981:, baptism is seen as a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God". While the Churches of Christ do not describe baptism as a "sacrament", their view of it can be described as "sacramental". They see the power of baptism coming from God, who chose to use baptism as a vehicle, rather than from the water or the act itself, and understand baptism to be an integral part of the conversion process, rather than just a symbol of conversion. A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism. Instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past, it is seen as "the event that places the believer 'into Christ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation". Because of the belief that baptism is a necessary part of salvation, some Baptists hold that the Churches of Christ endorse the doctrine of
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children, pastors should make sure that their prayers include clear gratitude to God for the fact that he is already at work in the life of that child, who already "belongs" in the
Christian community. Here's what must be stressed: whether at the time of baptism (in the adult baptism tradition) or at the time of confirmation when the vows made earlier by the parents are personally "owned" (in the infant baptism tradition), it is faith in Jesus (dependent trust, not mere cognitive affirmation) that is crucial. Paul goes so far as to say that without faith and obedience, the old rite of circumcision has no value (Romans 2:25). The same is true of baptism. With either rite, clear evangelistic follow-through is crucial.
708:
33:
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that in them the form of baptism for the remission of sins, is to be understood as false and not true, let him be anathema. For no otherwise can be understood what the
Apostle says, "By one man sin is come into the world, and death through sin, and so death passed upon all men in that all have sinned," than the Catholic Church everywhere diffused has always understood it. For on account of this rule of faith even infants, who could have committed as yet no sin themselves, therefore are truly baptized for the remission of sins, in order that what in them is the result of generation may be cleansed by regeneration.
646:
1866:'This one I commit to you in all earnestness in the presence of the Church and with Christ as witness.' And when the bishop had accepted the charge and had promised all, he repeated the same injunction with an appeal to the same witnesses, and then departed for Ephesus. 8. But the presbyter taking home the youth committed to him, reared, kept, cherished, and finally baptized him. After this he relaxed his stricter care and watchfulness, with the idea that in putting upon him the seal of the Lord he had given him a perfect protection.
843:, both of which are Anabaptist denominations, teach that the ordinance "be trine immersion, that is, dipping three times forward in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit." The three plunges in the forward position, for each person of the Holy Trinity, also represent the "three days of Christ's burial." Immersion baptism is done falling forward by the Schwarzenau Brethren because "the Bible says Jesus bowed his head (letting it fall forward) and died. Baptism represents a dying of the old, sinful self."
1028:
1560:"The delay of baptism is preferable; principally, however, in the case of little children. For why is it necessary . . . that the sponsors likewise should be thrust into danger? . . . For no less cause must the unwedded also be deferred—in whom the ground of temptation is prepared, alike in such as never were wedded by means of their maturity, and in the widowed by means of their freedom—until they either marry, or else be more fully strengthened for continence" (
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280:(c. 198–203), in his treatise on baptism, advises the postponement of baptism in the case of little children, arguing that it is better to wait until one is ready to live what he professes in baptism rather than to repudiate the profession by wickedness. He however also advises to postpone the baptism of the unmarried, and mentions that the baptism of infants existed during his time, having sponsors speaking on their behalf.
496:
257:
248:, the argument being that if Polycarp was a servant of Christ for 86 years, he would have been a servant of Christ from infancy, suggesting infant baptism. However, against the argument, Schoedel William argued that the quote is ambiguous as regards to baptism, and that Polycarp meant by paraphrasing: "I have always served Jesus and I am not going to cease even at the age of 86."
1587:
may be disappointed by the development of an evil disposition, in those for whom they stood? The Lord does indeed say, Forbid them not to come unto me. Let them come, then, while they are growing up; let them come while they are learning, while they are learning whither to come; let them become
Christians when they have become able to know Christ.
985:. However, members of the Churches of Christ reject this, arguing that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual. One author from the Churches of Christ describes the relationship between faith and baptism: "
205:, invited to make disciples in all nations and to baptize them in the name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. According to some theologians, it is natural to follow the order thus suggested, either to baptize someone who has become a disciple before, which is not possible with a baby or a child. They contend that in the
917:. They have no need of baptism until age eight, when they can begin to learn to discern right from wrong, and are thus accountable to God for their own actions. People completely incapable of understanding right from wrong, regardless of age, are also considered as not accountable for their actions, and are not baptized.
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1100:
The
Conservative Mennonite Conference practices believer's baptism, seen as an external symbol of internal spiritual purity and performed by immersion or pouring of water on the head; Communion; washing the feet of the saints, following Jesus's example and reminding believers of the need to be washed
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for those who have a preference for believer's baptism only after their child has made a personal acceptance of Jesus as his/her saviour. Both infant baptism and believer's baptism may be received via pouring, sprinkling, or immersion—with the candidate or the candidate's parents or sponsors choosing
506:
In the early church, instances of baptisms following conversion to
Christianity are recorded. Advocates of believers' baptism argue that this implies infants would not be baptized since they could not profess faith for themselves. Beginning with Augustine, the church solidified the practice of infant
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with God. (2) God, in believer's baptism, "grants a baptized believer the water of baptism as a sign of His covenant with them—that such a one indicates and publicly confesses that he wants to live in true obedience towards God and fellow believers with a blameless life". (3) Integral to believer's
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7. When he had come to one of the cities not far away (the name of which is given by some ), and had consoled the brethren in other matters, he finally turned to the bishop that had been appointed, and seeing a youth of powerful physique, of pleasing appearance, and of ardent temperament, he said,
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the delay of baptism is preferable; principally, however, in the case of little children. For why is it necessary — if (baptism itself) is not so necessary — that the sponsors likewise should be thrust into danger? Who both themselves, by reason of mortality, may fail to fulfil their promises, and
126:, among others). Among those denominations that practice immersion, the way that it is practiced depends on the Church; the Schwarzenau Brethren and the River Brethren for example teach "trine immersion, that is, dipping three times forward in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit."
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Likewise it seemed good that whosoever denies that infants newly from their mother's wombs should be baptized, or says that baptism is for remission of sins, but that they derive from Adam no original sin, which needs to be removed by the laver of regeneration, from whence the conclusion follows,
369:
defined baptism as an expression of faith, stating: "baptism is established by faith, and each is carried out by the same names. For as we believe in the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, so also we are baptized in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The confession that brings salvation comes
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of pride, rivalry, and selfish motives; anointing the sick with oil--a symbol of the Holy Spirit and of the healing power of God--offered with the prayer of faith; and laying on of hands for ordination, symbolizing the imparting of responsibility and of God's power to fulfill that responsibility.
325:
In inscriptions from the end from the second century and later in which the date of baptism and death are mentioned, there is a close correlation between the time of baptism and their time of death. For example, Antonia
Cyriaceti died and received baptism on the same day, Felite received baptism
294:
instead claimed that Justin Martyr is "clear and full evidence" that infant baptism was not practiced during his time. He highlighted Justin's statements that one was "persuaded that the things spoken and taught by us are true", before baptism. Dan Taylor argued against the interpretation of the
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When they baptize babies, pastors should make sure that their prayers include clear requests that God will bring the children to a personal faith that "owns" what the parents are promising at a time when the children (who "belong" from day one) cannot act for themselves. And when they dedicate
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The Oldest Church Manual, Called The
Teaching of the Twelve Apostles ...: The Didache and Kindred Documents in the Original, with Translations and Discussions of Post-apostolic Teaching, Baptism, Worship, and Discipline, and with Illustrations and Facsimiles of the Jerusalem
361:. Schreiner argued that Gregory of Naziansus was generally opposed to infant baptism, preferring children who were old enough to understand the "basic outlines of the faith" to be baptized, except when there was a danger of death for the infant. Schreiner also argued that
511:
held the view that baptism was a requirement for the washing away of sins. He was faced with the issue of whether an unconscious or unwilling individual on their deathbed should be baptized; he felt it was better to err on the side of caution and baptize such a person.
969:, the relationship of the church to the state was a contentious issue, and infant baptism was seen as a way to ensure that society remained religiously homogeneous. As a result, groups that rejected infant baptism were seen as subversive and were often persecuted.
326:
March 26 and died April 29. Multiple other inscriptions mention people of varying ages, who died as "neophytes" which implies someone whose baptism was a recent event, such as a Greek inscription that mentioned
Achillia, who died in their 5th year as a neophyte.
226:
has been a matter of discussion among
Protestants on what it teaches about baptism. The Didache has been argued to have assumed believer's baptism, as it assumes discipleship before baptism and does not mention infant baptism. Against this,
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once met
Balthasar Hubmaier and agreed that infant baptism should be discontinued, however Zwingli would later become a persecutor of those who denied infant baptism. However Hubmaier would allow infant baptism in extreme situations.
537:, thus rejecting the baptism of infants. This, and other doctrinal differences, led both Catholics and Protestants to persecute the Anabaptists, executing them by fire, sword, or drowning. Major Anabaptist theologians included:
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In churches practicing believer's baptism, the age of accountability may have been set higher or lower depending on their traditional practices and their understanding of the psychological development of children.
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one is incorporated into Christ and so becomes a child of God" (italics in the source). Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance, rather than a "work" that earns salvation.
903:, rebaptism by immersion is not required for church membership. However, it is available to those who feel that they have received new information that makes a difference or have experienced a reconversion.
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made no clear statements on infant baptism. Proponents of believer's baptism have argued that because Clement of Alexandria connects repentance and baptism, he supported the practice. On the other hand
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denominations, previously functioned as national, state-established churches in various European and Latin American countries. Defenders of infant baptism have attempted to trace the practice to the
272:, who announced the decision of the African synod to require the baptism of infants. The practice is also clearly practiced in the churches of Egypt very early, as seen from the writings of
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The Bogomils repudiated infant baptism, and considered the baptismal rite to be of a spiritual character neither by water nor by oil but by self-abnegation, prayers and chanting of hymns.
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1879:
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665:, which is based upon a reading of the New Testament that only believers should be baptized. The believer's full understanding is verified by leaders when a believer makes a
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does not describe instances of infant baptism, and that during the New Testament era, the early church required converts to have conscious, deliberate faith in Jesus Christ.
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also rejected the baptism of infants. However, they did not believe anyone should be baptized in water at all, and instead believed baptism to be of a spiritual character.
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did not baptize Augustine as a child because of the fear of post-baptismal sins, the situation of Basil and Augustine are however different, there are no indications that
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Across the board, Christian Churches/Churches of Christ immerse new believers and strongly encourage those who transfer from non-immersing churches to undergo immersion.
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implies for the practice of delaying baptism for the practical reason of the fear of post-baptismal sins, as Hermas says those who fall have only one chance of penance.
1163:...both groups practiced believers baptism (the River Brethren did so by immersion in a stream or river) and stressed simplicity in life and nonresistance to violence.
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276:, who claimed it as apostolic tradition. However, according to Schreiner, Origen's need to make an apology for infant baptism implies it was not a universal belief.
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stated, "I have served him eighty-six years and in no way has he dealt unjustly with me". Proponents of infant baptism argue that this quote shows Polycarp being
804:, echoing Jesus' words that "they would be baptized with His baptism, witnessing to the world when their blood was spilt". Anabaptist denominations, such as the
337:
did not generally baptize infants, though the stance of the Novatians is disputed and by this point infant baptism had become clear among many orthodox writers.
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The birthdate in 1708 marked the baptism by immersion of the group in the River Eder, thus believer's baptism became one of the primary tenets of The Brethren.
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Infant Baptism Tested by Scripture and History: Or, The Infants Claim to Church Membership Defended and Established, on Testimony Scriptural and Historical
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Walafrid Strabo recognized that the early Church only gradually extended baptism to newborns , that originally the sacrament was focused on adult converts
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791:. For Anabaptists, "believer's baptism consists of three parts, the Spirit, the water, and the blood—these three witnesses on earth." According to
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The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ
305:
indirectly excludes infant baptism, stating that the children of believers were considered part of the Christian community only after conversion.
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in Bohemia are divided into two, or some say three parties, the large, the small, the very small, who hold in all things with the Anabaptists".
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argued that the parallel with circumcision supports believer's baptism, arguing that since circumcision was given to the children of Abraham (
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Infant Baptism and the Covenant of Grace: An Appraisal of the Argument that as Infants Were Once Circumcised, So They Should Now be Baptized
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Infant Baptism and the Covenant of Grace: An Appraisal of the Argument that as Infants Were Once Circumcised, So They Should Now be Baptized
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argued that the custom infant baptism has been handed down from Jesus and the apostles to the church. During the Pelagian controversy, both
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1689:"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
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The Paulician heresy: a study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Procinces of the Byzantine empire
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The practice of infant baptism was additionally affirmed by the council of Carthage, stating that infant baptism cleanses original sin.
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428:, despite being in support of infant baptism, said that baptism "in the ancient times" was performed on those who had already matured.
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for those who have a preference for believer's baptism only after their child has made a personal acceptance of Jesus as their savior.
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at the age of 12 or 13, at which point Jewish children become responsible for their actions and "one to whom the commandments apply".
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era, but generally acknowledge that no unambiguous evidence exists that the practice existed prior to the 2nd century. During the
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movements began adopting baptism by immersion. Some of them may have insisted on credobaptism by affusion a few decades earlier.
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mentioned that an earlier presbyter who took a child and "committed to him, reared, kept, cherished, and finally baptized him".
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quote used to justify infant baptism, stating that by "discipleship", Justin was not referring to baptism but to teaching.
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2007:
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In areas where those who practice believer's baptism are the physical or cultural majority, the ritual may function as a
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The Apostolic Fathers, A New Translation and Commentary, Volume V: Polycarp, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Fragments of Papias
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strongly opposed infant baptism; they only gave baptism to adults after instruction, confession, and repentance. The
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affirmed infant baptism, Justin stating that some in his day have been disciples of Jesus since childhood, while
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and Augustine affirmed the validity of infant baptism, but the Pelagians denied that infants have sin in them.
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argued that the silence of the Didache about infant baptism "cannot be fairly used as an argument against it".
45:
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Luther and the Radicals: Another Look at Some Aspects of the Struggle Between Luther and the Radical Reformers
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577:
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Denominations and groups who practice believer's baptism were historically referred to as "Anabaptist" (from
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1938:. Stavely and M'Calla ; New York : Stanford and Swords ; Alexandria : Bell and Entwisle.
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who preferred to baptize those of older age, however without proposing re-baptism and the radical Taborite
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implies the baptized should be old enough to understand and ready to obey certain commands. Additionally,
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Mennonites in Dialogue: Official Reports from International and National Ecumenical Encounters, 1975–2012
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The Anabaptists regard their ideas as being based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who, according to the
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Studies on the Baptismal Question: Including a Review of Dr. Dale's "Inquiry Into the Usage of Baptizo."
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mentioned that the Waldensians believed that the "ablution which is given to infants profits nothing".
182:"), though this term is used primarily to categorize the denominations and adherents belonging to the
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Founding the Fathers: Early Church History and Protestant Professors in Nineteenth-Century America
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886:, practice infant baptism for families who desire it for their children, but provide a rite for
83:. Credobaptists believe that infants incapable of consciously believing should not be baptized.
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those who are able to make a conscious profession of faith, as contrasted to the practice of
2694:"Anabaptist | Definition, Description, Movement, Beliefs, History, & Facts | Britannica"
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The baptism of disciples alone: A covenantal argument for credobaptism versus paedobaptism
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Foster, Douglas A.; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Blowers, Paul M.; Williams, D. Newell (2004).
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396:, who was the mother of Basil, feared post-baptismal sins like Monica did for Augustine.
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209:, references to the baptized relate only to believers who have experienced a new birth.
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A Tender Age: Cultural Anxieties Over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
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Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology, and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries
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795:: (1) In believer's baptism, the Holy Spirit witnesses the candidate entering into a
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Christianization and Commonwealth in Early Medieval Europe: A Ritual Interpretation
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Believer's baptism is one of several distinctive doctrines associated closely with
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movement began demanding that baptismal candidates be able to make a freely chosen
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discouraged baptism of infants. Additionally, some have argued that the schismatic
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2009:
Basil of Caesarea (Foundations of Theological Exegesis and Christian Spirituality)
623:' baptism as an adult, and not as an infant, is supportive of believer's baptism.
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or early Christian literature that infant baptism was practiced by the apostles.
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Gourley, Bruce. "A Very Brief Introduction to Baptist History, Then and Now."
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commanded to believe before baptism took place. Credobaptists also argue that
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opposed infant baptism but did not demand rebaptism of once baptized infants.
260:
Tertullian advised the postponement of baptism in the case of little children.
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Nettles, Tom J; Pratt, Richard L Jr; Armstrong, John H; Kolb, Robert (2007),
2394:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–120.
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All Amish, Hutterites, and most Mennonites baptized by pouring or sprinkling.
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wrote that some statements that he makes can unclearly imply infant baptism.
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2917:"Early Anabaptist Positions on Believer's Baptism and a Challenge for Today"
1979:
Evangelical Theology, Second Edition: A Biblical and Systematic Introduction
633:) and that in the New Testament, only believers are called sons of Abraham (
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baptism and there is little mention of competing practices until the 1500s.
27:
Person is baptized on the basis of their profession of faith in Jesus Christ
4164:
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3553:
A Vindication of Trine Immersion as the Apostolic Form of Christian Baptism
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A Brief Sketch of the History of the Foreign Baptists By G. H. ORCHARD 1842
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846:
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Theology Matters: In Honor of Harold Hazelip: Answers for the Church Today
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Hazelip, Harold; Holloway, Gary; Harris, Randall J; Black, Mark C (1998),
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as the mode to administer believer's baptism, whereas Anabaptists of the
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436:
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3428:, vol. 43, no. 2, Abilene Christian University, archived from
3420:"Churches of Christ and Baptism: An Historical and Theological Overview"
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Counter-Cultural Communities: Baptistic Life in Twentieth-Century Europe
4179:
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3711:
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Foster, Douglas Allen; Dunnavant, Anthony L; Blowers; Williams (2004),
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completely rejects infant baptism. Little children are considered both
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Believer's baptism is administered only to persons who have passed the
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Biblical Foundations for Baptist Churches: A Contemporary Ecclesiology
2854:
Opening the Doors of Wonder: Reflections on Religious Rites of Passage
2673:
Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church
1460:"17 Statements that a Paedobaptist and a Credobaptist Can Both Affirm"
1265:
141:
for families who desire it for their children, but provide a rite for
4313:
4047:
3911:
3886:
3876:
3781:
3761:
942:
800:
baptism is the candidate's mission to witness to the world even unto
776:
740:
566:
508:
459:
330:
149:
103:
95:
76:
1412:
Baptist Foundations: Church Government for an Anti-Institutional Age
1399:
Baptist Foundations: Church Government for an Anti-Institutional Age
687:
This understanding of the age of responsibility is analogous to the
3871:
3701:
2841:
Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites
1118:
Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites
946:
938:
863:
851:
817:
319:
241:
119:
91:
37:
2801:"Why Not Grandchildren? An Argument Against Reformed Paedobaptism"
48:, 2015, arms crossed over chest, with man and woman at either side
4260:
4189:
3901:
3796:
3791:
2547:
Infant baptism in historical perspective : collected studies
1742:
Dan Taylor (1738-1816), Baptist Leader and Pioneering Evangelical
1603:"Did the Early Church Practice Infant Baptism or Full Immersion?"
1199:
1013:
716:
681:
650:
581:
484:
381:
269:
223:
179:
2522:"What are the historical origins of infant baptism? | Bible.org"
672:
In practice, this age generally corresponds to the beginning of
2379:
1056:
688:
612:
477:, who believed baptism should be withheld until the age of 30.
373:
273:
3581:
Believer's Baptism: The Covenant Sign of the New Age in Christ
3437:
3333:
3282:
2408:
Léglu, Catherine; Rist, Rebecca; Taylor, Claire (2013-11-12).
649:
Believer's baptism by immersion at Eastside Christian Church,
3786:
3606:
Adult Baptism in the Early Church: Some evidence from Ireland
2549:. Milton Keynes, UK ; Waynesboro, Ga: Paternoster Press.
809:
768:
620:
588:
495:
256:
173:
167:
161:
99:
70:
64:
2883:
Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition
2822:
2820:
2262:
1084:
Kurian, George Thomas; Day, Sarah Claudine (14 March 2017).
443:. The Waldensians also practiced baptism by full immersion.
431:
During the medieval age, infant baptism was opposed by the
3456:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3252:
2267:
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition
2112:"Canons of the Council of Carthage (418) on sin and grace"
735:
Evangelical denominations adhering to the doctrine of the
565:
Historians trace the earliest "Baptist" church to 1609 in
3530:
3321:
2817:
469:, a few also practiced believer's baptism. This includes
370:
first and there follows baptism which seals our assent."
3263:
3261:
1149:
Through Fire and Water: An Overview of Mennonite History
847:
Baptist, Pentecostal, and Nondenominational Christianity
3401:
The Church of Christ: A Biblical Ecclesiology for Today
3339:
2720:
Believer's Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ
1952:
Believer's Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ
1769:
Believer's Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ
1715:
Believer's Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ
1659:
Believer's Baptism: Sign of the New Covenant in Christ
1086:
The Essential Handbook of Denominations and Ministries
727:
by which the child is granted the status of an adult.
186:
branch of Christianity that emerged in the era of the
3480:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3258:
3181:
3179:
2411:
The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade: A Sourcebook
1851:"CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book III (Eusebius)"
2942:
Jones, Keith G.; Randall, Ian M. (5 December 2008).
2321:
Anderson, Roberta; Bellenger, Dominic (2013-06-17).
1363:
1009:
3640:
1241:. Brethren Encyclopedia, Incorporated. p. 82.
3379:Baptism, Why Wait?: Faith's Response in Conversion
3300:
3176:
2898:, Univ. of Tennessee Press, USA, 2001, p. 155, 159
2856:, University of California Press, USA, 2006, p. 28
2828:The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion
2717:Schreiner, Thomas R.; Wright, Shawn (2007-01-01).
2559:
2264:
1949:Schreiner, Thomas R.; Wright, Shawn (2007-01-01).
1712:Schreiner, Thomas R.; Wright, Shawn (2007-01-01).
1656:Schreiner, Thomas R.; Wright, Shawn (2007-01-01).
1364:
129:Certain denominations of Methodism, including the
36:Believer's baptism done by the mode of immersion,
2320:
2231:"Waldenses | Description, History, & Beliefs"
1347:The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church
4429:
2935:
2462:Enns, Fernando; Seiling, Jonathan (2015-07-06).
1142:
1140:
925:Many churches that baptize infants, such as the
2750:, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, page 56
2716:
2407:
1948:
1766:Schreiner, Thomas R.; Wright, Shawn D. (2006).
1765:
1711:
1655:
1430:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2000, p. 528
1232:
1230:
1208:The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement
1147:Nolt, Steven M.; Loewen, Harry (11 June 2010).
1079:
1077:
907:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
711:Believer's baptism of an adult by immersion at
604:Advocates of believer's baptism argue that the
2979:General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists,
2919:. Pilgrim Mennonite Conference. Archived from
2615:Michael Servetus: A Case Study in Total Heresy
1824:
1285:
1283:
1260:
1258:
1173:
1171:
1111:
1109:
345:Thomas Schreiner pointed out that many of the
86:The mode of believer's baptism depends on the
3626:
3579:Schreiner, Thomas R and Wright, Shawn (ed.),
3561:Stander, Hendick F; Louw, Johannes P (2004),
2968:Pentecostal Theology: A Theology of Encounter
2560:Fitzgerald, Allan; Cavadini, John C. (1999).
2263:F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, eds. (1997).
1422:
1420:
1414:, B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2015, p. 93
1401:, B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2015, p. 108
1180:Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity
1137:
594:
349:were not baptized until adulthood, including
2941:
1827:"Anglicans and Baptism: A Baptist's Opinion"
1227:
1074:
264:Infant baptism in this time was affirmed by
3829:
3560:
2885:, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 54
2563:Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia
2461:
2087:Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia
2060:Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia
1683:
1681:
1679:
1292:"Old Brethren follow distinctive practices"
1280:
1255:
1168:
1106:
730:
465:Though infant baptism was practiced in the
340:
251:
152:
68:
3633:
3619:
2946:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 126.
2566:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 87.
2504:
2502:
2492:A History of the Baptists Volumes I and II
2189:. From the Press of Lincoln & Edmands.
2083:
2056:
2005:
1417:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1210:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 66.
1146:
878:Many Methodist denominations, such as the
2748:A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches
2488:
2199:
2138:
1314:
1312:
1236:
1083:
920:
490:
4453:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity
3395:
3360:
3348:
2611:
2347:
2271:. USA: Oxford University Press. p.
2182:
1877:
1676:
1530:
1289:
1177:
1115:
862:Believer's baptism is also practiced by
850:
706:
644:
640:
494:
255:
75:meaning "I believe") is the practice of
31:
3549:
3236:
3132:
3038:
2777:"The Baptist Union: Believer's Baptism"
2499:
1738:
1334:
1116:Kraybill, Donald B. (1 November 2010).
739:practice believer's baptism, after the
637:), thus supporting believer's baptism.
14:
4430:
4120:Conditional preservation of the saints
3929:
3475:
3417:
3376:
3309:
3294:
3267:
3185:
2991:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2896:The Variety of American Evangelicalism
2544:
2434:
2374:
1931:
1904:
1792:
1628:
1503:
1457:
1439:
1309:
522:opposed infant baptism. Additionally,
3978:
3928:
3828:
3653:
3614:
2877:
2875:
2766:, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, page 131
2758:
2756:
2742:
2740:
2669:"1525 The Anabaptist Movement Begins"
2586:
2006:Hildebrand, Stephen M. (2014-03-18).
2001:
1999:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1624:
1622:
1597:
1595:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1554:
1476:
972:
611:Advocates for believer's baptism use
3085:
2869:, Kregel Academic, USA, 2019, p. 133
2640:"Chronology for Radical Reformation"
2256:
2165:
1975:
1483:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1385:participating institution membership
217:
4006:Christian views on the Old Covenant
3654:
3556:, The Brethren's Publishing Company
3533:Understanding Four Views on Baptism
2901:
1577:
1531:Schoedel, William R. (2020-06-03).
1290:Mitchell, Larry (4 November 2007).
1178:Brackney, William H. (3 May 2012).
286:among many others have argued that
110:(the normative method practiced by
24:
2970:, T&T Clark, UK, 2008, p. 164.
2872:
2764:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
2753:
2737:
2289:
1996:
1813:
1739:Pollard, Richard T. (2018-07-31).
1619:
1592:
1568:
1551:
1477:Clark, Elizabeth A. (2011-04-12).
417:likewise affirmed infant baptism.
25:
4484:
3979:
3594:
3336:, pp. 630–31, 'Regeneration'
3088:"Children: Salvation of Children"
2826:Adam Possamai, Anthony J. Blasi,
2489:Christian, John T. (2014-03-05).
1428:Theology for the Community of God
1268:. Annville Church of the Brethren
894:
388:received baptism at a later age.
234:Similar to Tertullian later, the
2587:Hasse, Hans-Peter (2011-04-01),
2348:Garsoïan, Nina G. (2011-05-02).
1878:Ferguson, Everett (2009-03-23).
1466:from the original on 2020-09-20.
1182:. Scarecrow Press. p. 279.
1026:
1012:
3601:Early Church Fathers on Baptism
3370:
3230:
3126:
3079:
3032:
2985:
2973:
2960:
2914:
2888:
2859:
2846:
2833:
2793:
2769:
2710:
2686:
2661:
2632:
2605:
2580:
2553:
2538:
2514:
2482:
2455:
2441:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
2428:
2401:
2368:
2341:
2314:
2303:. Robert Appleton Company. 1911
2247:
2223:
2193:
2176:
2159:
2132:
2104:
2077:
2050:
2026:
1976:Bird, Michael F. (2020-10-20).
1969:
1942:
1925:
1898:
1871:
1843:
1786:
1759:
1732:
1705:
1649:
1524:
1504:Wright, David F. (2009-11-16).
1497:
1470:
1458:Taylor, Justin (9 March 2018).
1451:
1433:
1404:
1391:
1357:
1034:Evangelical Christianity portal
529:In the early 16th century, the
4473:Seventh-day Adventist theology
4208:Separation of church and state
2200:Maclehose, William F. (2008).
2090:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
2063:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1884:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1799:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1635:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
763:) denominations, inclusive of
680:churches and 9 to 12 years in
46:Baptist Union of Great Britain
13:
1:
2982:, adventist.org, USA, page 49
2843:, JHU Press, USA, 2010, p. 43
2468:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2324:Medieval Worlds: A Sourcebook
2206:. Columbia University Press.
2139:Ristuccia, Nathan J. (2018).
1825:Andrew Messmer (2020-12-17).
1745:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1537:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1410:Mark Dever, Jonathan Leeman,
1397:Mark Dever, Jonathan Leeman,
1353:. 2015. pp. 29, 169–178.
1237:Durnbaugh, Donald F. (1983).
1067:
750:
615:to support their view, where
502:started the Baptist movement.
212:
4289:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
3239:Handbook to Christian Belief
2723:. B&H Publishing Group.
2435:Loewen, Harry (2010-10-30).
1955:. B&H Publishing Group.
1905:Killen, W. D. (2020-07-29).
1772:. B&H Publishing Group.
1718:. B&H Publishing Group.
1662:. B&H Publishing Group.
993:a person is a child of God;
901:Seventh-day Adventist Church
891:the mode of administration.
873:
599:
580:as its pastor. In 1641, the
7:
4325:Christian reconstructionism
4093:Priesthood of all believers
3563:Baptism in the Early Church
2166:Ford, David Barnes (1879).
2145:. Oxford University Press.
1351:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
1005:
915:incapable of committing sin
884:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
702:
420:
135:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
10:
4489:
3418:Foster, Douglas A (2001),
3039:Merrill, Byron R. (1992).
1793:Jewett, Paul King (1978).
1629:Jewett, Paul King (1978).
595:Arguments for credobaptism
193:
174:
168:
162:
4386:
4353:
4312:
4279:
4216:
4188:
4145:
3991:
3987:
3974:
3937:
3924:
3837:
3824:
3662:
3649:
3482:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
3200:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
3147:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
3097:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
3050:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
3003:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
2992:Norman, Keith E. (1992).
2612:Friedman, Jerome (1978).
2593:Religion Past and Present
2183:Robinson, Robert (1817).
1911:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1372:Oxford English Dictionary
1239:The Brethren Encyclopedia
1120:. JHU Press. p. 23.
855:Baptism in open water in
94:(the normative method in
4226:Confessional Lutheranism
3086:Rudd, Calvin P. (1992).
2881:Randall Herbert Balmer,
2830:, SAGE, USA, 2020, p. 69
2495:. Solid Christian Books.
1932:Hodges, William (1844).
1320:"Baptism and Dedication"
1062:
731:Denominational practices
341:Post-Nicene Christianity
252:Ante-Nicene Christianity
90:, and is done either by
40:Park Baptist Church, in
4088:Protestant ecclesiology
3831:Eastern Orthodox Church
3550:Quinter, James (1886),
3285:, p. 66, 'Baptism'
2391:Encyclopædia Britannica
2235:Encyclopedia Britannica
2084:FITZGERALD, ed (1999).
2057:FITZGERALD, ed (1999).
1440:Schaff, Philip (1885).
1377:Oxford University Press
1296:Chico Enterprise-Record
4378:Wesleyan Quadrilateral
4368:Imparted righteousness
4251:Lutheran scholasticism
4105:Protestant Soteriology
3442:, William B Eerdmans,
3403:, William B Eerdmans,
2545:Wright, David (2007).
2186:The History of Baptism
1982:. Zondervan Academic.
1510:. InterVarsity Press.
983:baptismal regeneration
921:Theological objections
859:
828:traditions baptize by
720:
654:
503:
491:Protestant Reformation
261:
153:
88:Christian denomination
69:
49:
4458:Christian terminology
4266:Theology of the Cross
3707:Immaculate Conception
3425:Restoration Quarterly
3377:Bryant, Rees (1999),
2510:The Baptist Observer.
2354:. Walter de Gruyter.
2301:Catholic Encyclopedia
1578:Florens, Tertullian.
1324:Free Methodist Church
880:Free Methodist Church
854:
713:The Foursquare Church
710:
676:, around 12 years in
659:age of accountability
653:, United States, 2018
648:
641:Age of accountability
498:
309:Clement of Alexandria
259:
246:baptized as an infant
131:Free Methodist Church
59:(occasionally called
35:
4468:Restoration Movement
4448:Baptist Christianity
4373:Second work of grace
4363:Christian perfection
4231:Evangelical Catholic
4115:Conditional election
4033:Evangelical theology
3672:Apostolic succession
3511:Malone, Fred (2003)
3487:Macmillan Publishing
3102:Macmillan Publishing
3057:. pp. 1052–53.
3055:Macmillan Publishing
3008:Macmillan Publishing
2839:Donald B. Kraybill,
2805:The Gospel Coalition
2116:earlychurchtexts.com
1507:Baptism: Three Views
1447:. Funk and Wagnalls.
1042:Baptism in Mormonism
837:Schwarzenau Brethren
822:Schwarzenau Brethren
789:Apostolic Christians
781:Schwarzenau Brethren
467:Bohemian reformation
355:Gregory of Naziansus
303:Apology of Aristedes
112:Schwarzenau Brethren
4304:Prosperity theology
4135:Unlimited atonement
3847:Cataphatic theology
3752:Papal infallibility
3697:Ecumenical Councils
3322:Nettles et al. 2007
3253:Hazelip et al. 1998
3241:, Lion, p. 443
3104:. pp. 268–69.
3010:. pp. 682–83.
2746:Robert E. Johnson,
2038:www.cliffsnotes.com
1375:(Online ed.).
1326:. 3 December 2008.
1020:Christianity portal
793:Anabaptist theology
745:profession of faith
667:profession of faith
535:profession of faith
415:Prosper of Aquitane
378:Rufinus of Aquileia
347:Cappadocian Fathers
188:Radical Reformation
4340:Lordship salvation
4246:Lutheran orthodoxy
4198:Believer's baptism
3931:Oriental Orthodoxy
3842:Apophatic theology
3802:Transubstantiation
3687:Christian humanism
3677:Assumption of Mary
3642:Christian theology
3583:, B&H (2007),
3363:, pp. 179–82.
3334:Foster et al. 2004
3283:Foster et al. 2004
3154:. pp. 92–94.
2966:Keith Warrington,
2894:Donald W. Dayton,
2781:www.baptist.org.uk
2762:Walter A. Elwell,
2698:www.britannica.com
2618:. Librairie Droz.
2589:"Zwickau Prophets"
2012:. Baker Academic.
1908:The Ancient Church
1607:Zondervan Academic
1426:Stanley J. Grenz,
979:Churches of Christ
973:Churches of Christ
866:, as well as many
860:
721:
655:
575:English Separatist
539:Balthasar Hubmaier
504:
363:Cyril of Jerusalem
329:The policy of the
266:Hippolytus of Rome
262:
236:Shepherd of Hermas
124:Churches of Christ
53:Believer's baptism
50:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4404:Messianic Judaism
4203:Immersion baptism
4155:Anglo-Catholicism
4016:Dispensationalism
4011:Covenant theology
3970:
3969:
3962:Aphthartodocetism
3920:
3919:
3820:
3819:
3542:978-0-310-26267-1
3468:978-0-89900-813-4
3461:, College Press,
3449:978-0-8028-3898-8
3410:978-0-8028-4189-6
3397:Ferguson, Everett
3388:978-0-89900-858-5
3381:, College Press,
2953:978-1-60608-316-1
2865:John S. Hammett,
2730:978-1-4336-6905-7
2625:978-2-600-03075-5
2475:978-1-4982-0364-7
2448:978-1-55458-736-0
2421:978-1-317-75565-4
2361:978-3-11-134452-2
2334:978-1-136-40513-6
2213:978-0-231-50370-9
2152:978-0-19-881020-9
2097:978-0-8028-3843-8
2070:978-0-8028-3843-8
2019:978-1-4412-4529-8
1989:978-0-310-09398-5
1962:978-1-4336-6905-7
1918:978-3-7523-6403-3
1891:978-0-8028-2748-7
1855:www.newadvent.org
1806:978-0-8028-1713-6
1779:978-0-8054-3249-7
1752:978-1-5326-3619-6
1725:978-1-4336-6905-7
1669:978-1-4336-6905-7
1642:978-0-8028-1713-6
1544:978-1-7252-8086-1
1517:978-0-8308-7819-2
1490:978-0-8122-0432-2
1383:(Subscription or
1248:978-0-318-00487-7
1217:978-0-8028-3898-8
1189:978-0-8108-7365-0
1158:978-0-8316-9701-3
1127:978-0-8018-9911-9
1095:978-1-4934-0640-1
959:Oriental Orthodox
839:, along with the
737:believers' Church
367:Basil of Caesarea
218:Apostolic Fathers
200:Gospel of Matthew
81:baptizing infants
16:(Redirected from
4480:
4317:
4125:Prevenient grace
3989:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3926:
3925:
3857:Essence–energies
3826:
3825:
3767:Quartodecimanism
3651:
3650:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3575:
3557:
3545:
3508:
3477:Ludlow, Daniel H
3471:
3452:
3433:
3413:
3391:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3237:Eerdman (1982),
3234:
3228:
3226:
3195:Ludlow, Daniel H
3191:"Accountability"
3187:Warner, C. Terry
3183:
3174:
3173:
3142:Ludlow, Daniel H
3134:Hawkins, Carl S.
3130:
3124:
3123:
3092:Ludlow, Daniel H
3083:
3077:
3076:
3045:Ludlow, Daniel H
3036:
3030:
3029:
2998:Ludlow, Daniel H
2994:"Infant Baptism"
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2912:
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2837:
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2814:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2646:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2381:"Bogomils"
2372:
2366:
2365:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:Anglican Compass
1822:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1081:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1016:
955:Eastern Orthodox
911:born without sin
888:child dedication
669:before baptism.
547:Melchior Hofmann
524:Andreas Karlstad
520:Zwickau prophets
516:Michael Servetus
483:wrote that "The
359:Gregory of Nyssa
301:argued that the
299:Thomas Schreiner
177:
176:
171:
170:
165:
164:
156:
143:child dedication
74:
21:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4413:
4382:
4349:
4315:
4308:
4275:
4256:Neo-Lutheranism
4241:Loci Theologici
4212:
4184:
4141:
4130:Total depravity
4098:Church covenant
4069:Soli Deo gloria
4021:Supersessionism
3983:
3966:
3933:
3916:
3833:
3816:
3658:
3656:Catholic Church
3645:
3639:
3597:
3573:
3543:
3497:
3469:
3450:
3411:
3389:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3215:
3184:
3177:
3162:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3084:
3080:
3065:
3037:
3033:
3018:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2852:Arthur Magida,
2851:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2554:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2297:"Petrobrusians"
2295:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2034:"Chapters 8-11"
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1814:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1456:
1452:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1228:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1176:
1169:
1159:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1088:. Baker Books.
1082:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1008:
975:
923:
897:
876:
849:
753:
733:
725:rite of passage
705:
643:
602:
597:
493:
481:Sebastian Frank
426:Walafrid Strabo
423:
411:John Chrysostom
386:John Chrysostom
351:Basil the Great
343:
254:
220:
215:
196:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4409:Restorationism
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4345:Predestination
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4281:Pentecostalist
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4083:Fundamentalism
4080:
4076:Solus Christus
4072:
4065:
4062:Sola scriptura
4058:
4051:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4028:Evangelicalism
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3807:Ultramontanism
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Infant baptism
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Traditionalism
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3595:External links
3593:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3571:
3558:
3547:
3541:
3528:
3517:Founders Press
3509:
3495:
3479:, ed. (1992).
3473:
3467:
3454:
3448:
3435:
3415:
3409:
3393:
3387:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3351:, p. 170.
3338:
3326:
3324:, p. 133.
3314:
3299:
3297:, p. 184.
3287:
3272:
3270:, p. 186.
3257:
3255:, p. 112.
3245:
3229:
3213:
3207:. p. 13.
3175:
3160:
3125:
3110:
3078:
3063:
3041:"Original sin"
3031:
3016:
2984:
2972:
2959:
2952:
2934:
2923:on 11 May 2022
2915:Eby, Edwin R.
2900:
2887:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2816:
2792:
2768:
2752:
2736:
2729:
2709:
2685:
2675:. October 1990
2660:
2631:
2624:
2604:
2579:
2572:
2552:
2537:
2513:
2498:
2481:
2474:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2420:
2400:
2386:Chisholm, Hugh
2367:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2313:
2288:
2281:
2255:
2246:
2222:
2212:
2192:
2175:
2172:. H. A. Young.
2158:
2151:
2131:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2049:
2025:
2018:
1995:
1988:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1924:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1842:
1812:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1751:
1731:
1724:
1704:
1675:
1668:
1648:
1641:
1618:
1591:
1567:
1550:
1543:
1523:
1516:
1496:
1489:
1469:
1450:
1432:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1356:
1333:
1308:
1279:
1254:
1247:
1226:
1216:
1198:
1188:
1167:
1157:
1151:. MennoMedia.
1136:
1126:
1105:
1094:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:Infant baptism
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1007:
1004:
974:
971:
927:Roman Catholic
922:
919:
896:
895:Restorationism
893:
875:
872:
848:
845:
841:River Brethren
826:River Brethren
785:River Brethren
752:
749:
732:
729:
719:, Brazil, 2015
704:
701:
642:
639:
601:
598:
596:
593:
571:Dutch Republic
559:Ulrich Zwingli
551:John of Leiden
492:
489:
471:Petr Chelčický
441:Peter of Bruys
422:
419:
342:
339:
253:
250:
219:
216:
214:
211:
195:
192:
139:infant baptism
116:River Brethren
42:Greater London
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4485:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Faith healing
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Center church
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Branch theory
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:Protestantism
3977:
3973:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Monothelitism
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Monophysitism
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Sacerdotalism
3775:
3773:
3772:Real presence
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3589:0-8054-3249-3
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3572:0-9527913-1-5
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:, Zondervan,
3534:
3529:
3526:
3525:0-9713361-3-X
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3496:0-02-879602-0
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:on 2010-05-20
3431:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:Ferguson 1996
3357:
3350:
3349:Ferguson 1996
3345:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3214:0-02-879602-0
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3161:0-02-879602-0
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3111:0-02-879602-0
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:0-02-879602-0
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3017:0-02-879602-0
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2868:
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2327:. Routledge.
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2282:0-19-211655-X
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1266:"Our Beliefs"
1261:
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1021:
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1010:
1003:
1000:
999:time at which
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
963:New Testament
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
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691:tradition of
690:
685:
683:
679:
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670:
668:
664:
660:
652:
647:
638:
636:
635:Galatians 3:7
632:
628:
627:Gavin Ortlund
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:New Testament
592:
590:
585:
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579:
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572:
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336:
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323:
321:
317:
315:
314:Philip Schaff
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:Justin Martyr
285:
284:Philip Schaff
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
232:
230:
229:Philip Schaff
225:
210:
208:
207:New Testament
204:
201:
191:
189:
185:
181:
172:, "re-", and
160:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:churches) or
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
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73:
72:
66:
62:
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57:adult baptism
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
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19:
18:Adult baptism
4271:Two kingdoms
4197:
4165:Broad church
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4041:
3952:Monoenergism
3942:Miaphysitism
3644:by tradition
3580:
3562:
3552:
3532:
3512:
3485:. New York:
3481:
3458:
3439:
3430:the original
3423:
3400:
3378:
3371:Bibliography
3356:
3329:
3317:
3290:
3248:
3238:
3232:
3203:. New York:
3198:
3150:. New York:
3145:
3128:
3100:. New York:
3095:
3081:
3053:. New York:
3048:
3034:
3006:. New York:
3001:
2987:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2895:
2890:
2882:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2763:
2747:
2719:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2644:cat.xula.edu
2643:
2634:
2614:
2607:
2597:, retrieved
2592:
2582:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:
2516:
2509:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2410:
2403:
2395:
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2370:
2350:
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2323:
2316:
2305:. Retrieved
2300:
2291:
2266:
2258:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
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2202:
2195:
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2178:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2086:
2079:
2059:
2052:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:
2028:
2008:
1978:
1971:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1693:www.ccel.org
1692:
1658:
1651:
1631:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1585:
1580:
1561:
1533:
1526:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1370:
1366:"Anabaptist"
1359:
1346:
1327:
1299:. Retrieved
1270:. Retrieved
1238:
1221:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1179:
1162:
1148:
1131:
1117:
1099:
1085:
1047:Confirmation
998:
994:
990:
986:
976:
931:Presbyterian
924:
905:
898:
877:
868:Pentecostals
861:
834:
760:
759:(literally,
754:
734:
722:
697:
686:
671:
656:
634:
631:Genesis 17:9
630:
625:
610:
603:
586:
564:
555:Menno Simons
543:Jakob Hutter
528:
514:
505:
479:
475:Pierre Kanis
464:
449:
430:
424:
408:
398:
372:
344:
328:
324:
318:
307:
297:
282:
263:
240:
233:
221:
197:
163:ἀναβαπτισμός
147:
128:
108:by immersion
85:
61:credobaptism
60:
56:
52:
51:
29:
4463:Mennonitism
4316:(Calvinist)
4299:Glossolalia
4175:High church
4055:Sola gratia
3897:Tabor Light
3882:Proskynesis
3867:Metousiosis
3862:Gnomic will
3747:Natural law
3722:Josephology
3712:Indulgences
3310:Foster 2001
3295:Bryant 1999
3268:Bryant 1999
967:Reformation
693:Bar Mitzvah
674:adolescence
437:Waldensians
394:St. Emmelia
157:, from the
154:anabaptista
137:, practice
63:, from the
4438:Anabaptism
4432:Categories
4399:Anabaptism
4335:Free Grace
4180:Low church
3812:Veneration
3757:Priesthood
3667:Absolution
2810:2022-07-31
2786:2021-09-14
2703:2022-08-05
2679:2019-03-25
2654:2022-07-24
2599:2022-07-24
2531:2019-03-25
2307:2007-08-22
2240:2021-09-14
2121:2022-08-13
2043:2022-07-24
1860:2022-07-25
1836:2022-08-21
1698:2022-07-25
1612:2021-09-19
1581:On Baptism
1444:Manuscript
1387:required.)
1068:References
991:reason why
977:Among the
814:Hutterites
806:Mennonites
773:Hutterites
765:Mennonites
761:rebaptizer
757:Anabaptist
751:Anabaptist
684:churches.
678:Anabaptist
578:John Smyth
531:Anabaptist
500:John Smyth
452:Paulicians
433:Arnoldists
404:Caelestius
331:Montanists
292:Dan Taylor
278:Tertullian
213:Patristics
203:chapter 28
184:Anabaptist
122:, and the
4394:Adventism
4314:Reformed
4110:Assurance
4048:Sola fide
4001:Adiaphora
3912:Theotokos
3892:Symphonia
3887:Sobornost
3877:Phyletism
3787:Sainthood
3782:Sacrament
3762:Purgatory
3742:Modernism
3732:Mariology
3565:, Carey,
3546:, 222 pp.
3472:, 368 pp.
3453:, 854 pp.
3414:, 443 pp.
3392:, 224 pp.
3205:Macmillan
3152:Macmillan
3138:"Baptism"
2526:bible.org
943:Methodist
874:Methodism
830:immersion
802:martyrdom
777:Bruderhof
741:new birth
600:Scripture
567:Amsterdam
509:Augustine
445:Reinerius
400:Augustine
335:Novatians
175:βαπτισμός
150:Neo-Latin
104:Hutterite
96:Mennonite
77:baptizing
4355:Wesleyan
4218:Lutheran
4147:Anglican
3872:Phronema
3702:Filioque
3682:Dogmatic
3505:24502140
3399:(1996),
3223:24502140
3189:(1992).
3170:24502140
3136:(1992).
3120:24502140
3073:24502140
3026:24502140
2378:(1911).
1464:Archived
1006:See also
951:Moravian
947:Lutheran
939:Anglican
935:Reformed
864:Baptists
797:covenant
703:Practice
518:and the
456:Bogomils
421:Medieval
320:Eusebius
242:Polycarp
120:Baptists
38:Northolt
4443:Baptism
4261:Pietism
4236:Haugean
4190:Baptist
4045: (
3993:General
3907:Theosis
3902:Theoria
3852:Economy
3797:Thomism
3792:Scotism
3727:Liturgy
3197:(ed.).
3144:(ed.).
3094:(ed.).
3047:(ed.).
3000:(ed.).
2595:, Brill
2388:(ed.).
997:is the
995:baptism
989:is the
899:In the
857:Germany
818:pouring
717:Aracaju
682:Baptist
651:Anaheim
582:Baptist
573:, with
569:in the
485:Picards
460:Cathars
382:Ambrose
270:Cyprian
224:Didache
194:History
180:baptism
92:pouring
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1057:Mikveh
957:, and
816:, use
812:, and
787:, and
743:and a
689:Jewish
663:reason
613:Acts 2
439:, and
390:Monica
374:Jerome
357:, and
274:Origen
102:, and
4387:Other
4330:TULIP
4042:solae
4040:Five
3193:. In
3140:. In
3090:. In
3043:. In
2996:. In
2384:. In
1381:
1063:Notes
987:Faith
810:Amish
769:Amish
621:Jesus
617:Peter
589:Bible
159:Greek
100:Amish
71:credo
67:word
65:Latin
3737:Mass
3585:ISBN
3567:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3501:OCLC
3491:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3383:ISBN
3219:OCLC
3209:ISBN
3166:OCLC
3156:ISBN
3116:OCLC
3106:ISBN
3069:OCLC
3059:ISBN
3022:OCLC
3012:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2929:2022
2725:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2273:1264
2208:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1913:ISBN
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1637:ISBN
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1539:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1303:2022
1274:2022
1243:ISBN
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1184:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1090:ISBN
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882:and
835:The
824:and
553:and
458:and
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413:and
384:and
268:and
222:The
169:ἀνά-
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