppen
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1811:Ghetto command
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Horst Schumann
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
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1747:
1746:
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1726:
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1716:
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1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Johann Niemann
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Hermann Michel
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:Karl-Otto Koch
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1551:Irmfried Eberl
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Fritz Katzmann
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Arthur Greiser
1422:
1420:Richard Glücks
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Ludwig Fischer
1402:
1397:
1395:Adolf Eichmann
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
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1283:
1278:
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1258:
1253:
1248:
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1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1059:Mass shootings
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1046:Danzig-Matzkau
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Kraków-Płaszów
1008:
1003:
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
984:
983:
978:
973:
961:
956:
951:
945:
943:
934:
928:
927:
922:
921:
914:
907:
899:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
811:
806:
802:
799:
798:
791:
790:
783:
776:
768:
762:
761:
755:
732:
729:
726:
725:
702:
699:978-8390771533
681:Rudolf Reder,
674:
661:
650:on May 8, 2015
630:
604:
574:
548:
505:
503:, p. 105.
490:
453:
405:
383:
371:
341:
340:
338:
335:
332:
331:
305:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
270:
267:
263:Mark Forstater
204:
201:
186:Sonderkommando
152:
149:
93:
92:
86:
85:Known for
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
67:
65:(aged 96)
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
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2946:
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2928:
2925:
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2867:
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2861:
2855:
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2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Kielce pogrom
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
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2759:
2756:
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2738:
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2725:
2723:
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2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Stroop Report
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Documentation
2569:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Marek Edelman
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:Organizations
2288:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:Collaboration
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:Organizations
2132:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Eduard Lorenz
2078:
2076:
2075:Anton Lechner
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Josef Kollmer
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Kurt Gerstein
2028:
2026:
2025:Hans Hoffmann
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Juana Bormann
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Erich Naumann
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Lothar Beutel
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:Jürgen Stroop
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:Josef Blösche
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:Eduard Wirths
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Josef Mengele
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:Horst Fischer
1775:
1773:
1772:Karl Gebhardt
1770:
1768:
1767:Carl Clauberg
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Ludwig Plagge
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Herbert Lange
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Kurt Bolender
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Gustav Wagner
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Franz Hössler
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Karl Fritzsch
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Wilhelm Boger
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Erwin Lambert
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Wilhelm Koppe
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Hermann Höfle
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:Theodor Eicke
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Aktion Krakau
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Bloody Sunday
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
993:Concentration
990:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
944:
942:
941:Extermination
938:
935:
933:
929:
920:
915:
913:
908:
906:
901:
900:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
810:
809:The Holocaust
807:
804:
803:
800:
796:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
769:
766:
758:
756:0-253-21305-3
752:
745:
744:
739:
738:Arad, Yitzhak
735:
734:
722:
718:
714:
713:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
671:
665:
649:
645:
641:
634:
619:
615:
608:
592:
588:
581:
579:
562:
555:
553:
537:
533:
529:
528:O'Neil, Robin
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
502:
497:
495:
478:
474:
473:Bełżec Museum
470:
464:
462:
460:
458:
450:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
412:
410:
402:
401:0-7864-2913-5
398:
395:
393:
387:
380:
375:
360:. 18 May 2020
359:
355:
349:
347:
342:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Kurt Gerstein
310:
306:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
236:
235:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
197:
193:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:the Holocaust
174:
170:
166:
165:Bełżec Museum
162:
159:(then in the
158:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
60:
56:
51:
46:April 4, 1881
45:
41:
32:
27:
20:
2673:
2597:Höcker Album
2580:Nazi sources
2468:Victim lists
2434:Miles Lerman
2241:Trawniki men
2181:Hotel Polski
2090:Detlef Nebbe
2055:Oswald Kaduk
2050:Karl Jeschke
1928:Bruno Müller
1918:Felix Landau
1903:Ernst Damzog
1898:Karl Brunner
1867:
1843:Franz Konrad
1744:Adolf Theuer
1697:executioners
1676:Franz Stangl
1646:Robert Mulka
1616:Josef Kramer
1566:Karl Frenzel
1536:Richard Baer
1531:Hans Aumeier
1524:Camp command
1510:Otto Wächter
1390:Josef Bühler
1385:Viktor Brack
1371:Perpetrators
963:
805:Main article
742:
710:
705:
682:
677:
664:
652:. Retrieved
648:the original
643:
633:
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
607:
595:. Retrieved
590:
565:. Retrieved
539:. Retrieved
523:
481:. Retrieved
477:the original
448:
441:. Retrieved
437:the original
428:
391:
386:
374:
362:. Retrieved
357:
327:Robin O'Neil
309:
280:
276:
269:Bibliography
258:
254:
250:
242:Belzec trial
238:
233:
230:
216:
206:
203:Reder's book
184:
154:
138:
101:
98:Rudolf Reder
97:
96:
89:
63:(1977-10-06)
23:Rudolf Reder
3005:Polish Jews
2990:1977 deaths
2985:1881 births
2717:Gas chamber
2685:Concealment
2676:photographs
2523:Gross-Rosen
2492:Lviv (Lwów)
2454:Roza Robota
2358:Częstochowa
1990:Herta Bothe
1980:Hans Anhalt
1973:Camp guards
1913:Ludwig Hahn
1893:Paul Blobel
1833:Franz Bürkl
1823:Hans Biebow
1782:Fritz Klein
1719:Josef Klehr
1704:Erich Bauer
1695:Gas chamber
1641:Karl Möckel
1626:Maria Mandl
1601:Rudolf Höss
1586:Otto Hantke
1475:Oswald Pohl
1465:Ernst Lerch
1276:Stanisławów
1186:Częstochowa
1076:Bronna Góra
1006:Gross-Rosen
1001:Auschwitz I
181:Lwów Ghetto
120:located in
118:death camps
114:Polish Jews
102:Roman Robak
77:Nationality
2979:Categories
2040:Irma Grese
2035:Paul Götze
2005:Luise Danz
1754:Physicians
1561:Kurt Franz
1410:Hans Frank
1378:Organizers
1322:Heidelager
731:References
721:0907633374
691:8390771535
624:2014-06-17
88:1946 book
2894:Memorials
2791:Aftermath
2558:Treblinka
2513:Auschwitz
2368:Treblinka
2353:Białystok
2341:Uprisings
2121:Treblinka
1966:Personnel
1734:Otto Moll
1724:Hans Koch
1576:Amon Göth
1307:Action T4
1271:Sosnowiec
1241:Nowy Sącz
1176:Białystok
1143:Szczuczyn
1091:Erntefest
1081:Bydgoszcz
1066:Białystok
981:Treblinka
857:Lithuania
740:(1999) .
536:796270628
501:Arad 1999
379:Arad 1999
337:Citations
293:186784721
265:in 2013.
221:Józef Bau
134:Holocaust
130:Treblinka
2737:Zyklon B
2553:Trawniki
2548:Stutthof
2533:Majdanek
1281:Tarnopol
1221:Lubartów
1133:Jedwabne
1036:Trawniki
1026:Stutthof
1016:Potulice
959:Majdanek
877:Slovakia
693: ;
423:(2015).
71:, Canada
2722:Gas van
2538:Sobibór
2475:Ghettos
2382:Leaders
2363:Sobibor
2116:Sobibor
2109:By camp
1256:Siedlce
1163:Ghettos
1148:Tykocin
1120:Pogroms
1106:Palmiry
1031:Szebnie
976:Sobibor
954:Chełmno
882:Ukraine
867:Romania
847:Germany
837:Estonia
832:Denmark
827:Croatia
822:Belgium
817:Belarus
567:17 June
483:17 June
364:9 April
157:Lemberg
100:a.k.a.
69:Toronto
2834:Trials
2809:Bricha
2543:Soldau
2528:Izbica
2518:Bełżec
2497:Warsaw
2482:Kraków
2322:Żegota
1291:Warsaw
1266:Słonim
1261:Sambor
1236:Mizocz
1226:Lublin
1201:Kraków
1196:Kielce
1191:Grodno
1171:Będzin
1153:Wąsosz
1129:(1946)
1127:Kielce
1041:Warsaw
1021:Soldau
971:Belzec
872:Russia
862:Norway
852:Latvia
842:France
753:
719:
697:
689:
683:Belzec
654:12 May
597:11 May
541:12 May
534:
443:11 May
399:
291:
277:Bełżec
234:Bełżec
217:Bełżec
209:Kraków
110:Kraków
90:Belzec
50:Dębica
2506:Camps
2166:RKFDV
1286:Wilno
1251:Radom
1246:Pińsk
1181:Brest
1086:Dynów
932:Camps
526:. By
301:Notes
281:Wstęp
249:with
2949:List
2487:Łódź
2307:Bund
2171:VoMi
2161:WVHA
1216:Łódź
1206:Lwów
1138:Lviv
751:ISBN
717:ISBN
695:ISBN
687:ISBN
656:2015
599:2015
569:2014
543:2015
532:OCLC
485:2014
445:2015
397:ISBN
366:2022
289:OCLC
192:Lviv
151:Life
128:and
58:Died
43:Born
2332:ŻZW
2327:ŻOB
2317:PKB
2302:AOB
261:by
143:in
2981::
2312:GL
2297:AK
2233:/
2229:,
2225:,
2221:,
2217:,
2213:,
2209:/
2205:,
2145:SS
642:.
589:.
577:^
551:^
522:.
508:^
493:^
471:.
456:^
447:.
427:.
408:^
356:.
345:^
136:.
2951:)
2947:(
2777:e
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2237:)
2201:(
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2147:)
2143:(
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1208:(
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911:t
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780:t
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759:.
723:.
658:.
627:.
601:.
571:.
487:.
403:.
368:.
329:.
295:.
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