10171:
2584:. This resulted in Shattiwaza going to Hittite king Suppiluliuma and declaring vassalage in exchange for Hittite military assistance. This ploy succeeded as the Hittite forces carried the day but the cost, besides becoming a vassal, was the ceding of some Mitanni territory to the Hittites, subsequently ruled by the king's son Piyassili as King of Carchemesh. As part of the agreement Shattiwaza would marry a daughter of Suppiluliuma as Queen and would be allowed ten wives but none of the other wives could be primary and the children from his marriage with the Queen would succeed. The Hittite text does include some tidbits about the war of succession which are hard to interpret. At one point the Hurrian nobles were taken to Taite and "crucified" though that practice was unknown in the ancient Near East until classical times. And at one point Shattiwaza flees to the
9608:
8748:
1502:
7380:
8343:
11835:
8052:
11465:
2424:
is still in effect so perhaps
Suppiluliuma was hedging his bets. The other (CTH 52) includes a historical prologue from the Mitanni point of view which is partially lost though another fragment to this tablet was found in recent years. These prologues provide information about the events of the time of Tushratta but must be considered under the self interest of the two treaty parties. While the preambles of the treaties are a later retrospective and are filtered through the interests of the treaty parties, the tablets found in Egypt provide direct information. Eight Amarna letters were sent to pharaoh Amenhotep III (including
10001:
2485:
plundered, and Mount
Niblani I restored to my domain...When his son waxed strong with his servants, he slew his father Tushratta, the king. And when Tushratta, the king, died, Teshub gave a decision in favor of Artatama, and his son Artatama he spared...But the Harri people had become discontented and Shutatarra with the Marianni tried to kill Mattiuaza, the prince. He escaped and before the Sun, Shubbiluliuma...he came. The great king spoke thus: 'Teshub has rendered a decision in his favor.' Whereupon I took Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, the king, into my hand, and placed him on the throne of his father."
2200:
8015:
7440:
957:
8594:
12187:
10228:
3074:"Like most other Hittite documents, the Annals have survived only in a late 13th century copy, the last in a line of copies made over several centuries. There are generally only minor variations between the Hittite and Akkadian versions of the text. Consistent with van den Hout's proposals, I have suggested that the document was first composed in Akkadian and later translated into Hittite – contra the suggestions that both versions were composed at the same time or that the Akkadian version was translated from an original Hittite one."
56:
8922:
2379:
2568:–1305 BC, (alternately Šattiwaza, Kurtiwaza, or Mattiwaza). What little is known about his period, like the later parts of the reign of his father, Tushratta, all comes from the partially recovered pair of Hittite texts in which Shattiwaza becomes a vassal of Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. The first text (CTH 51) lays out the condition of vassalage and in the second (CTH 52) Shattiwaza accepts these conditions. The text can be difficult to interpret because of gaps and the obtuse prose. The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty reads:
7790:
12177:
7415:
9193:
1419:, hence giving rise to the Mitanni kingdom, while also adopting Hurrian language. Some of the recent studies such as those by Eva von Dassow (2022) and Cotticelli-Kurras and Pisaniello (2023), while noting the modern identification of Mittani as Indo-Aryan and the role of Indo-Aryan speakers in establishing its dynasty, have disputed the significance of Indo-Aryan vocabulary in an otherwise Hurrian-speaking state stating that it does not indicate any Indo-Aryan origins for Mitanni kings. According to
8000:
1611:, southern Turkey, have shown a very early beginning of Mitanni period, as in the ruins of a temple in Müslümantepe, ritual artefacts and a Mitannian cylinder seal were found, radiocarbon-dated to 1760–1610 BC. Archaeologist Eyyüp Ay, in his (2021) paper, describes the second phase of the temple as an "administrative center, which had craftsmen working in its workshops as well as farmers, gardeners and shepherds, might have been ruled by a priest bound to a powerful Mitannian leader."
11049:
10940:
7623:
9262:
268:
10256:
6707:
11282:
2813:(circa 1600 B.C.), the knowledge of which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Douglas Kennedy of the Centre National de Recherches de Paris, deals with the issue of beer to the tu-ur-gu-ma-an-ni ša éren ḫa-bi-in-gal-ba-ti-i ‘the dragomans of the Hanigalbatian soldiers/workers’", and "...A personnel register, probably also from the reign of Ammisaduqa, mentions the person ib-ba-tum éren ḫa-bi-in-ga-al-ba-at (BM96955 iii 9)..."
8274:
3443:
9370:
3292:, in The Electronic Idrimi, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (ORACC): "...(1) I am Idrimi, the son of Ilī-ilimma, a servant of IM, Hebat and IŠTAR, the lady of Alalah, the lady, my lady. (3) In Aleppo, the house of my father, a bad thing occurred, so we fled to the Emarites, sisters f my mother, and settled at Emar. Though my older brothers lived with me, none deliberated matters as I did..." .
8187:
2461:
the middle. In the first letter from
Tusratta he claimed to have destroyed the Hittite forces that had invaded his territory and included a selection of the booty, including a chariot and several slaves. In later letters we see the Hittite ruler working to improve previously poor relations with the pharaoh so as to counterbalance Mitanni. According to other Amarna letters (EA 85, EA86, EA95) from
8010:
2547:
9365:
8917:
8589:
8182:
7995:
9482:
8444:
7427:
2572:(I), Mattiuaza, son of Tushratta, king of Mitanni, handed over to Shuttarna, of Mitanni, Artatama, the king, his father, did what was not right. His palace(?) . . . together with his possessions, he wasted; to give them to Assyria and Alshe, he wasted them. Tushratta, the king, my father, built a palace, filled (it) with treasures, but Shuttarna destroyed it, he overthrew it."
1647:, were discovered. It became possible to excavate the ruins in 2018 and again in 2022 when a drought caused water levels to drop considerably. In the 1st excavation 10 Mitanni-era tablets were found, in Babylonian cuneiform written in Akkadian, bearing Hurrian names, dating to the Middle-Trans-Tigridian IA and IB periods. Middle Trans-Tigridian IA and IB are dated to (
1005:(1479–1425 BC), in the pharaoh's 22 regnal year, reported: "That enemy of Kadesh has come and has entered into Megiddo. He is at this moment. He has gathered to him the princes of foreign country loyal to Egypt, as well as (those) as far as Naharin and M, them of Hurru, them of Kode, their horses, their armies." In several later military campaigns the
4101:
A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age
Pottery of the Weststadt of Tall Bazi (North Syria)", in: M. Luciani, A. Hausleitner (Eds.), Recent Trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia and Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop in Berlin, 2 – 5 November 2006, OrA
2701:
around 1250 BC. Shalmaneser I claimed to have defeated the
Hittites and Mitanni slaying 14,400 men; the rest were blinded and carried away. His inscriptions mention the conquest of nine fortified temples; 180 Hurrian cities were "turned into rubble mounds," and Shalmaneser "slaughtered like sheep the
2576:
The best that can be parsed out of the
Hittite text is that some (unnamed) son killed the prior king Tushratta resulting in a succession crisis between Atratama II, brother of Tushratta, Shuttarna III, son of Tusratta, and Shattiwaza. son of Tushratta. The Hittites then made a treaty with Atratama II
2489:
Tusratta faced a difficult situation, an ascendant
Hittite New Kingdom in the west and in the east an Assyrian power beginning to free itself of Mitanni control at the start of the Middle Assyrian Period. A rule book-ended by succession crises. With no Mitanni or Assyrian records we are left with the
2484:
When with the Sun, Shubbiluliuma, the great valiant, the king of Hatti, the beloved of Teshub, Artatama king of Harri, made a treaty and thereafter, Tushratta, king of
Mitanni, exalted him, the king of Hatti, the valiant, exalted myself against Tushratta, the king of lands on this side of the river I
1106:
At the death of
Shuttarna, Mitanni was ravaged by a war of succession. Eventually Tushratta, a son of Shuttarna, ascended the throne, but the kingdom had been weakened considerably and both the Hittite and Assyrian threats increased. At the same time, the diplomatic relationship with Egypt went cold,
1464:
A concept known as "Dark Age" was applied, until recently, to the archaeological gap between the Middle and Late Bronze Age on
Northern Mesopotamian sites, but Costanza Coppini considers it a "transition" instead, which can be called "Late Bronze Age 0," attested from the Tell Leilan's end caused by
1415:. Since the late 20th century, the view that the Mitanni kingdom was ruled by royal house and aristocracy of Indo-Aryan origin has been prevalent among the scholars; accordingly, a branch of Indo-Aryans separated from the other Indo-Iranians around the turn of second millennium BCE and migrated into
2423:
codify the Mitanni Shattiwaza, probable son of Tushratta, entering the status of vassal to Suppiluliuma I. One (CTH 51, also known as KBo I 1) includes a historical prologue from the Hittite point of view which is complete, this tablet also confirms that the existing Hittite treaty with Artatama II
1182:
times, Hurrians are known to have lived east of the river Tigris on the northern rim of Mesopotamia, and in the Khabur Valley. The group which became Mitanni gradually moved south into Mesopotamia before the 17th century BC. It was already a powerful kingdom at the end of the 17th century or in the
4191:
11, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut-Orient-Abteilung, Berlin, p. 46: "...In Phase A10, a characteristic mix of Middle Bronze and Mittani potteries was recorded, which leads to the dating of this phase at the turn of the Middle to the Late Bronze Age, i.e. in the transitional MB III period (late
2514:
Military - Tushratta having insulted the Hittite king, perhaps by refusing to be deposed, Suppiluliuma launched two campaigns against Mitanni interests, a "One Year War" and a "Six Year War". The first war is believed to have occurred roughly in the 15th regnal year of Ahkenaten. It is unclear how
2460:
of Nineveh (actually her cult statue) to him as had been done in the time of Shuttarna II. The main focus of the Amarna letters, though, was a consequence of the realignment of power in Syria with the decline of Egyptian influence and rise of Hittite power, with a number of lesser powers caught in
2248:
in the east, seem to have been incorporated into Mitanni under Shaushtatar as well. A letter (HSS 9 1) sealed with the seal of Shaushtatar was discovered in the house (Room A26) of Prince Šilwa-teššup in Nuzi which lay just north of the main mound. The letter is addressed to Ithia, vassal ruler of
1631:
with Mitanni layers from 1550 to 1300 BC, as its Phase A9 (in trench T2) may alternatively represent a Middle Bronze/Late Bronze transitional, or Proto-Mitanni occupation within 16th century BC. In a subsequent excavation season, the deeper Phase A10 was identified as having a mix of Middle Bronze
4113:
B. Einwag and A. Otto, "The Late Bronze Age at Tall Bazi: The Evidence of the Pottery and the Challenges of Radiocarbon Dating", in: From Pottery to Chronology: The Middle Euphrates Region in Late Bronze Age Syria. Proceedings of a Workshop in Mainz (Germany), May 5–7, 2012. MAAO 1, Gladbeck, pp.
2625:
of Mitanni rebelled and committed hostile acts against Assyria. How this Shattuara was related to the dynasty of Partatama is unclear. Some scholars think that he was the second son of Artatama II, and the brother of Shattiwazza's one-time rival Shuttarna. Adad-nirari claims to have captured King
2494:
Political - With the death of Shutarna II a crisis involving Tushratta and Artashumara resulted in Tushratta taking the throne. To counter this the Hittites entered a treaty with another brother Artatama II, which did not pan out. Then, after a reasonably long reign (based on the timing of Amarna
2293:
himself was received at the Egyptian court. Amicable letters, sumptuous gifts, and letters asking for sumptuous gifts were exchanged. Three Amarna letters (EA 182 EA 183 and EA 185) were sent by Shutarna with two being sent from "Mušiḫuna". Mitanni was especially interested in Egyptian gold. This
4556:
Rainey, Anson F.. "Amarna and Later: Aspects of Social History". Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors, from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, edited by William G. Dever and Seymour (Sy) Gitin, University Park, USA: Penn State
4436:
Gestoso Singer, Graciela. "Fortunes and Misfortunes of Messengers and Merchants in the Amarna Letters". Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz,
4932:
Novák, Mirko: "Mittani Empire and the Question of Absolute Chronology: Some Archaeological Considerations." In: Manfred Bietak/Ernst Czerny (eds.): "The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC III"; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
1677:
has been suggested by Pecorelia (2000); S. Soldi claims that Tell Brak was one of the first centers specializing in the production of this Painted Nuzi Ware, and analyses on samples support the assumption that it was produced locally in various centers throughout the Mitanni kingdom. It was
2264:. This style, with a multitude of figures distributed over the whole of the available space, is taken as typically Hurrian. A second seal, belonging to Shuttarna I and found in Alalakh, used by Shaushtatar in two letters (AT 13 and 14) shows a more traditional Post-Akkadian - Ur III style.
2798:
3185:"The earliest attestation of the toponym Mittani comes from an Egyptian source, an inscription from Thebes on the grave of a state official called Amen-hemet. The inscription refers to the Syrian military expedition this official had taken part in, which advanced as far as the country of
4039:, in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE, Ugarit Verlag, p. 38: "...the recent German archaeological excavations at Tell Fekheriye support the assumption that the capital of Mittani, Wassukkanni, was located there..." See also Novák (2013: 346) and Bonatz (2014).
994:(1506–1493 BC), the names Mitanni and Naharin are among the reminiscences of several of the pharaoh's officers. One of them, Ahmose si-Abina, wrote: "...His Majesty arrived at Naharin..." Another one, Ahmose pa-Nekhbit, recorded: "...when I captured for him in the land of Naharin..."
3120:: "...The present essay intends to rehabilitate Hani-Rabbat as the accurate normalization of the Assyrian name of Mitanni, by showing the unmotivated nature of the alternative Hanigalbat as opposed to the more substantiated reading of GAL as rab in the spelling of this toponym..."
3057:: "...The term Ḫanigalbat first occurs in the Akkadian version of the Annals of Ḫattušili I... whereas the Hittite version uses the generic expression 'the Hurrian enemy,' as do two old Babylonian texts... perhaps this term refers to the Hurrian "progenitor" of Mittani..."
899:," is far more numerous; the later being the deviation found in six documents, all from the periphery of the Akkadian sphere of influence. It is additionally argued that although they are graphically distinct, there is a high degree of overlap between the two signs, as "
1059:, Mitanni and Egypt struck an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. After a few successful clashes with the Egyptians over the control of Syria, Mitanni sought peace with them, and an alliance was formed. During the reign of
2675:, together with much booty and other prisoners. As Wasashatta himself is not mentioned, he may have escaped capture. There is a letter (KBo. 1, 14) from a Hittite king (to probably the Egyptian king) referring to a "King of Hanigalbat" which was possibly Wasašatta.
3206:"The most likely explanation for the preceding story about Mitanni is that it is part of the background of the speaker. This could imply that perhaps Amenemhet's father had risen in rank due to some major feat accomplished during Ahmose's military campaign there."
2418:
Knowledge of Tushratta comes from two sources, the Amarna letters and the texts of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaties between Hittite ruler Suppiluliuma I and a son of Tushratta named Shattiwaza. These pair of treaties found at the ancient Hittite capital of
2249:
Arrapha under Mitanni. Because Šauštatar is not mentioned in the letter and dynastic seals were often used after the reign of a ruler, especially in the periphery of empire, it is difficult to date this letter. Stein, based on various factors, puts the date at
4546:
Frayne, Douglas R. and Stuckey, Johanna H.. "Š". A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp.
4013:, in Costanza Coppini, Francesca Simi (eds.), Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology, Volume 3, Proceedings of the 5th Broadening Horizons Conference (Udine 5–8 June 2017), EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, Trieste, p. 209, Figure 2.
4078:
Kessler, Karlheinz, "Neue Tontafelfunde aus dem mitannizeitlichen Taidu – Ein Vorbericht", The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE, edited by Dominik Bonatz, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 35-42,
3326:
De Martino, Stefano, (2004). "A Tentative Chronology of the Kingdom of Mittani from its Rise to the Reign of Tusratta", in Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited: Proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000, Vienna 8th–9th November 2002, Vienna, p.
3129:
Astour, Michael C.. "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp.
4290:, in Costanza Coppini, Francesca Simi (eds.), Interactions and New Directions in Near Eastern Archaeology. Volume 3. Proceedings of the 5th 'Broadening Horizons' Conference (Udine 5–8 June 2017), Università di Trieste, EUT Edizioni, Trieste, p. 206.
4137:
Torrecilla, Eduardo, and Yoram Cohen. "A Mittani letter order from Azu (Had 8) and its implications for the chronology and history of the Middle Euphrates region in the Late Bronze Age." Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientale 112.1 (2018):
4991:
von Dassow, E.; David I Owen; Gernot Wilhelm, State and Society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire, Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 17, ed. David I. Owen and Gernot Wilhelm (Bethesda 2008) ISBN
1669:
At least since around 1550 BC, at the beginning of Late Bronze age, Painted Nuzi Ware was identified as a characteristic pottery in Mitanni sites. The origin of this decorated pottery is an unsolved question, but a possible previous development as
2866:
Salvini, Mirjo. "The earliest evidences of the Hurrians before the formation of the reign of Mittanni." Urkesh and the Hurrians Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies Bibliotheca Mesopotamica. Malibu: Undena Publications (1998):
2577:(still in effect as of the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty). Some combination of Atratama II and Shuttarna III made an alliance with the Assyrians to hold power in Mitanni. returning cultic items taken when Mitanni king Shaushtatar sacked Asshur
2144:–1490 BC (middle chronology). Parsha(ta)tar, known from another Nuzi inscription (HSS 13 165), an undated inventory list which mentions his death, is considered a different king than Barattarna by M. P. Maidman, Eva von Dassow, and Ian Mladjov.
2588:
with 200 chariots but the Kassites impounded the chariots and tried to kill him, which he mirsculously escapes and finds his way to Suppiluliuma. After presumably ascending the throne of what was left of Mitanni, Shattiwaza is lost to history.
1094:
while seeking support from the Assyrians. A pro-Hurri/Assyria faction appeared at the royal Mitanni court. Eriba-Adad I had thus loosened Mitanni influence over Assyria, and in turn had now made Assyria an influence over Mitanni affairs. King
1661:-1270 BC) respectively by Peter Pfälzner (2007). In the 2nd excavation the entire city was mapped and 100 Middle Assyrian tablets were discovered. They were dated to after the city's destruction by earthquake and have not yet been published.
3223:"...We owe the earliest extant mention of Mittani to the tomb autobiography of Amenemhat, the astronomer and clockmaker who refers to a campaign that may have taken place as early as Ahmose's reign in the late sixteenth century BC..."
1562:
and 1275 BC, presumably by the Assyrians. Two Mitanni-era tablets were found during the modern excavation. One (TB 6002) mentioned "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king". Seventeen late period Mitanni tablets were found at
4026:, in al-Maqdissī, Mīšīl; Matoïan, Valérie; Nicolle, Christophe (eds.), Céramique de l'âge du bronze en Syrie, 2, L'Euphrate et la région de Jézireh, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 180, Beyrouth, pp. 232, 244, and Figure 2.
1278:
of Hanigalbat. Eventually, under Shalmaneser I, that remaining part of the former Mitanni territory came under direct Assyrian control. This continued until the decline of Middle Assyrian power after the death of Tukulti-Ninurta I.
377:. Since no histories, royal annals or chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts.
4921:
Kühne, Cord "Politische Szenerie und internationale Beziehungen Vorderasiens um die Mitte des 2. Jahrtausends vor Chr. (zugleich ein Konzept der Kurzchronologie). Mit einer Zeittafel." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.),
3591:"...The so-called 'Šattiwaza treaties' are a set of two documents (CTH 51 and CTH 52) ratifying the subjugation of Šattiwaza of Mittani to the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, an event dated to the 2nd half of the 14th century BCE..."
2783:"...The so-called 'Šattiwaza treaties' are a set of two documents (CTH 51 and CTH 52) ratifying the subjugation of Šattiwaza of Mittani to the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I, an event dated to the 2nd half of the 14th century BCE..."
1273:
With the final decline of the Mitanni Empire the western portions of its territory came under direct control of the Hittites and the eastern portions came under direct control of the Assyrians. The middle part continued on as the
1554:
by the Mitanni. Monumental buildings including a palace and temple were constructed on the high ground and a 40 hectare lower town developed. The Mitanni occupation lasted until the site was destroyed (in two phases) between
1469:
during his 23rd year of reign, c. 1728 BCE , to Mitanni's predominance (c. 1600-1550 BCE). These are the first traces of what, in the Late Bronze Age I, was Mitanni in historical terms, at the emergence of the third phase of
2626:
Shattuara and brought him to Ashur, where he took an oath as a vassal. Afterwards, he was allowed to return to Mitanni, where he paid Adad-nirari regular tribute. This must have happened during the reign of the Hittite King
2271:, Mitanni seems to have regained influence in the middle Orontes valley that had been conquered by Thutmose III. Amenhotep II fought in Syria in 1425 BC, presumably against Mitanni as well, but did not reach the Euphrates.
810:," "cities of the Upper Hanu" has suggested that there was a distinction between two different Hanu's, likely across each side of the river. This northern side designation spans much of the core territory of Mitanni state.
432:
The Mitanni Empire was a strong regional power limited by the Hittites to the north, Egyptians to the west, Kassites to the south, and later by the Assyrians to the east. At its maximum extent Mitanni ranged as far west as
1164:
4125:
Otto, Adelheid and Berthold Einwag. “Three ritual vessels from the Mittani-period temple at Tell Bazi.” Stories told around the fountain. Papers offered to Piotr Bieliński on the occasion of his 70th birthday (2019): pp.
3869:
2455:
in marriage and after some back and forth over bride-price she traveled to Egypt and became a wife of the pharaoh. And when that pharaoh was ill near the end of his reign Tushratta sent (EA 23) the Hurrian goddess
4917:
Kühne, Cord, "Imperial Mittani. An Attempt at Historical Reconstruction", In David I Owen and Gernot Wilhelm (eds.) Studies in the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 10, pp. 203–221, 1999 ISBN
2180:
to Alalakh in the kingdom of Mukish at the mouth of the Orontes. Idrimi of Alalakh, returning from Egyptian exile, could only ascend his throne with Barattarna's consent. While he got to rule Mukish and Ama'u,
3994:
5022:
Martino, Stefano de (2024). "The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents: The Interplay between Content, Language, Material, Format, and Sealing Practices". In Marilina Betrò; Michael Friedrich; Cécile Michel (eds.).
4231:"... dating to the Middle-Trans-Tigridian I A/B period..." Ralf Beutelschieb (2019), and "...Ten texts in Akkadian language and Babylonian cuneiform script from at least four rooms ..." Betina Faist (2019).
10170:
3454:
Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts". Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 265-317
4184:
3116:, in Journal of Language Relationship, International Scientific Periodical Nº6 (2011), Russian State University for the Humanities, Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,
4493:
Artzi, P., "The Diplomatic Service in Action: The Mitanni File”, in: R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds.): Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, Baltimore, London: 205–211, 2000
3425:
Devecchi, Elena. "6 The Governance of the Subordinated Countries". Handbook Hittite Empire: Power Structures, edited by Stefano de Martino, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2022, pp. 271-312
3245:
Wilson, John A.. "VII. Egyptian Historical Texts". The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021, pp. 226-245
1040:
in the west also shifted its allegiance to Mitanni, and Assyria in the east had become largely a Mitannian vassal state by the mid-15th century BC. The nation grew stronger during the reign of
2706:
were captured, as well as all of mount Kashiar to Eluhat and the fortresses of Sudu and Harranu to Carchemish on the Euphrates. Another inscription mentions the restoration of a temple to god
2651:-1265 BC, attempted to rebel. He sought Hittite help which did not come. The Hittites took Wasashatta's money but did not help. The Assyrians expanded further, and conquered the royal city of
1009:
mention Naharin, in particular those of his regnal years 33, 35, and 42. After that time, records become more available from local sources until the empire's end in the mid-13th century BC.
12411:
4650:
Grayson, A. Kirk, "Assyrian Rulers 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC (to 1115 BC)(Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, Vol 1)", University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 9780802026057
4614:
Astour, Michael C. “The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuḫiašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma: A Study in Political Geography of the Amarna Age.” Orientalia, vol. 38, no. 3, 1969, pp. 381–414
3219:, in: Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts (eds.), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC, Oxford University Press,
4427:
Baranowski, Krzysztof J.. "Appendix 1. The Senders of the Amarna Letters". The Verb in the Amarna Letters from Canaan, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 216-233
2988:
An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II
4328:"After 1600 BCE the area between Iran and Egypt was united into a dynamic regional system of empires, Mitanni covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq circa 1550-1340 BCE..."
1261:). This terminology was last used for King Tushratta of Mitanni, in a letter in the Amarna archives. The normal title of the king was 'King of the Hurri-men' (without the determinative
12416:
5094:
3481:
Da Riva, Rocío. “Addendum to Rocío Da Riva, A New Attestation of Ḫabigalbat in Late Babylonian Sources, WdO 47/2 (2017) 259–264.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 96–98
3600:
Kammenhuber, Annelies (1968). Die Arier im vorderen Orient. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. p. 238. On p. 238 she indicates they spoke a "noch ungeteiltes Indo-Iranisch".
2137:(1479 – 1425 BC) fought against, can only be deduced from assumptions. This king, also known as Parratarna is considered, by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel, to have reigned
4311:"...The Mitanni empire covered northern and western Syria and northern Iraq (ca. 1600-1340 BCE) but succumbed to internal strife and the pressure of an expanding Assyrian empire..."
3084:
1118:, a new power struggle broke out. The Hittites and the Assyrians supported different pretenders to the throne. Finally a Hittite army conquered the capital Washukanni and installed
709:
to the Assyrians. These names seem to have referred to the same kingdom and were often used interchangeably, according to Michael C. Astour. Hittite annals mention a people called
1388:
is also "unanimously accepted" to have been derived from an Indo-Aryan dialect. Annelies Kammenhuber (1968) suggested that this vocabulary was derived from the still undivided
4224:
1693:
At the height of its power, during the 15th and the first half of 14th century BC, a large region from North-West Syria to the Eastern Tigris was under Mitanni's control.
2515:
much time passes between them. Though unsuccessful at defeating Tushratta, the military efforts do manage to seize control of several Mitanni vassals/allies, including
2229:. This is known from a later Hittite document, the Suppililiuma-Shattiwaza treaty. After the sack of Assur, Assyria may have paid tribute to Mitanni up to the time of
293:
254:
971:
The Egyptian official astronomer and clockmaker Amenemhet (Amen-hemet) apparently ordered to be written on his tomb that he returned from the "foreign country called
7256:
4605:
Cordani, Violetta. "One-year or Five-year War? A Reappraisal of Suppiluliuma's First Syrian Campaign" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 38, no. 2, 2011, pp. 240-253
3416:
Akkermans, Peter MMG, José Limpens, and Richard H. Spoor. "On the frontier of Assyria: excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad, 1991.", Akkadica, vol. 84-85, pp. 1-52 (1993).
3445:
Düring, Bleda S., Eva Visser, and Peter MMG Akkermans. "Skeletons in the Fortress: The Late Bronze Age Burials of Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria." Levant 47.1 (2015): 30-50
3254:
Spalinger, Anthony. “A Critical Analysis of the ‘Annals’ of Thutmose III (Stücke V-VI).” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. 14, 1977, pp. 41–54
4167:
4905:
Harrak, Amir "Assyria and Hanilgalbat. A historical reconstruction of the bilateral relations from the middle of the 14th to the end of the 12th centuries BC."
3376:
Devecchi, Elena. “Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95
1706:
8703:
5087:
4111:
956:
4388:
4123:
6487:
4337:
Jankowska, N. B.. "11. Asshur, Mitanni, and Arrapkhe". Early Antiquity, edited by I. M. Diakonoff, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013, pp. 228-260
4270:
3174:
4288:"Defining the MB-LB transition in northern Mesopotamia: some archaeological considerations on the new data from the Erbil Plain and neighbouring regions"
4011:"Defining the MB-LB transition in northern Mesopotamia: some archaeological considerations on the new data from the Erbil Plain and neighbouring regions"
1446:. Kroonen et al. (2018) consider this as an early Indo-Aryan linguistic presence in Syria two centuries prior to the formation of the Mitanni realm, as
8832:
8708:
7080:
3263:
Leonard, Albert. “Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Late Bronze Age.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 52, no. 1, 1989, pp. 4–39
3139:
Spalinger, Anthony. “A New Reference to an Egyptian Campaign of Thutmose III in Asia.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, 1978, pp. 35–41
3067:
1513:
from around 1600 to 1550 BC; this pottery was a continuity from the previous non-Mitannian Old Babylonian period. From around 1550 to 1270 BC, Painted
2503:, then becomes a vassal of the Hittite king in exchange for help retaking part of the Mitanni territory (with the rest going to the Suppiluliuma' son
6050:
5080:
55:
9125:
3571:
2763:
11464:
8747:
4057:
UR, JASON, et al. “THE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN URBANISM: THE TELL BRAK SUBURBAN SURVEY, 2003—2006”, Iraq, vol. 73, 2011, pp. 1–19
2396:-1358 BC, is known only from a single mention in a tablet found in Tell Brak: "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king," and a mention in
1632:
and Mitanni potteries, considered to be in the turn of the Middle to the Late Bronze Age transitional period (late 17th – early 16th century BC).
8563:
2499:) who then allies with the Assyrians to take power in Mitanni with Assyria getting some Mitanni territory in exchange. Another son of Tushratta,
936:
The situation is complicated by there being, according to linguists, three separate dialects of Hurrian, central-western, northern, and eastern.
4023:
3683:
3405:, in Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space in Upper Mesopotamia: The Emergence of the Mittani State, De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston, p. 61.
3279:, in Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space in Upper Mesopotamia: The Emergence of the Mittani State, De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston, p. 69.
1411:, and established the Kingdom of Mitanni following a period of political vacuum, while also adopting Hurrian. This is considered a part of the
4578:
Luckenbill, D. D. “Hittite Treaties and Letters.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 37, no. 3, 1921, pp. 161–211
9503:
9224:
9135:
8824:
8539:
8481:
8477:
7249:
3402:
3276:
910:" or ""strong"" opposed to "great", easily being used as synonyms. Both signs also represent correlative readings; alternative readings of "
8781:
8777:
8485:
4566:
Altman, Amnon. "The Mittanian Raid of Amurru (EA 85: 51-55) Reconsidered", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 30, no. 2, 2003, pp. 345-371
2511:). And this comes to pass. Note that the original treaty with Artatama II is specifically kept in force, suggesting he outlived Tushratta.
12190:
9228:
9035:
8606:
8569:
8535:
8110:
8106:
7439:
7075:
4898:
Gaal, E. "The economic role of Hanilgalbat at the beginning of the Neo-Assyrian expansion." In: Hans-Jörg Nissen/Johannes Renger (eds.),
3216:
2448:
on the tablet stated that EA 23 arrived in the 36th year of Amenhotep III reign or roughly 1350 BC in the standard Egyptian Chronology.
979:)," but Alexandra von Lieven (2016) and Eva von Dassow (2022) consider that the expedition to Mitanni could have taken place in pharaoh
11834:
8393:
8237:
8102:
8098:
7379:
3352:
1583:. Finds included a Mitanni cylinder seal and several ritual bowls. Two cuneiform tablets of the Mitanni period sealed by Mitanni ruler
1036:
his vassal, and five generations seems to separate this king (also known as Parattarna) from the rise of Mitanni kingdom. The state of
4997:
von Dassow, Eva. "Alalaḫ between Mittani and Ḫatti." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 2 (2020): 196-226
2644:
According to an inscription (BM 115687) by Assyrian king Adad-nirari I, Shattuara's son Wasashatta (also read Uasašatta), who reigned
794:
River. The term developed into more than just a designation for a people group, but also took on a topographic aspect as well. In the
9121:
9117:
9031:
8828:
7585:
4623:
Grayson, Albert Kirk. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: From the beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi I. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1972.
3472:
Da Riva, Rocío. “A New Attestation of Ḫabigalbat in Late Babylonian Sources.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 47, no. 2, 2017, pp. 259–64
9232:
8489:
7242:
7131:
6480:
5067:
4929:
Maidman, Maynard P. "Mittanni Royalty and Empire: How Far Back." Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal 11 (2018): 15-28
3536:
2451:
Some of the Amarna letters covered minor matters between Tushratta and the pharaohs. Amenhotep III asked for Tushratta's daughter
12396:
6692:
4185:"Urban Developments in Northeastern Mesopotamia from the Ninevite V to the Neo-Assyrian Periods: Excavations at Bassetki in 2017"
1122:, the son of Tushratta, as their vassal king of Mitanni in the late 14th century BC. The kingdom had by now been reduced to the
495:
490:
488:
485:
12391:
8635:
8389:
8369:
4924:
Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.
4912:
4900:
Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Orient vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.
4271:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia"
4037:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia"
3175:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia"
3051:"Political and Cultural Relations between the Kingdom of Mittani and its Subordinated Polities in Syria and Southeast Anatolia"
2857:"...the sealings provided satisfying proof that Tell Mozan was the site of the third-millennium Hurrian capital city Urkesh..."
1103:
attacked Shuttarna and annexed Mitanni territory in the middle of the 14th century BC, making Assyria once more a great power.
492:
8342:
8051:
12344:
12297:
12267:
6043:
5040:
4938:
4862:
4841:
4356:
3925:
3889:
3850:
3814:
3777:
3750:
3519:
3311:
2921:
2834:
2477:) Rib-Hadda tells Ahkenaten that all the lands of the Mitanni have been conquered by the Hittites but its date is uncertain.
1144:
and 1350 BC, but succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks, and Mitanni was reduced to the status of a province of the
4596:
Bryce, Trevor R. "Some Observations on the Chronology of Šuppiluliuma's Reign." Anatolian Studies, vol. 39, 1989, pp. 19–30
2151:
and reached a town called Iryn (maybe present day Erin, 20 km northwest of Aleppo.) They sailed down the Euphrates to
10591:
8086:
7938:
7795:
6822:
6473:
6106:
5740:
4514:
Altman, Amnon. "Šattiwaza's Declaration (CTH 52) Reconsidered." Acts of the V. International Congress of Hititology. 2005
2723:
2101:
1078:(1390–1366 BC) Mitanni influence over Assyria was on the wane. Eriba-Adad I became involved in a dynastic battle between
998:
4587:
Yamada, Masamichi. "The Hittite Administration in Emar: The Aspect of Direct Control", vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 222-234
4287:
4010:
2333:
that was reputed to cure diseases. A more or less permanent border between Egypt and Mitanni seems to have existed near
12386:
11261:
8940:
6017:
3361:
2203:
The central section of Shaushtatar's royal seal. The cuneiform legend reads "DUMU Par-sa-ta-tar" and "LUGAL Ma-i-ta-ni"
3981:
3830:
6549:
4821:
4478:
3982:"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"
3633:
3148:
Amenemhet's memoir was published in: Borchardt, L., (1930). "Altägyptische Zeitmessung", in E. von Basserman-Jordan,
1321:
1134:
374:
9607:
7213:
6036:
4878:
3995:"Problems of Transitions in Second Millennium BC Northern Mesopotamia: A View from Tell Barri (Northeastern Syria)"
3085:"Some Thoughts about Middle Bronze Age Alalakh and Ugarit: Reassessing an Alalakh Wall Painting with Archival Data"
2382:
Cuneiform tablet containing a letter from Tushratta of Mitanni to Amenhotep III (of 13 letters of King Tushratta).
1579:, dated to c. 1500 BCE. Mitanni period occupation, between 1400 and 1200 BC (radiocarbon) was found at the site of
1501:
17:
3113:
1282:
While under direct Assyrian control Hanigalbat was ruled by appointed governors such as the Assyrian grand-vizier
11255:
3414:
2733:
2147:
Thutmose III again waged war in Mitanni in the 33rd year of his rule. The Egyptian army crossed the Euphrates at
1294:. He resided in the newly built (over an existing Mitanni tower and residence) Assyrian administrative centre at
453:. Their sphere of influence is shown in Hurrian place names, personal names and the spread through Syria and the
3434:
Hagens, Graham. “The Assyrian King List and Chronology: A Critique.” Orientalia, vol. 74, no. 1, 2005, pp. 23–41
3199:
3053:, in Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag,
11328:
10875:
10799:
7126:
7110:
4375:
4089:
3202:, in: RICH and GREAT: Studies in Honour of Anthony J. Spalinger, Faculty of Art, Charles University in Prague,
2992:
2936:
2728:
6242:
4202:
12180:
12160:
11442:
11349:
11334:
11172:
11042:
10843:
10542:
10227:
7611:
7152:
5104:
1384:
the Hittite: (treaty KBo I 3) and (treaty KBo I 1 and its duplicates). The toponym of the Mitanni capital of
119:
4321:
1044:, but the Hurrians were keen to keep the Hittites inside the Anatolian highland. Kizzuwatna in the west and
11981:
11790:
11766:
11166:
10146:
7162:
6897:
6440:
4914:
Kelly-Buccellati, Marilyn. "The Urkesh Mittani Horizon: Ceramic Evidence." talugaeš witteš (2020): 237-256.
3389:
5072:
3152:, vol. I., 1930, Berlin/Leipzig, pp 60ff. (Mentioned in Astour 1972:104, footnotes 25,26) transliterating
2344:
The reason Mitanni sought peace with Egypt may have been trouble with the Hittites. A Hittite king called
847:
12406:
11403:
10442:
10241:
9788:
9782:
8029:
7385:
7218:
7100:
7095:
7030:
6706:
5961:
5735:
4418:
D. Stein, A Reappraisal of the "Saustatar Letter" from Nuzi, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79, 36-60, 1989
1489:
Sites with Mitannian remains were found mainly in three regions of Upper Mesopotamia: Northeastern Syria
1163:
1052:
4995:
4242:
4225:"A New Mittani Centre On the Middle Tigris (Kurdistan Region): Report On the 2018 Excavations At Kemune"
3964:
3905:
12030:
11886:
11649:
11340:
11150:
10496:
10158:
10126:
10120:
8327:
7223:
6832:
5116:
4324:, in: The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires, Oxford University Press,
3621:
3234:"A Gate Inscription from Karnak and Egyptian Involvement in Western Asia during the Early 18th Dynasty"
1517:(the most characteristic pottery in Mitanni times) developed as a contemporary to Younger Khabur Ware.
2172:(middle part of Syria). Barattarna or his son Shaushtatar controlled the North Mitanni interior up to
1438:
in northeastern Syria dating to a period slightly before 1761 BC, which is the time when the reign of
12167:
11775:
11661:
11643:
11493:
11155:
11019:
10720:
10535:
9432:
6907:
6722:
4456:
4409:
E. A. Speiser, A Letter of Sauäsatar and the Date of the Kirkuk Tablets, J AOS 49 (1929), pp. 269—275
4092:, in: The Ancient World Revisited, Studies in Manuscript Cultures, Vol. 37, De Gruyter, pp. 207- 219.
2360:, Aleppo, and maybe against Mitanni itself. Kizzuwatna may have fallen to the Hittites at that time.
1337:
109:
2952:
Diana L. Stein: Khabur Ware and Nuzi Ware: Their Origin, Relationship, and Significance. Malibu 1984
12153:
11798:
11795:
11718:
11688:
11631:
11617:
11023:
10007:
9745:
9162:
8946:
7789:
6862:
6504:
4537:
Luckenbill, D. D. “The Hittites.” The American Journal of Theology, vol. 18, no. 1, 1914, pp. 24–58
1021:
881:
10000:
4135:
3806:
2996:
2546:
11813:
11741:
11715:
11691:
11685:
11670:
11582:
11518:
11483:
11427:
11376:
10949:
9426:
9207:
8952:
8260:
7718:
7172:
7105:
6999:
6852:
6770:
6765:
6191:
5219:
4784:
4505:
Kitchen, K.A./P.J.N. Lawrence 2012. Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden.
3736:
3463:
Uncertain Dynasties". Rulers of Babylonia, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016, pp. 90-274
2738:
2404:
he briefly took power but was then murdered (by someone named Tuhi) and succeeded by his brother
1352:'s horse training text includes technical terms of Indo-Aryan origin, and the Indo-Aryan deities
1344:
who is the first Mitanni ruler historically attested to have existed, the Mitanni had Indo-Aryan
4300:
11976:
11966:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11706:
11697:
11640:
11620:
11614:
11608:
11605:
11596:
11524:
11521:
11512:
11412:
11391:
11005:
10779:
10711:
10621:
10365:
10359:
9840:
9295:
9154:
8719:
8500:
8040:
8014:
7974:
7617:
7390:
7203:
7055:
6814:
4792:
2697:
of Hanigalbat, rebelled against Assyrian control with the help of the Hittites and the nomadic
2199:
1576:
1389:
1145:
1006:
880:," if derived from a Hurrian word. More recently, in 2011, scholar Miguel Valério, then at the
795:
286:
12287:
8593:
7622:
3091:: "...the Level VII Palace by Hattusili I in his second year, 1628 BC (middle chronology)..."
3087:, in: Ougarit, un anniversaire, Bilans et recherches en cours, Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol,
2824:
12336:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
12257:
12220:
12142:
12019:
11679:
11655:
11611:
11599:
11593:
11590:
11545:
11539:
11515:
11480:
11436:
11424:
11421:
11418:
11406:
11400:
11388:
11382:
11201:
11111:
11108:
11099:
10662:
8739:
6872:
6358:
5765:
5713:
5362:
4632:
Skaist, Aaron. "The Chronology of the Legal Texts from Emar", vol. 88, no. 1, 1998, pp. 45-71
4168:"The First and Second Seasons of the German-Kurdish Excavations at Bassetki in 2015 and 2016"
3767:
3625:
3615:
3611:
2799:"The Geography of the Slave Trade and Northern Mesopotamia in the Late Old Babylonian Period"
1828:
Contemporary of Sinia and Qis-Addu in Terqa; Tudhaliya I of Hatti; Niqmepa of Alalakh, sacks
1412:
1332:
A number of theonyms, proper names and glosses (technical terminology) of the Mitanni are of
1063:, in the early 14th century BC, the relationship was very amicable, and he sent his daughter
752:
version mentioning "the Hurrian enemy," in a copy from the 13th century BC of the "Annals of
684:
415:
12334:
12186:
7999:
5328:
4151:
3794:
3497:
3289:
1312:
The name Hanigalbat was still in use as late as the later portion of the 1st millennium BC.
838:". The first attempts at decipherment in the late 19th century rendered forms interpreting "
11587:
11536:
11445:
11439:
11409:
11011:
10964:
10952:
10776:
10717:
10341:
10235:
10058:
9585:
8733:
8254:
7671:
7090:
7050:
6529:
5837:
5831:
5377:
5244:
4535:
3868:
Lubotsky, Alexander (2023), Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.),
2299:
2100:
All dates must be taken with caution since they are worked out only by comparison with the
1333:
1111:
invaded the Mitanni vassal states in northern Syria and replaced them with loyal subjects.
522:
511:
371:
11048:
8:
12092:
11947:
11652:
11602:
11527:
11477:
11430:
11415:
11394:
11093:
11079:
10967:
10900:
10723:
10614:
10556:
10320:
9993:
9833:
9552:
9357:
9174:
8987:
8303:
7514:
7177:
7085:
7060:
6867:
6842:
6394:
6339:
6253:
6160:
6138:
5900:
5862:
5708:
4036:
3870:"Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split"
3742:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
3585:“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’”
3050:
2986:
2913:
2777:“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’”
2474:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2133:–1480 BC. Egyptian sources do not mention his name; that he was the king of Naharin whom
1671:
1430:
Jasper Eidem in 2014 reported on Farouk Ismail's earlier study, in reference to the word
1547:
which had dwindled to a minor settlement in Old Babylonian times, saw major development
1107:
the Egyptians fearing the growing power of the Hittites and Assyrians. The Hittite king
410:. Later on, Hurrians made up the main population of Mitanni, which was firstly known as
12318:
12132:
12009:
11570:
11509:
11503:
11031:
10995:
10908:
10889:
10785:
10782:
10735:
10701:
10698:
10653:
10344:
10329:
10314:
9990:
9987:
9978:
9737:
8912:
8640:
7913:
7766:
7683:
7486:
7167:
7136:
7035:
6882:
6799:
6102:
5951:
4980:
4796:
4305:
The Oxford Handbook of the Ancient State in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean
3677:
3553:
1701:
Mitanni, which first rose to power before 1550 BC, presents the following known kings:
1529:
1420:
1400:
1291:
1250:
sources have been taken as evidence for a Hurrian expansion to the South and the West.
1215:
1123:
791:
10788:
5269:
4523:
Beckman, Gary. "New Joins to Hittite Treaties", ZAVA, vol. 87, no. 1, 1997, pp. 96-100
4069:
Finkel, Irving L. “Inscriptions from Tell Brak 1984.” Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 187–201
3874:
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
3842:
1183:
first half of the 16th century BC, and its beginnings date to well before the time of
753:
12401:
12340:
12293:
12263:
11556:
11530:
11506:
11488:
11288:
11209:
11117:
10986:
10958:
10773:
10741:
10732:
10674:
10671:
10668:
10656:
10644:
10559:
10480:
10332:
10326:
10293:
10287:
9858:
9731:
9595:
9417:
9143:
8742:
8736:
8544:
8512:
8057:
7266:
7157:
7014:
7009:
6994:
6929:
6847:
6804:
6524:
6519:
6385:
6375:
5966:
5941:
5649:
5124:
5036:
4972:
4934:
4858:
4837:
4817:
4746:
4474:
4352:
3921:
3885:
3846:
3810:
3773:
3746:
3629:
3515:
3357:
3307:
3103:, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Filologia classica e Italianistica (FICLIT).
2917:
2901:
2876:
Lawler, Andrew. "Who Were the Hurrians?" Archaeology, vol. 61, no. 4, 2008, pp. 46–52
2830:
2668:
1679:
1478:
1404:
1393:
1306:
1287:
1126:. The Assyrians had not given up their claim on Mitanni, and in the 13th century BC,
745:
726:
92:
9720:
2966:
2378:
1381:
939:
The Egyptians considered the Euphrates River to form the boundary between Syria and
12381:
12216:
12128:
12074:
12005:
11992:
11971:
11936:
11785:
11573:
11542:
11397:
11373:
11141:
11138:
11132:
11087:
10980:
10961:
10955:
10911:
10894:
10738:
10729:
10726:
10650:
10647:
10485:
10370:
9957:
9047:
8981:
8969:
8662:
8209:
7499:
7070:
7065:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6949:
6944:
6934:
6750:
6607:
6592:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6544:
6435:
5976:
5946:
5920:
5750:
5528:
5491:
5028:
4964:
4698:
4667:
3913:
3877:
3838:
3802:
3545:
3505:
3392:, in Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie I, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, p. 349.
2968:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3
2909:
2743:
1564:
787:
749:
518:
438:
355:
114:
96:
88:
7234:
5056:
4048:
Oates, David. “Excavations at Tell Brak, 1983-84.” Iraq, vol. 47, 1985, pp. 159–73
2850:
2310:, who ruled in the early 14th century BC. In a later royal marriage Tadu-Hepa, or
1427:) was of Aryan descent and their language displays a clear Indo-Aryan character.
12137:
12123:
12098:
12051:
12014:
12000:
11824:
11673:
11626:
11533:
11498:
11370:
11365:
11293:
11267:
11123:
10998:
10992:
10977:
10970:
10924:
10914:
10747:
10692:
10686:
10683:
10629:
10577:
10413:
10347:
10335:
10323:
10311:
10296:
10275:
10194:
10098:
10095:
10069:
9984:
9963:
9951:
9918:
9912:
9882:
9804:
9614:
8966:
8921:
8875:
8869:
8859:
8649:
7749:
7727:
7494:
7004:
6979:
6974:
6954:
6902:
6892:
6887:
6877:
6857:
6827:
6779:
6775:
6745:
6452:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6116:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5931:
5291:
5182:
4852:
4831:
3969:
Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The Emergence of the Mittani State
3740:
3617:
The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East
3574:, in Journal of Indo-European Studies 38 (1-2), pp. 26-40. See pp. 3, 5, and 10.
2941:
Constituent, Confederate, and Conquered Space: The Emergence of the Mittani State
2766:, in Journal of Indo-European Studies 38 (1-2), pp. 26-40. See pp. 3, 5, and 10.
2490:
historical claims of the Hittite king, for better or worse. In summary they are:
2345:
2160:
1990:
1644:
1471:
1295:
1179:
1096:
12176:
7414:
5062:
3100:
2260:
shows heroes and winged geniuses fighting lions and other animals, as well as a
763:
has a history of multiple renderings. The first portion has been connected to, "
721:), located in northeastern Syria. A Hittite fragment, probably from the time of
12035:
11579:
11472:
11361:
11314:
11275:
11218:
11120:
11056:
10974:
10933:
10927:
10917:
10905:
10689:
10677:
10665:
10585:
10474:
10428:
10338:
10308:
10272:
10136:
9981:
9960:
9954:
9945:
9897:
9867:
9849:
9824:
9812:
9724:
9581:
9452:
9303:
9165:
9159:
9062:
9054:
8990:
8963:
8927:
8760:
8527:
8524:
8425:
7833:
7598:
7504:
7481:
7373:
6984:
6390:
6012:
5912:
5745:
5502:
5412:
5372:
5352:
5204:
5144:
4152:"A Hurrian-Mitanni Temple in Müslümantepe in The Upper Tigris and New Findings"
2520:
2470:
2383:
2118:
King Barattarna is known from a cuneiform tablet in Nuzi and an inscription by
2030:
1969:
1950:
1575:
The oldest tablet issued by an unknown Mitannian king was found in the site of
1540:
was also known to be a Mitanni "royal city" whose current location is unknown.
1533:
1408:
1108:
1056:
734:
359:
259:
5032:
3917:
3881:
3510:
3189:(Mittani)...we presume that this expedition was the one led by Tuthmosis I..."
2495:
letters), Tushratta is killed by his son (unnamed but generally thought to be
1246:. There is no evidence for any invasion from the North-east. Generally, these
960:
Cylinder seal and modern impression: nude male, griffins, monkey, lion, goat,
12375:
12330:
12253:
12238:
12110:
12042:
11922:
11567:
11564:
11317:
11311:
11271:
11227:
11135:
11096:
10930:
10869:
10770:
10767:
10695:
10680:
10641:
10638:
10581:
10520:
10402:
10108:
10101:
10078:
9972:
9966:
9930:
9852:
9808:
9765:
9557:
9455:
9449:
9407:
9306:
9109:
9071:
8844:
8730:
8644:
8454:
8405:
8160:
8144:
7837:
7763:
7724:
7698:
7692:
7653:
7594:
7565:
7290:
6784:
6632:
6539:
6298:
6294:
6127:
5817:
5661:
5427:
5286:
4976:
4926:
Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 203–264.
4902:
Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 1 (Berlin, Reimer 1982), 349–354.
2690:
2611:
2496:
2440:, wife of Amenhotep III, mother of Akhenaten and grandmother of Tutankhamun (
2397:
2318:
2307:
2257:
2056:
1998:
1961:
1910:
1490:
1456:, which means 'man' or 'youth', associated to military affairs and chariots.
1283:
1243:
1226:(Amorite) and Hurrian names. Rulers with Hurrian names are also attested for
1127:
1068:
851:
351:
9192:
5417:
4174:
10, Deutsches Archaologisches Institut-Orient-Abteilung, Berlin, pp. 19, 24.
3584:
3233:
2776:
2702:
armies of the Hittites and the Ahlamu his allies." The cities from Taidu to
12283:
12080:
11958:
11892:
11810:
11801:
11732:
11658:
11561:
11305:
11206:
11129:
10983:
10939:
10819:
10744:
10704:
10635:
10632:
10626:
10565:
10517:
10505:
10419:
10396:
10389:
10305:
10299:
10269:
10081:
10053:
10035:
10026:
9975:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9661:
9631:
9437:
9349:
9246:
9183:
9131:
8960:
8685:
8620:
8610:
8521:
8472:
8357:
8337:
8333:
8118:
7982:
7842:
7822:
7775:
7734:
7521:
7476:
7325:
7310:
6789:
6602:
6534:
6431:
5916:
5908:
5629:
5623:
5497:
5480:
5456:
5387:
5323:
5134:
5102:
4827:
4788:
2694:
2684:
2528:
2401:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2230:
2168:
2134:
2081:
1965:
1896:
1889:
1674:
1087:
1075:
1060:
1002:
175:
6218:
6028:
4854:
History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C.
4389:"Reflexiones sobre el territorio de Cárquemis durante el periodo mittanio"
3649:
Mayrhofer, M. (1974). "Die Arier im Vorderen Orient – ein Mythos?".
1604:
1211:
12095:
12086:
11941:
11895:
11880:
11871:
11865:
11807:
11709:
11667:
11637:
11634:
11576:
11433:
11385:
11296:
11215:
11212:
11195:
11105:
10920:
10863:
10860:
10857:
10832:
10822:
10810:
10659:
10600:
10553:
10529:
10523:
10514:
10508:
10453:
10416:
10399:
10383:
10317:
10302:
10290:
10278:
10249:
10216:
10213:
10075:
10050:
10047:
10041:
9948:
9909:
9906:
9894:
9879:
9876:
9864:
9771:
9759:
9750:
9699:
9693:
9643:
9640:
9628:
9625:
9561:
9538:
9521:
9507:
9498:
9268:
9197:
9187:
9039:
9024:
9018:
9002:
8999:
8902:
8881:
8791:
8754:
8677:
8518:
8308:
8233:
8228:
8221:
8191:
8177:
8140:
7990:
7899:
7814:
7784:
7770:
7539:
7525:
7470:
7405:
7335:
7305:
7208:
7198:
6989:
6921:
6794:
6682:
6496:
6260:
6148:
6098:
6060:
5780:
5691:
5681:
5537:
5466:
5397:
5392:
5224:
4952:
4774:
for the debate regarding the extent of Indo-Aryan influence over Mitanni.
2810:
2457:
2369:
2322:
2207:
2194:
1976:
1918:
1885:
1815:
1757:
1592:
1510:
1466:
1443:
1435:
1345:
1341:
1302:
1219:
1188:
1083:
1041:
1013:
778:
to describe nomadic inhabitants along the southern shore of the northern
775:
672:
419:
9261:
2885:
Yakubovich, I. (2011). . Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 70(2), 337–339
12104:
12101:
12083:
12060:
12045:
12039:
11919:
11916:
11874:
11862:
11856:
11841:
11712:
11703:
11700:
11694:
11676:
11646:
11454:
11379:
11320:
11186:
11126:
10989:
10883:
10854:
10851:
10848:
10836:
10828:
10816:
10804:
10550:
10526:
10511:
10447:
10409:
10386:
10380:
10284:
10023:
9855:
9753:
9712:
9702:
9696:
9658:
9655:
9652:
9646:
9634:
9622:
9619:
9589:
9535:
9532:
9345:
9324:
9300:
9276:
9105:
8996:
8993:
8984:
8975:
8894:
8785:
8671:
8626:
8614:
8458:
8296:
8292:
8241:
8062:
7970:
7896:
7892:
7636:
7509:
7459:
7453:
6740:
6735:
5936:
5868:
5849:
5666:
5434:
5342:
5264:
5174:
5129:
3502:
Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World
3236:, in: Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 99, no. 2, p. 275.
2711:
2660:
2656:
2639:
2627:
2541:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2349:
2295:
2280:
2261:
2226:
2177:
2148:
2063:
2016:
1868:
1640:
1588:
1584:
1525:
1521:
1385:
1275:
1184:
1119:
1115:
1037:
1017:
1012:
The first known use of Indo-Aryan names for Mitanni rulers begins with
991:
990:–1525 BC), actually by Amenemhet's father. During the reign of pharaoh
434:
395:
at Tell Mozan. The first recorded inscription of their language was of
190:
78:
27:
Ancient Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia
10255:
6465:
4984:
3557:
12113:
12056:
11913:
11883:
11877:
11868:
11853:
11847:
11829:
11804:
11682:
11664:
11451:
11448:
11308:
11235:
11221:
11192:
11180:
11102:
11073:
10813:
10807:
10572:
10502:
10459:
10456:
10405:
10188:
10105:
10091:
10088:
10044:
10038:
10020:
9942:
9933:
9903:
9900:
9891:
9873:
9870:
9708:
9705:
9569:
9565:
9541:
9489:
9476:
9446:
9341:
9337:
9215:
9075:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8772:
8689:
8666:
8630:
8515:
8438:
8361:
8353:
8320:
8217:
8201:
8173:
8136:
8005:
7963:
7780:
7659:
7545:
7045:
6730:
6617:
6554:
6310:
6280:
5996:
5926:
5854:
5792:
5785:
5760:
5696:
5676:
5671:
5542:
5513:
5407:
5367:
5229:
5025:
The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts
2939:". In: Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Nicole Brisch and Jesper Eidem (eds.).
2622:
2598:
2504:
2462:
2452:
2405:
2373:
2311:
2303:
2113:
2038:
1936:
1773:
1580:
1544:
1514:
1439:
1416:
1377:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1192:
1079:
1064:
888:. The re-reading makes an argument on the basis of frequency, where "
779:
722:
458:
396:
61:
5585:
5561:
4437:
University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 143-164
3340:, Penguin Books; 3rd ed. edition (March 1, 1993) ISBN 978-0140125238
1524:, whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the
846:" having the same meaning; "Ḫani-Rabbat" denoting "the Great Hani".
12063:
11889:
11850:
11844:
11721:
11302:
11299:
11244:
11241:
11183:
11114:
11064:
11027:
10880:
10422:
10281:
10263:
10246:
10184:
10111:
10085:
10032:
10014:
9924:
9799:
9690:
9681:
9669:
9637:
9601:
9577:
9527:
9495:
9471:
9443:
9413:
9401:
9394:
9380:
9374:
9309:
9219:
9201:
9113:
9091:
9087:
8972:
8898:
8727:
8681:
8658:
8653:
8584:
8579:
8548:
8365:
8289:
8285:
8278:
8156:
8077:
7922:
7754:
7744:
7739:
7730:
7666:
7649:
7420:
7367:
7182:
6837:
6760:
6755:
6662:
6647:
6642:
6597:
6304:
6289:
6285:
6269:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6186:
5883:
5843:
5655:
5641:
5485:
5445:
5439:
5193:
5187:
5139:
4968:
4574:
4572:
4391:, in Orientalística en tiempos de crísis, Pórtico, Zaragoza, p. 59.
3967:, in Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum, Nicole Brisch and Jesper Eidem (eds.),
3549:
3068:"The Annals and Lost Golden Statue of the Hittite King Hattusili I"
2585:
2445:
2166:
Victories over Mitanni are recorded from the Egyptian campaigns in
2156:
1954:
1628:
1624:
1448:
1424:
1327:
1025:
980:
561:
450:
381:
363:
12292:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
11281:
4873:
4065:
4063:
3863:
3861:
3690:
3651:
Sitzungsberichte der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
2805:, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, p. 21, and
1623:
river, Trans-Tigridian region in northern Iraq, a site now called
12116:
11944:
11925:
11910:
11904:
11898:
11232:
11177:
11070:
11067:
11015:
10866:
10608:
10547:
10468:
10462:
10197:
9969:
9939:
9794:
9684:
9649:
9440:
9383:
9284:
9253:
8957:
8506:
8449:
8378:
8273:
8265:
8130:
8065:
7872:
7869:
7854:
7850:
7662:
7656:
7640:
7518:
6939:
6667:
6622:
6612:
6363:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6174:
6153:
5971:
5770:
5602:
5571:
5509:
5382:
5318:
5254:
5249:
5209:
5199:
5068:
Iraq's drought unveils 3,400-year-old palace of mysterious empire
4351:. University of Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 11.
3587:, in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95. See
3534:
Thieme, Paul (1960). "The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties".
2779:, in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 72–95. See
2420:
2330:
2245:
2222:
2123:
2052:
1958:
1882:
1791:
1765:
1683:
1682:, but appears only sporadically in western Syrian cities such as
1591:
were also found. There is also a record of Mitanni governance at
1536:
as recent German archaeological excavations suggest. The city of
1373:
1365:
1349:
1235:
1207:
1100:
1048:
in the north were important allies against the hostile Hittites.
1033:
689:
446:
345:
339:
9369:
4569:
4156:
Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, April 27, 2021.
2294:
culminated in a number of royal marriages: the daughter of King
2163:
at Lake Nija was important enough to be included in the annals.
1423:(2023), however, the military elite of the Mitanni kingdom (see
388:
with a Hurrian name, Tupkish, was found on a clay sealing dated
11907:
11901:
11859:
11770:
11238:
11189:
10764:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
10562:
10465:
10450:
10434:
10179:
10164:
10029:
9936:
9927:
9861:
9818:
9687:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9573:
9545:
9486:
9377:
9272:
9099:
8978:
8890:
8878:
8509:
8466:
8431:
8412:
8384:
8281:
8213:
8151:
8094:
8046:
7955:
7926:
7882:
7879:
7829:
7759:
7677:
7630:
7580:
7555:
7550:
7529:
7346:
7320:
7295:
6687:
6637:
6559:
5956:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5812:
5807:
5719:
5686:
5612:
5566:
5547:
5475:
5402:
5347:
5337:
5333:
5303:
5297:
5274:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5108:
4060:
3858:
3306:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 152.
2853:, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 60, no. 2, 1997, pp. 77–96.
2703:
2698:
2664:
2524:
2466:
2357:
2353:
2338:
2326:
2321:
fell ill, the king of Mitanni sent him a statue of the goddess
2237:
2182:
2119:
1787:
1731:
1687:
1636:
1627:
was excavated, which in all likelihood was the ancient town of
1620:
1608:
1369:
1357:
1231:
1203:
1045:
1029:
454:
407:
385:
384:
were in the region as of the late 3rd millennium BC. A king of
367:
273:
9364:
8916:
8588:
8186:
8181:
8009:
7994:
4457:"The Kings of Mittani in Light of the New Evidence from Terqa"
4265:
4263:
4024:"The Late Bronze Age Ceramic Traditions of the Syrian Jazirah"
3271:
3269:
2225:, and took the silver and golden doors of the royal palace to
1242:
period) mention people with Hurrian names at the mouth of the
876:," or the apparent similarity to the Semitic feminine ending "
602:
12107:
12089:
10604:
10210:
10191:
9257:
9168:
9139:
9066:
8798:
8462:
8349:
8268:
8196:
8073:
8069:
7951:
7889:
7885:
7846:
7633:
7575:
7570:
7560:
7533:
7315:
7040:
6677:
6672:
6652:
6169:
5822:
5802:
5797:
5775:
5725:
5701:
5607:
5595:
5590:
5555:
5532:
5451:
5422:
5357:
5313:
5259:
5239:
3980:
Kroonen, Guus, Gojko Barjamovic, and Michaël Peyrot, (2018).
2672:
2652:
2334:
2218:
1829:
1739:
1614:
1537:
1396:
has shown that specifically Indo-Aryan features are present.
1361:
1353:
1227:
1222:
mention rulers of city-states in upper Mesopotamia with both
1091:
783:
442:
158:
12412:
States and territories disestablished in the 13th century BC
9481:
8443:
4227:, in: Zeitschrift Für Orient-Archäologie 12, pp. 10-43. See
3707:
3705:
3403:"The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani"
3277:"The Mittani State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mittani"
3200:"The Movement of Time. News from the 'Clockmaker' Amenemhet"
1989:
Treaty with Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites, contemporary of
1711:
842:," meaning "great" in Sumerian, as a logogram for Akkadian "
11061:
10825:
10752:
10596:
10352:
9463:
9318:
9240:
9081:
9009:
8838:
8724:
8555:
8530:
8418:
8399:
8168:
8126:
8081:
8021:
7959:
7906:
7875:
7804:
7704:
7646:
7643:
7590:
7434:
7426:
7396:
7356:
7340:
7330:
7300:
6627:
6165:
5755:
5730:
5579:
5523:
5518:
5308:
5281:
5234:
5214:
5154:
4688:
4322:"The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire"
4260:
3876:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 257–262,
3495:
3266:
3160:, although Alexandra von Lieven (2016: 219) mentions it as
2849:
Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, (1997).
2793:
2791:
2789:
2707:
2671:. The wife, sons and daughters of Wasashatta were taken to
2663:, Shuru, Nabula, Hurra and Shuduhu as well. They conquered
2437:
2241:
2152:
1199:
654:
648:
642:
636:
593:
555:
543:
4275:
Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE
3179:
Changing Faces of Kingship in Syria-Palestine 1500–500 BCE
2895:
2893:
2891:
2714:, a city of Mitanni that must have been occupied as well.
2689:
According to the royal annals (A.0.77.1) of Assyrian king
1493:, Northern Syria, and Southeastern Turkey (Upper Tigris).
1452:
is generally seen as a Hurrianized form of the Indo-Aryan
12417:
States and territories established in the 17th century BC
9058:
5617:
4711:
4682:
4673:
3702:
3040:
Astour 1972:103, noting Amarna letters 18:9; 20:17;29:49.
733:. Tushratta, who styles himself "king of Mitanni" in his
12227:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
5011:, Aris & Philips Warminster 1989. ISBN 9780856684425
4203:"Ancient palace emerges from drought-hit Iraq reservoir"
3945:
3008:
3006:
2786:
2469:, Tushratta personally joined a large Mitanni raid into
1643:
Mitanni palace on the banks of the Tigris in modern-day
1187:, dating actually to the time of the Hittite sovereigns
884:
provided detailed support in favor of the older reading
542:
The earliest recorded form of the name of this state is
8695:
7351:
4277:, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag, p. 44.
2906:
The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III
2888:
2306:, the daughter of Shuttarna II, was married to Pharaoh
12206:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
4757:
2610:–1285 BC. The royal inscriptions of the Assyrian king
829:
825:
818:
814:
804:
799:
768:
764:
624:
565:
343:
9727:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
4725:
4709:
4685:
4243:"A 3,400-year-old city emerges from the Tigris River"
3831:"Chapter Twenty-Five. The genesis of the indo-aryans"
3003:
1598:
1509:
Mitanni's first phase in Jazira Region features Late
1496:
1301:
The Babylonian Kings List A names the Assyrian ruler
813:
The two signs that have led to variant readings are "
715:
549:
8795:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
4955:(1960). "The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties".
4679:
3933:
2289:
Later on, Egypt and Mitanni became allies, and King
1664:
1481:
and the Trans-Tigridian region (Northeastern Iraq).
7264:
4850:
4814:
Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East
4676:
4670:
3997:, in: Studia Chaburensia 10 (2022), pp. 15, 20, 26.
3795:"The BMAC of Central Asia and the Mitanni of Syria"
3717:
3696:
2436:). A single Amarna letter was sent by Tushratta to
1016:who succeeded his father Kirta on the throne. King
868:
There is still a difficulty to explain the suffix "
8598:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
2221:some time in the 15th century during the reign of
1372:) are listed and invoked in two treaties found in
4370:
4368:
3181:, Alter Orient und Testament 459, Ugarit Verlag,
2159:) and then returned home via Mitanni. A hunt for
1505:Jazira region in light green, Northeastern Syria.
858:" on the basis of its alternative spelling with "
671:before 1600 BC in Babylonia, during the reign of
12373:
5027:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 207–220.
4376:Nuzi Texts and Their Uses as Historical Evidence
3910:Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites
3304:A History of the Ancient Near East c. 3000–323BC
2314:, the daughter of Tushratta, was sent to Egypt.
2102:chronology of other ancient Near Eastern nations
1133:The Mitanni dynasty had ruled over the northern
60:Kingdom of Mitanni at its greatest extent under
3828:
3384:
3382:
2400:17. According to the later, after the death of
2011:Contemporary of Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites
4740:
4531:
4529:
4365:
3745:. Princeton University Press. pp. 39–41.
3667:
3496:Cotticelli-Kurras, P.; Pisaniello, V. (2023),
3301:
2274:
2094:Last king of Mitanni before Assyrian conquest
1253:A Hittite fragment, probably from the time of
630:
601:Paralleling the evolution of Proto-Indo-Aryan
571:
7250:
6481:
6044:
5088:
4473:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4183:Pfälzner, Peter, and Hasan A. Qasim, (2019).
4166:Pfälzner, Peter, and Hasan A. Qasim, (2017).
4029:
3670:Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen
3491:
3489:
3487:
3024:Astour, "Ḫattusilis̆, Ḫalab, and Ḫanigalbat"
2960:
2958:
2908:, Oxford University Press, pp. 455–528,
2809:"An unpublished Old Babylonian text dated to
1794:, Pilliya of Kizzuwatna, Zidanta II of Hatti
1520:Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital,
865:", which has since become the majority view.
854:after him, supported instead the reading of "
560:, meaning "to unite" and comparable with the
12241:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
12215:
9719:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
8312:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
3965:"The Kingdom of Šamšī-Adad and its Legacies"
3379:
3370:
3114:"Hani-Rabbat as the Semitic Name of Mitanni"
2984:
2823:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (15 April 2008).
2363:
2217:–1460 BC. He sacked the Assyrian capital of
2107:
1268:
12251:
11468:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
7076:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
6058:
4526:
4501:
4499:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
3801:, Oxford University Press, pp. 69–91,
3150:Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und der Ühre
2980:
2978:
2937:Levantine Polities under Mittanian Hegemony
2822:
2801:, in: H. Hunger and R. Pruzsinszky (eds.),
2621:–1275 BC) relate how the vassal king
2432:) and four to pharaoh Akhenaten (including
1477:The archaeological core zone of Mitanni is
1238:(layer VII, from the later part of the Old
608:
577:
7257:
7243:
6488:
6474:
6095:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
6051:
6037:
5095:
5081:
4799:(2023), Frans van Koppen (2017) and others
4771:
4005:
4003:
3772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
3682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3484:
3395:
3356:. Princeton University Press. p. 61.
3353:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed
2955:
2929:
2899:
1615:Trans-Tigridian region (Northeastern Iraq)
1051:Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the
725:, mentions a "King of the Hurri," and the
54:
12168:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
8764:"King of the four quarters of the world"
4303:, in: P.F. Bang, and W. Scheidel (eds.),
3807:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.003.0008
3648:
3509:
3390:"Upper Mesopotamia in the Mittani Period"
2480:The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza treaty says:
1543:The major 3rd millennium urban center of
1309:(700–694) as being "Dynasty of Ḫabigal".
667:The Mitanni kingdom was firstly known as
414:, at Babylonia, in two texts of the late
12339:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
4957:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4496:
4440:
3939:
3867:
3829:Kuz’Mina, E. E.; Mallory, J. P. (2007),
3735:
3711:
3537:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2975:
2964:
2545:
2377:
2198:
1752:First known king, may be also legendary
1500:
1315:
1162:
1071:. Mitanni was now at its peak of power.
1020:of Mitanni expanded the kingdom west to
955:
12313:
12311:
12309:
12184:
6495:
5021:
4871:
4000:
3951:
3792:
3765:
3012:
2033:, also known as Kurtiwaza or Mattiwaza
774:," "Hanu" or "Hana," first attested in
756:," who possibly reigned after 1630 BC.
737:, refers to his kingdom as Hanigalbat.
729:version of the text renders "Hurri" as
14:
12374:
12049:
11279:
11077:
8857:
8848:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
8752:
7676:
4951:
4387:Belmonte-Marin, Juan Antonio, (2015).
3903:
3533:
3498:"Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East"
2860:
2829:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 402.
1603:The (2017) salvage excavations at the
1198:Hurrians are mentioned in the private
12329:
12174:
12141:
12136:
12127:
12079:
12018:
12013:
12004:
11999:
11990:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11956:
11822:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11774:
11765:
11755:
11750:
11739:
11730:
11624:
11359:
11266:
11164:
11154:
11040:
10888:
10797:
10619:
10612:
10570:
10494:
10472:
10440:
10426:
10395:
10379:
10253:
10225:
10201:
10156:
10117:
10062:
9998:
9831:
9816:
9793:
9780:
9743:
9593:
9550:
9424:
9400:
9392:
9355:
9293:
9282:
9252:
9236:
9205:
9172:
9152:
9130:
9097:
9006:
8938:
8926:
8885:
8797:
8789:
8717:
8498:
8252:
8245:
8207:
8134:
8116:
8085:
8038:
8004:
7989:
7981:
7968:
7949:
7937:
7920:
7904:
7867:
7820:
7794:
7716:
7681:
7609:
7433:
7402:
7395:
7384:
7365:
7238:
6469:
6451:
6430:
6420:
6338:
6309:
6241:
6217:
6032:
5076:
5000:Weidner, "Assyrien und Hanilgalbat."
4933:Denkschrift Band XXXVII; Wien, 2007;
4826:
4468:
4459:, in: NABU 2019, No. 1, March, p. 34.
4346:
4146:
4144:
3957:
3723:
3609:
3603:
3349:
3060:
2267:During the reign of Egyptian Pharaoh
1635:In 2010, the 3,400-year-old ruins of
1257:, mentions a "King of the Hurrians" (
740:The earliest attestation of the term
429:–1618 BC), in low middle chronology.
12306:
12282:
5063:Dutch excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad
4240:
4195:
3031:.2 (April 1972:102–109) p 103.
1484:
872:" if the first sign did not end in "
4907:Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik
4557:University Press, 2021, pp. 169-188
4102:32, Rahden/Westf., pp. 85-117, 2014
4090:"The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents"
2851:"Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital"
2724:Chronology of the ancient Near East
2176:, and the coastal territories from
1290:(1191–1179), who took the title of
1067:to Egypt for marriage with Pharaoh
375:linguistic and political influences
24:
12262:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
12181:Chronology of the Neolithic period
11833:
11463:
11280:
11262:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
11047:
10938:
10254:
10226:
10169:
9999:
9606:
9260:
7621:
6018:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
5103:Ancient states and regions in the
5015:
4189:Zeitschrift fur Orient-Archaologie
4172:Zeitschrift fur Orient-Archaologie
4141:
2914:10.1093/oso/9780190687601.003.0029
1863:Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa
1847:Contemporary of Qis-Addu in Terqa
1599:Southeastern Turkey (Upper Tigris)
1497:Northeastern Syria (Jazira Region)
1055:. However, with the ascent of the
25:
12428:
11838:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
10174:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
7985:("made the land of Elam submit")
5050:
4851:Sigfried J. de Laet, ed. (1996).
3843:10.1163/ej.9789004160545.i-763.91
1696:
1665:Pottery and other characteristics
1570:
1322:Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni
1090:, who called himself king of the
759:The reading of the Assyrian term
598:thus meant the "united kingdom."
12323:
12276:
12259:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
12245:
12231:
12209:
12200:
12185:
12175:
9480:
9368:
9363:
9191:
8920:
8915:
8746:
8592:
8587:
8442:
8341:
8272:
8185:
8180:
8050:
8013:
8008:
7998:
7993:
7788:
7438:
7425:
7413:
7378:
7214:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
6705:
4879:Journal of Indo-European Studies
4666:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4517:
4508:
4487:
4462:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4381:
3070:, in Gephyra 16, November 2018,
2341:was part of Egyptian territory.
1931:Son of Shutarna II, brief reign
1434:that was found in a letter from
1158:
291:
266:
252:
11256:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
4777:
4349:The Archive of the Wullu Family
4340:
4331:
4314:
4293:
4280:
4234:
4223:Puljiz, Ivana, et al., (2019).
4217:
4177:
4160:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4095:
4082:
4072:
4051:
4042:
4016:
3987:
3974:
3897:
3835:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
3822:
3786:
3759:
3729:
3661:
3642:
3594:
3577:
3564:
3527:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3408:
3343:
3330:
3320:
3295:
3282:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3226:
3209:
3198:von Lieven, Alexandra, (2016).
3192:
3167:
3142:
3133:
3123:
3106:
3094:
3077:
3043:
3034:
3026:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3018:
2946:
2879:
2870:
2803:Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited
2734:Cities of the ancient Near East
2678:
1713:
548:, composed of a Hurrian suffix
12397:Former monarchies of West Asia
12191:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
11329:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
10876:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
10800:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
9362:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
6771:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
6766:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
4909:, 400 (Hildesheim, Olms 1987).
4874:"About the Mitanni-Aryan Gods"
4764:
4734:
4659:
3912:, De Gruyter, pp. 45–92,
3572:"About the Mitanni Aryan Gods"
2843:
2816:
2769:
2764:"About the Mitanni Aryan Gods"
2756:
2729:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
2630:, but there is no exact date.
2592:
2188:
1786:Son of Kirta, contemporary of
1459:
1399:It is generally believed that
1206:, and the Hittite archives in
687:. Egyptians referred to it as
662:
13:
1:
12392:Former countries in West Asia
12161:Muslim conquest of the Levant
11407:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
11350:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
11335:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
11173:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
11043:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
10844:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
10543:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
7153:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
6550:Tigris–Euphrates river system
4787:(2009), Pita Kelekna (2009),
4269:De Martino, Stefano, (2018).
4088:de Martino, Stefano, (2024).
3401:De Martino, Stefano, (2014).
3302:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007).
3275:De Martino, Stefano, (2014).
3173:De Martino, Stefano, (2018).
3049:De Martino, Stefano, (2018).
2749:
2645:
2633:
2615:
2604:
2578:
2562:
2551:
2535:
2409:
2390:
2250:
2211:
2138:
2127:
2086:
2068:
2043:
2021:
2003:
1981:
1941:
1923:
1901:
1873:
1855:
1839:
1820:
1802:
1778:
1744:
1655:
1648:
1556:
1548:
1532:, most likely at the site of
1168:
1149:
1138:
984:
961:
782:region, near the vicinity of
554:added to the Indo-Aryan stem
423:
400:
389:
324:
313:
220:
206:
168:
151:
120:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
64:
46:
42:
10710:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
7444:(Uruk influence or control)
5270:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
4772:§ Indo-Aryan influences
4759:Ḫa-ni-gal-bat, Ḫa-ni-rab-bat
4758:
4726:
4710:
4286:Oselini, Valentina, (2020).
4192:17th/early 16th century BC).
4009:Oselini, Valentina, (2020).
3232:Redford, Donald B., (1979).
2985:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920).
2473:. In another Amarna letter (
2348:conducted campaigns against
1678:particularly appreciated in
830:
824:" and its alternative form "
819:
805:
769:
716:
655:
649:
643:
641:evolved into the later form
637:
603:
594:
587:to unite, pair, couple, meet
556:
550:
544:
464:
457:of a distinct pottery type,
358:-speaking state in northern
7:
11404:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
10443:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
10242:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
9789:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
9783:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
9043:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
8030:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
7431:(Anonymous "King-priests")
7386:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
7219:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
7101:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
7096:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
4836:. Oxford University Press.
4833:The Kingdom of the Hittites
4320:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2020).
4307:, Oxford University Press,
4299:Barjamovic, Gojko, (2012).
4035:De Martino, Stefano, 2018.
3993:Coppini, Costanza, (2022).
3837:, Brill, pp. 321–346,
3672:. Vol. IV. Heidelberg.
3668:Mayrhofer, M. (1986–2000).
3504:, Brill, pp. 332–345,
3083:Yener, Aslihan K., (2021).
2826:A Dictionary of Archaeology
2797:van Koppen, Frans, (2004).
2717:
2667:, destroyed it utterly and
2275:Artatama I and Shuttarna II
2210:reigned as King of Mitanni
1607:in the right bank of upper
1172: 16th–15th century BC
965: 15th/14th century BC
683:, in two texts of the late
625:
566:
10:
12433:
12196:
12031:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
11458:
11341:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
11225:
11199:
11151:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
10497:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
10262:Third Babylonian dynasty (
10159:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
10121:Second Intermediate Period
8931:(vassal of the Akkadians)
8319:
7464:Early or legendary kings:
7224:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
4806:
4750:
4718:
4702:
4469:Moran, William L. (1992).
3971:, p. 142, and footnote 16.
3906:"The Early Kassite Period"
3904:Koppen, Frans van (2017),
3769:The Horse in Human History
3622:Princeton University Press
3066:Bryce, Trevor R., (2018).
2935:von Dassow, Eva, (2014). "
2682:
2637:
2596:
2539:
2367:
2278:
2192:
2111:
1888:, contemporary of pharaoh
1325:
1319:
951:
946:
477:
469:
449:in the east, and north to
319:–1260 BC), earlier called
12387:Ancient Upper Mesopotamia
12165:
12158:
12151:
12122:
12072:
12069:
12028:
11987:
11953:
11934:
11776:Parthamaspates of Parthia
11762:
11727:
11586:
11554:
11347:
11326:
11253:
11250:
11156:Assyrian conquest of Elam
11149:
11037:
11003:
10937:
10898:
10762:
10751:
10708:
10536:Third Intermediate Period
10351:
10222:
10066:Second Babylonian dynasty
10011:("Old Babylonian Period")
9777:
9729:
9493:
9461:
9433:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
9405:
9389:
9336:
9333:
9316:
9238:
9223:
9182:
9149:
9095:
9079:
9053:
9045:
9016:
8941:First Intermediate Period
8935:
8911:
8867:
8852:
8836:
8811:
8802:
8776:
8771:
8583:
8562:
8543:
8534:
8495:
8470:
8453:
8429:
8416:
8411:
8397:
8382:
8373:
8325:
8301:
8226:
8166:
8149:
8114:
8093:
8087:Early Dynastic Period III
8035:
8019:
7947:
7945:
7934:
7861:
7812:
7802:
7713:
7690:
7606:
7537:
7468:
7451:
7448:
7389:
7362:
7289:
7273:
7191:
7145:
7119:
7023:
6920:
6813:
6721:
6714:
6703:
6585:
6512:
6503:
6448:
6427:
6415:
6412:
6405:
6402:
6384:
6374:
6357:
6350:
6348:
6314:
6302:
6293:
6284:
6279:
6251:
6234:
6205:
6190:
6185:
6164:
6159:
6147:
6137:
6125:
6115:
6097:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6067:
6005:
5899:
5640:
5173:
5115:
5033:10.1515/9783111360805-007
4941:; pp. 389–401.
4347:Grosz, Katarzyna (1988).
4241:Tübingen, University of.
4022:Pfalzner, Peter, (2007).
3918:10.1515/9781501503566-002
3882:10.1017/9781009261753.021
3583:Devecchi, Elena, (2018).
3570:Fournet, Arnaud, (2010).
3511:10.1163/9789004548633_014
3288:Lauinger, Jacob, (2020).
3215:von Dassow, Eva, (2022).
3112:Valério, Miguel, (2011).
2775:Devecchi, Elena, (2018).
2762:Fournet, Arnaud, (2010).
2693:(1270s–1240s) King
2364:Artashumara and Tushratta
2108:Parattarna I / Barattarna
1909:Daughter marries pharaoh
1305:(705–681 BC) and his son
1269:After the fall of Mitanni
1074:However, by the reign of
631:
572:
323:in old Babylonian texts,
231:
227:
213:
200:
196:
186:
182:
165:
148:
144:
136:
128:
110:Historical Vedic religion
102:
84:
74:
53:
41:
34:
12154:Muslim conquest of Egypt
11618:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
11449:Cleopatra VII Philopator
10946:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
10008:First Babylonian dynasty
9746:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
9250:(vassal of the Gutians)
8947:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
7939:Early Dynastic Period II
6076:Northwestern Mesopotamia
4872:Fournet, Arnaud (2010).
4374:Maidman, M. P., (2010).
3984:, in Zenodo 2018, p. 11.
3737:Beckwith, Christopher I.
3697:Sigfried J. de Laet 1996
3217:"Mittani and Its Empire"
2965:Gauthier, Henri (1926).
2902:"Mittani and Its Empire"
2900:von Dassow, Eva (2022),
1734:founder, maybe mythical
1001:, an officer of pharaoh
882:New University of Lisbon
12239:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
11982:Province of Mesopotamia
11791:Province of Mesopotamia
11767:Province of Mesopotamia
11742:Roman conquest of Egypt
11583:Antigonus II Mattathias
11377:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
10950:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
9427:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
8953:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
8261:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
7796:Early Dynastic Period I
7719:Second Dynasty of Egypt
4785:Christopher I. Beckwith
4742:Hanikalbat, Khanigalbat
4741:
3963:Eidem, Jasper, (2014).
3350:Cline, Eric H. (2014).
2739:History of the Hittites
2185:remained with Mitanni.
1442:ended in the region of
1340:origins. Starting from
1265:indicating a country).
1086:and after this his son
735:Akkadian Amarna letters
344:
11839:
11621:Philip II Philoromaeus
11615:Antiochus XII Dionysus
11609:Demetrius III Eucaerus
11606:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
11597:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
11469:
11437:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
11392:Arsinoe III Philopator
11285:
11053:
10943:
10780:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
10712:Second Dynasty of Isin
10259:
10232:
10175:
10004:
9887:(Non-dynastic usurpers
9611:
9296:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
9265:
9155:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
8720:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
8501:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
8328:Second kingdom of Mari
8041:Third Dynasty of Egypt
7975:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
7627:
7618:First Dynasty of Egypt
7056:Babylonian mathematics
6236:Middle Hittite Kingdom
5863:Luwian-Aramaean states
4793:Elena Efimovna Kuzmina
4301:"Mesopotamian Empires"
3793:Parpola, Asko (2015),
3766:Kelekna, Pita (2009).
3610:Drews, Robert (1989).
3388:Novák, Mirko, (2013).
2574:
2558:
2487:
2386:
2337:on the Orontes River;
2233:(1390–1366 BC).
2204:
1764:Son of Kirta based on
1577:Tell Hammam et-Turkman
1506:
1175:
1146:Middle Assyrian Empire
1007:Annals of Thutmose III
968:
796:Middle Assyrian period
418:, during the reign of
404: 21st century BC
287:Middle Assyrian Empire
215:• Disestablished
12225:The Ancient Near East
12143:Byzantine Mesopotamia
12057:Province of Asoristan
12020:Byzantine Mesopotamia
11837:
11830:Province of Asoristan
11612:Philip I Philadelphus
11600:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
11594:Antiochus VIII Grypus
11591:Seleucus V Philometor
11546:Antiochus VII Sidetes
11540:Antiochus VI Dionysus
11467:
11440:Berenice IV Epiphanea
11401:Ptolemy VI Philometor
11389:Ptolemy IV Philopator
11386:Berenice II Euergetis
11383:Ptolemy III Euergetes
11284:
11202:Neo-Babylonian Empire
11112:Marduk-apla-iddina II
11109:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
11100:Marduk-apla-iddina II
11051:
11006:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
10942:
10663:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
10353:Middle Elamite period
10258:
10230:
10173:
10003:
9610:
9264:
9019:Third kingdom of Mari
8740:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
7815:First kingdom of Mari
7625:
7612:Early Dynastic Period
7454:Proto-Dynastic period
6359:Neo-Babylonian Empire
6192:Old Babylonian Empire
6107:Early Dynastic period
5714:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5298:Canaanite city-states
4455:Mladjov, I., (2019).
3799:The Roots of Hinduism
2570:
2549:
2482:
2381:
2202:
1619:To the east of upper
1504:
1413:Indo-Aryan migrations
1316:Indo-Aryan influences
1166:
1130:annexed the kingdom.
959:
701:to the Hittites, and
685:Old Babylonian period
416:Old Babylonian period
85:Common languages
11588:Alexander II Zabinas
11452:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
11428:Ptolemy XI Alexander
11410:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
10965:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
10953:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
10777:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
10718:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
10342:Marduk-apla-iddina I
10236:New Kingdom of Egypt
10059:Early Kassite rulers
9353:(Vassals of Ur III)
9334:(Vassals of UR III)
8734:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
8704:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
8255:Old Kingdom of Egypt
7051:Babylonian astronomy
6530:Mesopotamian Marshes
6086:Southern Mesopotamia
6081:Northern Mesopotamia
5997:Tanukhid confederacy
5832:New Kingdom of Egypt
4714:Mi-ta-an-ni; Mittani
2389:Artašumara, reigned
1810:Son of Parattarna I
1376:, between the kings
1259:LUGAL ERÍN.MEŠ Hurri
681:ḫa-bi-in-ga-al-ba-at
677:ḫa-bi-in-gal-ba-ti-i
45:1600 BC –
12093:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
11603:Antiochus X Eusebes
11431:Ptolemy XII Auletes
11422:Ptolemy X Alexander
11416:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
11395:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
11080:Neo-Assyrian Empire
10968:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
10901:Neo-Assyrian Empire
10724:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
10615:Syro-Hittite states
10321:Shagarakti-Shuriash
9994:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
8988:Neferkare Pepiseneb
8887:Akkadian Governors:
7391:Pre-Dynastic period
7132:Destruction by ISIL
7086:Sumerian literature
7061:Akkadian literature
6497:Ancient Mesopotamia
6340:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6254:Bronze Age Collapse
6187:Old Hittite Kingdom
6161:Old Assyrian period
6139:Third Dynasty of Ur
5709:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5492:Paleo-Syrian states
4857:UNESCO Publishing.
4816:, Routledge, 2003,
4150:Ay, Eyyüp, (2021).
2561:Shattiwaza reigned
1234:, and tablets from
527:(1550–1069 BC)
202:• Established
12407:Indo-Aryan peoples
12319:Sumerian King List
12133:Palaestina Secunda
12010:Palaestina Secunda
11840:
11571:Alexander Jannaeus
11470:
11460:Hellenistic Period
11286:
11054:
11032:Humban-haltash III
10996:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
10944:
10909:Tukulti-Ninurta II
10890:Kingdom of Samaria
10786:Mar-biti-apla-usur
10783:Shirikti-shuqamuna
10753:Neo-Elamite period
10736:Marduk-shapik-zeri
10721:Itti-Marduk-balatu
10702:Tiglath-Pileser II
10699:Ashur-resh-ishi II
10654:Enlil-kudurri-usur
10345:Zababa-shuma-iddin
10330:Kadashman-Harbe II
10315:Kadashman-Enlil II
10260:
10233:
10176:
10005:
9991:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
9988:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
9979:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
9738:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
9612:
9266:
8641:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
8022:Old Elamite period
7914:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
7767:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
7684:Jemdet Nasr period
7628:
7168:Mesopotamian myths
6196:Southern Akkadians
6103:Jemdet Nasr period
5952:Herodian Tetrarchy
4797:Alexander Lubotsky
4641:Bryce 2005, p. 314
4471:The Amarna Letters
3290:"Statue of Idrimi"
2669:sowed salt over it
2603:Shattuara reigned
2559:
2387:
2205:
1507:
1421:Alexander Lubotsky
1401:Indo-Aryan peoples
1292:King of Hanigalbat
1176:
1099:(1365–1330 BC) of
969:
36:Kingdom of Mitanni
12369:
12368:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12346:978-1-62564-606-4
12331:Unger, Merrill F.
12299:978-0-14-193825-7
12269:978-1-60606-649-2
12036:Province of Egypt
11967:Province of Egypt
11747:Province of Egypt
11489:Antigonid dynasty
11289:Achaemenid Empire
11210:Nebuchadnezzar II
11118:Ashur-nadin-shumi
10987:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
10959:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
10774:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
10742:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
10733:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
10675:Asharid-apal-Ekur
10672:Tiglath-Pileser I
10669:Ashur-resh-ishi I
10657:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
10645:Tukulti-Ninurta I
10592:Kingdom of Israel
10560:Osorkon the Elder
10481:Shutrukid dynasty
10366:Igehalkid dynasty
10333:Adad-shuma-iddina
10327:Enlil-nadin-shumi
10294:Kadashman-Enlil I
10288:Kadashman-harbe I
9732:Sukkalmah dynasty
9596:Isin-Larsa period
9418:Shimashki Dynasty
9144:Puzur-Inshushinak
8743:Netjerkare Siptah
8513:Neferirkare Kakai
8058:Egyptian pyramids
7267:Ancient Near East
7232:
7231:
7183:Ziggurat (Temple)
7158:Sumerian religion
6916:
6915:
6863:Middle Babylonian
6805:Kish civilization
6701:
6700:
6525:Lower Mesopotamia
6520:Upper Mesopotamia
6463:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6386:Macedonian Empire
6376:Achaemenid Empire
6249:c. 1200–1150 BCE
6232:c. 1400–1200 BCE
6203:c. 1600–1400 BCE
6183:c. 1800–1600 BCE
6145:c. 2000–1800 BCE
6135:c. 2100–2000 BCE
6123:c. 2200–2100 BCE
6113:c. 2350–2200 BCE
6092:c. 3500–2350 BCE
6026:
6025:
5967:Nabataean Kingdom
5942:Hasmonean dynasty
5937:Ghassanid Kingdom
5650:Achaemenid Empire
5486:Ib'al Confederacy
5125:Kish civilization
5042:978-3-11-136080-5
5007:Wilhelm, Gernot:
4939:978-3-7001-3527-2
4864:978-92-3-102811-3
4843:978-0-19-927908-1
4756:
4724:
4708:
4400:Cline 2014, p. 61
4358:978-87-7289-040-1
3927:978-1-5015-0356-6
3891:978-1-009-26175-3
3852:978-90-474-2071-2
3816:978-0-19-022690-9
3779:978-0-521-51659-4
3752:978-0-691-13589-2
3714:, pp. 39–41.
3612:"Chariot Warfare"
3521:978-90-04-54863-3
3313:978-1-4051-4911-2
2923:978-0-19-068760-1
2836:978-0-470-75196-1
2557:–1350 BC, Mitanni
2240:in the west, and
2098:
2097:
2076:Son of Shattuara
1707:Middle chronology
1680:Upper Mesopotamia
1485:Upper Mesopotamia
1479:Upper Mesopotamia
1405:Upper Mesopotamia
1307:Ashur-nadin-shumi
1288:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
999:Battle of Megiddo
929:" being read as "
748:, along with the
653:had given way to
647:, where the stem
540:
539:
528:
503:
502:
499:
498:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
279:
278:
16:(Redirected from
12424:
12351:
12350:
12327:
12321:
12315:
12304:
12303:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12252:Thomas, Ariane;
12249:
12243:
12242:
12235:
12229:
12228:
12213:
12207:
12204:
12189:
12179:
12129:Palaestina Prima
12075:Byzantine Empire
12006:Palaestina Prima
11993:Byzantine Empire
11972:Syria Palaestina
11937:Palmyrene Empire
11923:Bahram VI Chobin
11786:Syria Palaestina
11574:Salome Alexandra
11557:Kingdom of Judea
11543:Diodotus Tryphon
11398:Cleopatra I Syra
11374:Ptolemy Keraunos
11142:Ashur-uballit II
11139:Sin-shumu-lishir
11133:Ashur-etil-ilani
11088:Sargonid dynasty
10981:Marduk-apla-usur
10962:Nabu-apla-iddina
10956:Shamash-mudammiq
10912:Ashurnasirpal II
10895:Kingdom of Judah
10739:Adad-apla-iddina
10730:Enlil-nadin-apli
10727:Nebuchadnezzar I
10651:Ashur-nirari III
10648:Ashur-nadin-apli
10486:Shutruk-Nakhunte
10371:Untash-Napirisha
10360:Kidinuid dynasty
9958:Shamshi-Adad III
9666:Dynasty of Larsa
9484:
9372:
9367:
9195:
9048:Shar-Kali-Sharri
8982:Neferkare Tereru
8970:Neferkare Khendu
8924:
8919:
8750:
8709:Kiku-siwe-tempti
8596:
8591:
8446:
8375:Kish III dynasty
8345:
8276:
8189:
8184:
8089:(2600–2340 BCE)
8054:
8017:
8012:
8002:
7997:
7941:(2700–2600 BCE)
7798:(2900–2700 BCE)
7792:
7709:(3100–2700 BCE)
7688:(3100–2900 BCE)
7442:
7429:
7417:
7393:(4000–2900 BCE)
7382:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7081:Sumerian cuisine
7071:Warfare in Sumer
7066:Economy of Sumer
6719:
6718:
6709:
6593:Fertile Crescent
6577:Sinjar Mountains
6572:Hamrin Mountains
6567:Zagros Mountains
6545:Taurus Mountains
6510:
6509:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6436:Byzantine Empire
6311:Middle Babylonia
6277:c. 1150–911 BCE
6070:
6069:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6030:
6029:
5977:Palmyrene Empire
5947:Herodian kingdom
5921:Byzantine Empire
5736:Israel (Samaria)
5097:
5090:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5046:
4988:
4944:Starr, R. F. S.
4895:
4893:
4891:
4868:
4847:
4800:
4781:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4755:romanized:
4754:
4752:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4723:romanized:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4707:romanized:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4663:
4651:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4533:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4318:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4232:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4199:
4193:
4181:
4175:
4164:
4158:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4007:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3972:
3961:
3955:
3954:, p. 69–91.
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3581:
3575:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3493:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3171:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2820:
2814:
2795:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2744:Seven-dots glyph
2650:
2647:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2414:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2302:. Kilu-Hepa, or
2255:
2252:
2216:
2213:
2143:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2091:
2088:
2073:
2070:
2048:
2045:
2026:
2023:
2008:
2005:
1986:
1983:
1949:Contemporary of
1946:
1943:
1928:
1925:
1906:
1903:
1878:
1875:
1860:
1857:
1844:
1841:
1825:
1822:
1807:
1804:
1783:
1780:
1749:
1746:
1712:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1565:Tall Al-Hamidiya
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1338:Proto-Indo-Aryan
1173:
1170:
1154:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1135:Euphrates-Tigris
1082:and his brother
989:
986:
966:
963:
836:
827:
822:
816:
808:
801:
786:(capital of the
772:
766:
719:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
633:
628:
623:, into Sanskrit
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
597:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
574:
569:
559:
553:
547:
526:
482:
481:
478:
474:
473:
439:Taurus Mountains
428:
425:
405:
402:
394:
391:
349:
329:
326:
318:
315:
295:
294:
283:
282:
270:
269:
256:
255:
249:
248:
233:
232:
222:
208:
170:
153:
115:Hurrian religion
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Mitannian Empire
12432:
12431:
12427:
12426:
12425:
12423:
12422:
12421:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12365:
12364:
12355:
12354:
12347:
12328:
12324:
12316:
12307:
12300:
12281:
12277:
12270:
12250:
12246:
12237:
12236:
12232:
12214:
12210:
12205:
12201:
12138:Byzantine Syria
12124:Byzantine Egypt
12099:Farrukh Hormizd
12059:
12055:
12052:Sasanian Empire
12038:
12034:
12015:Byzantine Syria
12001:Byzantine Egypt
11940:
11832:
11828:
11825:Sasanian Empire
11745:
11650:Mithridates III
11630:
11627:Parthian Empire
11560:
11499:Seleucid Empire
11496:
11486:
11462:
11371:Ptolemy I Soter
11369:
11366:Ptolemaic Egypt
11338:
11332:
11292:
11274:
11270:
11268:Kings of Byblos
11259:
11231:
11205:
11176:
11170:
11144:
11124:Mushezib-Marduk
11094:Tiglath-Pileser
11092:
11083:
11060:
11046:
11030:
11026:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11009:
11001:
10999:Nabu-mukin-zeri
10993:Nabu-nadin-zeri
10978:Marduk-bel-zeri
10971:Baba-aha-iddina
10948:
10925:Adad-nirari III
10915:Shalmaneser III
10904:
10893:
10892:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10870:Menkheperre Ini
10847:
10840:
10839:
10803:
10789:Nabû-mukin-apli
10766:
10755:(1100–540 BCE)
10748:Nabu-shum-libur
10716:
10693:Ashur-nirari IV
10687:Ashurnasirpal I
10684:Shamshi-Adad IV
10630:Ashur-uballit I
10625:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10578:Kings of Byblos
10576:
10546:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10501:
10500:
10484:
10478:
10446:
10433:
10432:
10414:Neferneferuaten
10374:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10356:(1500–1100 BCE)
10348:Enlil-nadin-ahi
10336:Adad-shuma-usur
10324:Kashtiliashu IV
10312:Kadashman-Turgu
10297:Burnaburiash II
10276:Kashtiliash III
10268:
10245:
10239:
10209:
10208:(1600–1260 BCE)
10207:
10177:
10168:
10162:
10150:
10144:
10140:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10104:
10099:Peshgaldaramesh
10094:
10084:
10074:
10070:Sealand Dynasty
10067:
10064:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10019:
10012:
10010:
9985:Ashur-nirari II
9964:Puzur-Ashur III
9952:Shamshi-Adad II
9923:
9921:
9919:Adaside dynasty
9916:
9915:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9837:
9828:
9822:
9811:
9807:
9805:Kings of Byblos
9803:
9797:
9786:
9749:
9736:
9735:
9717:Uruk VI dynasty
9715:
9664:
9615:Dynasty of Isin
9605:
9599:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9531:
9525:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9512:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9485:
9479:
9475:
9469:
9466:
9436:
9430:
9412:
9373:
9361:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9323:
9313:
9299:
9283:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9256:
9249:
9245:
9231:
9227:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9186:
9177:(2150–2000 BCE)
9158:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9090:
9086:
9074:
9070:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9022:
9012:
8967:Djedkare Shemai
8956:
8950:
8944:
8930:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8876:Sargon of Akkad
8874:
8873:
8870:Akkadian Empire
8862:(2340–2150 BCE)
8860:Akkadian Period
8847:
8843:
8831:
8827:
8806:
8794:
8784:
8780:
8763:
8759:
8745:
8723:
8702:
8700:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8652:
8643:
8629:
8625:
8613:
8609:
8597:
8568:
8565:
8559:
8547:
8538:
8505:
8504:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8448:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8424:
8423:
8407:
8404:
8392:
8388:
8377:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8323:(2500-539 BCE)
8311:
8307:
8277:
8271:
8264:
8258:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8200:
8194:
8190:
8176:
8172:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8125:
8123:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8028:
8027:
8026:(2700–1500 BCE)
8025:
7973:
7962:
7925:("conqueror of
7911:
7895:
7888:
7878:
7864:
7845:
7841:
7836:
7827:
7818:
7810:
7807:
7787:
7723:
7722:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7687:
7629:
7615:
7602:
7543:
7474:
7463:
7457:
7443:
7437:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7410:(4000–3100 BCE)
7409:
7403:
7377:
7371:
7343:
7324:
7314:
7287:
7285:
7269:
7263:
7233:
7228:
7187:
7141:
7115:
7024:Culture/society
7019:
6912:
6908:Muslim conquest
6878:Fall of Babylon
6809:
6710:
6697:
6581:
6499:
6494:
6464:
6459:
6453:Sassanid Empire
6422:Parthian Empire
6417:Seleucid Empire
6407:Seleucid Empire
6326:
6320:
6297:
6288:
6117:Akkadian Empire
6063:
6057:
6027:
6022:
6001:
5992:Sasanian Empire
5987:Seleucid Empire
5982:Parthian Empire
5932:Emesene Dynasty
5895:
5741:Israel (united)
5656:Aramaean states
5636:
5183:Akkadian Empire
5169:
5111:
5101:
5053:
5043:
5018:
5016:Further reading
4889:
4887:
4865:
4844:
4812:Bryce, Trevor,
4809:
4804:
4803:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4739:
4735:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4319:
4315:
4298:
4294:
4285:
4281:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4239:
4235:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4182:
4178:
4165:
4161:
4149:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3975:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3494:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3172:
3168:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2983:
2976:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2821:
2817:
2796:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2720:
2687:
2681:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2581:
2565:
2554:
2550:Cylinder seal,
2544:
2538:
2412:
2393:
2376:
2368:Main articles:
2366:
2298:was married to
2287:
2279:Main articles:
2277:
2253:
2214:
2197:
2191:
2141:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2089:
2071:
2046:
2024:
2006:
1991:Ashur-uballit I
1984:
1944:
1926:
1913:in his year 10
1904:
1876:
1858:
1842:
1823:
1805:
1781:
1747:
1699:
1667:
1658:
1654:-1350 BC) and (
1651:
1645:Iraqi Kurdistan
1617:
1601:
1573:
1559:
1551:
1499:
1487:
1462:
1380:of Mitanni and
1330:
1324:
1318:
1296:Tell Sabi Abyad
1271:
1171:
1167:Cylinder seal,
1161:
1152:
1141:
1137:region between
1114:In the capital
1097:Ashur-uballit I
987:
964:
954:
949:
915:
904:
897:
863:
834:
806:KUR Ḫa-nu AN.TA
788:Kingdom of Hana
744:can be read in
727:Assyro-Akkadian
665:
620:
617:
614:
611:
589:
586:
583:
580:
525:
509:
491:
489:
472:
467:
426:
403:
392:
327:
316:
292:
267:
253:
216:
203:
172:
155:
124:
95:
91:
70:
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12430:
12420:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12360:
12357:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12345:
12322:
12305:
12298:
12275:
12268:
12254:Potts, Timothy
12244:
12230:
12208:
12198:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12183:
12172:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12126:
12120:
12119:
12078:
12071:
12067:
12066:
12048:
12027:
12023:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11963:
11962:
11955:
11951:
11950:
11933:
11929:
11928:
11821:
11817:
11816:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11764:
11760:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11737:
11736:
11729:
11728:30 BCE–116 CE
11725:
11724:
11662:Mithridates IV
11644:Mithridates II
11623:
11585:
11580:Aristobulus II
11553:
11549:
11548:
11473:Argead dynasty
11457:
11362:Argead dynasty
11358:
11354:
11353:
11345:
11344:
11324:
11323:
11315:Artaxerxes III
11278:
11276:Kings of Sidon
11265:
11252:
11248:
11247:
11224:
11219:Labashi-Marduk
11198:
11163:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11121:Nergal-ushezib
11076:
11057:Black Pharaohs
11039:
11035:
11034:
11002:
10975:Ninurta-apla-X
10936:
10934:Ashur-nirari V
10928:Shalmaneser IV
10918:Shamshi-Adad V
10906:Adad-nirari II
10897:
10887:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10761:
10757:
10756:
10750:
10707:
10690:Shalmaneser II
10678:Ashur-bel-kala
10666:Mutakkil-Nusku
10622:Middle Assyria
10618:
10611:
10586:Kings of Sidon
10569:
10493:
10492:1155–1025 BCE
10489:
10488:
10475:Elamite Empire
10471:
10438:
10437:
10429:Hittite Empire
10425:
10393:
10392:
10377:
10376:
10350:
10339:Meli-Shipak II
10309:Nazi-Maruttash
10273:Burnaburiash I
10252:
10224:
10223:1531–1155 BCE
10220:
10219:
10200:
10155:
10115:
10114:
10061:
9997:
9982:Enlil-Nasir II
9961:Ashur-nirari I
9955:Ishme-Dagan II
9946:Sharma-Adad II
9898:Ashur-apla-idi
9889:1735–1701 BCE)
9868:Ashur-apla-idi
9850:Shamshi-Adad I
9845:1808–1736 BCE)
9830:
9825:Yamhad dynasty
9815:
9813:Kings of Sidon
9792:
9779:
9778:1800–1595 BCE
9775:
9774:
9741:
9740:
9728:
9592:
9582:Puzur-Ashur II
9549:
9492:
9459:
9458:
9453:Mentuhotep III
9422:
9421:
9404:
9399:
9391:
9390:2025-1763 BCE
9387:
9386:
9358:Ur III dynasty
9354:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9315:
9304:Neferkare VIII
9292:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9279:
9251:
9237:
9235:
9222:
9208:Gutian dynasty
9204:
9180:
9179:
9171:
9166:Nebkaure Khety
9160:Meryibre Khety
9151:
9147:
9146:
9129:
9096:
9094:
9078:
9051:
9050:
9044:
9015:
9005:
8991:Neferkamin Anu
8964:Neferkare Neby
8937:
8933:
8932:
8928:Lugal-ushumgal
8925:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8884:
8865:
8864:
8856:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8835:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8801:
8796:
8788:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8765:
8761:Lugalannemundu
8751:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8692:
8675:
8656:
8647:
8638:
8633:
8617:
8604:
8600:
8599:
8582:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8561:
8552:
8551:
8542:
8533:
8528:Djedkare Isesi
8525:Menkauhor Kaiu
8497:
8493:
8492:
8469:
8452:
8428:
8426:Pabilgagaltuku
8415:
8410:
8396:
8385:Akshak dynasty
8381:
8372:
8324:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8300:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8225:
8210:Enun-dara-anna
8205:
8204:
8165:
8148:
8133:
8115:
8113:
8091:
8090:
8084:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8018:
8003:
7987:
7986:
7979:
7978:
7967:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7918:
7917:
7903:
7866:
7859:
7858:
7834:Kullassina-bel
7819:
7811:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7689:
7680:
7675:
7626:Narmer Palette
7608:
7607:3100–2900 BCE
7604:
7603:
7536:
7466:
7465:
7450:
7449:3200–3100 BCE
7446:
7445:
7432:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7383:
7364:
7363:4000–3200 BCE
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7318:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7265:Rulers of the
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7204:Assyriologists
7201:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7111:List of rulers
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7000:Proto-Armenian
6997:
6992:
6987:
6985:Middle Persian
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6873:Neo-Babylonian
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6853:Old Babylonian
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6823:Early Dynastic
6819:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6493:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6429:
6428:63 BCE–224 CE
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6391:Ancient Greeks
6383:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6313:
6308:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6243:Middle Assyria
6240:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6163:
6158:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6056:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6013:Amarna letters
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5913:Roman Republic
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5454:
5442:
5440:Hittite Empire
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5194:Amorite states
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5100:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5052:
5051:External links
5049:
5048:
5047:
5041:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4969:10.2307/595878
4963:(4): 301–317.
4949:
4948:(London 1938).
4942:
4930:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4869:
4863:
4848:
4842:
4824:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4776:
4763:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4568:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4495:
4486:
4479:
4461:
4439:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4380:
4364:
4357:
4339:
4330:
4313:
4292:
4279:
4259:
4233:
4216:
4194:
4176:
4159:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4094:
4081:
4071:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4028:
4015:
3999:
3986:
3973:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3926:
3896:
3890:
3857:
3851:
3821:
3815:
3785:
3778:
3758:
3751:
3728:
3716:
3701:
3699:, p. 562.
3689:
3660:
3641:
3634:
3602:
3593:
3576:
3563:
3550:10.2307/595878
3526:
3520:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3407:
3394:
3378:
3369:
3363:978-1400849987
3362:
3342:
3329:
3319:
3312:
3294:
3281:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3225:
3208:
3191:
3166:
3141:
3132:
3122:
3105:
3101:Miguel Valério
3093:
3076:
3059:
3042:
3033:
3017:
3002:
2974:
2954:
2945:
2928:
2922:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2859:
2842:
2835:
2815:
2785:
2768:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2683:Main article:
2680:
2677:
2638:Main article:
2635:
2632:
2597:Main article:
2594:
2591:
2540:Main article:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2512:
2408:, who reigned
2384:British Museum
2365:
2362:
2276:
2273:
2254: 1400 BC
2236:The states of
2193:Main article:
2190:
2187:
2112:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090: 1265 BC
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072: 1285 BC
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2047: 1305 BC
2041:
2035:
2034:
2031:Hittite Empire
2029:Vassal of the
2027:
2025: 1330 BC
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007: 1330 BC
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1985: 1335 BC
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:Amarna letters
1951:Suppiluliuma I
1947:
1945: 1358 BC
1939:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927: 1360 BC
1921:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1905: 1380 BC
1899:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1877: 1400 BC
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859: 1425 BC
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843: 1435 BC
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1824: 1465 BC
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806: 1485 BC
1800:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1782: 1500 BC
1776:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748: 1540 BC
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:All dates are
1698:
1697:Mitanni rulers
1695:
1666:
1663:
1616:
1613:
1600:
1597:
1572:
1571:Northern Syria
1569:
1534:Tell Fekheriye
1498:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1461:
1458:
1392:language, but
1382:Šuppiluliuma I
1320:Main article:
1317:
1314:
1270:
1267:
1160:
1157:
1109:Suppiluliuma I
1057:Hittite Empire
953:
950:
948:
945:
925:," just like "
913:
902:
895:
861:
848:J. A. Knudtzon
832:
675:, attested as
664:
661:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
515:
514:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
486:
471:
468:
466:
463:
445:in the south,
393: 2300 BC
362:and southeast
328: 1600 BC
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
280:
277:
276:
271:
263:
262:
260:Hittite Empire
257:
245:
244:
239:
229:
228:
225:
224:
217:
214:
211:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
187:Historical era
184:
183:
180:
179:
173:
166:
163:
162:
156:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
106:
104:
100:
99:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68: 1490 BC
59:
51:
50:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12429:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12348:
12342:
12338:
12337:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12314:
12312:
12310:
12301:
12295:
12291:
12290:
12285:
12284:Roux, Georges
12279:
12271:
12265:
12261:
12260:
12255:
12248:
12240:
12234:
12226:
12222:
12218:
12212:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12173:
12170:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12156:
12155:
12148:
12147:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12118:
12115:
12112:
12111:Yazdegerd III
12109:
12106:
12103:
12100:
12097:
12094:
12091:
12088:
12085:
12082:
12077:
12076:
12068:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12053:
12047:
12044:
12043:Sahralanyozan
12041:
12037:
12032:
12025:
12024:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12007:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11986:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11964:
11961:
11960:
11952:
11949:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11938:
11931:
11930:
11927:
11924:
11921:
11918:
11915:
11912:
11909:
11906:
11903:
11900:
11897:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11876:
11873:
11870:
11867:
11864:
11861:
11858:
11855:
11852:
11849:
11846:
11843:
11836:
11831:
11827:
11826:
11819:
11818:
11815:
11812:
11809:
11806:
11803:
11800:
11799:Mithridates V
11797:
11796:Sinatruces II
11792:
11787:
11781:
11780:
11777:
11772:
11768:
11761:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11719:Artabanus III
11717:
11714:
11711:
11708:
11705:
11702:
11699:
11696:
11693:
11690:
11689:Tiridates III
11687:
11684:
11681:
11678:
11675:
11672:
11669:
11666:
11663:
11660:
11657:
11654:
11651:
11648:
11645:
11642:
11639:
11636:
11633:
11632:Mithridates I
11629:
11628:
11622:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11607:
11604:
11601:
11598:
11595:
11592:
11589:
11584:
11581:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11569:
11568:Aristobulus I
11566:
11565:John Hyrcanus
11563:
11559:
11558:
11551:
11550:
11547:
11544:
11541:
11538:
11535:
11534:Alexander III
11532:
11529:
11526:
11523:
11520:
11519:Antiochus III
11517:
11514:
11511:
11508:
11505:
11501:
11500:
11495:
11491:
11490:
11485:
11482:
11479:
11478:Alexander III
11475:
11474:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11453:
11450:
11447:
11444:
11441:
11438:
11435:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11423:
11420:
11417:
11414:
11413:Cleopatra III
11411:
11408:
11405:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11393:
11390:
11387:
11384:
11381:
11378:
11375:
11372:
11368:
11367:
11363:
11356:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11337:
11336:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11322:
11319:
11318:Artaxerxes IV
11316:
11313:
11312:Artaxerxes II
11310:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11298:
11295:
11291:
11290:
11283:
11277:
11273:
11272:Kings of Tyre
11269:
11263:
11258:
11257:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11240:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11229:
11228:Median Empire
11223:
11220:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11204:
11203:
11197:
11194:
11191:
11188:
11185:
11182:
11179:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11168:
11161:
11160:
11157:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11137:
11136:Sinsharishkun
11134:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11122:
11119:
11116:
11113:
11110:
11107:
11104:
11101:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11089:
11082:
11081:
11075:
11072:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11058:
11050:
11045:
11044:
11036:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11008:
11007:
11000:
10997:
10994:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10976:
10973:(five kings)
10972:
10969:
10966:
10963:
10960:
10957:
10954:
10951:
10947:
10941:
10935:
10932:
10931:Ashur-Dan III
10929:
10926:
10922:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10907:
10903:
10902:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10885:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10871:
10868:
10865:
10862:
10859:
10856:
10853:
10850:
10846:
10845:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10830:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10809:
10806:
10802:
10801:
10794:
10793:
10790:
10787:
10784:
10781:
10778:
10775:
10772:
10771:Ea-mukin-zeri
10769:
10768:Simbar-shipak
10765:
10760:1025–934 BCE
10759:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10734:
10731:
10728:
10725:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10713:
10706:
10703:
10700:
10697:
10696:Ashur-rabi II
10694:
10691:
10688:
10685:
10682:
10681:Eriba-Adad II
10679:
10676:
10673:
10670:
10667:
10664:
10661:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10643:
10642:Shalmaneser I
10640:
10639:Adad-nirari I
10637:
10634:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10593:
10587:
10583:
10582:Kings of Tyre
10579:
10575:
10574:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10561:
10558:
10555:
10552:
10549:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10522:
10521:Ramesses VIII
10519:
10516:
10513:
10510:
10507:
10504:
10499:
10498:
10491:
10490:
10487:
10483:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10470:
10467:
10464:
10461:
10458:
10455:
10452:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10430:
10424:
10421:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10407:
10404:
10403:Amenhotep III
10401:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10388:
10385:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10361:
10354:
10349:
10346:
10343:
10340:
10337:
10334:
10331:
10328:
10325:
10322:
10319:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10304:
10301:
10298:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10267:
10265:
10257:
10251:
10248:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10237:
10229:
10221:
10218:
10215:
10212:
10206:
10205:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10182:
10181:
10172:
10166:
10161:
10160:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10122:
10116:
10113:
10110:
10109:Melamkurkurra
10107:
10103:
10102:Ayadaragalama
10100:
10097:
10093:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:Itti-ili-nibi
10077:
10073:
10071:
10060:
10055:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10031:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10018:
10016:
10009:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9973:Ashur-shaduni
9971:
9968:
9967:Enlil-nasir I
9965:
9962:
9959:
9956:
9953:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9941:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9931:Sharma-Adad I
9929:
9926:
9922:1700–722 BCE)
9920:
9914:
9911:
9908:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9853:Ishme-Dagan I
9851:
9842:
9836:
9835:
9826:
9821:
9820:
9814:
9810:
9809:Kings of Tyre
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9790:
9785:
9784:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9766:Amenemhat III
9764:
9761:
9758:
9755:
9752:
9748:
9747:
9742:
9739:
9734:
9733:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9701:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9689:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9636:
9633:
9630:
9627:
9624:
9621:
9617:
9616:
9609:
9603:
9598:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9558:Puzur-Ashur I
9555:
9554:
9547:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9523:
9517:
9509:
9505:
9500:
9497:
9491:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9465:
9464:Third Eblaite
9460:
9457:
9456:Mentuhotep IV
9454:
9451:
9450:Mentuhotep II
9448:
9445:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9409:
9403:
9398:
9396:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9330:
9329:
9326:
9322:
9320:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9307:Wahkare Khety
9305:
9302:
9298:
9297:
9290:
9289:
9286:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9248:
9244:
9242:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9210:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9175:Ur III period
9170:
9167:
9164:
9163:Neferkare VII
9161:
9157:
9156:
9148:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9110:Ur-Ningirsu I
9107:
9103:
9101:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9083:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9049:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9026:
9021:
9020:
9014:
9011:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8942:
8934:
8929:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8880:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8756:
8749:
8744:
8741:
8738:
8735:
8732:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8645:Lugal-kisalsi
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8595:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8546:
8541:
8537:
8532:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8451:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8433:
8427:
8422:
8420:
8414:
8409:
8403:
8401:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8330:
8329:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8256:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8059:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8034:
8031:
8024:
8023:
8016:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7944:
7940:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7865:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7838:Nangishlishma
7835:
7831:
7826:
7824:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7806:
7805:First Eblaite
7801:
7797:
7791:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7764:Seth-Peribsen
7762:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7725:Hotepsekhemwy
7721:
7720:
7712:
7706:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7693:Proto-Elamite
7686:
7685:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:Double Falcon
7593:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7447:
7441:
7436:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7408:
7407:
7401:
7398:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7369:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:Syrian Desert
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6454:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6408:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6042:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5901:Classical Age
5898:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Aram-Damascus
5660:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
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5220:First Babylon
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4992:9781934309148
4990:
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4928:
4925:
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4918:9781883053505
4916:
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4911:
4908:
4904:
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4897:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4828:Bryce, Trevor
4825:
4823:
4822:0-415-25857-X
4819:
4815:
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4790:
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4480:0-8018-4251-4
4476:
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4173:
4169:
4163:
4157:
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4147:
4145:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4114:149–176, 2018
4112:
4108:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4054:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3940:Lubotsky 2023
3936:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
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3862:
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3848:
3844:
3840:
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3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
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3789:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3726:, p. 55.
3725:
3720:
3713:
3712:Beckwith 2009
3708:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3635:0-691-02951-2
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:(4): 301–17.
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3488:
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3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3339:
3336:George Roux,
3333:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3251:
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3218:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3184:
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3176:
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3163:
3159:
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3119:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3015:, p. 11.
3014:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2971:. p. 25.
2970:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2949:
2943:. pp. 11-32.
2942:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
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2892:
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2800:
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2782:
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2772:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:Shalmaneser I
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2613:
2612:Adad-nirari I
2600:
2590:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2507:made king of
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Shuttarna III
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2444:). A note in
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:Amarna letter
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:Amenhotep III
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:Amenhotep III
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2126:. He reigned
2125:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:Adad-nirari I
2054:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:Shuttarna III
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:Amenhotep III
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:Amenhotep III
1908:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:Parattarna II
1835:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
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1737:
1733:
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1728:
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1720:
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1714:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
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1676:
1673:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1491:Jazira Region
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:and northern
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
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1339:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1165:
1159:Early kingdom
1156:
1155:and 1260 BC.
1147:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:Shalmaneser I
1125:
1124:Khabur Valley
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1069:Amenhotep III
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:and made the
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
982:
978:
974:
958:
944:
942:
937:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
905:
898:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
857:
853:
852:E. A. Speiser
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
823:
821:
811:
809:
807:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
718:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
657:
651:
645:
639:
627:
605:
599:
596:
568:
563:
558:
552:
546:
536:
535:
532:
531:
524:
520:
517:
516:
513:
507:
506:
494:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
430:
421:
417:
413:
409:
398:
387:
383:
378:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:texts, was a
353:
348:
347:
341:
337:
333:
322:
311:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
275:
272:
265:
264:
261:
258:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
226:
218:
212:
209:1600 BC
205:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
164:
161:(first known)
160:
157:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
63:
57:
52:
40:
33:
30:
19:
12335:
12325:
12289:Ancient Iraq
12288:
12278:
12258:
12247:
12233:
12224:
12211:
12202:
12166:
12159:
12152:
12081:Ardashir III
12073:
12050:
11991:
11959:Roman Empire
11957:
11935:
11893:Yazdegerd II
11823:
11814:Artabanus IV
11811:Vologases VI
11802:Vologases IV
11733:Roman Empire
11731:
11716:Vologases II
11692:Artabanus II
11686:Artabanus II
11671:Tiridates II
11659:Phraates III
11625:
11562:Simon Thassi
11555:
11537:Demetrius II
11525:Antiochus IV
11516:Seleucus III
11510:Antiochus II
11497:
11487:
11484:Alexander IV
11471:
11459:
11443:Ptolemy XIII
11425:Berenice III
11419:Cleopatra IV
11360:
11357:331–141 BCE
11348:
11339:
11333:
11327:
11306:Artaxerxes I
11287:
11254:
11251:539–331 BCE
11226:
11207:Nabopolassar
11200:
11171:
11165:
11162:626–539 BCE
11130:Ashurbanipal
11085:
11084:
11078:
11041:
11038:745–609 BCE
11004:
10984:Eriba-Marduk
10945:
10899:
10874:
10842:
10841:
10831:
10820:Shoshenq III
10798:
10795:911–745 BCE
10763:
10745:Marduk-zer-X
10709:
10705:Ashur-dan II
10636:Arik-den-ili
10633:Enlil-nirari
10627:Eriba-Adad I
10620:
10613:
10590:
10571:
10566:Psusennes II
10541:
10540:
10534:
10518:Ramesses VII
10506:Ramesses III
10495:
10479:
10473:
10441:
10427:
10408:
10397:Amenhotep II
10390:Thutmose III
10364:
10358:
10355:
10306:Kurigalzu II
10300:Kara-hardash
10270:Agum-Kakrime
10261:
10240:
10234:
10203:
10202:
10185:'Aper-'Anati
10183:
10178:
10157:
10151:
10145:
10141:
10135:
10131:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10082:Damqi-ilishu
10065:
10054:Samsu-Ditana
10036:Sin-muballit
10027:Sin-muballit
10006:
9976:Ashur-rabi I
9841:Shamshi-Adad
9838:
9832:
9817:
9787:
9781:
9769:Amenemhat IV
9763:Senusret III
9757:Amenemhat II
9744:
9730:
9716:
9665:
9662:Damiq-ilishu
9632:Lipit-Eshtar
9613:
9594:
9551:
9519:
9515:
9499:Shakkanakkus
9462:
9438:Mentuhotep I
9431:
9425:
9406:
9393:
9356:
9350:Puzur-Ishtar
9317:
9312:
9294:
9247:Lugalannatum
9239:
9206:
9173:
9153:
9132:Hishep-Ratep
9098:
9080:
9017:
9007:
8961:Neferkare II
8951:
8945:
8939:
8886:
8868:
8858:
8837:
8790:Invasion by
8753:
8718:
8694:
8686:Enannatum II
8650:E-iginimpa'e
8619:
8611:Igrish-Halam
8522:Nyuserre Ini
8499:
8473:Awan dynasty
8471:
8430:
8417:
8398:
8383:
8374:
8358:Ishtup-Ishar
8338:Iku-Shamagan
8334:Ikun-Shamash
8326:
8304:Ur I dynasty
8302:
8295:
8284:
8259:
8253:
8227:
8208:
8167:
8150:
8135:
8117:
8076:
8068:
8039:
8020:
7983:Enmebaragesi
7969:
7950:
7921:
7912:
7905:
7868:
7863:
7843:En-tarah-ana
7828:
7821:
7813:
7803:
7779:
7776:Neferkasokar
7774:
7769:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7717:
7697:
7691:
7682:
7670:
7665:
7616:
7610:
7597:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7524:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7477:Finger Snail
7475:
7469:
7452:
7421:Anu Ziggurat
7404:
7372:
7366:
7284:Territories/
7106:Royal titles
7031:Architecture
6868:Neo-Assyrian
6715:(Pre)history
6657:
6535:Persian Gulf
6439:
6432:Ancient Rome
6403:311–129 BCE
6389:
6382:336–301 BCE
6372:539–331 BCE
6362:
6355:626–539 BCE
6346:729–609 BCE
6336:911–729 BCE
6327:
6321:
6315:
6303:
6268:
6258:
6252:
6222:
6210:
6206:
6195:
6172:
6151:
6126:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6059:Timeline of
5917:Roman Empire
5909:Ancient Rome
5861:
5836:
5718:
5654:
5622:
5578:
5554:
5490:
5461:
5444:
5296:
5192:
5135:Chagar Bazar
5059:(livius.org)
5024:
5009:The Hurrians
5008:
5001:
4960:
4956:
4953:Thieme, Paul
4945:
4923:
4906:
4899:
4890:27 September
4888:. Retrieved
4883:
4877:
4853:
4832:
4813:
4789:Asko Parpola
4779:
4766:
4736:
4717:or Hittite:
4703:𒆳𒌷𒈪𒋫𒀭𒉌
4661:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4519:
4510:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4383:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4325:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4282:
4274:
4250:. Retrieved
4246:
4236:
4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4197:
4188:
4179:
4171:
4162:
4155:
4131:
4119:
4107:
4097:
4084:
4074:
4053:
4044:
4031:
4018:
3989:
3976:
3968:
3959:
3952:Parpola 2015
3947:
3935:
3909:
3899:
3873:
3834:
3824:
3798:
3788:
3768:
3761:
3741:
3731:
3719:
3692:
3669:
3663:
3657:(3). Vienna.
3654:
3650:
3644:
3616:
3605:
3596:
3588:
3579:
3566:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3501:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3410:
3397:
3372:
3351:
3345:
3338:Ancient Iraq
3337:
3332:
3322:
3303:
3297:
3284:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3013:Fournet 2010
2987:
2967:
2948:
2940:
2931:
2905:
2881:
2872:
2862:
2854:
2845:
2825:
2818:
2807:footnote 65:
2806:
2802:
2780:
2771:
2758:
2695:Shattuara II
2688:
2685:Shattuara II
2679:Shattuara II
2659:, Amasakku,
2643:
2602:
2575:
2571:
2560:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2450:
2417:
2402:Shuttarna II
2388:
2343:
2316:
2291:Shuttarna II
2288:
2285:Shuttarna II
2269:Amenhotep II
2266:
2235:
2231:Eriba-Adad I
2206:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2146:
2135:Thutmose III
2117:
2099:
2082:Shattuara II
1966:Amenhotep IV
1897:Shuttarna II
1890:Amenhotep II
1881:Treaty with
1774:Parattarna I
1700:
1692:
1675:Kamares Ware
1668:
1634:
1618:
1602:
1574:
1542:
1530:Khabur River
1519:
1508:
1488:
1476:
1463:
1453:
1447:
1431:
1429:
1398:
1390:Indo-Iranian
1346:throne names
1331:
1311:
1300:
1286:, father of
1281:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1223:
1197:
1178:As early as
1177:
1132:
1113:
1105:
1088:Shuttarna II
1076:Eriba-Adad I
1073:
1061:Shuttarna II
1050:
1011:
1003:Thutmose III
996:
976:
972:
970:
940:
938:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
907:
900:
893:
889:
885:
877:
873:
869:
867:
859:
855:
843:
839:
828:
817:
812:
803:
800:𒌷𒆳𒄩𒉡𒀭𒋫
798:, a phrase "
767:
760:
758:
741:
739:
730:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
680:
676:
668:
666:
635:), the name
600:
592:). The name
541:
431:
411:
379:
366:(modern-day
342:records, or
335:
331:
320:
309:
308:
242:Succeeded by
241:
236:
176:Shattuara II
29:
12221:Simpson, W.
12149:639–651 CE
12096:Azarmidokht
12087:Khosrow III
12070:628–641 CE
12026:618–628 CE
11988:395–618 CE
11954:273–395 CE
11942:Vaballathus
11932:270–273 CE
11896:Hormizd III
11881:Yazdegerd I
11872:Ardashir II
11866:Adur Narseh
11820:224–270 CE
11808:Vologases V
11782:117–224 CE
11763:116–117 CE
11710:Vardanes II
11707:Vologases I
11698:Gotarzes II
11668:Phraates IV
11638:Hyspaosines
11577:Hyrcanus II
11552:141–30 BCE
11531:Demetrius I
11528:Antiochus V
11522:Seleucus IV
11513:Seleucus II
11507:Antiochus I
11494:Antigonus I
11446:Ptolemy XIV
11434:Cleopatra V
11216:Neriglissar
11213:Amel-Marduk
11196:Psamtik III
11167:Late Period
11106:Sennacherib
11097:Shalmaneser
11024:Tammaritu I
10921:Shammuramat
10864:Takelot III
10861:Osorkon III
10858:Shoshenq VI
10833:Pedubast II
10823:Shoshenq IV
10811:Shoshenq II
10660:Ashur-dan I
10601:Ish-bosheth
10554:Psusennes I
10530:Ramesses XI
10524:Ramesses IX
10515:Ramesses VI
10509:Ramesses IV
10454:Ramesses II
10417:Tutankhamun
10400:Thutmose IV
10384:Thutmose II
10318:Kudur-Enlil
10303:Nazi-Bugash
10291:Kurigalzu I
10279:Ulamburiash
10250:Amenhotep I
10231:Tutankhamun
10217:Parshatatar
10214:Shuttarna I
10147:Seventeenth
10076:Ilum-ma-ili
10051:Ammi-saduqa
10048:Ammi-ditana
10042:Samsu-iluna
9949:Erishum III
9910:Adad-salulu
9907:Ipqi-Ishtar
9895:Ashur-dugul
9880:Adad-salulu
9877:Ipqi-Ishtar
9865:Ashur-dugul
9834:Old Assyria
9829:(Amorites)
9772:Sobekneferu
9760:Senusret II
9751:Amenemhat I
9723:Sîn-iribam
9700:Sin-Iqisham
9694:Sin-Iddinam
9644:Erra-imitti
9641:Lipit-Enlil
9629:Ishme-Dagan
9626:Iddin-Dagan
9562:Shalim-ahum
9553:Old Assyria
9539:Yasmah-Adad
9516:Lim Dynasty
9508:Hanun-Dagan
9504:Hitial-Erra
9269:Ur-Ningirsu
9225:Kuda (Uruk)
9198:Ishgum-Addu
9188:Ishtup-Ilum
9040:Ishma-Dagan
9025:Shakkanakku
9003:Neferirkare
9000:Neferkauhor
8903:Ili-ishmani
8882:Manishtushu
8845:Lugalzagesi
8841:III dynasty
8825:Puzur-Nirah
8540:Ishar-Malik
8519:Shepseskare
8309:Mesannepada
8234:Nin-kisalsi
8222:Lugal-kitun
8192:Meskalamdug
8178:Ur-Pabilsag
7991:Aga of Kish
7900:Barsal-nuna
7785:Khasekhemwy
7771:Neferkara I
7750:Weneg-Nebty
7728:Nebra/Raneb
7540:Lower Egypt
7526:Scorpion II
7471:Upper Egypt
7423:, 4000 BCE)
7406:Uruk period
7209:Hittitology
7199:Assyriology
7120:Archaeology
6990:Old Persian
6800:Jemdet Nasr
6449:224–mid 7C
6413:129–63 BCE
6395:Macedonians
6290:city-states
6286:Neo-Hittite
6261:Sea Peoples
6177:city-states
6156:city-states
6099:Uruk period
6061:Mesopotamia
5682:Bit Bahiani
5467:Tell Hadidi
4727:Mi-it-ta-ni
2993:John Murray
2811:Ammi-saduqa
2655:, and took
2649: 1285
2619: 1307
2608: 1305
2593:Shattuara I
2582: 1450
2566: 1330
2555: 1500
2413: 1358
2394: 1360
2370:Artashumara
2346:Tudḫaliya I
2300:Thutmose IV
2215: 1480
2208:Shaushtatar
2195:Shaushtatar
2189:Shaushtatar
2142: 1510
2131: 1500
1993:in Assyria
1977:Artatama II
1919:Artashumara
1886:Thutmose IV
1816:Shaushtatar
1799:Parshatatar
1758:Shuttarna I
1659: 1350
1652: 1550
1593:Tell Hadidi
1560: 1300
1552: 1600
1511:Khabur Ware
1472:Khabur ware
1467:Samsu-iluna
1460:Archaeology
1436:Tell Leilan
1403:settled in
1342:Shuttarna I
1303:Sennacherib
1218:texts from
1189:Hattusili I
1153: 1350
1142: 1600
1084:Artatama II
1042:Shaushtatar
1014:Shuttarna I
988: 1550
917:" include "
906:" denotes "
886:Hani-Rabbat
754:Ḫattušili I
707:Ḫani-Rabbat
673:Ammi-Saduqa
669:Ḫabingalbat
663:Ḫani-Rabbat
523:New Kingdom
512:hieroglyphs
427: 1638
420:Ammi-Saduqa
406:), king of
336:Hani-Rabbat
317: 1550
237:Preceded by
12376:Categories
12105:Khosrow IV
12102:Hormizd VI
12084:Shahrbaraz
12061:Khosrow II
12046:Shahrbaraz
12040:Shahrbaraz
11920:Khosrow II
11917:Hormizd IV
11875:Shapur III
11863:Hormizd II
11857:Bahram III
11842:Ardashir I
11713:Pacorus II
11704:Vonones II
11701:Meherdates
11695:Vardanes I
11680:Orodes III
11677:Phraates V
11656:Sinatruces
11504:Seleucus I
11481:Philip III
11455:Arsinoe IV
11380:Arsinoe II
11321:Darius III
11187:Psamtik II
11127:Esarhaddon
11020:Ummanigash
10990:Nabonassar
10884:Bakenranef
10855:Pedubast I
10852:Takelot II
10849:Harsiese A
10837:Osorkon IV
10829:Shoshenq V
10817:Osorkon II
10805:Shoshenq I
10551:Amenemnisu
10527:Ramesses X
10512:Ramesses V
10460:Amenmesses
10448:Ramesses I
10410:Smenkhkare
10387:Hatshepsut
10381:Thutmose I
10285:Karaindash
10024:Sumu-la-El
9856:Mut-Ashkur
9847:(Amorites)
9754:Senusret I
9713:Rim-Sin II
9703:Silli-Adad
9697:Sin-Eribam
9659:Suen-magir
9656:Ur-du-kuga
9653:Iter-pisha
9647:Enlil-bani
9635:Ur-Ninurta
9623:Shu-Ilishu
9620:Ishbi-Erra
9590:Erishum II
9536:Yahdun-Lim
9533:Yaggid-Lim
9346:Tura-Dagan
9325:Utu-hengal
9301:Meryhathor
9277:Nam-mahani
9243:II dynasty
9212:(21 kings)
9106:Puzer-Mama
9102:II dynasty
9084:IV dynasty
8997:Neferkaure
8994:Qakare Ibi
8985:Neferkahor
8976:Neferkamin
8895:Ilshu-rabi
8786:Ishqi-Mari
8782:Ikun-Ishar
8778:Enna-Dagan
8698:II dynasty
8672:Bara-irnun
8627:Puzur-Suen
8623:IV dynasty
8615:Irkab-Damu
8560:(3 kings)
8486:Ukkutahesh
8459:Meskiagnun
8455:A'annepada
8402:II dynasty
8297:Thamphthis
8293:Shepseskaf
8242:Lugal-dalu
8141:Udulkalama
8121:II dynasty
8063:Sekhemkhet
7971:Lugalbanda
7897:Melem-Kish
7893:En-me-nuna
7678:Canaanites
7672:Horus Bird
7637:Neithhotep
7510:Scorpion I
7460:Naqada III
7173:Divination
6883:Achaemenid
6848:Isin-Larsa
6741:Trialetian
6736:Mousterian
6723:Prehistory
6173:and other
6152:and other
5869:Carchemish
5850:Nabataeans
5667:Aram Rehob
5435:Carchemish
5245:Third Mari
5225:Third Ebla
5175:Bronze Age
5130:Tell Halaf
5117:Copper Age
4886:(1): 26–40
4783:Including
3724:Bryce 2005
3624:. p.
2995:. p.
2750:References
2657:Washukanni
2640:Wasashatta
2634:Wasashatta
2628:Mursili II
2542:Shattiwaza
2536:Shattiwaza
2517:Kizzuwatna
2509:Carchemish
2501:Shattiwaza
2465:, king of
2438:Queen Tiye
2415:-1335 BC.
2350:Kizzuwatna
2296:Artatama I
2281:Artatama I
2262:winged sun
2227:Washukanni
2178:Kizzuwatna
2149:Carchemish
2064:Wasashatta
2051:Vassal of
2017:Shattiwaza
1869:Artatama I
1641:Bronze Age
1589:Artatama I
1585:Saushtatar
1526:headwaters
1522:Washukanni
1386:Washukanni
1334:Indo-Aryan
1326:See also:
1276:rump state
1240:Babylonian
1202:texts, in
1185:Thutmose I
1120:Shattiwaza
1116:Washukanni
1053:Thutmosids
1038:Kizzuwatna
1018:Barattarna
997:After the
992:Thutmose I
983:'s reign (
790:) and the
761:Ḫanigalbat
742:Ḫanigalbat
731:Hanigalbat
703:Ḫanigalbat
607:, meaning
435:Kizzuwatna
412:Ḫabigalbat
372:Indo-Aryan
332:Hanigalbat
321:Ḫabigalbat
191:Bronze Age
129:Government
79:Washukanni
62:Barattarna
12217:Hallo, W.
12114:Peroz III
11948:Antiochus
11914:Khosrow I
11884:Shapur IV
11878:Bahram IV
11869:Shapur II
11854:Bahram II
11848:Hormizd I
11805:Osroes II
11683:Vonones I
11665:Orodes II
11641:Artabanus
11309:Darius II
11236:Phraortes
11222:Nabonidus
11193:Ahmose II
11181:Psamtik I
11074:Tanutamun
10923:(regent)
10814:Takelot I
10808:Osorkon I
10573:Phoenicia
10557:Amenemope
10503:Setnakhte
10457:Merneptah
10406:Akhenaten
10189:Sakir-Har
10127:Sixteenth
10106:Akurduana
10092:Gulkishar
10089:Shushushi
10045:Abi-eshuh
10039:Hammurabi
10021:Sumu-abum
9943:Shu-Ninua
9934:Iptar-Sin
9904:Sin-namir
9901:Nasir-Sin
9892:Puzur-Sin
9874:Sin-namir
9871:Nasir-Sin
9725:Sîn-gāmil
9721:Sîn-kāšid
9709:Rim-Sin I
9706:Warad-Sin
9586:Naram-Sin
9570:Erishum I
9566:Ilu-shuma
9542:Zimri-Lim
9490:Indilimma
9477:Ibbit-Lim
9447:Intef III
9410:invasions
9397:invasions
9342:Ili-Ishar
9338:Iddi-ilum
9331:2100 BCE
9321:V dynasty
9291:2125 BCE
9229:Puzur-ili
9216:La-erabum
9150:2150 BCE
9076:Shu-turul
9069:(3 years)
9036:Shu-Dagan
8936:2200 BCE
8913:Naram-Sin
8909:2250 BCE
8853:2340 BCE
8819:2350 BCE
8813:Luh-ishan
8808:Urukagina
8804:Lugalanda
8773:Isar-Damu
8769:2370 BCE
8715:2380 BCE
8690:Enentarzi
8678:Enannatum
8667:Gishakidu
8631:Ur-Zababa
8607:Adub-Damu
8603:2400 BCE
8576:2425 BCE
8570:Napilhush
8558:invasions
8536:Enar-Damu
8516:Neferefre
8496:2450 BCE
8439:Ur-Nanshe
8434:I dynasty
8421:I dynasty
8362:Ikun-Mari
8321:Phoenicia
8317:2500 BCE
8250:2575 BCE
8218:Melamanna
8202:Akalamdug
8174:A-Imdugud
8137:Ur-Nungal
8124:(5 kings)
8111:Baba-Damu
8107:Ibbi-Damu
8036:2600 BCE
8006:Gilgamesh
7964:Iltasadum
7935:2700 BCE
7909:I dynasty
7862:2800 BCE
7825:I dynasty
7781:Hudjefa I
7714:2900 BCE
7660:Semerkhet
7652:(regent)
7639:(regent)
7546:Hedju Hor
7374:Naqada II
7046:Cuneiform
6922:Languages
6731:Acheulean
6618:Babylonia
6555:Euphrates
6505:Geography
6364:Chaldeans
6281:Phoenicia
6219:Karduniaš
5962:Macedonia
5927:Commagene
5855:Qedarites
5793:Phoenicia
5761:Philistia
5677:Bit Agusi
5672:Bit-Adini
5514:Tall Bazi
5408:Phoenicia
5378:Jerusalem
5230:Ekallatum
5002:Ugaritica
4977:0003-0279
4205:. CNN.com
3678:cite book
2855:Abstract:
2623:Shattuara
2599:Shattuara
2505:Piyassili
2463:Rib-Hadda
2453:Tadukhipa
2406:Tushratta
2374:Tushratta
2312:Tadukhipa
2304:Gilukhipa
2161:elephants
2114:Baratarna
2039:Shattuara
1937:Tushratta
1852:Shaitarna
1732:Eponymous
1721:Comments
1605:Ilısu Dam
1587:, one by
1581:Tell Bazi
1545:Tell Brak
1515:Nuzi Ware
1440:Zimri-Lim
1432:marijannu
1417:West Asia
1394:Mayrhofer
1378:Sattiwaza
1255:Mursili I
1248:onomastic
1216:Cuneiform
1193:Mursili I
1174:, Mitanni
1080:Tushratta
1065:Gilu-Hepa
967:, Mitanni
780:Euphrates
723:Mursili I
697:, it was
618:he unites
465:Etymology
459:Nuzi ware
397:Tish-atal
103:Religion
12402:Hurrians
12333:(2014).
12286:(1992).
12256:(2020).
12223:(1971).
12064:Kavad II
11890:Bahram V
11851:Bahram I
11845:Shapur I
11722:Osroes I
11653:Orodes I
11647:Gotarzes
11635:Phraates
11300:Darius I
11297:Cambyses
11245:Astyages
11242:Cyaxares
11184:Necho II
11115:Bel-ibni
11065:Shebitku
11028:Indabibi
10881:Tefnakht
10423:Horemheb
10282:Agum III
10264:Kassites
10247:Ahmose I
10112:Ea-gamil
10096:DIŠ+U-EN
10086:Ishkibal
10033:Apil-Sin
10015:Amorites
9925:Bel-bani
9800:Biblical
9691:Nur-Adad
9682:Gungunum
9670:Naplanum
9638:Bur-Suen
9602:Amorites
9578:Sargon I
9528:Amorites
9472:Amorites
9444:Intef II
9414:Kindattu
9402:Ibbi-Sin
9381:Amar-Sin
9375:Ur-Nammu
9310:Merykare
9202:Apil-kin
9114:Pirig-me
9092:Ur-gigir
9088:Ur-nigin
9028:dynasty)
8973:Merenhor
8899:Epirmupi
8728:Userkare
8682:Entemena
8659:Ur-Lumma
8654:Meskigal
8585:Eannatum
8580:Kun-Damu
8564:Shushun-
8549:Enakalle
8408:kushanna
8394:Undalulu
8366:Iblul-Il
8290:Menkaure
8286:Bikheris
8279:Djedefre
8238:Me-durba
8163:shaengur
8157:En-hegal
8145:Labashum
8103:Agur-lim
8099:Abur-lim
8078:Qahedjet
7923:Enmerkar
7755:Wadjenes
7745:Horus Sa
7740:Nubnefer
7731:Nynetjer
7705:Susa III
7667:Sneferka
7650:Merneith
7368:Naqada I
7192:Academia
7146:Religion
7015:Urartian
7010:Sumerian
6995:Parthian
6930:Akkadian
6903:Sasanian
6893:Parthian
6888:Seleucid
6838:Simurrum
6828:Akkadian
6761:Khiamian
6751:Natufian
6663:Simurrum
6648:Kassites
6643:Hittites
6598:Adiabene
6305:Arameans
6299:Damascus
6270:Arameans
6224:Kassites
6212:Hurrians
5884:Palistin
5844:Itureans
5642:Iron Age
5446:Hurrians
5188:Alashiya
5140:Hamoukar
5004:6 (1969)
4830:(2005).
4795:(2007),
4791:(2015),
4751:𒄩𒉌𒃲𒁁
4747:Akkadian
4719:𒈪𒀉𒋫𒉌
4378:, p. xx.
4247:phys.org
3739:(2009).
3162:Mi-ti-ni
3158:Me-ta-ni
2718:See also
2586:Kassites
2446:hieratic
2323:Shaushka
2157:Maskanah
1959:pharaohs
1955:Hittites
1625:Bassetki
1449:mariannu
1425:Maryannu
1328:Maryannu
1284:Ilī-padâ
1212:Boğazköy
1180:Akkadian
1148:between
981:Ahmose I
977:Mi-ti-ni
941:Naharain
746:Akkadian
717:Ḫu-ur-ri
638:Maitanni
604:máytʰati
595:Maitanni
562:Sanskrit
545:Maitanni
451:Lake Van
382:Hurrians
364:Anatolia
352:Egyptian
340:Assyrian
171:1260 BC
154:1540 BC
132:Monarchy
93:Akkadian
12382:Mitanni
12117:Narsieh
11945:Zenobia
11926:Vistahm
11911:Kavad I
11905:Kavad I
11899:Peroz I
11887:Khosrow
11233:Deioces
11190:Wahibre
11178:Necho I
11071:Taharqa
11068:Shabaka
11052:Taharqa
11016:Teumman
10867:Rudamun
10609:Solomon
10548:Smendes
10469:Twosret
10463:Seti II
10204:Mitanni
10198:Khamudi
10152:Dynasty
10142:Dynasty
10132:Dynasty
9970:Nur-ili
9940:Lullaya
9843:dynasty
9795:Abraham
9685:Abisare
9650:Zambiya
9544:(Queen
9496:Amorite
9467:Kingdom
9441:Intef I
9408:Elamite
9395:Amorite
9384:Shu-Sin
9285:Tirigan
9254:Ur-Baba
9184:Nûr-Mêr
9122:Lu-gula
9118:Lu-Baba
9032:Ididish
9013:Kingdom
9010:Eblaite
9008:Second
8958:Menkare
8833:Shu-Sin
8829:Ishu-Il
8757:dynasty
8737:Pepi II
8670:(Queen
8556:Elamite
8507:Userkaf
8450:Akurgal
8379:Ku-Baba
8195:(Queen
8131:Mesilim
8066:Sanakht
8056:(First
7873:Zuqaqip
7870:Kalumum
7855:Kalibum
7851:Puannum
7808:Kingdom
7657:Anedjib
7641:Hor-Aha
7586:Nat-Hor
7519:Iry-Hor
7515:Shendjw
7487:Pen-Abu
7435:Susa II
7178:Prayers
7163:Deities
7127:Looting
6970:Kassite
6965:Hurrian
6960:Hittite
6950:Elamite
6945:Eblaite
6940:Aramaic
6935:Amorite
6858:Kassite
6833:Gutians
6815:History
6780:Samarra
6776:Hassuna
6746:Zarzian
6668:Subartu
6658:Mitanni
6623:Chaldea
6613:Assyria
6586:Ancient
6207:Mitanni
6175:Amorite
6154:Amorite
6128:Gutians
6006:Sources
5972:Osroene
5771:Ascalon
5746:Jericho
5624:Nuhašše
5572:Suteans
5510:Armanum
5462:Mitanni
5457:Nuhašše
5418:Shechem
5398:Megiddo
5393:Lakisha
5383:Kenites
5373:Jericho
5353:Dimasqu
5324:Aštartu
5319:Ascalon
5255:Palmyra
5210:Andarig
5200:Alalakh
5145:Jericho
5107:of the
5105:history
5057:Mitanni
4807:Sources
4699:Hittite
4547:318-337
4309:p. 125:
4209:28 June
4138:149-158
4126:503-518
3221:p. 466:
3204:p. 220:
2529:Nuhašše
2421:Hattusa
2331:Nineveh
2246:Arrapha
2223:Nur-ili
2174:Nuhašše
2169:Nuhašše
2124:Alalakh
2053:Assyria
1953:of the
1883:pharaoh
1792:Alalakh
1766:Alalakh
1718:Reigned
1684:Alalakh
1629:Mardama
1595:(Azu).
1528:of the
1374:Hattusa
1370:Ashvins
1366:Nasatya
1350:Kikkuli
1244:Orontes
1236:Alalakh
1208:Hattusa
1101:Assyria
1034:Alalakh
1026:Amorite
952:Summary
947:History
921:" and "
892:" not "
750:Hittite
695:Mitanni
690:Naharin
644:Mitanni
626:méthati
612:
581:
508:mꜥṯn(j)
470:Mitanni
447:Arraphe
437:by the
370:) with
356:Hurrian
346:Naharin
310:Mitanni
223:1260 BC
167:•
150:•
97:Amorite
89:Hurrian
75:Capital
49:1260 BC
12343:
12296:
12266:
11908:Jamasp
11902:Balash
11860:Narseh
11771:Trajan
11769:under
11303:Xerxes
11239:Madyes
11103:Sargon
10563:Siamun
10466:Siptah
10451:Seti I
10435:Ugarit
10180:Semqen
10165:Hyksos
10137:Abydos
10030:Sabium
9937:Bazaya
9928:Libaya
9862:Asinum
9859:Rimush
9819:Yamhad
9711:(...)
9688:Sumuel
9679:Zabaia
9676:Samium
9673:Emisum
9574:Ikunum
9546:Shibtu
9487:Immeya
9378:Shulgi
9273:Ur-gar
9233:Ur-Utu
9100:Lagash
8979:Nikare
8891:Eshpum
8879:Rimush
8731:Pepi I
8566:tarana
8510:Sahure
8490:Hishur
8467:Balulu
8432:Lagash
8413:Mug-si
8406:Ensha-
8354:Sa'umu
8282:Khafre
8266:Snefru
8214:Mes-he
8161:Lugal-
8152:Lagash
8095:Sagisu
8047:Djoser
7956:Tizqar
7927:Aratta
7883:Arwium
7880:Mashda
7830:Jushur
7760:Senedj
7699:period
7631:Narmer
7581:Wazner
7556:Hsekiu
7551:Ny-Hor
7530:Narmer
7500:Canide
7491:Animal
7397:Susa I
7347:Lagash
7321:Akshak
7296:Canaan
7005:Sutean
6980:Median
6975:Luwian
6955:Gutian
6843:Ur III
6756:Nemrik
6693:Cities
6688:Urartu
6638:Hamazi
6633:Gutium
6608:Armani
6560:Tigris
6513:Modern
5957:Iturea
5889:Pattin
5879:Luhuti
5874:Kummuh
5813:Tartus
5766:Ashdod
5720:Canaan
5697:Sam'al
5692:Hamath
5687:Geshur
5613:Ugarit
5603:Tadmor
5586:ʿApiru
5567:Aḫlamū
5562:ʿApiru
5548:Tuttul
5503:Aleppo
5476:Naziba
5413:Qadesh
5403:Midian
5388:Kumidi
5363:Gibeon
5343:Beruta
5338:Hauran
5334:Bashan
5329:Azzati
5304:Amalek
5275:Yamhad
5265:Ṭābetu
5250:Mukish
5205:Amurru
5165:Urkesh
5160:Ugarit
5150:Byblos
5109:Levant
5039:
4985:595878
4983:
4975:
4937:
4861:
4840:
4820:
4477:
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4326:p. 76:
4252:3 June
4229:p. 33:
3924:
3888:
3849:
3813:
3776:
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3632:
3589:p. 72:
3558:595878
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3177:, in:
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3118:p. 174
3089:p. 579
2920:
2867:99-115
2833:
2781:p. 72:
2704:Irridu
2699:Ahlamu
2665:Irridu
2527:, and
2525:Aleppo
2521:Amurru
2471:Amurru
2467:Byblos
2458:Šauška
2358:Ishuwa
2354:Arzawa
2339:Ugarit
2327:Ishtar
2256:. His
2238:Aleppo
2183:Aleppo
2120:Idrimi
2055:under
1957:, and
1788:Idrimi
1726:Maitta
1715:Rulers
1688:Ugarit
1672:Aegean
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1609:Tigris
1454:*marya
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1348:. The
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850:, and
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386:Urkesh
368:Turkey
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219:
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140:
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12090:Boran
11977:Syria
11757:Syria
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11294:Cyrus
11012:Urtak
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10211:Kirta
10195:Apepi
10192:Khyan
9913:Adasi
9883:Adasi
9511:(...)
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9220:Si'um
9169:Setut
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9067:Ilulu
9063:Nanum
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8799:Ukush
8701:Nanni
8463:Elulu
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8269:Khufu
8197:Puabi
8074:Khaba
8070:Nebka
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7890:Balih
7886:Etana
7847:Babum
7634:Menes
7576:Neheb
7571:Thesh
7561:Khayu
7534:Menes
7495:Stork
7326:Akkad
7316:Assur
7291:Egypt
7286:dates
7091:Music
7041:Akitu
6898:Roman
6790:Ubaid
6785:Halaf
6683:Tukri
6678:Sumer
6673:Suhum
6653:Media
6603:Akkad
6441:Syria
6317:Chal-
6295:Aram-
6170:Larsa
5838:Arabs
5823:Sidon
5808:Gebal
5803:Arwad
5798:Amrit
5776:Ekron
5751:Judah
5726:Ammon
5702:Zobah
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5591:Shasu
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5543:Nagar
5533:Terqa
5529:Khana
5452:Urshu
5423:Sidon
5368:Hazor
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5260:Qatna
5240:Kurda
4981:JSTOR
4273:, in
4187:, in
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3554:JSTOR
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2434:EA 27
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2426:EA 19
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2329:) of
2317:When
2219:Assur
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1768:seal
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1538:Taite
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1092:Hurri
1028:king
784:Terqa
770:Ḫa-nu
711:Hurri
699:Ḫurri
656:mita-
632:मेथति
564:verb
443:Tunip
360:Syria
159:Kirta
12341:ISBN
12317:Per
12294:ISBN
12264:ISBN
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11364:and
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6628:Elam
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4079:2014
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