Battle of the Scheldt

2486:

artillery. The Germans had ample artillery, together with an immense number of artillery shells, and brought down heavy fire on any Canadian advance. Making the fighting even more difficult was the heavy rain that started the day after the crossing of the Leopold canal, with a post-operation report on Operation Switchback stating: "In places the bridgehead was little bigger than the northern canal bank. Even protection was slight: slit trenches rapidly filled with water and had to be dug out many times a day". The Canadians could not advance beyond their bridgehead on the Leopold canal, but Eberding, not content with stopping the Canadians, decided to "annihilate" the 7th Brigade by launching a series of counter-attacks that cost the German 64th Division dearly, as Canadian artillerymen were killing German infantrymen as proficiently as German artillerymen were killing Canadians. Simonds' plan failed when the 9th Brigade did not land at the same time as the 7th Brigade crossed the Leopold Canal and the 64th Division decisively stopped the advance of the 7th Brigade. In the end, only Eberding's determination to wipe out the 7th Brigade allowed Simonds' plan to work. In terms of numbers lost as a percentage of those engaged, the battle of the Leopold Canal was one of the bloodiest battles for Canada in World War II, with 533 killed and another 70 men breaking down due to battle exhaustion. Copp and Vogel wrote: "One in every two men who crossed the Leopold became a casualty!" The men who broke down under battle curled up in a fetal position and refused to move, speak, eat or drink as their spirits had been broken by the stress of the fighting. On 14 October, Eberding, a man deeply committed to National Socialism, ordered that German soldiers who retreated without orders were to be regarded as

2513:, a tiny hamlet in the rear or coastal side of the pocket, thus exerting pressure from two directions at once. An "after action" report described the scene on the Terneuzen Canal: "As darkness fell only tail lights showed. The locks at Sas Van Gent proved difficult to negotiate, for the Buffaloes were not easily steered when moving slowly. Their aeroplane engines created a sound so like the roar of aircraft that over Flushing the anti-aircraft guns fired sporadically...Because of the damage to the locks near the ferry (at Neuzen) it was necessary to cut ramps in the bank and by-pass the obstacle. Not only was this a slow progress, but many craft were damaged. The decision was therefore taken to postpone the operation for 24 hours". The delay allowed for Ramsay to volunteer the services of Lieutenant-Commander R.D. Franks of the Royal Navy to serve as a pilot, guiding the Buffaloes expertly down the river Scheldt without the Germans noticing. Franks reported: "It was nearly ideal night, calm and quiet with a half moon behind a light cloud, but a bit of haze which restricted visibility to a mile at most. We were quite invisible from the north shore of the Scheldt, where all was quiet...Our touchdown was planned to be on either side of a 2109: 2464:

the steep banks and launch their assault boats. However, the Germans had dug in well and many escaped the flamethrowers. One company of the Royal Montreal Regiment was almost destroyed on the edge of the Leopold canal. The Germans brought down heavy machine gun and mortar fire and only a few of the Montrealers made it to the other side. The A company of the Regina Rifles did not attempt to cross the canal because the volume of machine gun fire convinced the experienced "Johns" that it was too dangerous to try to cross the canal in daylight. The Royal Montreal Regiment company held their precious "bridgehead" for several hours before being joined by the "Johns" three hours later when D company of the Regina Rifles crossed the canal. They were joined by C and A companies in the evening. By that time, most of the men of B company of the Royal Montreal Regiment, who had been anxious to get into action, were dead. By contrast, the "barrage of flame" worked as expected for the Canadian Scottish Regiment, who were able to cross the Leopold canal without much opposition and put up a footbridge of

1878:

ANTWERP in order to organize the defence of the harbour because he appreciated it as of vital importance to the struggle on the continent. At that time, Churchill's plan was completely shattered; the same must happen again. After overrunning the SCHELDT fortifications, the English would finally be in a position to land great masses of material in a large and completely protected harbour. With this material they might deliver a death blow at the NORTH GERMAN plain and at BERLIN before the onset of winter...The enemy knows that he must assault the European fortress as speedily as possible before its inner lines of resistance are fully built up and occupied by new divisions. For this, he needs the ANTWERP harbour. And for this reason, we must hold the SCHELDT fortifications to the end. The German people are watching us. In this hour, the fortifications along the SCHELDT occupy a role which is decisive for the future of our people. Each additional day will be vital that you deny the port of ANTWERP to the enemy and the resources he has at his disposal. (signed) v. ZANGEN

2852:

night attack. As there seemed an actual chance of taking the entire causeway, orders were sent to the 5th Brigade of the 2nd Division to launch an attack, to be led by the "jinxed" Black Watch who were to advance down the causeway while the Calgary Highlanders and Le Régiment de Maisonneuve were to advance by boat. An initial attack by the Black Watch was rebuffed while it discovered the waters in the channel were too shallow for the 2nd Division to cross it, leaving a company of the Black Watch stranded on the causeway under heavy German attack. The Calgary Highlanders then sent a company over which was also stopped halfway across the causeway. During a second attack on the morning of 1 November, the Highlanders managed to gain a precarious foothold. A day of fighting followed and then the Highlanders were relieved by the Régiment de Maisonneuve, who struggled to maintain the bridgehead. The Régiment de Maisonneuve finally did secure the bridgehead, only to find that it was useless for an advance, since the German defences in the

3079:. The Canadian Defence Minister, Colonel John Ralston, was forced to report to the prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, that the current policy of only sending volunteers overseas was not sustainable as the losses in the Battle of the Scheldt vastly exceeded the number of volunteers, and conscripts would have to be sent overseas. Copp and Vogel strongly praised Simonds's leadership of the 1st Canadian Army, writing how his operations "were brilliantly planned and sometimes brilliantly executed". Copp and Vogel also defended the Canadians from charges of incompetence and cowardice made by American and British historians stating: "The Canadian Army had, through October, the most difficult and important task of all the Allied armies, it had carried through a series of complex operations to a successful conclusion and it had done this with verve and skill despite the growing manpower shortage now apparent on all the Allied fronts." 2215:'s Black Watch was virtually wiped out in an unsuccessful attack. The Black Watch attacked German positions, already known to be well defended, while the rest of the 2nd Division was not engaged, suggesting that neither Foulkes nor Simonds had taken seriously the problem of fighting by the river Scheldt. The Black Watch, whose officers had come from Montreal's Scottish elite, had billed itself as the most exclusive regiment in the Canadian Army. Despite this reputation, the Black Watch was considered to be a "jinxed" regiment which had had more than its fair share of misfortune. One officer of the Black Watch reported that the soldiers sent to replace the Black Watch men killed and wounded in France "had little or no infantry training, and exhibited poor morale" and that the men of C Company had "all been killed or taken prisoner" during "Black Friday". The Black Watch had already taken very heavy losses at the 2643:, as well as the coastal fortress Fort Frederik Hendrik. When advancing, the Canadians proceeded very slowly and used massive firepower via air strikes and artillery bombardments when faced with opposition. The shortage of infantry replacements meant that Canadian officers were loath to engage in operations that might lead to heavy losses. On 24 October, Montgomery arrived at the headquarters of the 3rd Division. Despite the fact that Montgomery had chosen to fight the Battle of Arnhem instead of clearing the Scheldt in September 1944, thus having allowed the Germans to dig in, he criticized the 3rd Canadian Division for its slow advance, saying the Breskens Pocket should have been cleared weeks ago and calling the Canadian officers cowards for their unwillingness to take heavy losses. As a result, the 157th Brigade was withdrawn as a punishment and the 3rd Division was ordered to press on with "all speed". 250: 3064:

leave, no enjoyment, no normal life and no escape....The second most prominent cause...seemed to be the insecurity in battle because the condition of the battlefield did not allow for average cover. The third was the fact that they were seeing too much continual death and destruction, loss of friends, etc". The Canadian government policy of sending only volunteers overseas had caused major shortages of men, especially in the infantry regiments. Canadian units were too under-strength to allow leave, where U.S. and British units could. This stretched the soldiers tremendously. A common complaint of soldiers suffering from battle exhaustion was that the Army was trying to "get blood from a stone", with the under-strength units being pushed relentlessly to keep fighting, without replacements for their losses and no chance to rest.

2952:. Air support was limited due to weather conditions. With no air support, no spotter aircraft to guide the guns of his ships, and the Germans fully alerted with their coastal artillery already firing at the British ships, Pugsley was faced with the difficult decision to cancel or proceed, and after some deliberation, sent out the message reading "Nelson", which was the code name to land. The radar-guided guns of the German coastal artillery took a heavy toll on the SSEF, which lost 9 ships sunk and another 11 that were so badly damaged that they had to be broken up for scrap as they were beyond repair. After a heavy bombardment by the Royal Navy, plus a support squadron of landing craft carrying guns, troops of 2810:, on the western shore of the island. The Westkapelle dyke was attacked by 240 heavy bombers, resulting in a large gap that allowed the seawater to enter. This flooded the central part of the island, allowing the use of amphibious vehicles and forcing the German defenders onto the high ground surrounding the island and in the towns. The bombing at Westkapelle came with severe loss of life, with 180 civilian deaths resulting from the bombardment and the resulting flooding. Attacks on other dykes had to ensure that the flooding could not be contained. On 7 October, dykes in the south were bombed, west and east of Flushing. Finally, on 11 October, northern dykes at 2472:

destroyed by the Germans' ferocious defence, leading him to order his reserve, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles, to cross over the Canadian Scottish Regiment's bridgehead and link up with the Regina Rifles. The polderland, which limited avenues of advance, proved to be a major difficulty as the Germans concentrated their fire along the few raised roads. At the same time, the Regina Rifles came under heavy counterattacks and were barely hanging on. Canadian losses were so heavy that a squadron of tankmen from the 17th Hussars Regiment were given rifles and sent to fight as infantrymen. The Canadian historians Terry Copp and Robert Vogel wrote the fighting "...

3043: 2441: 2563: 2204: 2868:, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the causeway, and linked up with the Glasgow Highlanders the next day. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the 52nd continued the advance. The battle for the causeway had caused the 2nd Division 135 dead in what has become one of the most controversial operations of the 2nd Division, with much criticism centering on the decisions of Foulkes. Despite the fact that Lieutenant-General Simonds and Foulkes were both British immigrants to Canada, the two detested one another and Simonds often spoke of his wish to sack Foulkes, believing him to be incompetent. 354: 211: 327: 315: 279: 199: 173: 3111:

spare tires to replace worn-out ones, none of which was readily available until the Scheldt was cleared. By 15 December, only the Seventh U.S. Army had reached the Rhine by taking Strasbourg while the U.S. Third Army had advanced into Germany to run up against one of the strongest sections of the West Wall. At least part of the reason for the failure for the Allied offensives was the shortage of infantry replacements, with the Americans coming close to running out of infantry replacements and the British being forced to break up divisions to provide reinforcements.

2911: 2907:, to be followed by the King's Own Scottish Borderers regiment who attacked Flushing. During the next few days, they engaged in heavy street fighting against the German defenders, destroying much of Flushing. The Hotel Britannia, which before the war had catered to British tourists, was the headquarters of the German 1019th Regiment holding Flushing and became the scene of "spectacular fighting" described as "worthy of an action film" when the Royal Scots regiment engaged to take the hotel, which finally fell after three days. 2832: 8235: 224: 339: 303: 186: 1892: 237: 2720:

about to make an attack in as it was partly wooded, partly open, and it had many buildings, ditches, etc". Joining the 6th Brigade later that day were the 5th Brigade, with the Calgary Highlanders leading the assault and reporting the "remnants" of two platoons that had advanced beyond the dyke to be joined by the Black Watch when night fell. The Royal Regiment had seized its start-line during the night and in the early morning was joined by the Essex Scottish Regiment and the

2664:

advantage of "opportunities", saying any German general would have moved far more swiftly. Spry responded that having lost about 700 men killed in two "aggressive" operations within five days, he preferred a methodical advance that preserved the lives of his men. Eberding replied that this showed "weakness" on the side of the Canadians, noting that Wehrmacht generals were only concerned with winning and never let concern with casualties interfere with the pursuit of victory.

2084:, an offensive to liberate North Brabant and expand the Arnhem salient. Simonds saw the Scheldt campaign as a test of his ability, a challenge to be overcome, and he felt he could clear the Scheldt with only three divisions of the 2nd Corps despite having to take on the entire 15th Army, which held strongly fortified positions in a landscape that favoured the defensive. Simonds never registered complaints about his lack of manpower, ammunition, and air support. 2680: 2236:

orders, saying he had ordered him to clear the Scheldt and warned if he was unable to obey orders, he would be fired. Stung by Eisenhower's message, a chastised Montgomery promised: "You will hear no more from me on the subject of command...Antwerp top priority in all operations of 21 Army Group". On 16 October, Montgomery issued a directive along that line. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the

3075:. Although Antwerp was opened to Allied shipping on 28 November, the German 15th Army had delayed the use of Antwerp to the Allies from 4 September to 28 November 1944, which was longer than Hitler had hoped for, justifying the German decision to hold the river Scheldt. Even before the Battle of the Scheldt, the Canadian Army was aware that it lacked reinforcements to replace its losses, and the losses endured during the fighting help provoke the 262: 1964: 56: 2155:

that the Canadian Army will not repeat not be able to attack until 1 November unless immediately supplied with ammunition." Montgomery replied by writing: "Request you will ask Ramsay from me by what authority he makes wild statements to you concerning my operations about which he can know nothing repeat nothing...there is no repeat no shortage of ammunition...The operations are receiving my personal attention".

2232:, attacked Woensdrecht at night, taking much of the village. However, they were unable to pass beyond the ridge to the west of Woensdrecht. By 16 October, Woensdrecht was secured, cutting the land link to South Beveland and Walcheren. The "Rileys" suffered losses on 16 October equal to those of the Black Watch on "Black Friday". The Canadians achieved their first objective, but had suffered heavy casualties. 2760: 2545:, with the regimental war diary reporting: "The artillery is kept busy and this dyke to dyke fighting is very different to what we have been doing. It appears the enemy are a much better type than we have been running into lately". The Canadian Army was known for the quality of its artillery, which took a heavy toll on the German counter-attacks by day, with the war diary of 2709:, who despite being very under-strength were assigned to lead the attack on the centre. This third major operation opened on 24 October, when the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division began its advance down the South Beveland peninsula. The Canadians hoped to advance rapidly, bypassing opposition and seizing bridgeheads over the 2656:

Germans back steadily. In the last days of the battle, German morale declined and the number of executions of "deserters" increased as many German soldiers wished to surrender rather than die in what was clearly a lost battle. The Régiment de la Chaudière, which could ill-afford the losses, seized a bridgehead on the

2879:, was given the final decision, with orders to cancel the operation if he thought it was too risky. At the same time, Simonds ordered two Canadian artillery regiments to concentrate 300 guns on the mainland, to provide fire support for the landings. The amphibious landings were conducted in two parts on 1 November. 2373:

underestimated the size of the German forces. They expected Eberding to retreat to Walcheren island once the 3rd Canadian division started to advance. However, Simonds appreciated the problems imposed by the polder country and the Germans concentrating their forces at the few "land bridges". He planned to use

2995:

along the high-lying dune areas, as the center of the island was flooded) and link up with the Canadian troops who had established a bridgehead on the eastern part of the island. Fierce resistance was again offered by some of the German troops defending this area, so that fighting continued until 7 November.

3118:

at Antwerp than at any other city. Nearly half of the V-2s launched during the war were aimed at Antwerp. The port of Antwerp was so strategically vital that during the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front, launched on 16 December 1944, the primary German

3002:

fell after a calculated gamble on the Allies' part when the Royal Scots attacked Middelburg with a force of amphibious "Buffaloes" from the rear. Since Middelburg was impossible to reach with tanks, due to the inundations, a force of "Buffaloes" were driven into the town, forcing an end to all German

2923:

Operation Infatuate II was the amphibious landing at Westkapelle, also conducted on the morning of 1 November. To cross the shallow water required a daylight assault with fire support provided by the Support Squadron Eastern Flank (SSEF) commanded by Commander K.A Sellar, with additional support from

2485:

The days of 10–12 October were ones of intense struggle while the men of the 7th Brigade with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles took, lost and then retook a group of houses known as Graaf Jan and the Regina Rifles found themselves pinned down by a group of well dug-in pillboxes that seemed to be resilient to

2476:

was at close quarter and of such ferocity that veterans insist that it was worse than the blackest days of Normandy". The war diary of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles reported: "Heavy casualties were suffered by both sides and the ground was littered with both German and Royal Winnipeg Rifle dead". The war

2004:

on its own had ended in bloody repulse, Simonds, commanding the II Canadian Corps, ordered a halt to operations in the Scheldt until the French channel ports had been taken, reporting the Scheldt would need more than one division to clear. The halt allowed the German 15th Army ample time to dig in to

2871:

Because of port shortage, Captain Pugsley of the Royal Navy had to improvise heavily to provide the necessary shipping for the landings on Walcheren island. Despite the refusal of Bomber Command to strike various German fortifications on Walcheren, opening up the Scheldt was regarded as so important

2719:

The war diary of the Fusiliers Mont-Royal reports simply that the regiment had taken "heavy casualties", the Cameron Highlanders reported "stiff opposition" from the 6th Parachute Regiment, while the South Saskatchewan Regiment reported: "The country over which we had come was not the kind you dream

2650:

attacked the town of Oostburg on 24 October, losing an entire company, but since they had been ordered to take Oostburg at "any price", the "Chads" dug in to hold their ground while the Queen's Own Rifles came to their aid. On 25 October, the Queen's Own Rifles took Oostburg after what its war diary

2463:

Simonds had planned to take the Wehrmacht by surprise by avoiding a preliminary bombardment and instead having the Wasps incinerate the German defenders with a "barrage of flame". The Wasps launched their barrage of flames across the Leopold Canal, allowing the 7th Brigade troops to scramble up over

2293:

country made speed impossible. One company of the Lincoln and Welland Regiment lost 50% of its men in a single day's fighting, while an advance company of the Algonquin Regiment was cut off and surrounded by the Wehrmacht, requiring desperate fighting to break out. The Canadians now advanced towards

3184:

first, although these ports had all suffered demolitions and would not be navigable for some time. Boulogne and Calais were captured on 22 and 29 September 1944; but Dunkirk was not captured until the end of the war on 9 May 1945. When the Canadians eventually stopped their assaults on the northern

3063:

and curl up in fetal position, but the report found that after a week of rest, most men would recover enough to speak and move about. According to the report, the principal cause of battle exhaustion "seemed to be futility. The men claimed there was nothing to which to look forward to – no rest, no

3058:

Throughout the Battle of the Scheldt, battle exhaustion was a major problem for the Canadians. The 3rd Canadian Division had landed on D-Day on 6 June 1944 and more or less fought continuously since then. A psychiatric report from October 1944 stated that 90% of battle exhaustion cases were men who

2691:

On the afternoon of 22 October, Major-General Foulkes, as acting commander of the 2nd Canadian Corps told the 2nd Canadian Division that the start of Operation Vitality, the operation to take the South Beveland peninsula, had been pushed forward by two days by the "express orders from Field Marshal

2536:

were landed by Franks. Once again, the Germans recovered quickly and counter-attacked with ferocity; however, they were slowly forced back. Upon hearing of the landing at the Braakman Inlet, Model reacted promptly, telling Hitler: "Today, the enemy launched a decision-seeking attack on the Breskens

1877:

Therefore, I order all commanders as well as the National Socialist indoctrination officers to instruct the troops in the clearest and most factual manner in the following points: Next to HAMBURG, ANTWERP is the largest port in Europe. Even in the First World War, Churchill, in person, travelled to

1630:

the harbours; the first convoy carrying Allied supplies could not unload in Antwerp until 29 November 1944. Once Antwerp was opened, it allowed 2.5 million tons of supplies to arrive at that port between November 1944 and April 1945, which were critical to the successful Allied advance into Germany

3179:

was of opinion that Montgomery, not Horrocks was to blame for not clearing the approaches, as Montgomery "was not interested in the estuary and thought that the Canadians could clear it later". Allied commanders were looking ahead to "leaping the Rhine...in virtually one bound." Despite Eisenhower

3171:

had arrived and set up strong defensive positions along the opposite side of the Albert Canal and Scheldt river. The task of breaking the strengthened German line, which stretched from Antwerp to the North Sea along the Scheldt River, would fall to the First Canadian Army in the month-long, costly

2994:

Heavy fighting ensued in Domburg as well before the ruins of the town were captured. On 3 November, the Royal Marines had linked with the 52nd Division. Part of the troops moved south-east toward Flushing, while the main force went north-east to clear the northern half of Walcheren (in both cases

2851:

The 4th Brigade of the 2nd Division had advanced rapidly up to the causeway, which led to Brigadier Keefler giving orders to take the causeway while the task of taking the Beveland end of the causeway had been given to the 52nd Division. The Royal Regiment took the eastern end of the causeway in a

2839:

The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the Sloedam causeway on 31 October. Post-war controversy exists around the claim that there was a "race" within the 2nd Division for the first regiment to take the causeway to Walcheren island, implying that the failure to take the causeway on 31 October

2627:

premier of Quebec who called a snap election in 1939 to seek a mandate to oppose the war, Mackenzie King had promised that only volunteers would be sent to fight overseas and that there would be no overseas conscription. With only so many Canadians willing to volunteer, especially as infantry, the

2154:

that the Canadians were having to ration ammunition as Montgomery made holding the Arnhem salient his main priority. After Ramsay raised the issue with Eisenhower, the latter informed Montgomery on or about 9 October "the supreme importance of Antwerp. It is reported to me this morning by the Navy

3159:

to the north of the city, which consequently remained in enemy hands. Horrocks regretted this after the war, believing that his corps might have advanced another 100 miles (160 km) with the fuel available. Unknown to the Allies, at that time XXX Corps was opposed by only a single German

3110:

and 1st French Army further south. On 5 November 1944, Eisenhower calculated that for the offensives into the western borderlands of Germany to be successful, over the following month, it would require 6 million artillery shells, two million mortar shells, 400 more tanks, 1,500 jeeps, and 150,000

2736:

to get in behind the German's Canal through South Beveland defensive positions. The 156th West Scottish Brigade described the Dutch countryside as "extremely difficult", but also noted that German morale was poor, stating that they had expected the Wehrmacht to fight harder and that most of their

2342:

While Montgomery focused on Operation Market Garden in September 1944, Eberding used three weeks of quiet to have his men dig in. He later expressed amazement about the Allied air forces hardly ever bombing the Breskens Pocket in September, allowing his men to build defensive works with barely an

3136:

called the failure to immediately take the Scheldt "ne of the greatest tactical mistakes of the war." Because of the flawed strategic choices made by the Allies in early September 1944, the battle became one of the longest and bloodiest that the Canadian army faced over the course of the Second

2724:

Regiment to make a slow advance supported by heavy artillery fire. On 25 October, the Essex Scottish Regiment reported that 120 Germans had surrendered and that the "tough shell of defences at the narrowest point of the peninsula was broken". On 26 October, the 70th Infantry Division's commander

2655:

for leading what should have been a suicidal bayonet charge on the Oostburg town gates but ended with him and his men taking the gates. Despite tenacious German opposition, inspired at least in part by Eberding's policy of executing soldiers who retreated without orders, the Canadians pushed the

2582:

that some units of the 64th Division had "been reduced to one third". Between 10 and 15 October, the 64th Division staged a "fighting retreat", as Eberding called it, to a new pocket designed to shorten his lines, since so many of his units were now under-strength. The Canadian Scottish Regiment

2540:

Starting at daybreak on 10 October, the Highland Brigade came under counter-attack, with the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highland regiment, known as the "Glens" in the Canadian Army, spending two days fighting for the village of Hoofdplaat with a loss of 17 dead and 44 wounded. The North Nova

2235:

On 14 October, Montgomery issued "Notes on Command" that were highly critical of Eisenhower's leadership and asked he be made Land Forces commander again. The next day, Eisenhower replied that the issue was not the command arrangement, but rather the ability and willingness of Montgomery to obey

2471:

Two precarious, separate footholds were established, but the enemy recovered from the shock of the flamethrowers and counter-attacked, though the Germans were unable to move the Canadians from their vulnerable bridgeheads. Brigadier J. C. Spraggree became worried that the Regina Rifles might be

2663:

On 1 November, the North Nova Scotia Highlanders stormed a pillbox and captured Eberding, who, despite his own orders to fight to the death for the Führer, surrendered without firing a shot. After being taken prisoner, Eberding met Spry and accused him of not being aggressive enough in taking

2247:

As part of his newly focused efforts to assist Simonds, Montgomery assigned the British 52nd Lowland Division to the First Canadian Army. The 52nd division, recruited in the Lowlands of Scotland, was a mountain division, requiring men with unusual strength and stamina in order to fight in the

3195:

on 9 October that "As regards Arnhem, I think you have got the position a little out of focus. The battle was a decided victory, but the leading division, asking, quite rightly, for more, was given a chop. I have not been afflicted with any feeling of disappointment over this and am glad our

2481:

and bazookas were used to blow down walls of houses where resistance was worst. These anti-tank weapons are quite handy little house-breakers!" By 9 October, the gap between the bridgeheads was closed, and by early morning on 12 October a position had been gained across the Aardenburg road.

2372:

road and its apex near the village of Moershoofd some 5 km (3.1 mi) east). Despite the fact that the Ultra intelligence had revealed that the 64th Division was digging in for a hard fight and that Eberding had ordered a fight to the death, Canadian military intelligence seriously

3119:

objective was to retake the city and its port. Without Antwerp being opened, which allowed 2.5 million tons of supplies to arrive at that port between November 1944 and April 1945, the Allied advance into Germany in 1945 with the American, British, and French armies heading into the

3185:

French ports and started on the Scheldt approaches on 2 October, they found that German resistance was far stronger than they had imagined, as the remnants of the Fifteenth Army had had time to escape and reinforce the island of Walcheren and the South Beveland peninsula.

2628:

Canadian Army ran seriously short of infantrymen, as their losses were not compensated by replacements. In planning the final push, Spry favoured a cautious, methodical approach, emphasizing firepower that was designed to save as many of the lives of his men as possible.

2298:

and would take part in Operation Pheasant in an effort to take the city. The advance would force Rundstedt to redeploy the elite 6th Parachute Regiment, which until then had been blocking the 2nd Canadian Division on the Beveland isthmus to the defence of Bergen op Zoom.

2219:

in July 1944 and its heavy losses on "Black Friday" almost finished the regiment. The Calgary Highlanders were to follow up with a more successful action, and their Carrier Platoon succeeded in taking the railway station at Korteven, north of Woensdrecht. Fighting at

1869:: "Enemy supplies, and therefore, his ability to fight, is limited by the stubborn defence of the Harbour, as intelligence reports prove. The attempt of the enemy to occupy the Western Scheldt in order to obtain the free use of the harbour of Antwerp must be resisted 2326:

who was regarded as an expert in defensive warfare. When the 15th Army had retreated from the Pas-de-Calais region of France across the Low Countries in September 1944, an enormous number of guns and ammunition ended up in the Breskens Pocket, including one hundred

2252:

that the 52nd was to play the decisive role in taking Walcheren island. As such, Simonds ordered Hakewill-Smith to start preparing an amphibious operation as Simonds planned to land the 52nd Division on Walcheren at the same time the Canadians attacked the island.

2787:, a long, narrow causeway from South Beveland, little more than a raised two-lane road. To complicate matters, the flats that surrounded this causeway were too saturated with sea water for movement on foot, but had too little water for an assault in storm boats. 3172:

Battle of the Scheldt. The Allies "sustained 12,873 casualties in an operation which could have been achieved at little cost if tackled immediately after the capture of Antwerp. .... This delay was a grave blow to the Allied build-up before winter approached."

3054:

At the end of the five-week offensive, the Canadian First Army had taken 41,043 German prisoners. Complicated by the waterlogged terrain, the Battle of the Scheldt proved to be a challenging campaign in which significant losses were suffered by the Canadians.

2359:

and commercial canals, often above the level of the surrounding countryside...which made military man almost impossible except on the narrow roads built on top of the dykes. Each of these roadways were carefully registered for both artillery and mortar fire".

2363:

It was decided that the best place for an assault would be immediately east of where the two canals divided: a narrow strip of dry ground, only a few hundred metres wide at its base beyond the Leopold Canal (described as a long triangle with its base on the

2288:

spoke of "nightmarish fighting" at Wouwsche Plantage. The fighting at Wouwsche Plantage was considered so important that Montgomery arrived at the headquarters of the 4th Canadian Division to press Foster for speed, but Foster protested that the flat

2187:

by making piecemeal counterattacks. During this time, war diaries of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry noted "many snipers in the houses and hedges" had been encountered while the weather was "cold and wet with high winds. Floods rising again".

2128:

and Robert Vogel wrote: "the very name Woensdrecht sends shivers down the spines of veterans of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division". Driving rain, booby traps and land mines made advance very difficult. Attacking on 7 October in heavy mist, the

2859:

Foulkes ordered Major-General Hakewill-Smith to launch the 52nd Division into a frontal attack on Walcheren, which Hakewill-Smith protested strongly. The "Maisies" withdrew onto the Causeway on 2 November, to be relieved by the 1st Battalion,

2142:

was stopped in its attempt. On 9 October, the Germans counter-attacked and pushed the Canadians back. The war diary of the 85th Infantry Division reported that they were "making very slow progress" in face of tenacious Canadian resistance.

2903:, who were ferried across from Breskens in small landing craft to an assault beach in the south-eastern area of Flushing, codenamed "Uncle" Beach. With the Canadian artillery opening fire, the 4th Commando were carried ashore in twenty 2595:"well defended" on 15 October, but abandoned the next day. The Highland Light Infantry and the "Glens" broke through the main German line, but General Spry, unaware of this, ordered a withdrawal, in order to concentrate greater forces. 2191:

Simonds had planned to commit the 4th Division to assist the 3rd Division with clearing the Breskens Pocket, but problems faced by the 2nd Division forced Simonds to start peeling off units from the 4th Division. On 9 October 1944, the

1916:

After previously ordering the Channel ports to be cleared first, Montgomery decided the importance of Antwerp was such that the capture of Dunkirk could be delayed. The First Canadian Army, under temporary command of Lieutenant-General

2990:

the next day. Anticipating the fall of "Fortress Walcheren", on November 4, Admiral Ramsay ordered that mine-sweepers start the work of removing the German mines from the river Scheldt, a task that was not completed until 28 November.

2437:, which had never seen action yet, were pressing to get into the fight, and as such, the B company of the Regina Rifles, nicknamed the "Johns", agreed to step aside so one company of the Royal Montreal Regiment could take their place. 3200:

were justified by the great prize so nearly in our grasp" but acknowledged that "learing the Scheldt Estuary and opening the port of Antwerp had been delayed for the sake of the Arnhem thrust. Thereafter it was given first priority."

3131:

The Battle of the Scheldt has been described by historians as unnecessarily difficult, as it could have been cleared earlier and more easily had the Allies given it a higher priority than Operation Market Garden. American historian

2549:

for 12 October reading: "Today we were the busiest we have been since Cormelles and Falaise pocket days". The Germans' nightly attacks enjoyed more success, with the Highland Light Infantry losing and then retaking the village of

2451:

The 9th Highland Brigade, however, was unable to land at the same time as expected, owing to their unfamiliarity with amphibious vehicles. The assault began on 6 October, supported by extensive artillery and Canadian-built Wasp

2182:

of the 2nd Division sent the Black Watch to support the Royal Regiment. The German forces at Woensdrecht greatly outnumbered the Canadians and had Model known of this, he might have launched a counter-offensive. Instead he used

2744:

With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was now complete. Daser ordered his men to retreat and make a stand on "Fortress Walcheren".

1618:

estuary and slowed the Allied advance. After five weeks of difficult fighting, the Canadian First Army, at a cost of 20,873 Allied casualties (6,367 of them Canadian), was successful in clearing the Scheldt after numerous

1737:

Montgomery had an additional incentive not to prioritize Antwerp: his apparent desire for the 21st Army Group to spearhead the invasion of Germany and capture Berlin. On 9 September Montgomery wrote to Field Marshal Sir

2701:, the Cameron Highland Regiment and the Calgary Highlanders being able to assemble anything close to four rifle companies. The attack was to be led by the 6th Brigade consisting of the Cameron Highlanders, the battered 2696:

told Foulkes that the men were tired after the hard fighting earlier in October, only to be informed that the operation would go through. Morale in the 2nd Division was poor, with only the Royal Regiment of Canada, the

1856:

The Germans at Walcheren were on the far right of the German line, and were deprived of supplies as the Wehrmacht focused its strength on the planned Ardennes offensive and replacing losses elsewhere. However, the flat

1670:

in 1940, Antwerp was the largest surviving port in Western Europe, and the obvious choice to support an invasion of Germany. This had been recognized as early as December 1941, when the Anglo-American armies made their

2558:

of the 3rd Division changed the original plan to commit the 8th Brigade in support of the 7th Brigade, and instead sent the 8th Brigade to link up with the 4th Division and then come to the support of the 9th Brigade.

2801:

To hamper German defence, Walcheren island's dykes were breached by attacks from RAF Bomber Command. Due to the high risks for the local population, the bombings were sanctioned at the highest level and preceded by

2302:

By 24 October, Allied lines were pushed out further from the neck of the peninsula, ensuring German counterattacks would not cut off the 2nd Canadian Division, by then moving west along it towards Walcheren island.

2381:" to travel across the flooded countryside to outflank the German forces. Simonds planned to strike both at the Leopold canal and at the rear of the Breskens Pocket via an amphibious landing at the Braakman inlet. 2133:

came under heavy fire from German positions. As described in its war diary, "the battle thickened...the Germans forces...hit back with a pugnacity which had not been encountered in the enemy for a long time". The

2517:...we were able to identify it and then lie off flicking our lamps to guide the LVT's in. They deployed and thundered past us...I could see through my binoculars the infantry disembark on dry land and move off". 2392:

mounted the amphibious attack from the northern (coastal) side of the pocket. The 7th Brigade was known as the "Western Brigade" in the Canadian Army as its three regiments were all from western Canada with the

1694:, establishing well dug-in artillery impervious to air attack and controlling access to the river. This made it impossible for Allied minesweepers to clear the river and open the port at Antwerp. As part of the 1054: 2546: 8376: 1531: 8316: 3021:

With the approach to Antwerp clear, the fourth phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete. Between 20 and 28 November, Royal Navy minesweepers were brought in to clear the Scheldt Estuary of

2460:. The 7th Brigade was supposed to be on their own for 40 hours, but instead faced 68 hours of the Germans using everything they had to try the stop the Canadians from crossing the Leopold canal. 2285: 2578:

was called to move south from the coastal side of the pocket. This opened up a land-based supply route into the pocket. Eberding used his reserves in his counter-attacks and reported to the

2498:

where the names of deserters are ascertained their names will be made known to the civilian population at home and their next of kin will be looked upon as enemies of the German people".

1853:

in September 1944, the objective of which was retaking Antwerp. Hitler ordered the 15th Army to hold the mouth of the river Scheldt at all costs, calling the island "Fortress Walcheren."

1750:

port" would be able to meet the logistical needs of the 21st Army Group, though not the American armies in France. Three days earlier, on 6 September, Montgomery ordered Canadian General

2256:

Meanwhile, Simonds concentrated forces at the neck of the South Beveland peninsula. On 17 October, Foster announced 4th Division would attack on 20 October to take the area known as the

1354: 1047: 2767:

As the fourth phase of the battle opened, only the island of Walcheren at the mouth of the Scheldt remained in German hands. The island's defences were extremely strong: heavy coastal

8331: 2347:

country made the Breskens Pocket into an "island", as much of the ground was impassable with only a few "land bridges" connecting the area to the mainland. The Wehrmacht had blown up

2108: 448: 2178:

launched a surprise attack against the German lines at Woensdrecht, but for the next days was engaged in heavy fighting against counterattacks from Battle Group Chill. Major-General

8301: 2986:

were landed on both sides of the gap in the sea dyke, using large landing craft as well as amphibious vehicles to bring men and tanks ashore. The Royal Marines took Westkapelle and

8326: 8321: 8296: 2872:

that during a meeting on 31 October between Simonds, Foulkes, and Admiral Ramsay, it was decided that the landings on Walcheren were to go ahead. Pugsley, aboard the command ship

3114:

Germany recognized the danger of the Allies having a deep water port, and in an attempt to destroy it – or at least disrupt the flow of supplies – the German military fired more

3025:

and other underwater obstacles left by the Germans. On 28 November, after much-needed repairs of the port facilities, the first convoy entered Antwerp, led by the Canadian-built

2166:, ordered: "The corridor to Walcheren will be kept open at any price; if necessary, it will be regained by forces ruthlessly detached from other sectors". Model sent the 256th 1040: 2864:

of the 52nd Division. Instead of launching a frontal attack as ordered by Foulkes, Hakewill-Smith outflanked the Germans by landing the Cameronian regiment at the village of

2520:

In spite of difficulties in manoeuvring vehicles through the canals and the resulting 24-hour delay, the Germans were taken by surprise and a bridgehead was established. The

2284:

were decimated by the German SP guns. For the next days, there occurred what the 85th Division's war diary called "extremely violent fighting". The war diary of the Canadian

2248:

mountains, making it into something of an elite division within the British Army. Simonds greatly appreciated having the Lowlanders under his command and told Major-General

1800:

Had Montgomery secured the Scheldt Estuary, as Ramsay had advised, Antwerp would have been opened to Allied shipping far earlier than it was, and the escape of the German

2319:

had demonstrated the challenge they faced. In addition to the formidable German defences on both the Leopold and Schipdonk Canals, much of the approach area was flooded.

6806: 6551: 2335:" and were much dreaded by the Canadian infantry. 20-mm guns could shred a man to pieces within seconds. Besides the 20-mm guns, the 64th Division had 23 of the famous 6159: 2599: 1726:, to make the Scheldt his main priority, stating that as long as the mouth of the river was in German hands, the port of Antwerp was useless. That same day, thanks to 8157: 6175: 1839:(the deception plan for the Normandy invasion), the Allies had tricked the Germans into believing they would land in the Pas-de-Calais region of France instead of 1598:

The Canadians had been delayed, and the need to clear the Scheldt had not yet been addressed, due to Allied decisions up to that point to focus instead on Arnhem (

6495: 2196:

was ordered to "protect the right flank of 2 Division and prevent infiltration between 2 Div and 1 Polish Armd. Div". The next day, Simonds ordered Major general

8276: 6098: 6070: 5214: 1347: 1843:. As such, the Wehrmacht had reinforced the 15th Army in the Pas-de-Calais, providing a critical mass of troops and materiel close to the mouth of the Scheldt. 1730:

intelligence, Montgomery became aware of Hitler's intention to hold the Scheldt at all costs. However, Montgomery was focused on preparations for the ill-fated

8136: 6815: 6502: 5636: 3141: 2225: 1682:

of the Belgian resistance seized the port of Antwerp before the Germans could destroy it as they were planning to do. On 4 September, Antwerp was taken by the

441: 7118: 6481: 5790: 5415: 2646:

Despite the fact that the Canadians could not afford heavy losses, the 3rd Division began a period of "intense combat" to clear out the Breskens Pocket. The

2817:

The island was then attacked from three directions: across the Sloedam causeway from the east, across the Scheldt from the south, and by sea from the west.

6131: 6077: 5263: 3003:

resistance on 8 November. General Daser portrayed the "Buffaloes" as tanks, giving him an excuse to surrender as he was faced with an overwhelming force.

6588: 6084: 5700: 2257: 2139: 5110: 1340: 105: 2598:

The German officers explained away their retreat by claiming they were being overwhelmed by tanks, but in fact there were only four, belonging to the

8306: 6474: 5921: 5797: 434: 4942:

Includes detailed history section with maps and descriptions of key battles such as Hoogerheide, The Coffin, and the storming of Walcheren Causeway.

2433:

made a diversionary attack across the Leopold Canal, while the Regina Rifles regiment and the Canadian Scottish Regiment made the main assault. The

2315:

encountered tenacious German resistance as it fought to cross the Leopold Canal. An earlier failed attempt by the Canadian 4th Armoured Division at

1913:

of the Royal Navy, who landed the 7th Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division on D-Day, to the First Canadian Army headquarters to start preparations.

5774: 5154: 8311: 6211: 5523: 1804:

from France could have been stopped. Instead, the delay allowed the German 15th Army to deploy defensively and prepare for the expected advance.

1711: 1762:

to support a plan for the 21st to invade Germany, whereas the use of Antwerp would allow all of the armies to be supplied for such an invasion.

6030: 5332: 3140:

The French Channel ports were "resolutely defended" like "fortresses" and Antwerp was the only viable alternative. However, Montgomery ignored

8029: 3148:" unless the approaches were cleared, and Ramsay, who warned SHAEF and Montgomery that the Germans could block the Scheldt Estuary with ease. 6822: 6785: 6762: 6283: 5205: 5175: 2537:

bridgehead". Living up to his reputation as the "Führer's Fireman", Model ordered Eberding to immediately "annihilate" the Highland Brigade.

254: 6537: 4723: 6915: 6771: 6755: 6727: 5975: 5182: 2024:". The Polish 1st Armoured Division simultaneously pushed for the Dutch-Belgian border further east and the crucial area north of Antwerp. 1789:); General Crerar stated that this was impossible because he did not have sufficient manpower. Montgomery refused Crerar's request to have 2606:

of the 3rd Canadian Anti-Tank Regiment which provided fire support to the Canadian infantry. Joining the Canadians on 20 October were the

2146:

Back at SHAEF headquarters, Ramsay, who was more concerned about the problems facing the Canadians than their own generals, complained to

1828:. Its garrison consisted of the 202nd Naval Coastal Artillery Battalion, 810th Naval Anti-Aircraft Battalion, 89th Fortress Regiment, and 7672: 6739: 6651: 6595: 6558: 5840: 4731:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. 3180:

wanting the capture of one major port with its dock facilities intact, Montgomery insisted that the First Canadian Army should clear the

1743: 1667: 1016: 747: 6644: 5376: 4902: 2533: 2651:

called "a wild bayonet charge" amid "fairly heavy" casualties. Lieutenant Boos of A company of the Queen's Own Rifles was awarded the

2322:

The Breskens pocket was held by the 64th Division commanded by General Knut Eberding, an infantryman with extensive experience on the

1861:

ground of the Dutch countryside favoured the defensive, and was felt to compensate for the 15th Army's reduced numbers. Field Marshal

1734:

later that month. Among the Allied senior leaders, only Ramsay saw opening Antwerp as crucial to sustaining the advance into Germany.

8150: 6778: 5168: 5126: 2061:

It became apparent to Simonds that any further gains in the Scheldt would come at heavy cost, as the Breskens pocket, extending from

2054:. In country unsuitable for armour, and against stiffening resistance, the division advanced to the coast by 20 September, occupying 2844:

wrote about the "race" in the official history of the Canadian Army, a charge that was vehemently disputed by Copp and Vogel in the

7999: 5818: 5592: 5355: 5221: 5032: 3860: 2430: 2260:. The offensive began in the early morning of 20 October and was led by the Argyll and Lake Superior regiments. On 22 October, the 4953: 2692:

Montgomery who had placed this operation at first priority for the British and Canadian forces in this area". Major Ross Ellis of

6894: 6691: 5728: 5228: 5140: 5076: 2771:

on the western and southern coasts defended both the island and the western Scheldt Estuary, and the coastline had been strongly

2607: 2339:, known for their power to destroy an Allied tank with a single direct hit, together with 455 light machine guns and 97 mortars. 2179: 2072:

In October, Montgomery detached the British 51st Highland Division, 1st Polish Division, British 49th (West Riding) Division and

1683: 2351:

to flood much of the ground so that the Canadians could only advance along the raised country roads. Eberding reported that the

7097: 6609: 5459: 4997: 39: 7693: 7598: 7125: 6871: 6746: 5832: 5806: 5663: 5369: 5286: 4871: 4799: 4612: 4593: 3163:

The pause allowed the Germans to regroup around the Scheldt River, and by the time the Allies resumed their advance, General

3151:

The Antwerp city and port fell in early September and were secured by XXX Corps under the command of Lieutenant General

1011: 598: 487: 2505:(the first use of the vehicle in Europe) and Buffalo amphibious vehicles, crewed by the British 5th Assault Regiment of the 8361: 7926: 7333: 7219: 6384: 5851: 5847: 5825: 5429: 2613:

From the summer of 1944 the Canadian Army experienced a major shortage of infantrymen, owing to policies of Prime Minister

1938: 1614:

defenders had been reinforced. The Germans staged an effective delaying action during which they flooded land areas in the

3094:

by December. The dismal fall weather hindered not only the Canadians in the Battle of Scheldt, but also the operations of

2814:

became a target. Bombing against the island defences was hampered by bad weather and requirements for attacks on Germany.

1647:, far from their initial avenues of supply along the northern coast of France. By the autumn of 1944, captured ports like 7841: 7305: 6637: 6623: 5836: 2521: 2281: 1949:

was to give up its transport to enable the movement of forces into battle positions. Montgomery promised the support of

802: 8050: 7919: 7797: 7375: 7090: 7041: 6799: 6354: 5606: 5445: 5293: 5147: 3308: 2102: 1829: 1220: 865: 515: 2311:

The second main operation, Operation Switchback, opened with fierce fighting to reduce the Breskens Pocket. Here, the

2047:, crossing the canals and establishing a bridgehead before counter-attacks forced a withdrawal with heavy casualties. 8371: 8366: 8166: 7048: 7020: 6837: 6419: 6138: 6105: 4852: 4772: 4712: 4686: 4631: 3852: 3739: 2525: 2277: 564: 5321: 2097:

On 2 October, the Canadian 2nd Division began its advance north from Antwerp. Stiff fighting ensued on 6 October at

1364: 1205: 8346: 8286: 8281: 8203: 7361: 7298: 6433: 6269: 5392: 2892: 2261: 2171: 2009: 1942: 1190: 5946: 2775:

against amphibious assaults. Furthermore, a landward-facing defensive perimeter had been built around the town of

7727: 7568: 7557: 7393: 7152: 7111: 7004: 6942: 6329: 5599: 5468: 5436: 2733: 2702: 2200:

of the 4th Division "to send 4 Cnd Armd Bde to the Antwerp area at the rate of one get a day, beginning 11 Oct".

1765:

Due to these factors, little was done about Antwerp during September. On 12–13 September, Montgomery ordered the

1573: 1306: 203: 6116: 5684: 4945: 2725:

General Wilhelm Daser reported to Rundstedt that the situation was untenable, and that retreat was unavoidable.

2574:

of the 4th Armoured Division crossed the Leopold Canal and advanced at Isabella Polder. Then the 3rd Division's

2509:. The brigade planned to cross the mouth of the Braakman Inlet in these vehicles and to land in the vicinity of 2268:

took Esschen in a surprise attack. On 23 October, the German 85th Division launched a counterattack led by some

2170:

division and assault gun companies to allow the release of Battle Group Chill, the "fire brigade" consisting of

2039:

to find themselves the first Allied troops facing the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and

2000:

The first attacks occurred on 13 September. After an attempt by the 4th Canadian Armoured Division to storm the

1909:

From September, Ramsay was deeply involved in planning the assault on Walcheren peninsula. He appointed Captain

8113: 8085: 7963: 7756: 6993: 6444: 6370: 6166: 5537: 5256: 5161: 5046: 4829: 3256: 2888: 2571: 2312: 1934: 1926: 1786: 1523: 1418: 2671:

and Zeebrugge, officially closing the Breskens Pocket and eliminating all German forces south of the Scheldt.

8356: 8173: 8106: 8057: 7988: 7813: 7319: 7270: 7034: 7027: 6630: 6391: 6182: 5235: 4319: 2783:

to defend its port facilities, should an Allied landing on Walcheren succeed. The only land approach was the

2738: 2647: 2610:

of the 52nd Division, which allowed Spry to group the three brigades of the 3rd Division for the final push.

2575: 2529: 2524:

landed with no resistance and woke nine sleeping German soldiers at their dug-out, taking them prisoner. The

2502: 2389: 2385: 2212: 2117: 2073: 1483: 501: 4892: 2528:

regiment's major problem at the landing site was not the Wehrmacht, but mud. After the initial landing, the

2135: 8351: 8247: 8143: 7518: 7479: 6398: 6233: 6218: 6145: 6124: 5942: 5620: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5094: 5053: 5025: 4961: 3168: 3091: 2975: 2826: 2328: 2323: 2077: 1971:

The plan for opening the Scheldt Estuary involved four main operations, conducted over daunting geography:

1440: 1316: 458: 43: 20: 4931: 2216: 1139: 969: 8291: 8210: 7534: 7486: 7104: 7076: 6929: 6544: 6523: 6044: 5707: 5613: 5103: 3076: 2953: 2713: 2698: 2614: 2434: 1900: 1819: 1651:

were far away from the front line, stretching Allied supply lines and causing great logistical problems.

1581: 557: 814: 8336: 8008: 7504: 7423: 7368: 7256: 7212: 6862: 6488: 6412: 6314: 6191: 6063: 6056: 6016: 5989: 5721: 5654: 5249: 5060: 4990: 4864:

Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army and the Scheldt Estuary Campaign, September 13 – November 6, 1944

4188: 3072: 3042: 2741:

began a frontal attack in assault boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on the main road.

2579: 2398: 2394: 2105:, saw the priority in holding there, controlling direct access to South Beveland and Walcheren island. 1488: 1321: 984: 979: 949: 841: 673: 4959:

The contribution of the Nr 2 Dutch Troop, Nr 10 Inter Allied Commando to Infatuate I and Infatuate II.

3086:

started bringing a steady stream of supplies to the continent, but this actually changed very little.

2737:

casualties were coming from mines and booby-traps. With the formidable German defence outflanked, the

7910: 7827: 7612: 7472: 7444: 7277: 7182: 6972: 6405: 5479: 5133: 3011: 2807: 2013: 1402: 1287: 1234: 1115: 848: 588: 571: 552: 477: 5677: 4649:

Copp, Terry (1981), ""No Lack of Rational Speed": First Canadian Army Operations, September 1944"",

2667:

Operation Switchback ended on 3 November, when the Canadian 1st Army liberated the Belgian towns of

8341: 7649: 7626: 6878: 6679: 6672: 6336: 5996: 5968: 5961: 5348: 3103: 3095: 2623: 2445: 2175: 2147: 2124:

There were heavy casualties as the Canadians attacked over open, flooded land. Canadian historians

2050:

The 1st Polish Armoured Division enjoyed greater success to the east as it advanced northeast from

1946: 1922: 1672: 1240: 912: 593: 547: 5693: 5670: 2835:

Royal Marines wade ashore near Flushing to complete the occupation of Walcheren on 1 November 1944

2587:

empty and abandoned, entered the village and promptly came under heavy artillery bombardment. The

8071: 8015: 7885: 7745: 7430: 7083: 6979: 6885: 6453: 6321: 6291: 6255: 6240: 6112: 6004: 5982: 5928: 5914: 5896: 5560: 5341: 5069: 5018: 4740: 2796: 2693: 2378: 2336: 2113: 2001: 1866: 1731: 1599: 1379: 1256: 974: 807: 797: 622: 358: 63: 2562: 2417:

area, while the 9th Brigade was known as the "Highland brigade" as its three regiments were all

2016:, given the task of clearing an area on the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of 7763: 7656: 7458: 7409: 7312: 7205: 7175: 6958: 6846: 6572: 6363: 5954: 5935: 5905: 5452: 5422: 4704: 2983: 2440: 2265: 2193: 1879: 1580:

units which had been attached. The action was under the acting command of the First Canadian's

1565: 1311: 1064: 1021: 637: 627: 612: 2631:

The 3rd Division fought additional actions to clear German troops from the towns of Breskens,

8254: 7977: 7820: 7716: 7686: 7642: 7382: 7347: 7340: 7263: 7161: 6602: 6579: 6426: 6037: 5574: 5314: 5300: 4983: 3059:

had been in action for three months or longer. Men suffering from battle exhaustion would go

3030: 2904: 2803: 2588: 2477:

diary of the Canadian Scottish regiment sardonically noted: "The grim fighting was such that

2410: 2249: 2197: 2098: 2028: 1801: 1797:

assigned to help clear the Scheldt, because he needed XII Corps for Operation Market Garden.

1471: 893: 709: 661: 375: 5872: 4954:

Petty Officer Basil Woolf Royal Navy and his account of LCH.269 and the Battle for Walcheren

1032: 8078: 7933: 7584: 7541: 7511: 7437: 7247: 7226: 6152: 5629: 5307: 3268: 3216: 3133: 2873: 2841: 2706: 2684: 2542: 2406: 2316: 2203: 2151: 1727: 1507: 1210: 1006: 901: 735: 617: 532: 522: 4701:

The Battle for the Rhine 1944 : Arnhem and the Ardennes : The Campaign in Europe

8: 8196: 7970: 7848: 7804: 7326: 6460: 6226: 5753: 5583: 5567: 5516: 2999: 2979: 2861: 2754: 2130: 1896: 1850: 1836: 1766: 1569: 1512: 1477: 1445: 1435: 1282: 1251: 1215: 1159: 1127: 964: 926: 879: 872: 836: 771: 656: 537: 370: 8189: 8022: 7947: 7901: 7871: 7779: 7619: 7284: 7168: 7062: 7013: 6951: 6707: 6658: 6467: 6091: 5746: 5544: 4841: 4666: 3848: 2910: 2729: 2603: 2374: 2269: 2081: 1950: 1862: 1723: 1640: 1620: 1610:) and Dunkirk. By the time the Canadians were sent into the Battle of the Scheldt, the 1549: 1500: 1464: 1454: 1392: 1200: 1152: 1133: 1095: 989: 783: 776: 714: 647: 632: 493: 307: 8180: 8064: 7954: 7894: 7855: 7788: 7770: 7736: 7679: 7633: 7577: 7402: 7140: 7132: 7069: 6922: 6516: 6048: 5509: 5488: 5198: 4867: 4848: 4825: 4795: 4768: 4732: 4708: 4682: 4670: 4627: 4608: 4589: 4558: 3735: 3188: 3047: 2946: 2935: 2928: 2768: 2618: 2491: 2453: 2418: 2356: 2184: 1930: 1790: 1778: 1770: 1759: 1648: 1607: 1603: 1517: 1494: 1409: 1292: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1121: 1105: 1090: 940: 933: 907: 886: 790: 687: 642: 542: 4950:

article on the battle, including maps and detailed information on German formations.

1698:, Walcheren peninsula was described as the "strongest concentration of defences the 8099: 8092: 8036: 7700: 7465: 7451: 7354: 7291: 7242: 7055: 6908: 6855: 6665: 6616: 6530: 5760: 5737: 5270: 4926: 4658: 4433:

The Mighty Endeavor; American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II,

3181: 2939: 2721: 1957: 1755: 1397: 1145: 1085: 919: 858: 819: 605: 576: 5279: 2831: 2683:

Troops of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry, (2nd Canadian Infantry Division), in

1626:

Once the German defenders were no longer a threat, it took another three weeks to

8122: 7834: 7749: 7707: 7605: 7548: 7416: 7198: 7189: 6718: 6300: 6276: 5530: 4965: 4896: 4764: 4696: 3196:

commanders are capable of running this kind of risk." He said that the risks "...

3107: 3099: 3087: 2506: 2021: 1983: 1719: 1691: 1430: 1387: 1262: 959: 824: 752: 704: 666: 581: 8234: 3267:

reportedly hated the term, though it was meant as a tribute to their success in

1332: 8129: 7665: 7591: 5643: 5502: 3152: 3090:

continued to flounder while the Americans then suffered a major reverse in the

3007: 2900: 2652: 2295: 2244:) during Operation Pheasant, securing the Scheldt region from counter-attacks. 2229: 1976: 1715: 1246: 1165: 742: 527: 482: 426: 343: 338: 302: 191: 4899:

Photos, battle information, video and more on the Canadian role in the battle.

8270: 7940: 5865: 5714: 5553: 4736: 4581: 3210: 3176: 2968: 2772: 2602:, operating north of the Leopold canal. The presumed tanks were actually the 2402: 1990: 1825: 1747: 1695: 1679: 1644: 853: 678: 508: 216: 120: 107: 1891: 8239: 8043: 6343: 6248: 5879: 5242: 5006: 4843:

Tug of War: Allied Command & the Story Behind the Battle of the Scheldt

4662: 3264: 3164: 3156: 2501:

The Canadian 9th Brigade conducted an amphibious operation with the aid of

2457: 2163: 2159: 1910: 1846: 1814: 1794: 1751: 1577: 728: 353: 331: 284: 47: 3263:

title the 7th Armoured Division had earned in the Western Desert. General

2138:

was halted 1,000 yards (910 m) from their target while the next day,

7878: 7864: 7526: 6202: 6023: 6008: 5362: 4910: 3260: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2896: 2555: 2465: 2426: 2332: 2221: 1918: 1903: 1739: 1655: 1592: 1587:. The battle took place in the vicinity of the Scheldt river in northern 1584: 1459: 1268: 1100: 954: 757: 319: 242: 4919: 2806:

to warn the island's inhabitants. The first bombing was on 3 October at

2660:(Derivation Canal of the Lys), over which the engineers built a bridge. 1686:

with its harbour 90% intact. However, the Germans had heavily fortified

7233: 6986: 6965: 5858: 5191: 5119: 3115: 3026: 3022: 3006:

Meanwhile, the Canadian 4th Armoured Division had pushed eastward past

2925: 2776: 2679: 2592: 2591:

regiment, leading the advance of the 8th Brigade, found the village of

2510: 2369: 2273: 2125: 2036: 2032: 1110: 694: 471: 4227:

The Brigade: The 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade in the Second World War

2982:(amphibious transports, mine-clearing tanks, bulldozers, etc.) of the 2978:, consisting mainly of Belgian and Norwegian troops) supported by the 7496: 6901: 6698: 6509: 6307: 6262: 4971:

Memoirs of Joe Brown of Peebles (Battles at Flushing and Middelburg).

3192: 3060: 2865: 2636: 2551: 2487: 2062: 2055: 2044: 2040: 1687: 1659: 1627: 1611: 1561: 1001: 5783: 4937: 2716:, but they too were slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences. 5767: 5495: 4958: 4725:

The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945

3145: 3068: 2971: 2632: 2414: 2365: 2066: 2017: 1963: 1840: 699: 55: 2211:

On 13 October, that would come to be known as "Black Friday", the

4887: 2987: 2784: 2640: 2422: 2228:, known as the "Rileys", under the command of Lieutenant Colonel 2069:

and inland to the Leopold Canal, was strongly held by the enemy.

1782: 1663: 1615: 1588: 1564:

for shipping, so that Antwerp's port could be used to supply the

1557: 1553: 229: 150: 98: 70: 8317:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands

4810: 3273:

The Generals: Canadian Senior Commanders in the Second World War

2058:

and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt east toward Antwerp.

1993:

peninsula, north of the Scheldt and east of Walcheren peninsula.

6377: 4975: 4812:

Luctor et Emergo: The impact of the Second World War on Zeeland

3083: 2668: 2514: 2101:, the objective of the first phase. The Germans, reinforced by 1858: 1774: 1666:, which allows the passage of ocean-going ships. Following the 326: 314: 267: 198: 178: 4792:

Cinderella Army - The Canadians in North-West Europe 1944–1945

1975:

Clearing the area north of Antwerp and securing access to the

8377:

Allied logistics in the Western European Campaign (1944–1945)

6565: 4970: 4907:

Official digital collection of experiences from World War II.

3155:. Montgomery halted XXX Corps for resupply short of the wide 3015: 2840:

was due to reckless determination to win the "race". Colonel

2811: 2759: 2388:

made the initial assault across the Leopold Canal, while the

2384:

A two-pronged assault commenced. The Canadian 3rd Division's

2348: 2237: 2051: 1954: 1699: 1568:

in north-west Europe. The operations were carried out by the

1062: 16:

1944 operations to open Antwerp to Allied shipping during WW2

3353: 3351: 3349: 2687:

move towards South Beveland during the Battle of the Scheldt

2331:. They were used by the Wehrmacht as a sort of "super-heavy 1986:

north of the Leopold canal and south of the Western Scheldt.

3343:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 761–762. 2584: 2478: 1623:, obstacle crossings and costly assaults over open ground. 3531: 3529: 3466:(emphasis in the original). Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 11. 3255:

Montgomery also bestowed the nickname "Water Rats" on the

2887:

Operation Infatuate I consisted mainly of infantry of the

2541:

Scotia Highlanders took three days to take the village of

8332:

Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

4131: 3346: 8302:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Belgium

4539: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 2554:

during a confusing night battle. Canadian Major-General

2008:

Operation Switchback commenced on 21 September when the

8327:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland

8322:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway

8297:

Military history of the Netherlands during World War II

4515: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4357: 4355: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3834: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3526: 3510: 3508: 1953:

in attacking the German fortifications and that of the

5637:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4212: 4210: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4148: 4146: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3381: 3379: 3361:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 700. 2120:

amphibious vehicles on the Scheldt river, October 1944

4527: 4503: 4283: 3082:

After the first ship reached Antwerp on 28 November,

3067:

After the battle, the II Canadian Corps moved to the

4722:

Stacey, Colonel C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960).

4400: 4352: 4325: 4299: 4260: 4047: 4031: 3997: 3983: 3905: 3570: 3505: 3220:(2020), a Dutch film about the Battle of the Scheldt 2092: 2076:

from the First Canadian Army so they could help the

4207: 4164: 4143: 4117: 4088: 3949: 3923: 3885: 3811: 3799: 3765: 3745: 3684: 3666: 3650: 3623: 3611: 3584: 3554: 3538: 3451: 3376: 1639:Following the Allied breakout after success in the 4840: 4565:. Vol. VI. London: Cassell. pp. 174–175. 4195:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999, p. 221. 3847: 3364: 3271:in Normandy and the Scheldt. (Granatstein, Jack. 3144:, who said that Antwerp would be "as much use as 2264:, known as the "Lincs" in the Canadian Army, and 2043:Canals. An attack was mounted in the vicinity of 1967:The Northern Front from 16 October to 10 November 1873:. In his orders to his men, Von Zangen declared: 1643:, they began a series of rapid advances into the 1362: 8268: 4838: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3182:German garrisons in Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk 456: 2914:German prisoners being marched off on Walcheren 2856:were too entrenched for an advance to be made. 2820: 1754:to prioritize the capture of just such a port, 8277:Military history of Canada during World War II 2174:and assault gun companies. On 10 October, the 1996:Operation Infatuate, the capture of Walcheren. 4991: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 3424: 2468:within the first hour of crossing the canal. 1812:Walcheren peninsula was held by a mixture of 1348: 1048: 442: 4761:Horrocks: The General Who Led From the Front 4839:Whitaker, Denis; Whitaker, Shelagh (1984). 3394:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 16 & 42–43. 2732:was made across the Western Scheldt by the 4998: 4984: 4815:(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University. 4231: 2790: 2534:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders 2444:A Canadian field hospital in the dunes at 2012:moved north roughly along the line of the 2005:its new home by the banks of the Scheldt. 1355: 1341: 1066:Canadian military actions in World War II 1055: 1041: 449: 435: 4695: 4639: 4621: 4563:The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy 4557: 2918: 1658:close to Germany. It is connected to the 275: 8307:Battles of World War II involving Canada 4861: 4676: 3861:United States Government Printing Office 3313:, Veterans Affairs Canada, 14 April 2014 3303: 3301: 3041: 3014:where it sank several German vessels in 2909: 2882: 2830: 2758: 2678: 2561: 2439: 2202: 2107: 1962: 1890: 4819: 4808: 3284:Between them providing ten 15-inch guns 3246:Two kilometres southeast of Woensdrecht 3237:Two kilometres northeast of Woensdrecht 2306: 1989:Operation Vitality, the capture of the 1824:(army) personnel, commanded by General 8312:Amphibious operations involving Canada 8269: 6845: 6823:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4758: 4721: 4602: 4580: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4137: 3980:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pages 102=1–3. 2748: 2343:effort to stop them. The flat, swampy 1705: 40:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine 7694:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7126:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6772:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6728:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5833:Rape during the occupation of Germany 4979: 4866:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 4588:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4349:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 116–117. 4280:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 126–127. 4257:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 124–126. 3493:Stacey & Bond, 1960, pp. 331, 336 3298: 3050:unloads oil at the harbour of Antwerp 2674: 2608:157th Highland Light Infantry Brigade 1849:ordered planning for what became the 1336: 1036: 430: 6816:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5848:Rape during the liberation of France 4789: 4648: 4370:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 138–139. 4028:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 106–108. 4019:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 104–106. 3448:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 120–122. 3370: 1673:first plans for a European offensive 4640:Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1985), 4622:Copp, Terry; Vogel, Robert (1984), 4605:Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble 4204:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 70–72. 3734:- Ken Tout - 2003 (Paperback 2009, 2522:North Nova Scotia Highland regiment 1982:Operation Switchback, clearing the 1807: 1744:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 1595:from 2 October to 8 November 1944. 13: 7042:German invasion of the Netherlands 5322:Weather events during World War II 4783: 4322:Veterans Affairs Canada 2019-02-14 4161:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 68–69. 4114:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 58–59. 4085:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 57–58. 3971:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 94–96. 3787:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 82–83. 3722:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 49–50 3713:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 49–50. 3608:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 34–35. 3535:Copp & Vogel, 1985, pp. 19–20. 2998:On 6 November, the island capital 14: 8388: 7673:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4934:at the online Canadian War Museum 4881: 4296:Copp & Vogel, 1985 pages 127. 2763:Map of troops at Walcheren Island 2604:M10 self-propelled anti-tank guns 2286:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 2226:The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry 2093:Securing access to South Beveland 1947:51st (Highland) Infantry Division 1886: 8233: 5005: 4904:Testaments of Honor, The Scheldt 4551: 4422:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 137. 4413:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 136. 4379:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 139. 4361:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 134. 4340:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 116. 4310:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 127. 4271:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 126. 4248:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 124. 2355:country was "a maze of ditches, 2207:Map of the Battle of the Scheldt 2010:4th Canadian (Armoured) Division 1714:'s naval commander, Admiral Sir 1548:in World War II was a series of 352: 337: 325: 313: 301: 277: 260: 248: 235: 222: 209: 197: 184: 171: 54: 4794:. University of Toronto Press. 4651:The Journal of Canadian Studies 4490: 4477: 4464: 4451: 4438: 4425: 4416: 4397:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 134 4391: 4388:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 137 4382: 4373: 4364: 4343: 4313: 4274: 4251: 4219: 4216:Copp & Vogel, 1985 page 72. 4198: 4182: 4155: 4108: 4079: 4070: 4067:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 111. 4061: 4058:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 110. 4044:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 108. 4022: 4013: 4010:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 106. 3994:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 104. 3974: 3965: 3920:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 102. 3876: 3867: 3841: 3790: 3781: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3641: 3602: 3517: 3514:Copp & Vogel, 1984, p. 124. 3502:Stacey & Bond, 1960, p. 358 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3442: 3415: 3385:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 120. 3330:Copp & Vogel, 1984, p. 129. 3278: 3249: 3240: 3231: 2734:British 52nd (Lowland) Division 2035:over the Ghent-Bruges Canal at 7920:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5630:Territorial changes of Germany 5538:Indonesian National Revolution 4179:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 70. 4152:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 68. 4128:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 59. 4105:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 58. 4076:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 96. 3962:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 94. 3946:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 92. 3902:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 84. 3882:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 88. 3873:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 90. 3838:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 83. 3808:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 82. 3796:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 80. 3778:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 79. 3762:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 78. 3704:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 52. 3695:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 47. 3681:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 56. 3663:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 43. 3647:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 38. 3638:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 46. 3620:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 40. 3599:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 34. 3581:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 42. 3567:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 31. 3551:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 30. 3523:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 18. 3484:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 120 3457:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 10. 3421:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 16. 3412:Copp & Vogel, 1985, p. 12. 3406: 3397: 3388: 3333: 3324: 3257:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 3126: 2714:(Canal through South Beveland) 2313:Canadian 3rd Infantry Division 2278:Governor General's Foot Guards 2029:Canadian 4th Armoured Division 1927:2nd Canadian Infantry Division 1690:peninsula at the mouth of the 1: 7320:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7271:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7035:German invasion of Luxembourg 5416:Mediterranean and Middle East 4932:Liberation of the Netherlands 4573: 3475:Copp & Vogel, 1985 p. 27. 3071:sector to take over from the 2980:specialized armoured vehicles 2893:King's Own Scottish Borderers 2739:Canadian 6th Infantry Brigade 2213:Canadian 5th Infantry Brigade 2114:Alligator amphibious vehicles 2074:2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade 1758:. Montgomery's views obliged 1634: 1366:Liberation of the Netherlands 7227:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6916:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6234:Independent State of Croatia 4847:. New York: Beaufort Books. 4677:Horrocks, Sir Brian (1960). 4193:A Military History of Canada 3291: 3123:would have been impossible. 3037: 2976:No. 10 Inter Allied Commando 2827:Battle of Walcheren Causeway 2821:Battle of Walcheren Causeway 2658:Afleidingskanaal van de Lije 2262:Lincoln and Welland Regiment 2224:also ensued. On 16 October, 1935:Polish 1st Armoured Division 1532:Chronology of the liberation 1317:Allied occupation of Iceland 21:Battle of the Scheldt (1574) 7: 8362:History of Antwerp Province 8211:End of World War II in Asia 8051:Western invasion of Germany 7558:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7535:Second Battle of El Alamein 7105:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7077:Battle of the Mediterranean 6930:Italian invasion of Albania 5104:Air warfare of World War II 4809:DeWaard, Dirk Marc (1983). 3204: 3098:in the Hurtgen forest, the 2954:4th Special Service Brigade 2705:and the even more battered 2703:South Saskatchewan Regiment 2615:William Lyon Mackenzie King 1945:attached. Additionally the 1769:to clear the Scheldt after 88:2 October – 8 November 1944 64:Buffalo amphibious vehicles 10: 8393: 8137:Naval bombardment of Japan 7505:First Battle of El Alamein 7424:Battle of Christmas Island 7369:Japanese invasion of Burma 7133:Italian invasion of Greece 7049:German invasion of Belgium 7021:German invasion of Denmark 6994:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6863:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5127:Comparative military ranks 4820:Moulton, James L. (1978). 4626:, Alma: Maple Leaf Route, 2824: 2794: 2752: 2580:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 2566:Map of the Breskens Pocket 2395:Canadian Scottish Regiment 1921:, was supplemented by the 1322:Battle of the St. Lawrence 1017:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1012:Strategic Bombing Campaign 18: 8226: 8058:Bratislava–Brno offensive 7998: 7989:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7726: 7613:Allied invasion of Sicily 7567: 7473:Aleutian Islands campaign 7445:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7392: 7383:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7278:Second Battle of Changsha 7183:German invasion of Greece 7151: 7028:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7003: 6941: 6836: 6717: 6443: 6353: 6201: 5904: 5895: 5653: 5478: 5370:North and Central Pacific 5331: 5093: 5086: 5013: 4642:Maple Leaf Route: Scheldt 4624:Maple Leaf Route: Antwerp 3310:The Battle of the Scheldt 3191:claimed in a telegram to 2711:Kanaal door Zuid-Beveland 2600:British Columbia Regiment 2217:Battle of Verrières Ridge 2140:The Black Watch of Canada 2087: 2031:advanced from a hard-won 1835:Additionally, as part of 1718:advised the Commander of 1374: 1074: 468: 394: 381: 364: 291: 161: 153:opened to Allied shipping 80: 53: 37: 32: 19:For the 1574 battle, see 8372:History of West Flanders 8367:History of East Flanders 7650:Allied invasion of Italy 7627:Solomon Islands campaign 7376:Third Battle of Changsha 6973:First Battle of Changsha 6879:Second Sino-Japanese War 5819:German military brothels 5685:United States war crimes 4889:Canadians on the Scheldt 4681:. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. 4644:, Alma: Maple Leaf Route 4498:The Battle for the Rhine 4485:The Battle for the Rhine 4446:The Battle for the Rhine 3224: 3092:Hurtgen forest offensive 2891:(4th and 5th battalions 2648:Régiment de la Chaudière 2329:20 mm anti-aircraft guns 2270:self-propelled (SP) guns 2176:Royal Regiment of Canada 2148:Supreme Allied Commander 1960:"on the day concerned". 1668:destruction of Rotterdam 1654:Antwerp is a deep-water 8347:1944 in the Netherlands 8287:20th century in Antwerp 8282:Siegfried Line campaign 8072:Second Guangxi campaign 7927:Philippines (1944–1945) 7431:Battle of the Coral Sea 7334:Fall of the Philippines 6980:Battle of South Guangxi 6886:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6292:Italian Social Republic 4964:20 October 2020 at the 4939:The Calgary Highlanders 4862:Zuelhlke, Mark (2007). 4759:Warner, Philip (1984). 4603:Beevor, Antony (2015). 3732:In the Shadow of Arnhem 2797:Inundation of Walcheren 2791:Inundation of Walcheren 2699:Essex Scottish Regiment 2694:The Calgary Highlanders 2526:Highland Light Infantry 2435:Royal Montreal Regiment 2282:Lake Superior Regiments 2136:Régiment de Maisonneuve 1867:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen 1732:Operation Market Garden 1600:Operation Market Garden 1572:, with assistance from 359:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen 7657:Armistice of Cassibile 7459:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7410:Battle of the Java Sea 7313:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7213:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7206:Battle of South Shanxi 7176:Invasion of Yugoslavia 6959:Battle of the Atlantic 6573:Korean Liberation Army 6286:(until September 1943) 6243:(until September 1944) 6221:(until September 1944) 4895:13 August 2009 at the 4663:10.3138/jcs.16.3-4.145 4657:(Fall 1981): 145–155, 4431:Charles B. MacDonald, 3175:The British historian 3051: 2984:79th Armoured Division 2919:Operation Infatuate II 2915: 2905:Landing Craft Assaults 2889:155th Infantry Brigade 2836: 2764: 2688: 2567: 2448: 2266:The Algonquin Regiment 2208: 2194:South Alberta Regiment 2172:6th Parachute Regiment 2121: 1968: 1906: 1884: 1880:General der Infanterie 1830:70th Infantry Division 1702:had ever constructed. 1684:11th Armoured Division 292:Commanders and leaders 66:taking Canadian troops 7821:Second Battle of Guam 7717:Bengal famine of 1943 7687:Second Battle of Kiev 7643:Battle of the Dnieper 7348:Battle of Wake Island 7220:East African campaign 7162:Battle of South Henan 6807:atrocities by Germans 6580:Korean Volunteer Army 5561:Occupation of Germany 5315:Music in World War II 4824:. London: Ian Allan. 3857:Engineer Field Manual 3269:amphibious operations 3102:in Lorraine, and the 3045: 2913: 2895:, 7th/9th battalion, 2883:Operation Infatuate I 2834: 2762: 2682: 2617:. In order to defeat 2583:found the village of 2572:Canadian 10th Brigade 2565: 2443: 2421:with two coming from 2411:Royal Winnipeg Rifles 2250:Edmund Hakewill-Smith 2206: 2162:, who was commanding 2111: 2014:Ghent–Terneuzen Canal 1966: 1894: 1875: 1546:Battle of the Scheldt 1524:Manna & Chowhound 710:Battle of Britain Day 395:Casualties and losses 33:Battle of the Scheldt 8357:November 1944 events 8107:Surrender of Germany 7585:Battle of West Hubei 7542:Guadalcanal campaign 7512:Battle of Stalingrad 7438:Battle of Madagascar 6212:Albania protectorate 5999:(formerly Swaziland) 5708:Wehrmacht war crimes 5524:Expulsion of Germans 5308:Art and World War II 5206:British contribution 5155:Governments in exile 4947:Canadiansoldiers.com 4790:Copp, Terry (2006). 4607:. New York: Viking. 4586:The Second World War 3217:The Forgotten Battle 3134:Charles B. MacDonald 2707:Fusiliers Mont-Royal 2431:North Shore Regiment 2307:Operation Switchback 1206:Northern Netherlands 1007:Defence of the Reich 488:The Heligoland Bight 101:and northern Belgium 8352:October 1944 events 8197:Potsdam Declaration 8086:Italy (Spring 1945) 7849:Liberation of Paris 7306:Siege of Sevastopol 6324:(until August 1944) 6227:Wang Jingwei regime 6049:from September 1943 6009:from September 1944 5947:from September 1944 5807:Romanian war crimes 5798:Persecution of Jews 5784:Croatian war crimes 5754:Japanese war crimes 5568:Occupation of Japan 5517:First Indochina War 5229:Military production 5141:Declarations of war 4925:, a documentary by 4746:on 21 December 2020 4500:, pp. 157–161. 4140:, pp. 376–377. 3439:Copp, 1981, p. 150. 3403:Copp, 1981, p. 148. 3357:Weinberg, Gerhard. 3339:Weinberg, Gerhard. 3077:Conscription Crisis 2862:Glasgow Highlanders 2755:Operation Infatuate 2749:Operation Infatuate 2547:15th Field Regiment 2530:Cameron Highlanders 2375:amphibious vehicles 2131:Calgary Highlanders 1897:First Canadian Army 1837:Operation Fortitude 1767:First Canadian Army 1706:Allied preparations 1621:amphibious assaults 1570:First Canadian Army 1550:military operations 996:Strategic campaigns 599:Ypres–Comines Canal 371:First Canadian Army 117: / 8292:History of Zeeland 8190:Surrender of Japan 8023:Battle of Iwo Jima 7872:Belgrade offensive 7285:Siege of Leningrad 7169:Battle of Shanggao 7098:British Somaliland 7063:Dunkirk evacuation 7014:Norwegian campaign 6952:Invasion of Poland 6779:Japanese prisoners 5747:Italian war crimes 5678:British war crimes 5593:Soviet occupations 5377:South-West Pacific 5264:Allied cooperation 5222:Military equipment 4920:War Amps of Canada 4822:Battle for Antwerp 4559:Churchill, Winston 3859:. Vol. II:I. 3853:"Kapok footbridge" 3849:Chief of Engineers 3169:1st Parachute Army 3142:Admiral Cunningham 3052: 2916: 2837: 2765: 2689: 2675:Operation Vitality 2589:Queen's Own Rifles 2568: 2492:summarily executed 2454:Universal Carriers 2449: 2419:Highland regiments 2209: 2122: 2103:Battle Group Chill 2082:Operation Pheasant 1969: 1951:RAF Bomber Command 1907: 1901:Lieutenant-General 1863:Gerd von Rundstedt 1851:Ardennes Offensive 1818:(German navy) and 1724:Bernard Montgomery 1641:battle of Normandy 1582:Lieutenant-General 1022:Battle of Atlantic 308:Bernard Montgomery 8337:Conflicts in 1944 8264: 8263: 8222: 8221: 8065:Battle of Okinawa 7964:Burma (1944–1945) 7798:Mariana and Palau 7578:Tunisian campaign 7403:Fall of Singapore 7327:Fall of Hong Kong 7070:Battle of Britain 6923:Operation Himmler 6832: 6831: 6496:Dutch East Indies 6139:Southern Rhodesia 5891: 5890: 5791:Genocide of Serbs 5694:German war crimes 5671:Soviet war crimes 5664:Allied war crimes 5510:Division of Korea 5489:Chinese Civil War 5287:Strategic bombing 5199:Manhattan Project 4873:978-1-55365-227-4 4801:978-0-8020-9522-0 4614:978-0-670-02531-2 4595:978-0-297-84497-6 4548:, pp. 22–23. 4524:, pp. 14–15. 3189:Winston Churchill 3073:XXX British Corps 2730:amphibious attack 2619:Maurice Duplessis 2425:and another from 2258:Wouwsche Plantage 2185:attrition tactics 2152:Dwight Eisenhower 1931:II Canadian Corps 1895:The Commander of 1791:British XII Corps 1779:Operation Undergo 1746:) that "one good 1608:Operation Undergo 1604:Operation Wellhit 1591:and southwestern 1539: 1538: 1330: 1329: 1293:Battle of Okinawa 1091:Battle of Britain 1030: 1029: 425: 424: 415:Roughly 10–13,000 157: 156: 8384: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8240:World portal 8238: 8237: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8100:Prague offensive 8095: 8093:Battle of Berlin 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8039: 8037:Vienna offensive 8032: 8025: 8018: 8016:Battle of Manila 8011: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7906: 7897: 7890: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7800: 7793: 7784: 7775: 7766: 7759: 7757:Korsun–Cherkassy 7752: 7741: 7719: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7599:Bombing of Gorky 7594: 7587: 7580: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7466:Battle of Midway 7461: 7454: 7452:Battle of Gazala 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7362:Battle of Borneo 7357: 7355:Malayan campaign 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7299:Bombing of Gorky 7294: 7292:Battle of Moscow 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7056:Battle of France 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6909:Munich Agreement 6904: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6865: 6858: 6843: 6842: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6794:Soviet prisoners 6788: 6781: 6774: 6765: 6758: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6734:German prisoners 6730: 6710: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6272: 6270:French Indochina 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6194: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6117:from August 1944 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6000: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5902: 5901: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5843: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5761:Nanjing Massacre 5756: 5749: 5740: 5738:Nuremberg trials 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5471: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5342:Asia and Pacific 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5271:Mulberry harbour 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5091: 5090: 5079: 5072: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4927:Cliff Chadderton 4923:Against All Odds 4877: 4858: 4846: 4835: 4816: 4805: 4778: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4745: 4739:. Archived from 4730: 4718: 4697:Neillands, Robin 4692: 4673: 4645: 4636: 4618: 4599: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4435:(New York, 1969) 4429: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4045: 4042: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 3995: 3992: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3947: 3944: 3921: 3918: 3903: 3900: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3809: 3806: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3760: 3743: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3682: 3679: 3664: 3661: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3621: 3618: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3582: 3579: 3568: 3565: 3552: 3549: 3536: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3305: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3259:, a play on the 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3199: 3108:Seventh U.S Army 3046:Canadian vessel 3012:Sint Philipsland 2846:Maple Leaf Route 2722:Fort Garry Horse 2497: 2475: 2456:, equipped with 2357:canalized rivers 2080:to take part in 2078:2nd British Army 1808:German positions 1756:Boulogne-sur-Mer 1710:On 5 September, 1419:Nijmegen salient 1369: 1367: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1288:Aleutian Islands 1276:Far East/Pacific 1069: 1067: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1034: 1033: 859:Atlantic Pockets 463: 459:Western Front of 451: 444: 437: 428: 427: 357: 356: 342: 341: 330: 329: 318: 317: 306: 305: 287: 283: 281: 280: 266: 264: 263: 253: 252: 251: 241: 239: 238: 228: 226: 225: 215: 213: 212: 202: 201: 190: 188: 187: 177: 175: 174: 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 121:51.417°N 4.167°E 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 82: 81: 73:in Zeeland, 1944 58: 30: 29: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8342:1944 in Belgium 8267: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8232: 8230: 8218: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8156: 8151:Atomic bombings 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7994: 7987: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7893: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7854: 7847: 7842:Eastern Romania 7840: 7835:Warsaw Uprising 7833: 7828:Tannenberg Line 7826: 7819: 7814:Western Ukraine 7812: 7803: 7796: 7787: 7778: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7744: 7735: 7722: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7606:Battle of Kursk 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7563: 7556: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7417:St Nazaire Raid 7415: 7408: 7401: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7241: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7199:Anglo-Iraqi War 7197: 7190:Battle of Crete 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7147: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7119:Eastern Romania 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6937: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6854: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6761: 6754: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6713: 6706: 6697: 6690: 6685: 6680:Western Ukraine 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6624:Northeast China 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6330:Slovak Republic 6328: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6301:Empire of Japan 6299: 6290: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6217: 6210: 6197: 6190: 6181: 6174: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5846: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5813:Sexual violence 5812: 5805: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5543: 5536: 5531:Greek Civil War 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5356:South-East Asia 5354: 5347: 5340: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5215:Military awards 5213: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5118: 5109: 5102: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5004: 4966:Wayback Machine 4913:The Peoples War 4897:Wayback Machine 4884: 4874: 4855: 4832: 4802: 4786: 4784:Further reading 4781: 4775: 4765:Hamish Hamilton 4749: 4747: 4743: 4728: 4715: 4689: 4634: 4615: 4596: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4300: 4295: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4189:Morton, Desmond 4187: 4183: 4178: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4048: 4043: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3950: 3945: 3924: 3919: 3906: 3901: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3766: 3761: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3680: 3667: 3662: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3585: 3580: 3571: 3566: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3359:A World at Arms 3356: 3347: 3341:A World at Arms 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3207: 3197: 3129: 3104:Ninth U.S. Army 3088:Operation Queen 3040: 2921: 2885: 2829: 2823: 2799: 2793: 2757: 2751: 2677: 2624:Union Nationale 2507:Royal Engineers 2495: 2473: 2337:88 mm flak guns 2309: 2180:Charles Foulkes 2095: 2090: 2022:Breskens pocket 1984:Breskens Pocket 1923:British I Corps 1889: 1810: 1771:taking Boulogne 1720:21st Army Group 1708: 1692:Western Scheldt 1637: 1552:to open up the 1542: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1331: 1326: 1300:Other campaigns 1181:Southern France 1140:Verrières Ridge 1116:Le Mesnil-Patry 1070: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1031: 1026: 753:St Nazaire Raid 705:The Hardest Day 572:Fort Eben-Emael 558:Rotterdam Blitz 516:The Netherlands 464: 460: 457: 455: 421: 418:41,043 captured 409: 403:Canadian: 6,367 351: 348: 336: 324: 312: 300: 278: 276: 272: 261: 259: 249: 247: 236: 234: 223: 221: 210: 208: 196: 185: 183: 172: 170: 146: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 102: 76: 59: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8390: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8170: 8167:South Sakhalin 8163: 8162: 8161: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7967: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7907: 7898: 7891: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7801: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7646: 7639: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7592:Battle of Attu 7588: 7581: 7573: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7341:Battle of Guam 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7264:Battle of Kiev 7260: 7253: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6882: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6775: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763:United Kingdom 6759: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6731: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167:British Empire 6160:United Kingdom 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6001: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5976:Czechoslovakia 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5873:Rape of Manila 5869: 5862: 5855: 5844: 5829: 5822: 5810: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5711: 5704: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5644:United Nations 5640: 5633: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5503:Decolonization 5499: 5492: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5195: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5176:United Kingdom 5172: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5099: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5022: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4956: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4917: 4908: 4900: 4883: 4882:External links 4880: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4853: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4806: 4800: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4773: 4756: 4719: 4713: 4693: 4687: 4674: 4646: 4637: 4632: 4619: 4613: 4600: 4594: 4582:Beevor, Antony 4577: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4512:, p. 634. 4502: 4489: 4476: 4474:, p. 111. 4463: 4461:, p. 205. 4450: 4437: 4424: 4415: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4351: 4342: 4324: 4312: 4298: 4282: 4273: 4259: 4250: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4197: 4181: 4163: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4116: 4107: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4046: 4030: 4021: 4012: 3996: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3948: 3922: 3904: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3863:. p. 167. 3851:, ed. (1932). 3840: 3810: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3764: 3744: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3683: 3665: 3649: 3640: 3622: 3610: 3601: 3583: 3569: 3553: 3537: 3525: 3516: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3375: 3373:, p. 149. 3363: 3345: 3332: 3323: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3248: 3239: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3153:Brian Horrocks 3128: 3125: 3100:Third U.S Army 3096:First U.S Army 3048:Fort Cataraqui 3039: 3036: 3031:Fort Cataraqui 3008:Bergen-op-Zoom 2920: 2917: 2901:No. 4 Commando 2884: 2881: 2825:Main article: 2822: 2819: 2795:Main article: 2792: 2789: 2753:Main article: 2750: 2747: 2676: 2673: 2653:Military Cross 2409:area, and the 2308: 2305: 2296:Bergen op Zoom 2230:Denis Whitaker 2168:Volksgrenadier 2158:Field Marshal 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2067:Braakman Inlet 2020:, called the " 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991:South Beveland 1987: 1980: 1977:South Beveland 1943:52nd Divisions 1888: 1887:Plan of attack 1885: 1809: 1806: 1793:under General 1716:Bertram Ramsay 1707: 1704: 1662:via the river 1636: 1633: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1484:Kapelsche Veer 1481: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1337: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247:Bernhardt Line 1244: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106:Normandy, 1944 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1079:Western Europe 1075: 1072: 1071: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 993: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 946: 945: 931: 924: 917: 916: 915: 910: 898: 891: 884: 877: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 839: 834: 829: 822: 817: 815:Hürtgen Forest 812: 805: 800: 798:Siegfried Line 795: 788: 781: 774: 763: 762: 761: 760: 755: 748:Commando Raids 745: 743:Baedeker Blitz 740: 733: 720: 719: 712: 707: 702: 697: 684: 683: 682: 681: 671: 664: 659: 654: 653: 652: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 579: 574: 561: 560: 555: 550: 548:The Grebbeberg 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 512: 511: 498: 497: 490: 485: 480: 469: 466: 465: 454: 453: 446: 439: 431: 423: 422: 420: 419: 416: 412: 410: 408: 407: 404: 400: 397: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 379: 378: 373: 367: 366: 365:Units involved 362: 361: 349: 347: 346: 344:Bertram Ramsay 334: 322: 310: 297: 294: 293: 289: 288: 273: 271: 270: 257: 245: 232: 219: 206: 194: 192:United Kingdom 181: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155: 154: 148: 142: 141: 140:Allied victory 138: 134: 133: 96: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 75: 74: 67: 60: 51: 50: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8389: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174:Kuril Islands 8171: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7941:Syrmian Front 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887:Market Garden 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7746:Monte Cassino 7743: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112:Baltic states 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6756:United States 6753: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6692:Quốc dân Đảng 6689: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392:Liechtenstein 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176:United States 6173: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866:Comfort women 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5850: / 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839: / 5838: 5835: / 5834: 5830: 5827: 5826:Camp brothels 5823: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715:The Holocaust 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701:forced labour 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554:Marshall Plan 5551: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5407:Eastern Front 5404: 5401: 5400:Western Front 5397: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294:Puppet states 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236:Naval history 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5183:United States 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4854:0-8253-0257-9 4850: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4776: 4774:0-241-11312-1 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4714:0-304-36736-2 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688:0-85052-144-0 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4633:9780919907034 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4536:, p. 20. 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4499: 4493: 4487:, p. 58. 4486: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4448:, p. 53. 4447: 4441: 4434: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4228: 4225:Copp, Terry. 4222: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740:9780752451947 3737: 3733: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3211:Rifleman Khan 3209: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3177:Antony Beevor 3173: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2969:Royal Marines 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2756: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2458:flamethrowers 2455: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:Regina Rifles 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2324:Eastern Front 2320: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:Sherman tanks 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 2002:Leopold Canal 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1958:8th Air Force 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1871:to the utmost 1868: 1865:told General 1864: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1826:Wilhelm Daser 1823: 1822: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:Pas de Calais 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696:Atlantic Wall 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:White Brigade 1676: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645:Low Countries 1642: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602:), Boulogne ( 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Scheldt river 1551: 1547: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381:Market Garden 1377: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1307:North America 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1257:Monte Cassino 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1201:North Brabant 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1191:Dunkirk, 1944 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 944: 943: 939: 938: 937: 936: 932: 930: 929: 925: 923: 922: 918: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 903: 899: 897: 896: 892: 890: 889: 885: 883: 882: 878: 876: 875: 871: 870: 869: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 854:Colmar Pocket 852: 850: 847: 845: 844: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 827: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 810: 809:Market Garden 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 793: 789: 787: 786: 782: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 738: 734: 732: 731: 727: 726: 725: 724: 718: 717: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 690: 689: 680: 679:Haddock Force 677: 676: 675: 672: 670: 669: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 651: 650: 646: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 584: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 567: 566: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 517: 510: 509:Schuster Line 507: 506: 505: 504: 503: 496: 495: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 474: 473: 467: 462: 452: 447: 445: 440: 438: 433: 432: 429: 417: 414: 413: 411: 406:Total: 20,873 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 393: 389: 386: 385: 380: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 363: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 333: 328: 323: 321: 316: 311: 309: 304: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 286: 274: 269: 258: 256: 246: 244: 233: 231: 220: 218: 217:United States 207: 205: 200: 195: 193: 182: 180: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 152: 149: 144: 143: 139: 136: 135: 130: 126:51.417; 4.167 100: 95: 92: 91: 87: 84: 83: 79: 72: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 52: 49: 45: 44:Western Front 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 8248:Bibliography 8231: 8044:Project Hula 8009:Vistula–Oder 7978: 7911: 7902: 7886: 7856: 7805: 7789: 7780: 7771: 7737: 7634: 7549: 7525: 7495: 7246: 7139: 7084:North Africa 6786:Soviet Union 6740:Soviet Union 6666:Soviet Union 6434:Vatican City 6344:Vichy France 6249:German Reich 6146:Soviet Union 6132:South Africa 6125:Sierra Leone 6078:Newfoundland 5897:Participants 5880:Marocchinate 5584: 5575: 5545: 5423:North Africa 5384:Indian Ocean 5243:Nazi plunder 5134:Cryptography 5007:World War II 4946: 4938: 4922: 4912: 4903: 4888: 4863: 4842: 4821: 4811: 4791: 4760: 4748:. Retrieved 4741:the original 4724: 4700: 4678: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4623: 4604: 4585: 4562: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4418: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4345: 4315: 4276: 4253: 4226: 4221: 4200: 4192: 4184: 4157: 4133: 4110: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4024: 4015: 3976: 3967: 3878: 3869: 3856: 3843: 3792: 3783: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3643: 3604: 3519: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3366: 3358: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3315:, retrieved 3309: 3280: 3272: 3265:Harry Crerar 3251: 3242: 3233: 3215: 3187: 3174: 3165:Kurt Student 3162: 3157:Albert Canal 3150: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3113: 3081: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3029: 3020: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2948: 2941: 2930: 2922: 2886: 2875: 2870: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2816: 2800: 2780: 2766: 2743: 2727: 2718: 2710: 2690: 2685:C15TA trucks 2666: 2662: 2657: 2645: 2630: 2622: 2612: 2597: 2569: 2539: 2519: 2500: 2484: 2470: 2462: 2450: 2397:coming from 2383: 2362: 2352: 2344: 2341: 2321: 2310: 2301: 2290: 2255: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2210: 2198:Harry Foster 2190: 2167: 2164:Army Group B 2160:Walter Model 2157: 2145: 2123: 2096: 2071: 2060: 2049: 2026: 2007: 1999: 1970: 1915: 1911:Tony Pugsley 1908: 1876: 1870: 1855: 1847:Adolf Hitler 1845: 1834: 1820: 1815:Kriegsmarine 1813: 1811: 1799: 1795:Neil Ritchie 1764: 1752:Harry Crerar 1736: 1709: 1677: 1653: 1638: 1625: 1597: 1545: 1543: 1530: 1522: 1501: 1493: 1476: 1465: 1446: 1424: 1423: 1410: 1403: 1388:Joe's Bridge 1380: 1378: 1299: 1275: 1261: 1239: 1227: 1211:Arnhem, 1945 1195: 1186:Calais, 1944 1158: 1151: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1086:France, 1940 1078: 995: 994: 941: 934: 927: 920: 900: 894: 887: 880: 873: 864: 863: 842: 831: 825: 808: 791: 784: 777: 765: 764: 736: 729: 722: 721: 715: 686: 685: 667: 648: 604: 603: 582: 563: 562: 514: 513: 500: 499: 492: 470: 461:World War II 332:Harry Crerar 162:Belligerents 48:World War II 38:Part of the 25: 7979:Bodenplatte 7865:Gothic Line 7091:West Africa 6638:Philippines 6617:Netherlands 6482:Czech lands 6420:Switzerland 6364:Afghanistan 6315:Philippines 6183:Puerto Rico 6099:Philippines 6085:New Zealand 6071:Netherlands 6024:Free France 5775:Prosecution 5576:Osoaviakhim 5446:West Africa 5430:East Africa 5077:Conferences 4679:A Full Life 4546:Beevor 2015 4534:Beevor 2015 4522:Beevor 2015 4510:Beevor 2012 4496:Neillands. 4483:Neillands. 4459:A Full Life 4444:Neillands. 4320:The Scheldt 4138:Stacey 1960 3261:Desert Rats 3137:World War. 3127:Controversy 3116:V-2 rockets 3023:naval mines 2897:Royal Scots 2842:C.P. Stacey 2808:Westkapelle 2781:Vlissingen) 2576:8th Brigade 2556:Daniel Spry 2466:kapok fibre 2446:Westkapelle 2427:Nova Scotia 2390:9th Brigade 2386:7th Brigade 2333:machine gun 2222:Hoogerheide 2099:Woensdrecht 1933:, with the 1919:Guy Simonds 1904:Guy Simonds 1740:Alan Brooke 1656:inland port 1606:), Calais ( 1593:Netherlands 1585:Guy Simonds 1472:Broekhuizen 1436:Hoogerheide 1269:Gothic Line 1096:Spitzbergen 895:Blockbuster 803:Netherlands 758:Dieppe Raid 553:Afsluitdijk 478:River Forth 320:Guy Simonds 243:Netherlands 145:Territorial 124: / 69:across the 8271:Categories 8079:West Hunan 7912:Pointblank 7248:Silver Fox 7234:Summer War 6987:Winter War 6966:Phoney War 6747:Azerbaijan 6708:Yugoslavia 6603:Luxembourg 6445:Resistance 6192:Yugoslavia 6057:Luxembourg 5859:Sook Ching 5655:War crimes 5257:Technology 5250:Opposition 5192:Lend-Lease 5169:Australian 5162:Home front 5120:Blitzkrieg 5070:Casualties 5061:Commanders 5033:Operations 4831:0711007691 4763:. London: 4750:2 December 4703:. London: 4574:References 4457:Horrocks. 3160:division. 3000:Middelburg 2926:battleship 2854:polderland 2804:leafleting 2593:IJzendijke 2511:Hoofdplaat 2494:, and "... 2401:area, the 2377:known as " 2370:Aardenburg 2317:Moerbrugge 2126:Terry Copp 2112:Column of 2037:Moerbrugge 2033:bridgehead 1979:peninsula. 1937:, British 1760:Eisenhower 1722:, General 1635:Background 1508:2nd Arnhem 1398:1st Arnhem 1252:Moro River 1111:Juno Beach 902:Lumberjack 772:Baby Blitz 737:Donnerkeil 695:Kanalkampf 618:Montcornet 523:Maastricht 502:Luxembourg 472:Phoney War 8144:Manchuria 8030:Indochina 7806:Bagration 7257:Lithuania 6902:Anschluss 6699:Viet Minh 6596:Lithuania 6538:Hong Kong 6308:Manchukuo 6263:Azad Hind 5922:Australia 5722:Aftermath 5585:Paperclip 5480:Aftermath 5280:Total war 5148:Diplomacy 5111:In Europe 4737:606015967 4671:151600903 3371:Copp 1981 3317:10 August 3292:Footnotes 3193:Jan Smuts 3146:Timbuctoo 3061:catatonic 3038:Aftermath 3027:freighter 2947:HMS 2940:HMS 2929:HMS 2876:Kingsmill 2874:HMS 2866:Nieuwdorp 2773:fortified 2769:batteries 2637:Zuidzande 2552:Biervliet 2543:Driewegen 2488:deserters 2413:from the 2405:from the 2379:Buffaloes 2063:Zeebrugge 2056:Terneuzen 2045:Moerkerke 2041:Schipdonk 1802:15th Army 1688:Walcheren 1660:North Sea 1649:Cherbourg 1631:in 1945. 1612:Wehrmacht 1562:North Sea 1513:Groningen 1478:Blackcock 1447:Infatuate 1441:Walcheren 1283:Hong Kong 1241:Avalanche 1216:Rhineland 1160:Tractable 1128:Charnwood 1002:The Blitz 985:Nuremberg 980:Heilbronn 965:Frankfurt 950:Paderborn 928:Undertone 881:Veritable 874:Blackcock 766:1944–1945 723:1941–1943 657:Abbeville 538:Rotterdam 533:The Hague 376:15th Army 8255:Category 8204:document 8114:document 7971:Ardennes 7955:Budapest 7903:Crossbow 7781:Overlord 7620:Smolensk 6838:Timeline 6673:Slovakia 6659:Thailand 6510:Ethiopia 6475:Bulgaria 6399:Portugal 6337:Thailand 6219:Bulgaria 5997:Eswatini 5990:Ethiopia 5943:Bulgaria 5768:Unit 731 5729:Response 5546:Keelhaul 5496:Cold War 5469:Americas 5460:timeline 5453:Atlantic 5333:Theaters 4962:Archived 4893:Archived 4699:(2005). 4584:(2012). 4561:(1954). 4472:Horrocks 4470:Warner. 3205:See also 3069:Nijmegen 3018:harbor. 2972:Commando 2936:monitors 2934:and two 2931:Warspite 2779:(Dutch: 2777:Flushing 2633:Oostburg 2532:and the 2503:Terrapin 2415:Winnipeg 2399:Victoria 2366:Maldegem 2280:and the 2150:General 2118:Terrapin 2116:passing 2018:Breskens 1841:Normandy 1560:and the 1556:between 1518:Otterloo 1502:Keystone 1466:Pheasant 1455:Overloon 1431:Breskens 1393:Nijmegen 1312:Atlantic 1176:Boulogne 1171:Le Havre 1153:Totalize 1134:Atlantic 970:Würzburg 849:2nd Alps 843:Nordwind 785:Chastity 778:Overlord 730:Cerberus 716:Sea Lion 700:Adlertag 674:1st Alps 633:Boulogne 589:Gembloux 494:Wikinger 387:450,000+ 382:Strength 93:Location 8181:Shumshu 7948:Hungary 7895:Estonia 7879:Lapland 7857:Dragoon 7790:Neptune 7772:Ichi-Go 7738:Tempest 7680:Changde 7635:Cottage 7527:Jubilee 7243:Finland 7141:Compass 6847:Prelude 6800:Finland 6686:Vietnam 6652:Romania 6524:Germany 6503:Estonia 6489:Denmark 6468:Belgium 6461:Austria 6454:Albania 6385:Ireland 6371:Andorra 6355:Neutral 6322:Romania 6256:Hungary 6241:Finland 6113:Romania 6005:Finland 5983:Denmark 5929:Belgium 5915:Algeria 5621:Romania 5607:Hungary 5363:Pacific 5087:General 5041:Leaders 5026:Battles 5019:Outline 4705:Cassell 3084:convoys 2988:Domburg 2949:Roberts 2785:Sloedam 2641:Cadzand 2423:Ontario 2276:of the 2065:to the 1783:Dunkirk 1781:), and 1664:Scheldt 1628:de-mine 1616:Scheldt 1589:Belgium 1578:British 1558:Antwerp 1495:Amherst 1425:Scheldt 1411:Pegasus 1221:Germany 1196:Scheldt 1166:Falaise 1122:Windsor 990:Hamburg 960:TF Baum 942:Varsity 935:Plunder 913:Cologne 908:Remagen 888:Grenade 866:Germany 832:Scheldt 792:Dragoon 688:Britain 643:Dunkirk 565:Belgium 543:Zeeland 390:230,000 285:Germany 230:Belgium 151:Antwerp 147:changes 109:51°25′N 99:Zeeland 71:Scheldt 42:in the 8158:Debate 8130:Taipei 8123:Borneo 7701:Tarawa 6895:Europe 6856:Africa 6645:Poland 6631:Norway 6610:Malaya 6589:Latvia 6531:Greece 6517:France 6413:Sweden 6378:Bhutan 6106:Poland 6092:Norway 6064:Mexico 6031:Greece 6017:France 5955:Canada 5936:Brazil 5906:Allies 5852:Serbia 5841:Poland 5614:Poland 5600:Baltic 5393:Europe 5095:Topics 5047:Allied 4870: 4851: 4828: 4798: 4771: 4735: 4711: 4685: 4669: 4630: 4611: 4592: 3738: 3198: 3106:, the 2964:, and 2956:(Nos. 2942:Erebus 2899:) and 2669:Knokke 2621:, the 2515:groyne 2496: 2474: 2429:. The 2407:Regina 2353:polder 2345:polder 2291:polder 2272:. The 2088:Battle 1929:, and 1859:polder 1775:Calais 1574:Polish 1566:Allies 1460:Putten 1404:Berlin 1235:Sicily 1146:Spring 1101:Dieppe 975:Kassel 921:Gisela 820:Aachen 649:Dynamo 638:Calais 623:Saumur 606:France 594:La Lys 577:Hannut 282: 268:Norway 265: 255:France 240: 227: 214: 204:Poland 189: 179:Canada 176: 137:Result 112:4°10′E 97:Dutch 7934:Leyte 7764:Narva 7750:Anzio 7708:Makin 7666:Burma 7550:Torch 7519:Rzhev 7480:Kiska 6566:Korea 6552:Japan 6545:Italy 6427:Tibet 6406:Spain 6284:Italy 6045:Italy 6038:India 5962:China 5837:Japan 5437:Italy 5349:China 5301:Women 4911:BBC, 4744:(PDF) 4729:(PDF) 4667:S2CID 3225:Notes 3121:Reich 3016:Zijpe 2812:Veere 2479:PIATs 2349:dykes 2238:Meuse 2052:Ghent 1955:USAAF 1787:Siege 1742:(the 1728:Ultra 1712:SHAEF 1700:Nazis 1489:Texel 1263:Amzio 1228:Italy 837:Bulge 826:Queen 668:Paula 662:Lille 628:Arras 613:Sedan 583:David 8000:1945 7728:1944 7569:1943 7497:Blue 7487:Attu 7394:1942 7153:1941 7005:1940 6943:1939 6872:Asia 6719:POWs 6559:Jews 6277:Iraq 6203:Axis 6153:Tuva 5969:Cuba 5054:Axis 4868:ISBN 4849:ISBN 4826:ISBN 4796:ISBN 4769:ISBN 4752:2017 4733:OCLC 4709:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4628:ISBN 4609:ISBN 4590:ISBN 3736:ISBN 3319:2014 2974:and 2945:and 2924:the 2639:and 2585:Eede 2570:The 2490:and 2242:Maas 2027:The 1941:and 1939:49th 1821:Heer 1678:The 1576:and 1544:The 955:Ruhr 528:Mill 483:Saar 85:Date 4659:doi 3167:'s 3010:to 2728:An 46:of 8273:: 7748:/ 4767:. 4707:. 4665:, 4655:16 4653:, 4402:^ 4354:^ 4327:^ 4301:^ 4285:^ 4262:^ 4233:^ 4209:^ 4191:. 4166:^ 4145:^ 4119:^ 4090:^ 4049:^ 4033:^ 3999:^ 3985:^ 3951:^ 3925:^ 3907:^ 3887:^ 3855:. 3813:^ 3801:^ 3767:^ 3747:^ 3686:^ 3668:^ 3652:^ 3625:^ 3613:^ 3586:^ 3572:^ 3556:^ 3540:^ 3528:^ 3507:^ 3426:^ 3378:^ 3348:^ 3300:^ 3275:.) 3034:. 2966:48 2962:47 2960:, 2958:41 2938:, 2848:. 2635:, 1925:, 1899:, 1832:. 1773:, 1675:. 7251:) 7245:( 6119:) 6115:( 6051:) 6047:( 6011:) 6007:( 5949:) 5945:( 4999:e 4992:t 4985:v 4916:. 4876:. 4857:. 4834:. 4804:. 4777:. 4754:. 4717:. 4691:. 4661:: 4617:. 4598:. 3742:) 2368:- 2240:( 1882:. 1785:( 1777:( 1356:e 1349:t 1342:v 1056:e 1049:t 1042:v 450:e 443:t 436:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Battle of the Scheldt

Index