Asceticism - Knowledge

2730: 2990: 164:. Many ascetics believe the action of purifying the body helps to purify the soul, and that in doing so, they will obtain a greater connection with the Divine or find inner peace. This may take the form of rituals, the renunciation of pleasure, or self-mortification. However, ascetics maintain that self-imposed constraints bring them greater freedom in various areas of their lives, such as increased clarity of thought and the ability to resist potentially destructive temptations. Asceticism is seen in some ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty. Inversely, several ancient religious traditions, such as 319: 47: 56: 6209:"Of all the forms of self-immolation, auto-cremation in particular seems to have been primarily created by medieval Chinese Buddhists. Rather than being a continuation or adaptation of an Indian practice (although there were Indians who burned themselves), as far as we can tell, auto-cremation was constructed on Chinese soil and drew on range of influences such as a particular interpretation of an Indian Buddhist scripture (the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka or Lotus Sūtra) along with indigenous traditions, such as burning the body to bring rain, that long pre-dated the arrival of Buddhism in China." 1639:, much of early Christian asceticism has been traced to Judaism, but not to traditions within Greek asceticism. Some of the ascetic thoughts in Christianity nevertheless, Finn states, have roots in Greek moral thought. Virtuous living is not possible when an individual is craving bodily pleasures with desire and passion. Morality is not seen in the ancient theology as a balancing act between right and wrong, but a form of spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the frugal is plenty. 2281:

ascetics live like priests and preachers, other ascetics are armed and militant, to resist any persecution—a phenomenon that emerged after the arrival of Islam in India. Self-torture is relatively uncommon practice but one that attracts public attention. In Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism, self-mortification is typically criticized. However, Indian mythologies also describe numerous ascetic gods or demons who pursued harsh austerities for decades or centuries that helped each gain special powers.

8748: 2853:) to gently remove any insect or living creature in their way or bowl, and they eat with their hands. They sleep on the floor without blankets, and sit on wooden platforms. Other austerities include meditation in seated or standing posture near riverbanks in the cold wind, or meditation atop hills and mountains, especially at noon when the sun is at its fiercest. Such austerities are undertaken according to the physical and mental limits of the individual ascetic. 10450: 9141: 3070: 1738: 2910: 10462: 10474: 9389: 3158: 7735: 2237:

ascetic practices were the result of an influence of medieval Christianity on Ashkenazi Hasidism. The Jewish faithful of this Hasidic tradition practiced the punishment of body, self-torture by starvation, sitting in the open in freezing snow, or in the sun with fleas in summer, all with the goal of purifying the soul and turning one's attention away from the body unto the soul.

215:"Natural asceticism" involves a lifestyle which reduces material aspects of life to the utmost simplicity and to a minimum. This may include minimal, simple clothing, sleeping on a floor or in caves, and eating a simple, minimal amount of food. Natural asceticism, state Wimbush and Valantasis, does not include maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer. 10486: 2634:, verse 17.5 criticize a form of asceticism that diverges from scriptural guidance and is driven by pride, ego, or attachment, rather than for genuine spiritual growth. Verse 17.6 extends the criticism of such ascetic practices, noting that they are considered harmful to both the practitioner's body and the divine within. With these two verses, 6323:. Stone Bridge Press, Inc.; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means, the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet, rest, bodily training, meditation, etc., to bring it to the greatest possible state of creative power. It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha. 2864:, a fast to peaceful and detached death, by first reducing intake of and then ultimately abandoning all medicines, food, and water. Scholars state that this ascetic practice is not a suicide, but a form of natural death, done without passion or turmoil or suddenness, and because it is done without active violence to the body. 2594:, that "the sky is his belief, his knowledge is of the absolute, union is his initiation, compassion alone is his pastime, bliss is his garland, the cave of solitude is his fellowship", and so on, as he proceeds in his effort to gain self-knowledge (or soul-knowledge) and its identity with the Hindu metaphysical concept of 2839:

and eats only a measured amount. A routine feature of Jain asceticism are fasting periods, where adherents abstain from consuming food, and sometimes water, only during daylight hours, for up to 30 days. Some monks avoid (or limit) medicine and/or hospitalization out of disregard for the physical body.

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Clearly enough, to procure such vegetables and fruits, one must pull out the plant from the root, thus destroying the entire plant, and with it all the other micro organisms around the root. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be plucked only when ripe and ready to fall off, or ideally after they have

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According to Hajime Nakamura and other scholars, some early Buddhist texts suggest that asceticism was a part of Buddhist practice in its early days. Further, in practice, records from about the start of the common era through the 19th century suggest that asceticism has been a part of Buddhism, both

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discusses what he terms the "ascetic ideal" and its role in the formulation of morality along with the history of the will. In the essay, Nietzsche describes how such a paradoxical action as asceticism might serve the interests of life: through asceticism one can overcome one's desire to perish from

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Abstention from injuring living beings, truthfulness, abstention from appropriating the property of others, abstention from sex, liberality (kindness, gentleness) are the major vows. There are five minor vows: abstention from anger, obedience towards the guru, avoidance of rashness, cleanliness, and

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The Keśin does not live a normal life of convention. His hair and beard grow longer, he spends long periods of time in absorption, musing and meditating and therefore he is called "sage" (muni). They wear clothes made of yellow rags fluttering in the wind, or perhaps more likely, they go naked, clad

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practiced asceticism, and the most common ascetic practices included fasting, complete sexual abstinence, self-imposed poverty, sleep deprivation, and secluding oneself in the wilderness. More extreme and unnatural ascetic Taoist practices have included public self-drowning and self-cremation. The

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Asceticism doesn't lie in ascetic robes, or in walking staff, nor in the ashes. Asceticism doesn't lie in the earring, nor in the shaven head, nor blowing a conch. Asceticism lies in remaining pure amidst impurities. Asceticism doesn't lie in mere words; He is an ascetic who treats everyone alike.

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monks have only a single meal a day. Neither group will beg for food, but a Jain ascetic may accept a meal from a householder, provided that the latter is pure of mind and body and offers the food of his own volition and in the prescribed manner. During such an encounter, the monk remains standing

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The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year and a month wore clothes; after that time he walked about naked, and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand. For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it; he with equanimity bore, underwent,

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In the Mahayana tradition asceticism with esoteric and mystical meanings became an accepted practice, such as in the Tendai and Shingon schools of Japanese Buddhism. These Japanese practices included penance, austerities, ablutions under a waterfall, and rituals to purify oneself. Japanese records

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whose practices are documented in the texts of the 12th and 13th centuries. Peter Meister states that this Jewish asceticism emerged in the tenth century, grew much wider with prevalence in southern Europe and the Middle East through the Jewish pietistic movement. According to Shimon Shokek, these

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6:1–21. The ascetic practices included not cutting the hair, abstaining from eating meat or grapes, abstention from wine, or fasting and hermit style living conditions for a period of time. Literary evidence suggests that this tradition continued for a long time, well into the common era, and both

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as one where, finding oneself in pain or despair and desiring to perish from it, the will to live causes one to place oneself in a state of hibernation and denial of the material world in order to minimize that pain and thus preserve life, a technique which Nietzsche locates at the very origin of

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discuss ascetic austerities to great lengths and formulations. Six outer and six inner practices are most common, and oft repeated in later Jain texts. According to John Cort, outer austerities include complete fasting, eating limited amounts, eating restricted items, abstaining from tasty foods,

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are also known, such as the public self-immolation (self-cremation, as shaoshen 燒身 or zifen 自焚) practice, aimed at abandoning the impermanent body. The earliest-documented ascetic Buddhist monk biography is of Fayu (法羽) in 396 CE, followed by more than fifty documented cases in the centuries that

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in Islam may perhaps be partly attributed to the absence of outlets for celibacy. Ascetical tendencies are usually strong among the pious: the whole history of Western religions illustrates an intimate connection between religious enthusiasm and sexual repression. In Islam, however, celibacy was

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Asceticism is found in both non-theistic and theistic traditions within Indian religions. The origins of the practice are ancient, and a heritage shared by major Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. They are referred by many names such as Sadhu, Pravrajita, Bhikshu, Yati etc.

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translated these as "worldly" and "otherworldly"—however, some translators use "inner-worldly", and this is more in line with inner world explorations of mysticism, a common purpose of asceticism. "Inner- or Other-worldly" asceticism is practised by people who withdraw from the world to live an

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in the pursuit of salvation. Some ascetics live as hermits relying on whatever food they can find in the forests, then sleep and meditate in caves; others travel from one holy site to another while sustaining their body by begging for food; yet others live in monasteries as monks or nuns. Some

1710:. Evidence of extreme asceticism in Christianity appear in second century texts and thereafter, in both Eastern & Western Christian traditions, such as the practice of chaining the body to rocks, eating only grass, praying seated on a pillar in the elements for decades such as by the monk 200:, which means "training" or "exercise". The original usage did not refer to self-denial, but to the physical training required for athletic events. Its usage later extended to rigorous practices used in many major religious traditions, in varying degrees, to attain redemption and higher 2810: 2201:. According to Allan Nadler, two most significant examples of medieval Jewish asceticism have been Havoth ha-Levavoth and Hasidei Ashkenaz. Pious self-deprivation was a part of the dualism and mysticism in these ascetic groups. This voluntary separation from the world was called 2561: 1865:, looking for the perfect spiritual way of life. According to Clement of Alexandria, philosophy and Scriptures can be seen as "double expressions of one pattern of knowledge". According to Evagrius, "body and the soul are there to help the intellect and not to hinder it". 2667:. Ascetic life may include nakedness symbolizing non-possession of even clothes, fasting, body mortification, penance and other austerities, in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma, both of which are believed in Jainism to be essential for reaching 7381:

In Zoroastrianism (founded by the Persian prophet Zoroaster, seventh century bc), there is officially no place for asceticism. In the Avesta, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, fasting and mortification are forbidden, but ascetics were not entirely absent even in

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monks woke up at midnight or 2:00 am daily, and performed ascetic water purification rituals under cold waterfalls. Other practices include the extreme ascetic practices of eating only pine needles, resins, seeds and ultimately self-mummification, while alive, or

2795:). They travel from city to city, often crossing forests and deserts, and always barefoot. Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more than two months to prevent attachment to any place. However, during the four months of monsoon (rainy season) known as 2705:

mortifying the flesh and guarding the flesh (avoiding anything that is a source of temptation). Inner austerities include expiation, confession, respecting and assisting mendicants, studying, meditation and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body.

286:, founder of the Baháʼí Faith, seeks under no circumstances to deny anyone the legitimate right and privilege to derive the fullest advantage and benefit from the manifold joys, beauties, and pleasures with which the world has been so plentifully enriched by 2880:

as a vice, it has at the same time unmistakingly pointed out that man must share the moral responsibility by leading the life of a householder. What is important is to be God-centred. According to Sikhism, ascetics are certainly not on the right path. When

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The Vedic and Upanishadic texts of Hinduism, states Mariasusai Dhavamony, do not discuss self-inflicted pain, but do discuss self-restraint and self-control. The monastic tradition of Hinduism is evidenced in first millennium BCE, particularly in its

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from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society, but typically adopt a frugal lifestyle, characterised by the renunciation of

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is a Vaishnava text that summarizes ascetic practices in Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism. In Hindu traditions, as with other Indian religions, both men and women have historically participated in a diverse spectrum of ascetic practices.

2244:. These mystics engaged in radical material abstentions and self-mortification with the belief that this helps them transcend the created material world, reach and exist in the mystical spiritual world. A studied example of this group was 2610:(not become angry even if you are abused by others), disarmament (no weapons), chastity, bachelorhood (no marriage), avyati (non-desirous), amati (poverty), self-restraint, truthfulness, sarvabhutahita (kindness to all creatures), 2547:

purity in eating. He should beg (for food) without annoying others, any food he gets he must compassionately share a portion with other living beings, sprinkling the remainder with water he should eat it as if it were a medicine.

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taught a philosophy of pleasure, but he also engaged in ascetic practices like fasting. This may have been done in the service of testing the limits of nature, of desires, of pleasure, and of his own body. In the eighth of his

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Renunciation from the worldly life, and a pursuit of spiritual life either as a part of monastic community or a hermit, has been a historic tradition of Hinduism since ancient times. The renunciation tradition is called

2799:, they stay at a single place to avoid killing life forms that thrive during the rains. Jain monks and nuns practice complete celibacy. They do not touch or share a sitting platform with a person of the opposite sex. 2506:

only in the yellow dust of the Indian soil. But their personalities are not bound to earth, for they follow the path of the mysterious wind when the gods enter them. He is someone lost in thoughts: he is miles away.

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Both Mahavira and his ancient Jaina followers are described in Jainism texts as practicing body mortification and being abused by animals as well as people, but never retaliating and never initiating harm or injury

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sect of Christians was only one aspect of ascetic renunciation, and both natural and unnatural asceticism have been part of Christian asceticism. The natural ascetic practices have included simple living, begging,

2412:. It is unclear if self-immolation was limited primarily to Chinese asceticism tradition, and strong evidence of it being a part of a large scale, comprehensive ascetic program among Chinese Buddhists is lacking. 218:"Unnatural asceticism", in contrast, covers practices that go further, and involves body mortification, punishing one's own flesh, and habitual self-infliction of pain, such as by sleeping on a bed of nails. 3047:

suggested worldly asceticism is specifically targeting worldly pleasures that "distract" people from their calling and may accept worldly pleasures that are not distracting. As an example, he pointed out

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Wealth is thus bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life, and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without

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The Chinese Buddhist asceticism practices, states James Benn, were not an adaptation or import of Indian ascetic practices, but an invention of Chinese Buddhists, based on their unique interpretations of

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ascetic life (this includes monks who live communally in monasteries, as well as hermits who live alone). "Worldly" asceticism refers to people who live ascetic lives but do not withdraw from the world:

282:, the maintenance of a high standard of moral conduct is neither to be associated or confused with any form of extreme asceticism, nor of excessive and bigoted puritanism. The religious standard set by 3052:

have historically objected to bright-coloured clothing, but wealthy Quakers often made their drab clothing out of expensive materials. The color was considered distracting, but the materials were not.

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goal of this spectrum of practices, like in other religions, was to reach the divine and get past the mortal body. According to Stephen Eskildsen, asceticism continues to be a part of modern Taoism.

1835:, i.e., "a state of calm which is the prerequisite for love and knowledge", in order to purify their intellect and make it impassible, to reveal the truth hidden in every being. The third book, 7340:

WR Garrett (1992), The Ascetic Conundrum: The Confucian Ethic and Taoism in Chinese Culture, in William Swatos (ed.), Twentieth-Century World Religious Movements in Neo-Weberian Perspective,

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Some people who undertake acts of austerity perform ferocious deeds not sanctioned by scripture. They are motivated by hypocrisy and egotism, and are beset by the power of desire and passion.

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In Inca religion of medieval South America, asceticism was practiced. The high priests of the Inca people lived an ascetic life, which included fasting, chastity and eating simple food. The

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tradition. This is evidenced by the oldest Sannyasa Upanishads, because all of them have a strong Advaita Vedanta outlook. Most of the Sannyasa Upanishads present a Yoga and nondualism (

4423: 9294: 2205:, and the Jewish society widely accepted this tradition in late medieval era. Extreme forms of ascetic practices have been opposed or controversial in the Hasidic movement. 231:

in some form and degree are parts of religious practice within many religious and spiritual traditions. Ascetic lifestyle is associated particularly with monks, nuns, and

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Asceticism doesn't lie in visiting burial places, It lies not in wandering about, nor in bathing at places of pilgrimage. Asceticism is to remain pure amidst impurities.

1839:, was meant for meditation by advanced monks. Those writings made him one of the most recognized ascetic teachers and scriptural interpreters of his time, which include 110:. Some individuals have also attempted an ascetic lifestyle to free themselves from addictions to things such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, entertainment, sex, food, etc. 2789:

In Jain monastic practice, the monks and nuns take ascetic vows, after renouncing all relations and possessions. The vows include a complete commitment to nonviolence (

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Wilson, John A. (1969). "Egyptian Secular Songs and Poems". Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 467.

3174:, Epicurus says that we sometimes choose pains if greater pleasures ensue from them, or avoid pleasures if greater pains ensue, and in the "autarchy" portion of his 3123: 2293:

adopted an extreme ascetic life in search of enlightenment. However, after enlightenment he rejected extreme asceticism in favor of a more moderated version, the "

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Asceticism in Indian religions includes a spectrum of diverse practices, ranging from the mild self-discipline, self-imposed poverty and simple living typical of

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The theologies of the Eucharist in the early scholastic period: a study of the salvific function of the sacrament according to the theologians c. 1080 - c. 1220

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often involved a simple life, one with minimal or no material possessions, study, meditation and ethical living. Those who undertook this lifestyle were called

2679:(liberation from rebirths, salvation). In Jainism, the ultimate goal of life is to achieve the liberation of soul from endless cycle of rebirths (moksha from 2194:

tradition of the second Temple period is described as one of the movements within historic Jewish asceticism between second century BCE and first century CE.

9422: 2469:, but it too spans a spectrum of meanings ranging from inner heat, to self-mortification and penance with austerities, to meditation and self-discipline. 8625: 1682:

tradition. This became the most important center of orthodox Christian ascetic groups in the centuries that followed. In the modern era, Mount Athos and

9710: 9366: 1972:) served as a precursor to the later doctrinal formations of Sufis that began to emerge in the tenth century through the works of individuals such as 9926: 9909: 9882: 9698: 9686: 9659: 9595: 9542: 9361: 7718: 7411: 2958:, active participation in life through good thoughts, good words and good deeds is necessary to ensure happiness and to keep the chaos at bay. This 2386:, and may have been inspired by the Jataka tales wherein the Buddha in his earlier lives immolates himself to assist other living beings, or by the 2330:, medieval texts report of ascetic monks who wander and dwell in the forest or crematory alone, do austere practices, and these came to be known as 9897: 9676: 9625: 9571: 9554: 9417: 7766: 6256: 9835: 9811: 9749: 9647: 9514: 7704: 9941: 9504: 3543: 6244: 265: 9351: 9115: 3165:

Asceticism is not always life-denying or pleasure-denying. Some ascetic practices have actually been carried out as disciplines of pleasure.

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monks and nuns wear only unstitched white robes (an upper and lower garment), and own one bowl they use for eating and collecting alms. Male

1509: 6327: 9178: 3642: 2501:("long-haired" ascetics) and Munis ("silent ones") are described. These Kesins of the Vedic era, are described as follows by Karel Werner: 318: 9605: 9289: 2539:

Vedanta) philosophy. These texts mention a simple, ethical lifestyle but do not mention self-torture or body mortification. For example:

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Lives of the Nuns: Biographies of Chinese Buddhist Nuns from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries : a Translation of the Pi-chʻiu-ni Chuan

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Sahner, Christian C. (April–June 2016). "Swimming against the Current: Muslim Conversion to Christianity in the Early Islamic Period".

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fallen off the plant. In case they are plucked from the plants, only as much as required should be procured and consumed without waste.

2016:, states Nile Green, and early Sufis condemned "ascetic practices as unnecessary public displays of what amounted to false piety". The 7452: 5464:

Wolfson, Elliot R. (2016). "Asceticism, Mysticism, and Messianism: A Reappraisal of Schechter's Portrait of Sixteenth-Century Safed".

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traditions, abstain from ascetic practices and focus on various types of good deeds in the world and the importance of family life.

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Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (January 1999). "Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate".

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Jewish men and women could follow the ascetic path, with examples such as the ascetic practices for fourteen years by Queen

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describes Mahavira's asceticism in detail, whose life is a source of guidance on most of the ascetic practices in Jainism:

2340:, and as in Thailand, they are known to pursue their own version of Buddhism, resisting the hierarchical institutionalized 513: 3819: 3440:

Randall Collins (2000), The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change, Harvard University Press,

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Rubenson, Samuel (2007). "Asceticism and monasticism, I: Eastern". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

4177: 3462: 3445: 2989: 1797:), was a highly educated monastic teacher who produced a large theological body of work, mainly ascetic, including the 835: 481: 6865:

Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda

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emphasizes that true ascetic practices should align with scriptural teachings and aim towards higher spiritual goals.

2061: 269: 7861: 7675: 7640: 7613: 7436: 7199: 7110: 7080: 6816: 5885: 5653: 5537: 5364: 5337: 4996: 4417: 4331: 3109: 2683:), which requires ethical living and asceticism. Most of the austerities and ascetic practices can be traced back to 2355:

from the 12th century record stories of monks undertaking severe asceticism, while records suggest that 19th century

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who took vows of abstinence to prepare for a holy war. An emphasis on an ascetic religious life was evident in both

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within a highly asceticized religious environment. Scriptural examples of asceticism could be found in the lives of

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spirituality. The history of Jewish asceticism is traceable to first millennium BCE era with the references of the

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Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press,

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Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses

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Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity: The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses

2767:. These austere practices are part of the monastic path in Jainism. The practice of body mortification is called 1756: 1274: 615: 9902: 9840: 9816: 9652: 9630: 9559: 9547: 1153: 287: 10511: 10231: 8408: 8311: 8296: 6422: 4790: 4190: 3091: 2849:

sect monks do not wear any clothes, carry nothing with them except a soft broom made of shed peacock feathers (

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Shufen, Liu (2000). "Death and the Degeneration of Life Exposure of the Corpse in Medieval Chinese Buddhism".

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The deserts of the Middle East were at one time inhabited by thousands of male and female Christian ascetics,

8875: 8850: 8646: 8415: 7395: 3254: 2439:, and this is not the same as asceticism—which typically connotes severe self-denial and self-mortification. 2020:

both by Sunni and Shia rulers, in various centuries. Sufis were highly influential and greatly successful in

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practiced asceticism. However, contemporary mainstream Islam has not had a tradition of asceticism, but its

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during the 13th and 14th centuries, mainly because of the similarities between the extreme, ascetic Sufis (

2052:. Some scholars have argued that Sufi Muslim ascetics and mystics played a decisive role in converting the 2025: 1995: 1495: 302: 9038: 6824:

Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint. URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint

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groups use similar criteria to make decisions about which modern technologies to use and which to avoid.

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James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

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James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

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James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

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James A Benn (2012), Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self-Immolation in China – A Historical Perspective,

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When death is imminent from an advanced age or terminal disease, many Jain ascetics take a final vow of

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between the 10th and 19th centuries, particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the

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and voluntary suffering, however they were often rejected as beyond measure by other ascetics such as

1089: 8737: 8694: 8689: 8180: 8164: 4624: 4554:""The Monasticism of My Community is Jihad": A Debate on Asceticism, Sex, and Warfare in Early Islam" 4175:

Young, Robin Darling (Spring 2001). "Evagrius the Iconographer: Monastic Pedagogy in the Gnostikos".

1907: 1731: 1714:, solitary confinement inside a cell, abandoning personal hygiene and adopting lifestyle of a beast, 1444: 724: 169: 3457:

William Cook (2008), Francis of Assisi: The Way of Poverty and Humility, Wipf and Stock Publishers,

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Forest Monks and the Nation State: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand

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Repentance in Late Antiquity: Eastern Asceticism and the Framing of the Christian Life C.400-650 CE

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For a study of the continuation of this early tradition in the Middle Ages, see Marina Miladinov,

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Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious and philosophic traditions, including

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records report Christian missionaries encountering ascetic Inca hermits in the Andean mountains.

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Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)".

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and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers, men, or animals.

10516: 9212: 9105: 8988: 8725: 8485: 8190: 8043: 7891: 6380: 4446: 4385: 3380: 3037: 2564: 2527: 2465:

and Parivrajaka in Hindu texts. The term with a meaning closer to asceticism in Hindu texts is

2222: 2187: 1923: 1802: 1429: 1329: 1324: 1208: 1041: 922: 448: 208: 7685: 7315: 7270: 7216: 7189: 7162: 7013: 6988: 6932: 6614: 6414: 6408: 5996: 5942: 5707: 5584: 5411: 5180: 5126: 4818: 4682: 4503: 3975: 3935: 2377:(Zen Buddhism) tradition there. More ancient Chinese Buddhist asceticism, somewhat similar to 2373:

In Chinese Buddhism self-mummification ascetic practices were less common but recorded in the

2319:

by the third century BC, and this tradition continued through the medieval era in parallel to

283: 46: 8679: 8674: 8555: 8401: 7978: 7839: 7243: 7100: 7070: 7043: 5241: 4972: 4931: 4896: 4861: 4473: 4262: 3810: 3668: 3513: 3224: 2150: 2104: 2010:

societies". Acceptance of asceticism emerged in Sufism slowly because it was contrary to the

1957: 1931: 1840: 1785: 1527: 563: 394: 348: 153: 55: 10113: 9727: 4741: 4409: 4117: 3013:

asceticism, which means (roughly) "inside the world" and "outside the world", respectively.

2382:

followed including that of monk Daodu (道度). This was considered as evidence of a renunciant

10341: 10170: 9615: 9388: 8999: 8964: 8898: 8888: 8786: 8764: 8525: 8515: 8210: 7456: 4786: 2700: 2138: 2124: 2017: 1759: 1719: 1703: 1535: 1148: 905: 844: 709: 436: 152:

Practitioners abandon sensual pleasures and lead an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of

91: 8603: 4898:

From Religious Empires to Secular States: State Secularization in Turkey, Iran, and Russia

3178:, he teaches that living frugally can help us to better enjoy luxuries when we have them. 2315:

Textual evidence suggests that ascetic practices were a part of the Buddhist tradition in

1133: 1046: 275: 8: 10506: 10072: 9009: 8974: 8903: 8664: 8475: 8316: 8215: 8200: 8149: 7853: 7296: 3319: 3284: 3209: 3175: 3171: 3150:

secular science as well as of religion. He associated the "ascetic ideal" with Christian

3133: 2186:

and the Mosaic institution was done away with, a different form of asceticism arose when

2037: 1939: 1749: 1727: 1531: 1399: 1394: 1369: 1349: 1247: 859: 719: 423: 343: 310: 173: 7478: 5929:

Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-Dô ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect

9145: 9084: 8684: 8654: 8550: 8436: 8159: 8038: 7345: 7341: 7143: 6458: 6373: 5681:

William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press,

5481: 5053: 4902: 4660: 4595: 4202: 2813: 2290: 2179: 1557: 1523: 1481: 1334: 1071: 1061: 1051: 1004: 969: 964: 917: 647: 338: 333: 6347:

Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism: Yatidharmasamuccaya of Yādava Prakāśa

6233:

Where Text Meets Flesh: Burning the Body as an Apocryphal Practice in Chinese Buddhism

2842: 2240:

Another significant school of Jewish asceticism appeared in the 16th century led from

981: 10490: 10291: 10150: 9771: 9279: 8926: 8732: 8560: 8429: 8422: 8377: 8241: 8185: 7857: 7828: 7803: 7780: 7753: 7722: 7691: 7671: 7636: 7609: 7582: 7572: 7432: 7348: 7321: 7276: 7249: 7222: 7195: 7168: 7106: 7076: 7049: 7019: 6992: 6981: 6938: 6869: 6812: 6678: 6657: 6620: 6573: 6553: 6528: 6507: 6483: 6462: 6418: 6384: 6351: 6306: 6182: 6152: 6125: 6085: 6002: 5975: 5948: 5908: 5881: 5856: 5829: 5795: 5768: 5738: 5711: 5700: 5682: 5649: 5617: 5590: 5560: 5533: 5506: 5485: 5444: 5417: 5387: 5360: 5333: 5306: 5279: 5247: 5213: 5186: 5159: 5132: 5105: 5078: 5045: 5002: 4992: 4968: 4945: 4910: 4875: 4840: 4794: 4759: 4696: 4664: 4652: 4644: 4636: 4599: 4587: 4558: 4527: 4517: 4479: 4452: 4413: 4311: 4284: 4241: 4206: 4148: 4123: 4096: 4062: 4035: 4008: 3981: 3941: 3911: 3884: 3762: 3735: 3708: 3674: 3613: 3583: 3519: 3458: 3441: 3188: 2791: 2764: 2587: 2571: 2356: 2209: 2007: 2003: 1949: 1919: 1790: 1775: 1651: 1629: 1339: 1215: 1101: 1056: 986: 927: 910: 821: 795: 775: 657: 642: 532: 527: 358: 73: 6802: 5356:

Ascetic Hasidism in Jerusalem: The Guardian-Of-The-Faithful Community of Mea Shearim

4632: 4264:

The Macarian Legacy: The Place of Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition

3758:

Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha

2976:, the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism, fasting and mortification are forbidden. 1138: 10478: 10241: 10160: 9331: 9316: 9306: 9252: 8845: 8801: 8779: 8706: 8634: 8500: 8480: 8347: 8306: 8246: 8018: 7958: 7793: 7135: 6450: 6044: 5473: 5037: 5033: 4937: 4832: 4755: 4628: 4579: 4575: 4405: 4276: 4233: 4194: 3341: 3249: 3204: 3137:

pain and despair and attain mastery over oneself. In this way one can express both

3044: 2817: 2773: 2658: 2591: 2466: 2421: 2183: 2156: 2120: 2112: 1987:

Sufism emerged and grew as a mystical, somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream

1723: 1707: 1699: 1679: 1621: 1581: 1577: 1565: 1474: 1158: 1106: 868: 790: 780: 610: 489: 404: 240: 6910: 4505:

Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam

4237: 2834:

sub-tradition within Jainism do not cook food but solicit alms from householders.

1424: 1128: 976: 10454: 10251: 10246: 10185: 10175: 10155: 9867: 9341: 8918: 8774: 8638: 8530: 8220: 8124: 8114: 7843: 7797: 7776: 7770: 7708: 7653: 7632: 7626: 7599: 7576: 7543: 6863: 6477: 6345: 6331: 6300: 6176: 6146: 6119: 6079: 5969: 5902: 5850: 5823: 5789: 5762: 5732: 5643: 5611: 5554: 5527: 5500: 5438: 5381: 5354: 5327: 5300: 5273: 5207: 5153: 5099: 5072: 4871: 4780: 4305: 4090: 4056: 4029: 4002: 3905: 3878: 3756: 3729: 3702: 3607: 3577: 3014: 2831: 2579: 2536: 2518: 2213: 2197:

Ascetic Jewish sects existed in ancient and medieval era times, most notably the

2174: 2021: 1999: 1965: 1900: 1763: 1711: 1659: 1613: 1609: 1573: 1561: 1553: 1464: 1404: 1198: 955: 882: 877: 677: 662: 399: 6962: 4280: 2511:

Karel Werner (1977), "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn"

2408:. It may be an adoption of more ancient pre-Buddhist Chinese practices, or from 1220: 10276: 10145: 10045: 9958: 9793: 9637: 9489: 9484: 9459: 9378: 9024: 8796: 8769: 8756: 8718: 8701: 8587: 8572: 8540: 8357: 8271: 8266: 8256: 8104: 8058: 7983: 6794: 6048: 4678: 3229: 2955: 2918: 2173:(or Nazorean, Nazarene, Naziruta, Nazir), whose rules of practice are found in 2053: 2049: 1961: 1667: 1663: 1541: 1252: 1143: 637: 630: 279: 183: 165: 146: 9946: 9892: 6900:

Hermann Jacobi, "Sacred Books of the East", vol. 22: Gaina Sutras Part I. 1884

6454: 6268:

Patrick Olivelle (1981), "Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa,"

4583: 3805: 3478: 2710: 1695: 10500: 10417: 10216: 10190: 10140: 9681: 9529: 9444: 9232: 9207: 9120: 9062: 8830: 8367: 8352: 8326: 8301: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8236: 8053: 7914: 7739: 7663: 7622: 6404: 5049: 5041: 4984: 4836: 4824: 4688: 4640: 4591: 4268: 3314: 3299: 3264: 3145:. Nietzsche describes the morality of the ascetic priest as characterized by 3142: 2631: 2387: 2362: 1895: 1655: 1459: 1314: 1309: 1242: 1175: 826: 816: 811: 757: 442: 7518: 6798: 5006: 4656: 10466: 10120: 9454: 9311: 8545: 8505: 8276: 8134: 8099: 8013: 8003: 7998: 7973: 7933: 7595: 7494: 7453:"Nietzsche, Genealogy of Morals: Third Essay, What Do Ascetic Ideals Mean?" 7191:

The Jesuit and the Incas: The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera, S.J.

6712: 6641:

The rule of Saint Benedict and the ascetic traditions from Asia to the West

5556:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

4712:

explicitly discouraged both by the Prophet's own example and by the famous

4509: 4198: 3239: 3146: 3138: 2084: 2041: 1636: 1569: 1257: 1203: 687: 474: 201: 161: 138: 126: 31: 8747: 5477: 5440:

German Literature Between Faiths: Jew and Christian at Odds and in Harmony

4339: 2272:, to more severe austerities and self-mortification practices of monks in 10236: 10180: 9979: 9217: 9079: 8865: 8577: 8495: 8490: 8465: 8321: 8251: 8129: 8119: 8023: 7714: 7649: 7126:

Classen, Constance (1990). "Aesthetics and Asceticism in Inca Religion".

5940: 5101:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

3274: 2994: 2759:) to any other being. With such ascetic practices, he burnt off his past 2688: 2532: 2392: 2383: 2108: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1752: 1675: 1625: 1617: 1237: 1232: 1227: 785: 7147: 5848: 5730: 2489:, but these hymns have been variously interpreted as referring to early 10402: 10165: 10025: 9887: 9479: 9321: 8791: 8535: 8520: 8470: 8362: 8084: 7963: 7948: 7275:. State University of New York Press. pp. 28–29, 93–101, 131–145. 6589: 6350:. Translated by Olivelle, Patrick. State University of New York Press. 6282: 6232: 6105: 5928: 5057: 4867: 3850:. Cornell University Library. London, New York : Cassell & Company. 3815: 3294: 3269: 3244: 3094: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2886: 2882: 2861: 2803: 2615: 2552: 2429: 2294: 2083:

Sufism was adopted and then grew particularly in the frontier areas of

1992: 1794: 1690: 1597: 1469: 1384: 1066: 887: 605: 545: 228: 107: 86: 69: 35: 10261: 10055: 9509: 7483:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York : Boni and Liveright. 6965:. 34th World Vegetarian Congress Toronto, Canada, July 10 to 16, 2000. 5669: 3973: 3862:

Margins of Solitude: Eremitism in Central Europe between East and West

1608:). Other Christian practitioners of asceticism include saints such as 149:

and contemporary practices continue amongst some religious followers.

10412: 10407: 10382: 10286: 10020: 10015: 9610: 9156: 9072: 9057: 9050: 8860: 8811: 8460: 8144: 8109: 7993: 7968: 7938: 7667: 7139: 6325:

Yoga, Meditation on Om, Tapas, and Turiya in the principal Upanishads

5702:

Lustful Maidens and Ascetic Kings: Buddhist and Hindu Stories of Life

4906: 4225: 4186: 3962:

Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity.

3393: 3151: 3028: 3002: 2967: 2963: 2846: 2835: 2575: 2316: 2233: 2073: 2045: 1973: 1930:

were also ascetics; numerous historical accounts also report of some

1927: 1862: 1647: 1605: 1549: 1193: 854: 849: 505: 467: 416: 178: 157: 5275:

Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine

4115: 3700: 3575: 3069: 2781:, the most authoritative oldest surviving Jaina philosophical text. 2691:

who practiced 12 years of asceticism before reaching enlightenment.

2582:

inscription reads 'Ⲡⲓⲛⲓϣϯ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓ' ("the Great Father Anthony").

2127:, and in helping settle disputes. Ritual ascetic practices, such as 2119:. Sufi ascetics also participated in mobilizing Muslim warriors for 10449: 10422: 10377: 10372: 9857: 9739: 9734: 9274: 9257: 9140: 8992: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8835: 8582: 8510: 8048: 6174: 6108:, History of Religions, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Winter, 1965), pages 243-268 5931:, History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pages 222–242 4708: 3309: 3279: 3214: 3194: 3166: 2914: 2857: 2778: 2684: 2531:

is a significant exception, which presents qualified dualistic and

2493:

and loner renouncers. One such mention is in the Kesin hymn of the

2436: 2425: 2327: 2310: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2170: 2100: 2096: 2095:

appealed to populations already used to the monastic traditions of

2077: 2033: 1903: 1851: 1831: 1737: 714: 682: 494: 244: 134: 122: 114: 99: 10336: 10130: 5787: 5243:

The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture

4531: 2909: 2498: 2165:, but minor to significant ascetic traditions have been a part of 2123:, helping travelers, dispensing blessings through their perceived 1914:

have cherished their own ascetic tradition for several centuries.

68:

first practiced severe asceticism before recommending a moderated

30:"Ascetic" redirects here. For the emphasis of art and beauty, see 10392: 10367: 10301: 10281: 10271: 10256: 10135: 10125: 10092: 10067: 9994: 9953: 9931: 9872: 9852: 9806: 9801: 9744: 9642: 9449: 9284: 9222: 9110: 8840: 8139: 7953: 7738:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7687:

Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini

6302:

India and the Greek world: a study in the transmission of culture

6235:, History of Religions, Vol. 37, No. 4 (May, 1998), pages 295–322 5205: 4933:

Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age

3289: 3219: 3049: 2873: 2737: 2680: 2664: 2635: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2522: 2494: 2337: 2273: 2198: 2191: 2162: 2092: 2069: 2029: 1880: 1683: 1585: 1319: 522: 368: 236: 130: 118: 95: 7883: 7601:

Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India

6654:

Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives

4648: 2806:

diet without root vegetables. Prof. Pushpendra K. Jain explains:

2336:. Ascetic Buddhist monks have been and continue to be found in 10473: 10427: 10397: 10387: 10362: 10357: 10331: 10296: 10266: 10226: 10221: 10211: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10062: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10010: 9989: 9936: 9847: 9766: 9600: 9519: 9356: 9346: 9247: 9237: 9187: 9067: 9045: 8983: 8908: 8855: 8659: 8443: 8195: 8008: 7928: 7659: 6724: 5029: 4980: 4751: 4747: 4714: 4571: 4567: 4397: 3304: 3234: 3199: 2972: 2942: 2930: 2889:, he discussed the true meaning of asceticism with some yogis: 2756: 2747: 2734: 2675: 2669: 2611: 2603: 2409: 2166: 2133: 2012: 1926:(7th–10th centuries), some of the Muslim warriors guarding the 1911: 1874: 1850:

The ascetic literature of early Christianity was influenced by

1844: 1781: 1643: 1545: 652: 600: 103: 65: 7519:"BBC Radio 4 – In Our Time, Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morality" 6748: 5791:

Harmony and Strife: Contemporary Perspectives, East & West

5583:

Benjamin R Smith (2008). Mark Singleton and Jean Byrne (ed.).

3415:

Alternate practices included cutting off a part of one's body.

2809: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10206: 9984: 9877: 9862: 9671: 9537: 9469: 9439: 9434: 9336: 9301: 9227: 9202: 9014: 8979: 8825: 8372: 8079: 8063: 7849: 6882: 4724: 3371: 3157: 3053: 2760: 2742: 2486: 2449: 2241: 2088: 2065: 1944: 1888: 1884: 1858: 1726:. Ascetic practices were linked to the Christian concepts of 232: 195: 142: 7799:

History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature

6930: 6777: 6775: 5641: 5525: 5278:. Oxford University Press. pp. 188–190 with footnotes. 2941:

Historical evidence suggests that the monastic tradition in

2663:

Asceticism in one of its most intense forms can be found in

2560: 2182:, and by Miriam of Tadmor. After the Jews returned from the 194:

The adjective "ascetic" derives from the ancient Greek term

9778: 9761: 9620: 9499: 9494: 9474: 9464: 9429: 9373: 9326: 9242: 9019: 8931: 8633: 6148:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

6121:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

6081:

Burning for the Buddha: Self-Immolation in Chinese Buddhism

4332:"Shizuoka Muslim Association (Shizuoka Muslim Association)" 4307:

The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria

4222:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Constantine to c.600

3353: 3344: 3259: 2877: 2567: 2490: 248: 6675:

Windows Into the Infinite: A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures

6084:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 33–34, 82–84, 3–4. 5794:. Chinese University Press. pp. 99 with footnote 25. 5697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 1924:

early Muslim conquests of the Middle East and North Africa

9566: 7417:

See translator's note on Weber's footnote 9 in chapter 2.

6833: 6831: 6772: 6760: 6700: 5944:

Rethinking Japan: Social sciences, ideology & thought

5329:

Paul's Scripture and Ethics: A Study of 1 Corinthians 5–7

3673:. Routledge Reference. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. 3365: 3359: 2590:

asserts that the Hindu ascetic should hold, according to

2232:) were a Jewish mystical, ascetic movement in the German 1584:

revealed ascetic practices of the ancient Jewish sect of

7750:

Bhagavad Gita: The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Guide

7221:. State University of New York Press. pp. 24, 153. 6594:

Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II, Adhyaya 10, Kandika 18

5672:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75 5022:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

211:

classified asceticism into natural and unnatural forms:

7011: 6736: 6124:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 112–114, 14–16. 5967: 5413:

Kabbalah and the Art of Being: The Smithsonian Lectures

4973:"Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols" 4820:

Religion and Politics in the International System Today

4718:, "There is no monasticism in Islam – the monasticism ( 3687: 2984: 2137:), have been practiced by Shia Muslims annually at the 1769: 76:

and his followers practiced extreme acts of asceticism.

6828: 6688: 6436: 6434: 6403: 6321:

Sacred Sanskrit Words: For Yoga, Chant, and Meditation

6259:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6247:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6170: 6168: 5941:

Adriana Boscaro; Franco Gatti; Massimo Raveri (1990).

5616:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 27, 165–166, 180. 2341: 10438: 7825:

The Making of the Self: Ancient and Modern Asceticism

7041: 6843: 6181:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 10–12, 65–66. 3368: 3362: 3350: 6475: 5767:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 73 with footnote 2. 5764:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

4336:

Muslims in Japan Shizuoka Muslim Association website

3934:

Jeremy Barrier (2013). Hans-Ulrich Weidemann (ed.).

3544:"IAFOR Journal of Ethics, Religion & Philosophy" 3356: 2227: 2002:, likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of 1654:(otherwise known as St. Anthony of the Desert), St. 7396:"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" 7320:. State University of New York Press. p. 157. 6482:. Gregorian Biblical University. pp. 368–369. 6431: 6165: 5880:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5849:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). 5821: 5731:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). 5586:

Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives

5552: 5077:. Columbia University Press. pp. 9–11, 58–67. 5074:

Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam

4089:Andrew Jacobs (2013). Hans-Ulrich Weidemann (ed.). 4027: 4000: 3903: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3754: 3666: 3347: 3031:, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 7880:– articles, research, and discourse on asceticism. 6980: 6974: 6972: 6937:. Infobase. pp. 207–208, see Jain Festivals. 6603:, Vol. XIV, Oxford University Press, pages 279–281 6372: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5781: 5756: 5754: 5699: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5305:. A&C Black. pp. 38–40 with footnote 57. 5151: 3059: 2618:(non-acceptance of gifts, non-possessiveness) and 2331: 7412:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 7313: 7268: 7214: 6543: 6541: 6525:Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara 6283:"Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda 5998:Buddhism: Buddhism in China, East Asia, and Japan 5405: 5403: 4444: 4116:Evert Peeters; Leen Van Molle; Kaat Wils (2011). 3974:Thomas A. Robinson; Hillary P. Rodrigues (2014). 3043:The 20th century American psychological theorist 3036:Weber claimed this distinction originated in the 2107:. Ascetic practices of Sufi fakirs have included 2056:to Islam between the 10th and 12th centuries and 1825:is the second volume of a trilogy containing the 290:, which Baháʼís regard as an all-loving creator. 10498: 7578:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism 7194:University of Michigan Press. pp. 164–165. 6983:A Vision of Nature: Traces of the Original World 5988: 5855:. Princeton University Press. pp. 22, 910. 5582: 5298: 5271: 5104:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 241–242. 3867: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3601: 3599: 2161:Asceticism has not been a dominant theme within 1964:is forbidden in Islam. Scholars in the field of 7752:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 7541: 7072:The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) 6969: 6343: 6262: 6060: 6058: 5961: 5808: 5760: 5751: 5630: 5505:. University Press of America. pp. 81–82. 5379: 5325: 5267: 5265: 5263: 4963: 4961: 3701:Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). 3576:Vincent L. Wimbush; Richard Valantasis (2002). 2816:were a Jewish mystical and ascetic movement in 2190:threatened the Jewish religion in 167 BCE. The 6978: 6538: 6370: 6298: 5603: 5502:Zen Buddhism and Hasidism: A Comparative Study 5472:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 165–177. 5400: 5352: 5178: 5070: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4471: 4119:Beyond Pleasure: Cultures of Modern Asceticism 3933: 3929: 3927: 3582:. Oxford University Press. pp. 247, 351. 3518:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–97. 1670:. In 963 an association of monasteries called 9172: 8619: 7899: 7838: 7703: 7684:Fujinaga, S. (2003), Qvarnström, Olle (ed.), 7241: 7187: 6956: 6954: 6888: 6861: 6619:. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–235. 6144: 6117: 6077: 5994: 5788:Shuxian Liu; Robert Elliott Allinson (1988). 5578: 5576: 5436: 5409: 5131:. 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Princeton University Press. p. 315. 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5185:. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. 4778: 4606: 4538: 4360:The World's Muslims: Religious Affiliations 4267:. Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs. 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4095:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 224. 3940:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 163. 3924: 3781: 3605: 2763:, gained spiritual knowledge, and became a 1755:sect originated as an ascetic group within 9179: 9165: 8626: 8612: 7906: 7892: 7792: 7542:Silk-Richardson, John (5 September 2021). 7426: 7105:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 55. 7094: 7092: 6963:"Dietary code of practice among the Jains" 6951: 6754: 6195: 6175:Shih Pao-ch'ang; Kathryn Ann Tsai (1994). 6106:Buddhist Self-Immolation in Medieval China 5573: 5158:. Princeton University Press. p. 64. 5124: 4746:. Themes in Islamic Studies. Vol. 1. 4475:Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World 3977:World Religions: A Guide to the Essentials 3707:. 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Clark. 3647:www.encyclopedia.com 3088:improve this article 2701:Uttaradhyayana Sutra 2687:, the twenty-fourth 2481:Vedas and Upanishads 2139:Mourning of Muharram 1928:frontier settlements 1762:, persecuted by the 1760:Western Christianity 1720:Barsanuphius of Gaza 1536:Christian meditation 1304:Literature and media 1149:Bernadette Soubirous 906:Beatrice of Nazareth 845:Beatrice of Nazareth 710:Bernard of Clairvaux 227:Self-discipline and 92:material possessions 8665:Religious institute 8593:Work–life interface 8476:Anarcho-primitivism 8317:Henry David Thoreau 8201:Open Source Ecology 7854:Motilal Banarsidass 7394:Weber, Max (1905). 6784:, pp. 120–122. 6769:, pp. 120–121. 6757:, pp. 408–409. 6733:, pp. 144–150. 6709:, pp. 118–122. 5125:Carl Olson (2007). 4362:Pew Research (2012) 4143:Macy, Gary (1984). 3320:Temperance (virtue) 3285:Paradox of hedonism 3210:Arthur Schopenhauer 3176:Letter to Menoeceus 3172:Principal Doctrines 3134:Friedrich Nietzsche 2694:Jain texts such as 2474:Yatidharmasamuccaya 2038:Indian subcontinent 1716:self-inflicted pain 1532:Christian mysticism 1400:Theologia Germanica 1395:The Story of a Soul 1370:The Glories of Mary 1350:The Interior Castle 1248:Charles de Foucauld 860:John van Ruysbroeck 720:Hildegard of Bingen 579:(by era or century) 424:Spiritual direction 311:Christian mysticism 255:Abrahamic religions 174:Dionysian Mysteries 72:. In Christianity, 9393: 8655:Consecrated virgin 8551:Intentional living 8437:Small Is Beautiful 8312:George Skene Keith 8160:Tolstoyan movement 8059:War tax resistance 8039:Sustainable living 7856:(Reprinted 1999), 7573:Balcerowicz, Piotr 7346:Edwin Mellen Press 7342:Lewiston, New York 7303:. 10 October 2019. 6913:. Sacred-texts.com 6889:Vijay K. Jain 2011 6479:Classical Hinduism 6330:2013-09-08 at the 6222:, no. 25, page 207 6068:, no. 25, page 211 6025:, no. 25, page 205 5904:The Buddhist World 4991:. pp. 56–66. 4969:Findley, Carter V. 4909:. pp. 77–80. 4874:. pp. 20–22. 4684:Islam in the World 3163: 2999: 2922: 2822: 2814:Chassidei Ashkenaz 2752: 2584: 2402:Saddharmapuṇḍarīka 2291:Siddhartha Gautama 2252:) are documented. 2229:Chassidei Ashkenaz 2180:Helena of Adiabene 2117:self-mortification 1940:converted to Islam 1837:Kephalaia Gnostika 1746: 1558:Augustine of Hippo 1524:Ascetical theology 1335:Spiritual Canticle 1170:Thérèse of Lisieux 1154:Conchita de Armida 1072:John of St. Samson 1062:Charles de Condren 1052:Jean-Jacques Olier 1005:Catherine of Genoa 971:Francisco de Osuna 965:Ignatius of Loyola 918:Catherine of Siena 648:Arsenius the Great 539:Passive asceticism 10436: 10435: 10171:Sufis persecution 9213:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 9154: 9153: 8927:Clerical clothing 8733:Secular institute 8601: 8600: 8561:Rainbow Gathering 8430:The Power of Half 8423:Mother Earth News 8242:Ernest Callenbach 8174:Secular movements 7833:978-0-227-17281-0 7809:978-81-208-0265-0 7794:Winternitz, Moriz 7786:978-0-8108-6337-8 7759:978-1-5030-5291-8 7728:978-81-903639-2-1 7697:978-0-89581-956-7 7588:978-1-317-53853-0 7327:978-0-7914-3956-2 7282:978-0-7914-3956-2 7255:978-0-8108-6637-9 7228:978-0-7914-3956-2 7174:978-0-486-42800-0 7055:978-0-19-513599-2 7025:978-1-317-57218-3 6998:978-0-87338-483-4 6944:978-0-8160-7564-5 6875:978-81-208-1309-0 6580:, page 81 note 27 6489:978-88-7652-482-0 6443:Religious Studies 6390:978-0-521-43878-0 6357:978-0-7914-2283-0 6312:978-0-8476-6173-2 6188:978-0-8248-1541-7 6158:978-0-8248-2992-6 6131:978-0-8248-2992-6 6091:978-0-8248-2992-6 6008:978-0-415-33234-7 5981:978-1-134-47273-4 5954:978-0-904404-79-1 5914:978-1-317-42017-0 5862:978-1-4008-4805-8 5835:978-1-57958-090-2 5801:978-962-201-412-1 5774:978-81-208-0272-8 5744:978-1-4008-4805-8 5717:978-0-19-536535-1 5596:978-1-134-05520-3 5566:978-1-134-21718-2 5512:978-0-7618-0003-3 5450:978-3-03910-174-0 5423:978-1-317-79738-8 5393:978-1-56821-123-7 5312:978-0-567-08734-8 5285:978-0-19-927753-7 5253:978-0-8018-6182-6 5219:978-1-4522-6656-5 5192:978-1-139-99150-6 5165:978-1-4008-3138-8 5138:978-0-19-804181-8 5111:978-0-7486-8878-4 5084:978-0-231-14491-9 4951:978-0-7618-2967-6 4916:978-1-317-80204-4 4881:978-1-4051-5765-0 4846:978-0-521-85245-6 4800:978-0-520-25269-1 4765:978-90-04-10717-5 4758:. pp. 1–30. 4702:978-0-19-530503-6 4523:978-0-8122-4113-6 4485:978-0-7614-7929-1 4458:978-1-85109-948-1 4317:978-0-19-155473-5 4290:978-0-19-926779-8 4154:978-0-19-826669-3 4129:978-1-84545-987-1 4102:978-3-525-59358-5 4068:978-0-19-966536-5 4041:978-1-136-78716-4 4014:978-1-136-78716-4 3987:978-1-4412-1972-5 3947:978-3-525-59358-5 3917:978-1-136-78716-4 3890:978-1-136-78716-4 3782:Effendi, Shoghi. 3768:978-3-11-009896-9 3741:978-0-19-956081-3 3714:978-0-19-803451-3 3680:978-0-415-06212-1 3619:978-81-208-1036-5 3589:978-0-19-803451-3 3525:978-1-139-48066-6 3120: 3119: 3112: 2785:Monastic practice 2708:The Jain text of 2588:Nirvana Upanishad 2572:Anthony the Great 2357:Nichiren Buddhist 2226: 2210:Ashkenazi Hasidim 2129:self-flagellation 1942:, and joined the 1791:Evagrius Ponticus 1776:Evagrius Ponticus 1700:ethical practices 1652:Anthony the Great 1630:Francis of Assisi 1600:) and practices ( 1520: 1519: 1340:Way of Perfection 1295: 1294: 1216:Faustina Kowalska 1134:Catherine Labouré 1114: 1113: 1102:Veronica Giuliani 1057:Louis de Montfort 1047:Pierre de Bérulle 1012: 1011: 987:John of the Cross 935: 934: 928:Marguerite Porete 912:Bridget of Sweden 822:Julian of Norwich 796:Angela of Foligno 776:Francis of Assisi 758:Dominic de Guzmán 658:Macarius of Egypt 643:Anthony the Great 533:Religious ecstasy 528:Spiritual dryness 455:Active asceticism 359:Mystical theology 74:Francis of Assisi 16:(Redirected from 10524: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10477: 10476: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10453: 10452: 10444: 10161:Sufi metaphysics 10117: 10059: 9950: 9918: 9906: 9844: 9832: 9820: 9758: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9695: 9668: 9656: 9634: 9592: 9580: 9563: 9551: 9426: 9414: 9370: 9307:Nass al-Houdhour 9298: 9271: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9158: 9157: 9144: 9143: 8802:Vow of enclosure 8750: 8635:Consecrated life 8628: 8621: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8501:Critique of work 8481:Anti-consumerism 8348:Robin Greenfield 8307:E. F. Schumacher 8247:G. K. Chesterton 8181:Back-to-the-land 8019:Self-sufficiency 7959:Forest gardening 7908: 7901: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7866: 7812: 7789: 7775:, vol. 38, 7767:Wiley, Kristi L. 7762: 7744: 7737: 7736: 7713:(1st ed.), 7700: 7680: 7658:(2nd ed.), 7645: 7618: 7591: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7362: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7140:10.2307/25605560 7123: 7117: 7116: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6986: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6826: 6822: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6731:Balcerowicz 2015 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6671: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6587: 6581: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6545: 6536: 6521: 6515: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6378: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6341: 6335: 6316: 6296: 6290: 6289:, 15(4), 343-386 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6115: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5705: 5695: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5639: 5628: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5269: 5258: 5257: 5237: 5224: 5223: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5034:Brill Publishers 5017: 5011: 5010: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4938:Lanham, Maryland 4927: 4921: 4920: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4756:Brill Publishers 4737: 4731: 4730: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4576:Brill Publishers 4549: 4536: 4535: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4382: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4338:. 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9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9581: 9569: 9564: 9552: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9485:Lataif-e-Sitta 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9418:Aayane Thabita 9415: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9184: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9017: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8986: 8977: 8972: 8961: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8822: 8820: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8797:Vow of silence 8794: 8789: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8761: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8719:Cleric regular 8716: 8715: 8714: 8704: 8702:Canons regular 8699: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8662: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8608: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8588:Sustainability 8585: 8580: 8575: 8573:Low-technology 8570: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8548: 8543: 8541:Global warming 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8358:Pentti Linkola 8355: 8350: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8272:Harlan Hubbard 8269: 8267:Tom Hodgkinson 8264: 8259: 8257:Mahatma Gandhi 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8105:Jesus movement 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7984:Local currency 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7873: 7872:External links 7870: 7869: 7868: 7862: 7836: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7790: 7785: 7763: 7758: 7745: 7727: 7705:Jain, Vijay K. 7701: 7696: 7681: 7676: 7646: 7641: 7625:, ed. (1999), 7623:Doniger, Wendy 7619: 7614: 7592: 7587: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7534: 7510: 7486: 7469: 7444: 7437: 7431:. Free Press. 7419: 7401: 7386: 7357: 7353:978-0773495500 7333: 7326: 7306: 7297:"苦 Bitterness" 7288: 7281: 7261: 7254: 7234: 7227: 7207: 7200: 7180: 7173: 7153: 7134:(1): 101–106. 7128:Anthropologica 7118: 7111: 7088: 7081: 7061: 7054: 7031: 7024: 7004: 6997: 6968: 6950: 6943: 6923: 6902: 6893: 6891:, p. 134. 6881: 6874: 6854: 6852:, p. 210. 6842: 6840:, p. 180. 6827: 6817: 6786: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6745:, p. 549. 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6697:, p. 241. 6687: 6683:978-0875730714 6666: 6662:978-9042015104 6645: 6632: 6626:978-0195070453 6625: 6605: 6592:(Translator), 6582: 6578:978-0791436967 6565: 6559:978-0195070453 6558: 6537: 6533:978-0791436967 6516: 6512:978-0812692983 6495: 6488: 6468: 6449:(3): 289–302. 6430: 6423: 6396: 6389: 6363: 6356: 6336: 6311: 6291: 6274: 6261: 6249: 6237: 6224: 6211: 6194: 6187: 6164: 6157: 6137: 6130: 6110: 6097: 6090: 6070: 6054: 6027: 6014: 6007: 5987: 5980: 5960: 5953: 5933: 5920: 5913: 5893: 5886: 5868: 5861: 5841: 5834: 5807: 5800: 5780: 5773: 5750: 5743: 5723: 5716: 5690: 5687:978-1107406377 5674: 5661: 5654: 5629: 5623:978-0415266055 5622: 5602: 5595: 5572: 5565: 5545: 5538: 5518: 5511: 5491: 5456: 5449: 5429: 5422: 5399: 5392: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5338: 5318: 5311: 5291: 5284: 5259: 5252: 5225: 5218: 5198: 5191: 5171: 5164: 5144: 5137: 5117: 5110: 5090: 5083: 5063: 5012: 4997: 4957: 4950: 4944:. p. 67. 4922: 4915: 4887: 4880: 4852: 4845: 4806: 4799: 4771: 4764: 4732: 4701: 4670: 4605: 4537: 4522: 4491: 4484: 4464: 4457: 4437: 4418: 4364: 4352: 4323: 4316: 4296: 4289: 4275:. p. 67. 4253: 4247:978-1139054133 4246: 4212: 4160: 4153: 4135: 4128: 4108: 4101: 4081: 4067: 4047: 4040: 4020: 4013: 3993: 3986: 3966: 3953: 3946: 3923: 3916: 3896: 3889: 3866: 3853: 3833: 3791: 3774: 3767: 3747: 3740: 3720: 3713: 3686: 3679: 3659: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3595: 3588: 3568: 3531: 3524: 3495: 3467: 3463:978-1556357305 3450: 3446:978-0674001879 3432: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3230:Desert Fathers 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3118: 3117: 3076: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3025: 3007:innerweltliche 2986: 2983: 2981: 2980:Academic views 2978: 2966:'s concept of 2956:Zoroastrianism 2951: 2950:Zoroastrianism 2948: 2938: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2919:British Museum 2906: 2903: 2896: 2869: 2866: 2786: 2783: 2721: 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2644: 2627: 2624: 2549: 2508: 2482: 2479: 2417: 2414: 2351: 2348: 2306: 2303: 2286: 2283: 2257: 2254: 2149:Main article: 2146: 2143: 2125:magical powers 2085:Islamic states 2054:Turkic peoples 2050:Southeast Asia 2040:, and finally 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1674:was formed on 1668:Desert Mothers 1664:Desert Fathers 1618:David of Wales 1562:Biblical texts 1542:Late Antiquity 1518: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1253:Edvige Carboni 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1144:Maximin Giraud 1141: 1139:Mélanie Calvat 1136: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 999: 998: 992: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 967: 959: 958: 950: 943: 942: 939: 938: 933: 932: 931: 930: 925: 920: 915: 908: 900: 899: 893: 892: 891: 890: 885: 880: 872: 871: 865: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 839: 838: 832: 831: 830: 829: 824: 819: 814: 806: 805: 801: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 770: 769: 763: 762: 761: 760: 752: 751: 743: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 638:Paul of Thebes 634: 631:Desert Fathers 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 613: 608: 603: 598: 592: 589: 588: 583: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 555: 554: 549: 548: 542: 541: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 519: 518: 509: 497: 492: 487: 486: 485: 478: 471: 458: 457: 452: 451: 446: 439: 433: 432: 427: 426: 421: 420: 419: 409: 408: 407: 402: 391: 390: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 372: 371: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 314: 313: 307: 306: 295: 292: 280:Shoghi Effendi 261: 258: 256: 253: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 191: 188: 184:left-hand path 166:Zoroastrianism 147:Pythagoreanism 63: 62: 53: 52: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10529: 10518: 10517:Simple living 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10492: 10482: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10242:Jama'at Khana 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10217:Datuk Keramat 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10191:Sufi whirling 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9975:Antinomianism 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9590: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9208:Ahl al-Khutwa 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9121:Monastic cell 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Contemplation 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8831:Chapter house 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8726:Congregations 8724: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8712:Second orders 8710: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8695:Idiorrhythmic 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8536:The good life 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8409:The Good Life 8406: 8404: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:Peace Pilgrim 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353:Ted Kaczynski 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302:Dugald Semple 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8292:Peace Pilgrim 8290: 8288: 8287:Scott Nearing 8285: 8283: 8282:Helen Nearing 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:Richard Gregg 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8237:Wendell Berry 8235: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8191:Environmental 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Vegetarianism 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7915:Simple living 7909: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7863:81-208-1376-6 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:public domain 7730: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7682: 7679: 7677:0-415-26605-X 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642:0-87779-044-2 7638: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615:0-19-513234-3 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7596:Cort, John E. 7593: 7590: 7584: 7581:, Routledge, 7580: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7459:on 2013-12-21 7458: 7454: 7448: 7440: 7438:9780029205105 7434: 7430: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7409:"Chapter 2". 7405: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7355:, pages 21–30 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7265: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7238: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7201:0-472-11353-4 7197: 7193: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7112:9788171418794 7108: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7093: 7084: 7082:9788170103011 7078: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6825: 6820: 6818:0-7007-1538-X 6814: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6799:F. Max Müller 6796: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6719:Fujinaga 2003 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6609: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6542: 6535:, pages 62–63 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6367: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6101: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5945: 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4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4361: 4356: 4342:on 2018-02-10 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3838: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3396: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3381:Ancient Greek 3376: 3336: 3332: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:Straight edge 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300:Simple living 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265:Mellified man 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3143:will to power 3140: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3103: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077:This section 3075: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2991: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2925:Inca religion 2920: 2916: 2911: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830:The monks of 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2632:Bhagavad Gita 2626:Bhagavad Gita 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2379:Sokushinbutsu 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2363:Sokushinbutsu 2358: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996:denominations 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1980:, al-Sarrāj, 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956:, and became 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1857:, especially 1856: 1853: 1852:pre-Christian 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1803:Ancient Greek 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:Mary of Egypt 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1635:According to 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460:Divine Comedy 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1425:Sol de Fátima 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Ordo Virtutum 1313: 1311: 1310:Lingua ignota 1308: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243:Thomas Merton 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1176:Gemma Galgani 1174: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1129:Dina Bélanger 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 994: 993: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 977:John of Ávila 975: 973: 968: 966: 963: 962: 961: 960: 957: 954: 953: 947: 941: 940: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 909: 907: 904: 903: 902: 901: 898: 895: 894: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 874: 873: 870: 867: 866: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 840: 837: 834: 833: 828: 827:Margery Kempe 825: 823: 820: 818: 817:Walter Hilton 815: 813: 812:Richard Rolle 810: 809: 808: 807: 803: 802: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 772: 771: 768: 765: 764: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 750: 747: 746: 740: 734: 733: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 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93: 88: 84: 75: 71: 67: 57: 48: 37: 33: 19: 10121:Madih nabawi 9783: 9000:Grand master 8546:Hedonophobia 8506:Deep ecology 8442: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8277:Satish Kumar 8135:Plain people 8100:Distributism 8089: 8014:Sattvic diet 8004:Permaculture 7999:Off-the-grid 7974:Gift economy 7944:Downshifting 7934:Cord-cutting 7844: 7824: 7798: 7771: 7749: 7732: 7709: 7686: 7654: 7650:Dundas, Paul 7627: 7600: 7577: 7551:. 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