942:Þissi Þieluar hafþi ann sun sum hít Hafþi. En Hafþa kuna hít Huítastierna. Þaun tú bygþu fyrsti á Gutlandi. Fyrstu nát sum þaun saman suáfu þá droymdi henni draumbr, só sum þrír ormar várin slungnir saman í barmi hennar ok þýtti henni sum þair skriþin ýr barmi hennar. Þinna draum segþi han firi Hafþa, bónda sínum. Hann riaþ draum þinna só: “Alt ir baugum bundit, bóland al þitta varþa ok fáum þría syni aiga. Þaim gaf hann namn allum ófýdum. Guti al Gutland aiga, Graipr al annar haita ok Gunfiaun þriþi. Þair skiptu síþan Gutlandi í þría þriþiunga só at Graipr þann eldsti laut norþasta þriþiung ok Guti miþalþriþiung en Gunfiaun þann yngsti laut sunnarasta. Síþan af þissum þrim aukaþis fulk i Gutlandi só mikit um langan tima at land elpti þaim ai alla fýþa. Þá lutaþu þair bort af landi huert þriþia þiauþ só at alt skuldu þair aiga ok miþ sír bort hafa sum þair ufan iorþar áttu.
930:Þissi þieluar hafþi ann sun sum hit hafþi. En hafþa cuna hit huita stierna þaun tu bygþu fyrsti agutlandi fyrstu nat sum þaun saman suafu þa droymdi hennj draumbr. So sum þrir ormar warin slungnir saman j barmj hennar Oc þytti hennj sum þair scriþin yr barmi hennar. þinna draum segþi han firi hasþa bonda sinum hann riaþ dravm þinna so. Alt ir baugum bundit bo land al þitta warþa oc faum þria syni aiga. þaim gaf hann namn allum o fydum. guti al gutland aigha graipr al annar haita Oc gunfiaun þriþi. þair sciptu siþan gutlandi i þria þriþiunga. So at graipr þann elzti laut norþasta þriþiung oc guti miþal þriþiung En gunfiaun þann yngsti laut sunnarsta. siþan af þissum þrim aucaþis fulc j gutlandi so mikit um langan tima at land elptj þaim ai alla fyþa þa lutaþu þair bort af landi huert þriþia þiauþ so at alt sculdu þair aiga oc miþ sir bort hafa sum þair vfan iorþar attu.
962:. Fyrstu nótt sem þau þar saman sváfu þá dreymdi hana draum; sá hún þrjá orma vafðir saman í barmi hennar, og þótti henni sem þeir skriða niður barm hennar. Þennan draum sagði hún Hafða bónda sínum. Hann réð draum þann svo: "Allt er baugum bundið og verður allt land þitt búið og munum við þrjá syni eiga." Þeim gaf hann nöfn ófæddum, Goti sem Gotland á að eiga; Greipur sem annar hét; og Gunnfjón sá þriðji. Þeir skiptu síðan Gotlandi í þrjá þriðjunga, þá fékk Greipur sá elsti norður þriðjunginn, og Goti miðju þriðjunginn, en Gunnfjón sá yngsti fékk suður þriðjunginn. Seinna, af þessum þremur jókst eftir langan tíma svo fólk í Gotlandi það mikið að landið gat ekki öllum veitt fæði. Þá létu þeir fara burt af landi þriðja hvern þegn, og allt máttu þau eiga og með sér burt hafa sem ofanjarðar áttu.
973:
slithering out of her bosom. She retold this dream to Hafthi, her husband. He interpreted this dream thus: "All is bound with arm-rings, this will become inhabited land, and we will get to own three sons." He gave them names, still unborn: "Guti will own
Gotland, Graip shall the other one be called, and Gunfjaun the third." The sons then divided the island into three parts, and Graip, the eldest, was allotted the northernmost third, Guti the middle third, and Gunfjaun, the youngest, was allotted the southernmost third. After that the population on Gotland grew from these three so large over a long time, that the land could not feed all of them. Then they drew lots and drove out every third person, so that they were to own and bring away with them all that they owned above ground.
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This
Thielvar had a son called Hafthi. And Hafthi's wife was called Hvitastjarna (“White star”). Those two were the first to settle on Gotland. The first night they slept together she had a dream, and it were as if three snakes were twisted inside her bosom, and it seemed to her as if they were
704:
and
Dietrich Hofmann to suggest that it is most closely related to Gothic. The best known example of such a similarity is that Gothic and Gutnish called both adult and young sheep
1599:
723:"eye") remained in Old Gutnish and Old West Norse, while in Old East Norse – except for peripheral dialects – it evolved into the monophthong
677:
dialects that it is considered to be a separate branch. While vastly divergent from Old
Gutnish and closer to Modern Swedish, a modern version of
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2015:
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Son hann Þjálfi átti sem hét Hafði. Og kona Hafða hét Hvítastjarna. þau tvö byggðu fyrst manna á
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The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century:
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908:
Most of the corpus of Old
Gutnish is found in the law of the Gutes (Old Gutnish:
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1542:
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1183:
1138:
1131:
674:
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328:
304:
253:
990:
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2761:
2517:
2468:
2285:
2224:
2137:
2042:
1980:
1927:
1811:
1738:
577:
403:
316:
163:
2788:
2212:
2176:
2109:
1932:
1755:
1728:
1711:
1655:
1614:
1196:
1175:
2435:
2605:
2578:
2304:
1986:
1947:
1530:
1225:
1189:
1124:
478:
340:
244:
2450:
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1790:
1460:
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995:
696:, and it is often remarked that the language has similarities with the
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is still spoken in some parts of
Gotland and the adjoining island of
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741:("bone") remained in Old Gutnish while in Old West Norse it became
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with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility
16:
Extinct North
Germanic language of the Baltic island of Gotland
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1015:
Christine Peel. "Guta Saga – The
History of the Gotlanders,"
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diphthong and Old East Norse evolved the monophthong
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1017:Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series.
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700:. These similarities have led scholars such as
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669:. It shows sufficient differences from the
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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32:This article includes a list of general
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936:With somewhat normalized orthography:
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614:WikiProject Norse history and culture
1021:Viking Society for Northern Research
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1615:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
13:
2974:Languages between parentheses are
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915:
761:). Whereas Old West Norse had the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3019:
751:and in Old East Norse it became
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23:
2978:of the language on their left.
1:
2869:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2725:
977:
2899:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1590:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
1025:University College of London
7:
2879:High German consonant shift
10:
3024:
1417:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1070:According to contemporary
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879:
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497:First Grammatical Treatise
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2596:Southern Schleswig Danish
2527:
2408:
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2355:
2351:
2334:
2175:
2118:
2006:
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1874:
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1799:
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912:) from the 13th century.
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727:, i.e. a long version of
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2874:West Germanic gemination
2828:Ancient Belgian language
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2767:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
1889:Austrian Standard German
1083:
968:Translation in English:
713:The Old Norse diphthong
1001:(subscription required)
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659:North Germanic language
53:more precise citations.
2935:Preterite-present verb
2818:Proto-Germanic grammar
2772:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
1884:German Standard German
1560:East Frisian Low Saxon
975:
966:
957:
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934:
267:
227:Old East Norse dialect
218:Old West Norse dialect
2940:Grammatischer Wechsel
1923:Namibian Black German
1894:Swiss Standard German
1863:Early New High German
1421:Mainland West Frisian
1282:Harlingerland Frisian
970:
954:
938:
926:
210:
2945:Indo-European ablaut
2925:Germanic strong verb
2894:Germanic spirant law
2031:Southeast Limburgish
1527:Gelders-Overijssels
1156:Irish Middle English
1146:Early Modern English
1011:Nationalencyklopedin
2913:Synchronic features
2884:Germanic a-mutation
2837:Diachronic features
2187:in the broad sense
2120:East Central German
2074:Lorraine Franconian
2048:Transylvanian Saxon
2008:West Central German
1783:East Low Franconian
1693:West Low Franconian
920:Citation (from the
515:Proto-Indo-European
236:Old Gutnish dialect
2930:Germanic weak verb
2739:Language subgroups
2089:Pennsylvania Dutch
2038:Moselle Franconian
2016:Central Franconian
1849:Middle High German
1600:Central Pomeranian
1555:Northern Low Saxon
1268:Wangerooge Frisian
1062:Germanic languages
769:) Old Gutnish had
560:Greenlandic Norse
439:alliterative verse
268:
263:Germanic languages
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2970:extinct languages
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2904:Great Vowel Shift
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2665:
2664:
2511:Greenlandic Norse
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2261:Southern Bavarian
2244:Northern Bavarian
2220:Highest Alemannic
2171:
2170:
1905:standard variants
1820:
1819:
1666:Standard variants
1625:
1624:
1484:Middle Low German
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1255:Saterland Frisian
999:(18th ed., 2015)
906:
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648:
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323:Greenlandic Norse
205:
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79:
78:
71:
3015:
2762:Elbe (Irminonic)
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2650:Mainland Gutnish
2540:Swedish dialects
2502:Middle Icelandic
2476:Middle Norwegian
2365:Historical forms
2362:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2335:
2295:South Franconian
2281:Hutterite German
2249:Central Bavarian
2069:Rhine Franconian
2004:
2003:
1834:Historical forms
1831:
1830:
1746:Surinamese Dutch
1639:Historical forms
1636:
1635:
1469:Historical forms
1466:
1465:
1218:Historical forms
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692:is identical to
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602:Old Norse origin
600:English words of
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49:this article by
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2854:Holtzmann's law
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2572:South Jutlandic
2557:Danish dialects
2523:
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2300:East Franconian
2254:Viennese German
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2148:Silesian German
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2103:Central Hessian
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1918:Namibian German
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1876:Standard German
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1856:New High German
1842:Old High German
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1605:East Pomeranian
1595:Brandenburgisch
1582:East Low German
1576:
1503:Dutch Low Saxon
1495:West Low German
1489:
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1413:Schiermonnikoog
1394:
1289:
1275:Wursten Frisian
1238:
1204:
1087:
1074:
1064:
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989:
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948:Translation in
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788:Old East Norse
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698:Gothic language
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2815:
2813:Proto-Germanic
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2777:
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2718:
2717:
2714:
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2677:
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2562:Insular Danish
2559:
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2545:Rinkebysvenska
2542:
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2529:
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2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2486:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2412:
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2406:
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2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2391:Old East Norse
2388:
2386:Old West Norse
2376:
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2366:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2332:
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2307:
2297:
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2266:South Tyrolean
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2256:
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2236:
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2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
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2208:High Alemannic
2205:
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2198:
2181:
2179:
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1999:Central German
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1994:
1992:
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1989:
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1938:Barossa German
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1880:
1878:
1872:
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1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:French Flemish
1709:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1631:Low Franconian
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:Westereendersk
1426:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1233:Middle Frisian
1229:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1139:Modern English
1135:
1132:Middle English
1128:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1013:
1005:
1004:
982:
981:
979:
976:
917:
914:
904:
903:
890:
883:
876:
866:
865:
852:
845:
838:
828:
827:
814:
807:
800:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
675:Old East Norse
671:Old West Norse
661:spoken on the
646:
645:
643:
642:
635:
628:
620:
617:
616:
610:
609:
606:
605:
598:
594:
593:
588:
583:
575:
570:
565:
557:
552:
547:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
522:Proto-Germanic
518:
517:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
491:
490:
482:
473:
469:
466:
465:
457:
448:
444:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
412:
411:
406:
400:
399:
397:Latin alphabet
391:
390:
384:
377:
375:Runic alphabet
373:
372:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
345:
344:
338:
331:
329:Old East Norse
327:
320:
319:
314:
307:
305:Old West Norse
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
286:
285:
279:
278:
257:
254:Crimean Gothic
248:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
183:
175:
174:
167:
162:
159:
158:
148:
140:
139:
138:Language codes
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
120:North Germanic
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3020:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Germanic verb
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Sievers's law
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:Reconstructed
2804:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:Middle Danish
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:Old Icelandic
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:Old Norwegian
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2286:Gottscheerish
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:Walser German
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:Low Alemannic
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:High Prussian
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Erzgebirgisch
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Luxembourgish
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:Klezmer-loshn
1978:
1976:
1975:Scots Yiddish
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1812:Meuse-Rhenish
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:Kleverlandish
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:Central Dutch
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Stellingwarfs
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:Wood Frisian
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1295:North Frisian
1292:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Anglo-Frisian
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
998:
997:
992:
987:
983:
974:
969:
965:
963:
961:
953:
951:
945:
943:
937:
933:
931:
925:
923:
913:
911:
901:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
868:
867:
863:
857:
853:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
830:
829:
825:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
711:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:Old Gotlandic
652:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
621:
619:
618:
615:
612:
611:
603:
597:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
536:
535:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
498:
495:
494:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
475:
474:
472:
463:
462:
458:
456:
455:
454:of Icelanders
450:
449:
447:
440:
434:
425:
424:
417:
414:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
394:
388:
385:
383:
379:
378:
376:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
352:
349:
348:
342:
339:
337:
333:
332:
330:
324:
318:
317:Old Norwegian
315:
313:
312:Old Icelandic
309:
308:
306:
297:
296:
288:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:
272:
271:
264:
255:
246:
237:
228:
219:
209:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
164:Linguist List
160:
152:
149:
146:
141:
136:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:Indo-European
107:
103:
97:
94:
91:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2020
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2965:
2849:Verner's law
2794:
2789:Gotho-Nordic
2787:
2780:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2655:Fårö Gutnish
2617:
2610:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2474:
2467:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2311:
2213:Swiss German
2177:Upper German
2110:Amana German
2084:Volga German
2053:Hunsrückisch
1979:
1933:Unserdeutsch
1928:Berlinerisch
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1800:Cover groups
1756:Mohawk Dutch
1751:Jersey Dutch
1729:East Flemish
1712:West Flemish
1656:Middle Dutch
1610:Low Prussian
1482:
1475:
1441:Terschelling
1425:Clay Frisian
1400:West Frisian
1388:Wiedingharde
1380:
1368:
1328:Heligolandic
1305:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1244:East Frisian
1231:
1224:
1197:Middle Scots
1195:
1188:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1016:
994:
986:
971:
967:
955:
947:
939:
935:
927:
919:
909:
907:
782:Old Gutnish
770:
766:
762:
752:
742:
732:
728:
724:
714:
712:
702:Elias Wessén
693:
689:
687:
654:
650:
649:
484:
477:
459:
452:
350:
261: Other
235:
200:non-u-sd-sei
178:
150:
124:
65:
56:
37:
2864:Kluge's law
2844:Grimm's law
2627:Dalecarlian
2606:Perkerdansk
2579:East Danish
2397:Old Gutnish
2373:Proto-Norse
2313:Langobardic
2305:Vogtlandian
2133:Upper Saxon
1987:Lachoudisch
1948:Lotegorisch
1826:High German
1572:Westphalian
1567:Eastphalian
1531:Achterhooks
1408:Hindeloopen
1343:Bökingharde
1312:Föhr–Amrum
1226:Old Frisian
1190:Early Scots
1125:Old English
651:Old Gutnish
545:Dalecarlian
539:Descendants
527:Proto-Norse
479:Poetic Edda
369:Orthography
351:Old Gutnish
341:Old Swedish
245:Old English
125:Old Gutnish
84:Old Gutnish
51:introducing
2992:Categories
2696:Burgundian
2612:Old Danish
2601:Gøtudanskt
2584:Bornholmsk
2446:Vestlandsk
2426:Kebabnorsk
2163:Halcnovian
2128:Thuringian
1791:Limburgish
1761:Stadsfries
1734:Brabantian
1461:Low German
1307:Eiderstedt
1162:Fingallian
1019:Vol. XII.
996:Ethnologue
978:References
665:island of
486:Prose Edda
428:Literature
416:Morphology
336:Old Danish
34:references
3003:Old Norse
2976:varieties
2968:indicate
2782:Northwest
2727:Philology
2632:Elfdalian
2567:Jutlandic
2489:Icelandic
2464:(written)
2458:(written)
2436:Trøndersk
2416:Norwegian
2380:Old Norse
2201:Coloniero
2185:Alemannic
2158:Wymysorys
2026:Colognian
2021:Ripuarian
1943:Rotwelsch
1773:Midslands
1724:Zeelandic
1705:Hollandic
1679:Afrikaans
1651:Old Dutch
1477:Old Saxon
1376:Karrharde
1358:Goesharde
1339:Mainland
1072:philology
950:Icelandic
875:(to hear)
872:hauzijaną
688:The root
586:Norwegian
580:(extinct)
573:Icelandic
562:(extinct)
509:Ancestors
461:Legendary
409:Phonology
283:Old Norse
180:Glottolog
145:ISO 639-3
2703:Vandalic
2646:Gutnish
2451:Vikværsk
2431:Sognamål
2421:Bergensk
2271:Cimbrian
2239:Bavarian
2196:Alsatian
2143:Lusatian
2079:Palatine
1769:Amelands
1646:Frankish
1536:Sallaans
1518:Gronings
1369:Southern
1362:Northern
1353:Halligen
1302:Insular
1119:dialects
960:Gotlandi
922:Gutasaga
910:Guta lag
387:Medieval
300:Dialects
275:a series
273:Part of
187:gutn1238
115:Germanic
3008:Gotland
2998:Gutnish
2966:Italics
2589:Scanian
2535:Swedish
2484:Faroese
2462:Nynorsk
2441:Valdris
2276:Mòcheno
2232:Swabian
2098:Hessian
2058:Hunsrik
1970:Western
1965:Eastern
1960:Yiddish
1910:creoles
1807:Bergish
1523:Drèents
1513:Tweants
1365:Central
1347:Mooring
1210:Frisian
1169:Kildare
1114:English
1027:(1999).
991:Swedish
745:as in
679:Gutnish
667:Gotland
591:Swedish
568:Gutnish
555:Faroese
404:Grammar
171:non-gut
93:Gotland
47:improve
2682:Gothic
2552:Danish
2456:Bokmål
1955:Yenish
1765:Bildts
1548:Veluws
1543:Urkers
1382:Strand
1106:Anglic
837:(bone)
717:(e.g.
663:Baltic
657:was a
550:Danish
433:Poetry
259:
252:
250:
243:
241:
234:
232:
225:
223:
216:
214:
89:Region
36:, but
2796:South
2747:North
2357:North
2341:North
1683:Kaaps
1674:Dutch
1321:Amrum
1262:Weser
1184:Scots
897:>
894:høyra
887:heyra
880:hoyra
870:*
859:>
834:bainą
832:*
821:>
799:(eye)
794:*
673:and
578:Norn
446:Sagas
2757:West
2752:East
2672:East
2528:East
2518:Norn
2409:West
2345:East
2343:and
1908:and
1903:Non-
1333:Sylt
1316:Föhr
1251:Ems
1176:Yola
1085:West
900:hǿra
856:bæin
849:bein
842:bain
818:auga
811:auga
804:auga
796:augô
748:bein
738:bain
735:in
720:auga
707:lamb
694:Goth
683:Fårö
471:Edda
195:IETF
151:None
993:at
924:):
862:bén
824:ǿga
758:bén
690:Gut
685:.
653:or
363:Use
155:mis
2994::
1023:,
952::
773:.
771:oy
763:ey
743:ei
733:ai
715:au
710:.
277:on
2691:)
2685:(
1771:/
1767:/
1763:/
1685:)
1681:(
1054:e
1047:t
1040:v
767:ǿ
755:(
753:é
729:ø
725:ǿ
639:e
632:t
625:v
489:)
476:(
464:)
451:(
441:)
437:(
389:)
380:(
343:)
334:(
325:)
310:(
157:)
153:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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