58:
74:
251:
82:
66:
288:
579:
and they responded by denying that North Korea planned to produce nuclear weapons using enriched uranium. They went on to state that as an independent sovereign state North Korea was entitled to possess nuclear weapons for defense, although they did not possess such a weapon at that point in time. Relations between the two countries, which had seemed hopeful two years earlier, quickly deteriorated into open hostility.
472:
95:
152:
IAEA in
January 1994, offering a single inspection, less comprehensive than those conducted by the IAEA in 1992. After several weeks of tough negotiations, the IAEA announced on 16 February 1994 that North Korea had accepted "the inspection activities" that the Agency had requested. In response, the Clinton Administration agreed to suspend the
610:
reprocessing and uranium enrichment facilities." North Korea accused the United States of a "hostile policy" including deliberately delaying fuel supplies and progress on the KEDO project that "effectively nullified" the agreement, listing North Korea as part of the "Axis of evil" and a target of the U.S. pre-emptive nuclear strikes.
582:
The HEU intelligence that James Kelly's accusation is based on is still controversial: According to the CIA fact sheet to
Congress on 19 November 2002, there was "clear evidence indicating the North has begun constructing a centrifuge facility" and this plant could produce annually enough HEU for two
578:
program. The parties' reports of the meeting differ. The U.S. delegation believed the North
Koreans had admitted the existence of a highly enriched uranium program. The North Koreans stated Kelly made his assertions in an arrogant manner, but failed to produce any evidence such as satellite photos,
499:
emergency funds not under
Congress' control were used to fund the transitional oil supplies under the agreement, together with international funding. From 1996 Congress provided funding, though not always sufficient amounts. Consequently, some of the agreed transitional oil supplies were delivered
151:
accepted this in principle but conditioned such "comprehensive" talks on North Korea acting first to allow a resumption of IAEA inspections and to re-open negotiations with South Korea over nuclear questions (North Korea had broken off talks with South Korea in late 1992). North Korea approached the
536:
Construction of the first LWR reactor began in August 2002. Construction of both reactors was well behind schedule. The initial plan was for both reactors to be operational by 2003, but the construction had been halted indefinitely in late 2002. Senators accused
President Clinton of understating
613:
Although the agreement had largely broken down, North Korea did not restart work on the two production size nuclear power plants that were frozen under the agreement. These plants could potentially have produced enough weapons-grade plutonium to produce several nuclear weapons per year. The Agreed
605:
In
December 2003, KEDO suspended work on the pressurized water reactor project. Subsequently, KEDO shifted the focus of its efforts to ensuring that the LWR project assets at the construction site in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world ($ 1.5 billion invested to date) are
514:
International funding for the LWR replacement power plants had to be sought. Formal invitations to bid were not issued until 1998, by which time the delays were infuriating North Korea. In May 1998, North Korea warned it would restart nuclear research if the U.S. could not install the LWR. Formal
621:
about a replacement agreement, reaching a preliminary accord on 19 September 2005. The accord made no mention of the U.S. contention that North Korea has a secret, underground enriched uranium program. However, the new accord would require North Korea to dismantle all nuclear facilities, not just
532:
There was increasing disagreement between North Korea and the United States on the scope and implementation of the agreement. The United States did little to meet its commitment to normalize political and economic relations. When by 1999 economic sanctions had not been lifted and full diplomatic
136:
solutions and the results of the Agency's analysis. The latter suggested that undeclared plutonium existed in North Korea. In order to find answers to the inconsistencies detected and to determine the completeness and correctness of the initial declaration provided, the IAEA requested access to
438:
annually, at no cost, to make up for lost energy production. North Korea was required to come into full compliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement, allowing the IAEA to verify the correctness and completeness of its initial declaration, before key nuclear components of the reactor would be
388:
There were also some confidential minutes supporting the agreement, which have not been made public. These are reported to include that full-scope IAEA safeguards would be applied when the major non-nuclear components of the first LWR unit were completed but before the delivery of key nuclear
609:
Each side blamed the other for ending the Agreed
Framework. The United States pointed out that a North Korean uranium enrichment facility would violate the 1992 Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, which states "The South and the North shall not possess nuclear
144:, which called upon the DPRK to reconsider its decision to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and allow weapons inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) into the country, North Korea "suspended the effectuation" of that withdrawal in June 1993.
614:
Framework was successful in freezing North Korean plutonium production in
Yongbyon plutonium complex for eight years from 1994 to December 2002; however, it failed to stop North Korea from developing a secret highly enriched uranium program, begun in the "mid- or late-1990s."
446:(KEDO) is a consortium of the United States, South Korea, Japan, and various other states that is responsible for implementing the energy-related parts of the agreement. North Korea would repay KEDO over a 20-year interest-free period after the completion of each LWR plant.
597:
On 10 January 2003, North Korea again announced its withdrawal from the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. On February 10, 2005, North Korea finally declared that it had manufactured nuclear weapons as a "nuclear deterrent for self-defence". On October 9, 2006,
1225:
Joint resolution relating to the United States-North Korea Agreed
Framework and the obligations of North Korea under that and previous agreements with respect to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and dialog with the Republic of
521:
Joel S. Wit, State Department Coordinator for implementation of the Agreed Framework (1995–2000) during the Clinton administration, stated that "we did know about the DPRK cheating on the highly-enriched uranium front starting in 1998."
2174:
If the North Korean assertions are true – and administration officials assume they are – the government of Kim Jong Il began in the mid- or late-1990s a secret, parallel program to produce weapons-grade material from highly enriched
339:
Oil for heating and electricity production would be provided while DPRK's reactors were shut down and construction halted, until completion of the first LWR power unit. The amount of oil was 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil per
1205:
137:
additional information and to two sites which seemed to be related to the storage of nuclear waste. The DPRK refused access to the sites, and on 12 March 1993, North Korea announced its decision to withdraw from the NPT.
2725:
589:
members considered in November 2002 whether to halt the fuel oil shipments in response to the previous month's developments. U.S. Assistant Secretary of State James A. Kelly warned Japanese officials that the
160:(a long-standing North Korean demand) and begin a new round of talks with North Korea—subject to North Korea allowing full implementation of the IAEA inspection and beginning high level talks with South Korea.
976:
2672:
944:
533:
relations between the United States and North Korea had not been established, North Korea warned that they would resume nuclear research unless the United States kept up its end of the bargain.
2096:
583:
or more nuclear weapons per year when it is finished. However, some experts assessed that the equipment North Korea imported was insufficient evidence of a production-scale enrichment program.
1571:
2274:
2353:
2161:
1199:
140:
On 1 April 1993, the IAEA concluded that North Korea was in non-compliance with its Safeguards Agreement, and referred this to the UN Security Council. Following UN Security Council
358:
303:
128:(IAEA) inspections began. Shortly thereafter inconsistencies emerged between the North Korea initial declaration and the Agency's findings, centering on a mismatch between declared
2399:
773:
456:'s officials agreed to the plan only because they thought that the North Korean government would collapse before the nuclear power project was completed as North Korea's leader
2252:
1606:
an important player in reaching the 1994 U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework. From 1995–2000, Mr. Wit was the State Department Coordinator for implementation of that agreement
2389:
434:
would be constructed in North Korea by 2003 at a cost of $ 4 billion, primarily supplied by South Korea. In the interim, North Korea would be supplied with 500,000 tons of
415:
The U.S. regarded the Agreed Framework primarily as a non-proliferation agreement, whereas North Korea placed greater value on measures normalizing relations with the U.S.
1415:
124:(NPT). On 10 April 1992, its NPT safeguards agreement entered into force. In May 1992, North Korea submitted its initial report to the IAEA under that agreement, and
968:
2487:
1151:
1063:
507:
Some analysts believe North Korea agreed to the freeze primarily because of the U.S. agreement to phase out economic sanctions that had been in place since the
2040:
2369:
1718:
685:
2138:
Apparently surprised by how much the U.S. had learned, the Pyongyang officials admitted to the existence of the HUE program, in direct violation of the NPT.
147:
In November 1993, North Korea proposed to the United States that the two governments negotiate a "package solution" to all of the issues dividing them. The
894:
1257:
928:
2425:
2246:
1392:
1036:
819:
2092:
1307:
1282:
1011:
54:. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start, but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.
2787:
2652:
2290:
1563:
586:
443:
277:
518:
U.S. officials in 1998 testified to Congress that there were no fundamental violations of any aspect of the Framework Agreement by North Koreans.
2740:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2459:
2151:
654:
2125:
1759:
1393:"Rummy's North Korea Connection What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?"
2761:
2680:
2198:
1360:
141:
2309:
924:
1986:
845:
2657:
2603:
2510:
2480:
107:
2070:
798:
2756:
2535:
2496:
634:
419:
409:
99:
769:
1836:
1228:
1101:
2337:
2315:
1780:
1173:
649:
2411:
1495:
1470:
384:
Before delivery of key LWR nuclear components, the DPRK would come into full compliance with its safeguards agreement with the IAEA.
2631:
2593:
2421:
1336:
659:
2011:
1902:
1812:
864:
439:
delivered. When the LWR plants were completed, North Korea would dismantle its other nuclear reactors and associated facilities.
2802:
2473:
51:
1931:
1441:
2626:
1236:
460:
1421:
938:
1648:
515:
ground breaking on the site was on 21 August 1997, but significant spending on the LWR project did not commence until 2000.
1965:
1881:
1686:
408:(which North Korea "suspended" after 89 days), a U.S. military buildup near the country, and U.S. plans to bomb the active
1125:
748:
989:
In the Clinton administration,"we did know about the DPRK cheating on the highly-enriched uranium front starting in 1998"
111:
1143:
820:"Agreed Framework of 21 October 1994 Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
2555:
1531:
125:
2325:
77:
AGREED FRAMEWORK PAGE #2- IAEA: Supply the alternative energy-Heavy Oil and freeze & dismantle the nuclear reactor
2044:
1079:
721:
1852:"North Korea's Alleged Large-Scale Enrichment Plant: Yet Another Questionable Extrapolation Based on Aluminum Tubes"
2792:
2545:
2520:
484:
405:
365:
177:
115:
2349:
2262:
1781:""J. Kelly Failed to Produce 'Evidence' in Pyongyang"; Framed up "Admission" Story – DPRK FM Director O Song Chol"
1708:
681:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
1075:
1007:
557:
401:
1593:
2797:
2636:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2568:
2563:
1400:
904:
599:
450:
1253:
2540:
1032:
404:. It was signed in the wake of North Korea's 90-day advance notification of its intended withdrawal from the
826:
2812:
2807:
2766:
2662:
2515:
2284:
1371:
1303:
1278:
568:
602:. US intelligence agencies believe that North Korea has manufactured a handful of simple nuclear weapons.
594:
would not fund such shipments in the face of continued violations. The shipments were halted in December.
471:
2363:
2359:
463:. North Korean officials at the time also suspected the U.S. anticipated an early collapse of the DPRK.
298:* Freeze all graphite-moderated nuclear reactors (5MWe reactor and 50 & 200 MWe under construction)
2415:
2319:
2015:
1935:
1906:
1445:
868:
622:
specific plants as in the Agreed Framework. Ultimately the Six-party talks were discontinued in 2009.
496:
2117:
1755:
504:, later commented "The Agreed Framework was a political orphan within two weeks after its signature".
94:
2188:
644:
511:. But because of congressional opposition, the U.S. failed to deliver on this part of the agreement.
422:, abandoning the construction of two larger nuclear power plants, and the canning and sealing, under
1851:
1001:
2373:
745:"U.N. Security Council Consideration of North Korea's Violations of its Nuclear Treaty Obligations"
328:, and the 50 MWe and 200 MWe reactors under construction, which could easily produce weapons grade
28:
Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2223:
529:
has warned that it could collapse if United States did not fulfill obligations that it agreed to.
2817:
2269:
Agreement on Supply of a Light-Water Reactor Project to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1990:
1123:
Agreement on Supply of a Light-Water Reactor Project to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
842:
2066:
1361:"Nuclear Nonproliferation / Heavy Fuel Oil Delivered to North Korea Under the Agreed Framework"
794:
591:
148:
2465:
38:. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous
121:
43:
1932:"DPRK FM on Its Stand to Suspend Its Participation in Six-party Talks for Indefinite Period"
1224:
1109:
2346:, Larry A. Niksch, Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress, March 17, 2003
1784:
1496:"KEDO Breaks Ground on US Led Nuclear Project That will Undermine Client Status of S Korea"
1177:
574:
visited North Korea to confront the North Koreans with the U.S. assessment that they had a
393:
378:
333:
2460:
Joint Declaration of South and North Korea of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
2442:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.
2379:
1910:
1741:
544:
told Congress "to be frank, we have in past years not always met the fuel year deadline".
8:
2453:
2019:
1939:
1628:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
1503:
1474:
872:
795:"Statement from Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter on Current U.S.-North Korea Relations"
431:
325:
264:
85:
AGREED FRAMEWORK PAGE #3 – IAEA: Establish a formal peace assurance between U.S. and DPRK
69:
AGREED FRAMEWORK PAGE #1 – IAEA: Replace the Nuclear(graphite) reactor to the Light-water
47:
39:
20:
2343:
1805:
1329:
2462:– analysis, Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes, 2002
2404:
2193:
2156:
1713:
1449:
575:
343:
The two sides would move toward full normalization of political and economic relations.
377:
Existing spent nuclear fuel stocks would be stored and ultimately disposed of without
57:
1830:
1756:"frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: nuclear capability: could north korea have a bomb?"
934:
717:
707:
426:
monitoring, of spent fuel that could have been reprocessed to create plutonium for a
392:
The commitments in the agreement were voluntary and non-binding, not approved by the
374:
ad hoc and routine inspections would resume for facilities not subject to the freeze.
351:
1564:"Why the US's 1994 deal with North Korea failed – and what Trump can learn from it"
1174:"DPRK Will Re-Operate Nuclear Facilities Within A Few Weeks to Produce Electricity"
501:
216:
2530:
2393:
1232:
1129:
900:
849:
711:
639:
618:
526:
312:* DPRK stopped operating 5 MWe reactor and abandoned reactors under construction
220:
199:
185:
2433:
2386:, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, July 15, 2004
1961:
1877:
1682:
1619:
354:
assurances to the DPRK, against the threat or use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
269:* Provide DPRK with formal assurance against the use of nuclear weapons by U.S.
73:
2383:
2268:
1240:
1122:
744:
571:
553:
435:
427:
418:
Terms of the pact and consequent agreements included the shutdown of the pilot
181:
261:* Deliver 500,000 tons of heavy oil annually to DPRK as an alternative energy
2781:
2299:
2263:
Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation Newsbrief, 3rd Quarter 1994
923:
480:
256:
224:
133:
35:
1524:
561:
488:
453:
280:
to build LWRs, though U.S. Congress rejected U.S. funding for the project
81:
2256:
2093:"A U.S. Foreign Policy Expert Urged 'Continued Backing' of Nuclear Talks"
1061:
625:
On May 31, 2006, KEDO decided to terminate the LWR construction project.
541:
492:
457:
293:
228:
207:
157:
153:
65:
31:
770:""Prevented war with North Korea in 1994 – here's what needs to be done"
1530:. Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization. December 31, 2004.
1102:"Bill Text - 104th Congress (1995-1996) - THOMAS (Library of Congress)"
508:
2012:"Conclusion of non-aggression treaty between DPRK and U.S. called for"
865:"Conclusion of non-aggression treaty between DPRK and U.S. called for"
307:* Dismantle graphite-moderated reactors when LWR project is completed
1649:"The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework"
1585:
1525:"Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization Annual Report 2004"
329:
129:
120:
On 12 December 1985, North Korea became a party to the Treaty on the
2095:. Embassy of the Republic of Korea in the United States of America.
969:"Cotton's misguided history lesson on the North Korean nuclear deal"
309:* Move toward full normalization of political and economic relations
271:* Move toward full normalization of political and economic relations
2438:
2370:
The United States, North Korea, And The End Of The Agreed Framework
1624:
713:
Korean Endgame: A Strategy for Reunification and U.S. Disengagement
1683:"Promoting Peace and Stability on the Korean Peninsula and Beyond"
2454:
Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
2448:
Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
2253:
Press Briefing by Ambassador Gallucci on Korea (Agreed Framework)
2043:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2002-01-29. Archived from
1471:"Stalemated LWR Project to Prompt Pyongyang to Restart N-Program"
359:
Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
304:
Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
16:
1994 nuclear agreement between the United States and North Korea
2495:
2412:
KCNA Urges U.S. to Compensate for Losses Caused by Scrapping AF
2310:
Modernizing the US-DPRK Agreed Framework: The Energy Imperative
397:
2316:
Report on Delay in Construction of Light-Water Reactor Project
1254:"frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: robert gallucci"
1062:
Siegfried S. Hecker; Sean C. Lee; Chaim Braun (Summer 2010).
347:
2287:– In-depth coverage of the North Korean situation since 1997
1878:"KEDO Executive Board Meeting Concludes – November 14, 2002"
1304:"frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: william perry"
1144:"South Korea Offers To Supply Energy if North Gives Up Arms"
1033:"frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: ashton carter"
102:, made operational in 1986, showing the fuel access channels
2300:
Washington was on brink of war with North Korea 5 years ago
423:
371:
274:* The heavy oil was delivered to the DPRK with some delays
203:
195:
173:
2186:
2303:
2360:
Examining the Lessons of the 1994 U.S.-North Korea Deal
2219:
314:* DPRK "suspended" notification of withdrawal from NPT
2340:– O Song Chol, DPRK Foreign Ministry, January 18, 2003
1442:"LWR Provision is U.S. Obligation: DPRK FM Spokesman"
1057:
1055:
1053:
491:
were strongly against the agreement, regarding it as
487:, who did not support the agreement. Some Republican
276:* United States established international consortium
215:: Freeze of North Korean nuclear program, leading to
2265:– describes negotiations leading to Agreed Framework
1590:
Columbia University Weatherhead East Asian Institute
1386:
1384:
1279:"frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: perle"
825:. IAEA. 2 November 1994. INFCIRC/457. Archived from
50:
power plants, and the step-by-step normalization of
30:(북미제네바기본합의서) was signed on 21 October 1994, between
2281:, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2002)
2187:Joseph Kahn; David E. Sanger (September 20, 2005).
2152:"NORTH KOREA SAYS IT HAS A PROGRAM ON NUCLEAR ARMS"
1706:
1335:(Report). Congressional Research Service. IB91141.
994:
547:
2338:J. Kelly Failed to Produce ‘Evidence’ in Pyongyang
1962:"KEDO Executive Board Meeting – November 21, 2003"
1857:. Institute for Science and International Security
1050:
1003:Statement by the President of the Security Council
930:North Korea's Weapons Programmes: A Net Assessment
917:
892:
466:
2189:"U.S.-Korean Deal on Arms Leaves Key Points Open"
1843:
1413:
1381:
706:
2779:
2653:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
2400:North Korea Says It Will Abandon Nuclear Efforts
2326:North Korea's nuclear facilities by Google Earth
2249:– Geneva, October 21, 1994 (archived 2003-12-17)
1611:
1473:. The People's Korea. 1998-05-13. Archived from
676:
674:
525:The U.S. diplomat who negotiated the framework,
444:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
357:The DPRK would take steps to implement the 1992
2149:
2041:"President Delivers State of the Union Address"
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1327:
1243:, 1st Session, H.J. Res. 83, September 18, 1995
886:
859:
857:
2762:South Korea Ballistic Missile Range Guidelines
2090:
1739:
1064:"North Korea's Choice: Bombs Over Electricity"
962:
960:
812:
540:Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State
2481:
2247:Agreed Framework between the USA and the DPRK
1924:
1895:
1742:"Dealing With North Korea's Nuclear Programs"
1617:
966:
925:International Institute for Strategic Studies
671:
2658:Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
2511:Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
2422:The Beijing Deal is not the Agreed Framework
1700:
1548:
1321:
1197:
854:
700:
336:(LWR) power plants by a target date of 2003.
108:Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
2757:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2497:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2380:Dealing With North Korea’s Nuclear Programs
2067:"Nuclear Posture Review [Excerpts]"
1171:
957:
716:. Princeton University Press. p. 209.
655:2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
635:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
320:The main provisions of the agreement were:
2488:
2474:
2295:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1959:
1875:
567:In October 2002, a U.S. delegation led by
2350:The History of the 1994 Agreed Framework
1903:"DPRK FM sends letter to UNSC president"
1849:
1204:, MIT Center for International Studies,
93:
80:
72:
64:
56:
2536:Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration
2312:, Nautilus Institute, February 16, 2001
1989:. Carnegieendowment.org. Archived from
1707:Siegfried S. Hecker (12 January 2017).
1646:
1586:"Joel S. Wit – Senior Research Scholar"
1537:from the original on September 23, 2009
1141:
682:"Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards"
52:relations between the U.S. and the DPRK
2780:
2456:– text of agreement, February 19, 1992
2099:from the original on September 9, 2009
1835:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1680:
1414:Selig S. Harrison (March–April 2001),
1014:from the original on 12 September 2016
2469:
2431:
2344:North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program
2201:from the original on February 5, 2009
2064:
1596:from the original on 12 November 2016
1574:from the original on 24 October 2017.
1390:
1342:from the original on 4 September 2009
1330:North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program
1191:
979:from the original on 12 November 2016
650:2018 North Korea–United States summit
479:Soon after the agreement was signed,
364:The DPRK would remain a party to the
263:* Make arrangements for two 1000 MWe
219:of the Korean Peninsula, and initial
176:announced intention to withdraw from
1850:Albright, David (23 February 2007).
1561:
1176:. The People's Korea. Archived from
896:Presidential Determination No. 99-16
893:William J. Clinton (March 4, 1999),
688:from the original on 5 December 2014
660:2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit
600:North Korea conducted a nuclear test
332:, would be replaced with two 1000MW
122:Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2788:North Korea–United States relations
2150:DAVID E. SANGER (17 October 2002).
2091:Selig Harrison (October 25, 2007).
1938:. February 10, 2005. Archived from
1721:from the original on 17 August 2017
1709:"The U.S. Must Talk to North Korea"
1010:, 4 November 1994, S/PRST/1994/64,
617:Discussions took place through the
112:North Korea nuclear weapons program
13:
2354:The Forum for International Policy
2164:from the original on 13 March 2016
2018:. October 25, 2002. Archived from
1909:. January 10, 2003. Archived from
1328:Larry A. Niksch (March 17, 2003).
947:from the original on 11 March 2009
871:. October 25, 2002. Archived from
772:. .inews.co.uk. 5 September 2017.
475:KEDO funding per year 1995 to 2005
470:
126:International Atomic Energy Agency
61:AGREED FRAMEWORK COVER PAGE – IAEA
14:
2829:
2434:"Revisiting the Agreed Framework"
2240:
2073:from the original on 10 June 2009
1783:. .korea-np.co.jp. Archived from
1420:, Foreign Affairs, archived from
556:labeled North Korea in his first
267:to DPRK with target date of 2003.
2521:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2128:from the original on 6 June 2009
2118:"Could North Korea Have A Bomb?"
1968:from the original on 7 June 2011
1884:from the original on 7 June 2011
1762:from the original on 6 June 2009
1740:James A. Kelly (July 15, 2004).
1502:. 21 August 1997. Archived from
1310:from the original on 28 May 2009
1260:from the original on 28 May 2009
967:Glenn Kessler (March 13, 2015).
552:In January 2002, U.S. President
548:Final breakdown of the agreement
406:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
366:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
286:
249:
116:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2226:from the original on 2009-04-13
2212:
2180:
2143:
2110:
2084:
2058:
2033:
2004:
1979:
1960:Tim Carter (21 November 2003).
1953:
1876:Tim Carter (14 November 2002).
1869:
1818:from the original on 2014-06-28
1798:
1773:
1748:
1733:
1689:from the original on 2009-09-08
1674:
1640:
1578:
1517:
1488:
1463:
1434:
1407:
1353:
1296:
1285:from the original on 2009-03-28
1271:
1246:
1218:
1208:from the original on 2009-09-09
1165:
1154:from the original on 2012-11-08
1135:
1116:
1094:
1076:National Academy of Engineering
1039:from the original on 2009-03-29
1025:
1008:United Nations Security Council
801:from the original on 2017-09-10
776:from the original on 2017-09-10
751:from the original on 2015-04-09
467:Implementation of the agreement
402:United Nations Security Council
324:DPRK's graphite-moderated 5MWe
302:* Take steps to implement 1992
2803:Nuclear program of North Korea
2432:Lewis, Jeffrey (15 May 2015).
2332:Break-down of Agreed Framework
1391:Behar, Richard (12 May 2003).
1201:North Korea: Negotiations Work
1198:Leon V Sigal (February 2007),
836:
787:
762:
737:
361:between South and North Korea.
346:The U.S. would provide formal
1:
2541:Sanctions against North Korea
1647:Pollack, Jonathan D. (2003).
1620:"Pyongyang's Brushback Pitch"
1618:Leon V. Sigal (18 May 2018).
1142:Kessler, Glenn (2005-07-13).
665:
500:late. KEDO's first director,
89:
2767:Nuclear power in South Korea
2663:Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site
2546:2017–2018 North Korea crisis
2516:Nuclear power in North Korea
2291:North Korea's Nuclear Breach
1562:Ryan, Maria (19 July 2017).
1448:. 1998-03-06. Archived from
569:Assistant Secretary of State
300:* Remain a party to the NPT
163:
7:
1744:. U.S. Department of State.
628:
10:
2834:
1446:Korean Central News Agency
1172:Kim Ji Yong (2003-01-27).
606:preserved and maintained.
558:State of the Union Address
497:U.S. Department of Defense
105:
18:
2749:
2671:
2645:
2602:
2554:
2503:
684:. IAEA. 14 October 2014.
645:2018 Korean peace process
537:the cost of the project.
2374:Naval War College Review
1656:Naval War College Review
1237:House of Representatives
420:Yongbyon nuclear reactor
410:Yongbyon nuclear reactor
100:Yongbyon nuclear reactor
19:Not to be confused with
2793:Politics of North Korea
2396:, January/February 2005
2220:"KEDO website homepage"
1592:. Columbia University.
483:control changed to the
156:military exercise with
2390:Did North Korea Cheat?
2069:. Globalsecurity.org.
1368:www.globalsecurity.org
1256:. PBS. 10 April 2003.
1078:: 5–12. Archived from
933:, Palgrave Macmillan,
476:
400:, though noted by the
149:Clinton Administration
103:
86:
78:
70:
62:
2798:Nuclear proliferation
2352:, Daniel B. Poneman,
474:
449:It was reported that
194:: 21 October 1994 by
97:
84:
76:
68:
60:
44:nuclear proliferation
2408:, September 19, 2005
1417:Time To Leave Korea?
1403:on 22 November 2007.
927:(10 February 2004),
832:on 17 December 2003.
797:. cartercenter.org.
432:light water reactors
394:United States Senate
334:light water reactors
265:light water reactors
2813:October 1994 events
2808:1994 in North Korea
2428:, February 14, 2007
2418:, December 19, 2005
1306:. PBS. 2003-02-26.
1281:. PBS. 2003-03-27.
1035:. PBS. 2003-03-03.
973:The Washington Post
48:light water reactor
40:nuclear power plant
21:Framework agreement
2426:Nautilus Institute
2405:The New York Times
2285:Nautilus Institute
2275:Ch 14: North Korea
2259:, October 18, 1994
2194:The New York Times
2157:The New York Times
1714:The New York Times
1500:The People's Korea
1231:2015-09-04 at the
1148:Washingtonpost.com
1128:2009-09-23 at the
848:2007-09-30 at the
576:uranium enrichment
477:
430:. In exchange two
104:
87:
79:
71:
63:
42:program with more
2775:
2774:
2306:, October 4, 1999
1506:on 24 August 2009
940:978-1-4039-3324-9
708:Selig S. Harrison
461:had recently died
352:national security
318:
317:
2825:
2526:Agreed Framework
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2443:
2366:, April 10, 2003
2235:
2234:
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2008:
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1983:
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1575:
1568:The Conversation
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1429:
1424:on March 1, 2009
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:. Archived from
1388:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1370:. Archived from
1365:
1357:
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1120:
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1108:. Archived from
1098:
1092:
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1048:
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903:, archived from
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678:
502:Stephen Bosworth
485:Republican Party
292:
290:
289:
255:
253:
252:
234:
233:
217:denuclearization
98:The 5 MWe pilot
2833:
2832:
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2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
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2641:
2598:
2550:
2531:Six-party talks
2499:
2494:
2424:, Peter Hayes,
2394:Foreign Affairs
2356:, March 7, 2003
2279:Deadly Arsenals
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1808:
1806:"Archived copy"
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1233:Wayback Machine
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1130:Wayback Machine
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901:The White House
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850:Wayback Machine
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691:
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640:Six-party talks
631:
619:Six-party talks
550:
527:Robert Gallucci
469:
326:nuclear reactor
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
287:
285:
275:
270:
268:
262:
250:
248:
221:Peace agreement
200:Robert Gallucci
186:IAEA safeguards
166:
118:
106:Main articles:
92:
34:(DPRK) and the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2821:
2820:
2818:1994 documents
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2673:UN resolutions
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
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2655:
2649:
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2632:September 2016
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2384:James A. Kelly
2377:
2367:
2357:
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2329:
2328:
2323:
2322:, May 22, 2001
2313:
2307:
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2242:
2241:External links
2239:
2237:
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2109:
2083:
2057:
2047:on 8 June 2009
2032:
2003:
1978:
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1942:on 31 May 2009
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1380:
1377:on 2010-04-15.
1352:
1320:
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1270:
1245:
1241:104th Congress
1217:
1190:
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1115:
1112:on 2015-09-04.
1106:thomas.loc.gov
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572:James A. Kelly
560:as part of an
554:George W. Bush
549:
546:
495:. Initially,
468:
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436:heavy fuel oil
428:nuclear weapon
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2022:on 2009-09-08
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1993:on 2007-09-30
1992:
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1963:
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592:U.S. Congress
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454:Bill Clinton
451:US President
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387:
381:in the DPRK.
379:reprocessing
319:
240:Agreed Items
223:between the
212:
191:
169:
146:
139:
132:product and
119:
27:
25:
2504:Main topics
2257:White House
2168:11 November
2132:11 November
2065:John Pike.
1600:11 November
1018:7 September
983:11 November
729:30 November
692:30 November
542:Rust Deming
493:appeasement
458:Kim Il Sung
294:North Korea
229:North Korea
208:Kang Sok-ju
198:Ambassador
192:Signed Date
158:South Korea
154:Team Spirit
32:North Korea
2782:Categories
2646:Facilities
2230:2009-06-09
2205:2009-06-09
2103:2009-06-09
2077:2009-06-09
2051:2009-06-09
2026:2009-06-09
1997:2009-06-09
1972:2010-05-31
1946:2009-05-27
1917:2009-05-27
1888:2010-05-31
1822:2015-04-04
1791:2009-06-09
1766:2009-06-09
1693:2009-06-09
1541:2010-04-14
1510:2009-06-09
1481:2009-06-09
1456:2010-11-13
1428:2009-06-09
1346:2009-09-24
1314:2009-06-09
1289:2009-06-09
1264:2009-06-09
1212:2009-03-05
1184:2009-06-09
1158:2009-06-09
1068:The Bridge
1043:2009-06-09
951:2009-03-05
911:2007-09-27
879:2009-03-15
805:2017-09-10
780:2017-09-10
755:2015-04-04
666:References
509:Korean War
396:as with a
170:Motivation
90:Background
46:resistant
2594:2021–2023
1725:17 August
1397:CNN Money
330:plutonium
243:Progress
164:Agreement
130:plutonium
2439:38 North
2224:Archived
2199:Archived
2175:uranium.
2162:Archived
2126:Archived
2097:Archived
2071:Archived
1966:Archived
1964:. KEDO.
1882:Archived
1880:. KEDO.
1861:25 April
1831:cite web
1813:Archived
1760:Archived
1719:Archived
1687:Archived
1685:. KEDO.
1666:June 16,
1625:38 North
1594:Archived
1572:Archived
1532:Archived
1337:Archived
1308:Archived
1283:Archived
1258:Archived
1229:Archived
1206:archived
1152:Archived
1126:Archived
1037:Archived
1012:archived
977:Archived
945:archived
846:Archived
799:Archived
774:Archived
749:Archived
710:(2009).
686:Archived
629:See also
489:Senators
172: :
2750:Related
2277:– from
2122:PBS.org
1758:. PBS.
1086:5 March
213:Summary
1632:23 May
937:
720:
398:treaty
291:
254:
237:States
114:, and
1987:"NPP"
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1809:(PDF)
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1226:Korea
1074:(2).
830:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
348:peace
340:year.
184:with
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2731:2371
2726:2321
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2716:2094
2711:2087
2706:1985
2701:1928
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2691:1718
2686:1695
2637:2017
2622:2013
2617:2009
2612:2006
2589:2017
2584:2014
2579:2013
2574:2009
2569:2006
2564:1993
2416:KCNA
2320:KCNA
2170:2016
2134:2016
2016:KCNA
1936:KCNA
1907:KCNA
1863:2022
1837:link
1727:2017
1668:2022
1634:2018
1602:2016
1088:2011
1020:2017
985:2016
935:ISBN
869:KCNA
731:2014
718:ISBN
694:2014
587:KEDO
442:The
424:IAEA
372:IAEA
350:and
278:KEDO
227:and
204:DPRK
202:and
196:U.S.
180:and
174:DPRK
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2681:825
2364:PBS
2304:CNN
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178:NPT
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