5485:
56:
907:
5635:
150:
Sometimes the surface of the mounds would get a several inches thick coat of brightly colored clay. These layers also incorporated layers of different kinds of clay, soil and sod, an elaborate engineering technique to forestall slumping of the mounds and to ensure their steep sides did not collapse. This pattern could be repeated many times during the life of a site. The large amounts of fill needed for the mounds left large holes in the landscape now known by archaeologists as "
64:
20:
149:
known as mound fill, and a new structure constructed on its summit. At periodic intervals, averaged about twenty years, these structures would be removed, possibly ritually destroyed as part of renewal ceremonies, and a new layer of fill added, along with a new structure on the now higher summit.
144:
Many of the mounds were the result of multiple episodes of mound construction, with the mound becoming larger with each event. The site of a mound was usually a site with special significance, either a pre-existing mortuary site or civic structure. This site was covered with a layer of
165:, which has four separate levels and stands close to 100 feet (30 m) in height. Monks Mound had at least ten separate periods of mound construction over a 200-year period. Some of the terraces and aprons on the mound seem to have been added to stop slumping of the enormous mound.
168:
Although the mounds were primarily meant as substructure mounds for buildings or activities, sometimes burials did occur there. Intrusive burials occurred when a grave was dug into a mound and the body or a bundle of defleshed, disarticulated bones was deposited into it. Mound C at
1241:
121:. When Europeans first arrived in North America, the peoples of the Mississippian culture were still using and building platform mounds. Documented uses for Mississippian platform mounds include semi-public
5935:
2909:
1221:
701:
580:
571:
243:. Mound rebuilding episodes are construed as rituals of burial and renewal, while the four-sided construction acts to replicate the flat earth and the four quarters of the earth.
1061:
689:
5465:
1516:
1209:
866:
756:
4053:
987:
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826:
1095:
947:
3916:
998:
952:
5696:
5460:
3987:
2942:
1050:
957:
771:
202:
1073:
1067:
1044:
969:
205:, who stated that the Mississippian platform mounds were one of the three "sacra", or objects of sacred display, of the Mississippian religion – also see
1647:
993:
930:
975:
846:
761:
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682:
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2105:
1491:
1202:
1038:
1947:
981:
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816:
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4086:
2964:
2662:
1115:
1105:
1026:
1015:
725:
433:
5425:
3485:
2095:
871:
675:
4402:
4025:
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2138:
1195:
3901:
3590:
1120:
5945:
5430:
3660:
3450:
2935:
2148:
106:) of North Americas Eastern Woodlands are specifically well known for using platform mounds as a central aspect of their overarching
355:
4434:
3555:
3350:
1769:
1765:
589:
408:
3425:
3360:
3340:
173:
has been found to have more than 100 intrusive burials into the final layer of the mound, with many grave goods added, such as
5930:
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3565:
1410:
1332:
658:
475:
365:
226:
75:
5920:
5803:
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1609:
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4324:
3946:
3921:
3871:
3335:
2783:
1787:
1599:
1574:
1506:
1352:
47:
intended to support a structure or activity. It typically refers to a flat-topped mound, whose sides may be pyramidal.
5450:
4429:
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3695:
3475:
3300:
1907:
1536:
1511:
1415:
24:
598:
5389:
4458:
720:
5955:
5940:
5622:
5210:
4899:
3440:
2352:
1589:
190:
5511:
5280:
4910:
4592:
4407:
4018:
3941:
3906:
3710:
3580:
3430:
3385:
2859:
1697:
1430:
210:
5925:
5372:
5215:
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3645:
3620:
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2976:
2372:
1937:
1322:
1312:
79:
5351:
4627:
556:
5361:
4602:
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2689:
2456:
2441:
2317:
2080:
1892:
1440:
1377:
1357:
630:
Raised ground, Razed structure :Ceramic chronology, occupation and chiefly authority on Mound P at
Moundville
182:
5377:
59:
A diagram showing the various components of
Eastern North American indigenous ceremonial substructure mounds
5455:
5383:
5347:
4417:
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3405:
2720:
2699:
2258:
2218:
2002:
1624:
1579:
1486:
1455:
1141:
942:
841:
5607:
5049:
4921:
4507:
4249:
4058:
3951:
3720:
3305:
3290:
3164:
2652:
2626:
2451:
2387:
2337:
1662:
1629:
1236:
174:
5584:
5276:
5160:
5003:
4011:
3560:
3315:
2248:
2133:
2115:
1967:
1902:
836:
68:
141:/town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms, and dance platforms.
5960:
5555:
3778:
3730:
2007:
1337:
3252:
5612:
4983:
4587:
4512:
4389:
4364:
4078:
3665:
3520:
3490:
3049:
2951:
2411:
2183:
2153:
1887:
1004:
925:
437:
298:
270:
55:
40:
582:
Geographic distribution and symbolism of colored mound architecture in the
Mississippian Southeast
5950:
5579:
5534:
5059:
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4229:
3956:
3690:
3680:
3640:
3515:
3247:
3182:
2869:
2679:
2559:
2506:
2367:
2042:
2037:
1997:
600:
Mississippian capitals : an archaeological investigation of
Precolumbian political structure
282:
239:, agriculture, fertility, and purification scheme, in which mounds and the site layout replicate
118:
5284:
467:
459:
5811:
3625:
3345:
3192:
3135:
3069:
3054:
2852:
2534:
2100:
1832:
1692:
1584:
1569:
1496:
1146:
650:
643:
4702:
667:
5205:
5120:
5054:
4687:
4441:
4412:
4211:
4186:
4151:
3819:
3753:
3700:
3595:
3495:
3262:
3227:
3217:
3158:
1827:
1792:
1435:
1225:
1187:
1151:
264:
103:
87:
4339:
5715:
5706:
5489:
5356:
5220:
5185:
5105:
4794:
4502:
4397:
4379:
4279:
4003:
3390:
3242:
3114:
2822:
2017:
1852:
1382:
1327:
886:
206:
186:
4682:
506:
Knight, Vernon J. Jr. (1986). "The
Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion".
8:
5602:
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5322:
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3177:
3104:
3079:
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2421:
2357:
2342:
2295:
2057:
1777:
1677:
1564:
881:
821:
801:
705:
236:
95:
4314:
628:
5559:
5445:
5435:
5341:
5165:
5074:
4853:
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4517:
4181:
4176:
4146:
4141:
3966:
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3505:
3365:
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3148:
3129:
3064:
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2991:
2874:
2516:
2431:
2332:
2285:
2188:
2168:
2075:
1992:
1927:
1862:
1270:
1161:
896:
861:
786:
766:
709:
533:
525:
508:
99:
5064:
3084:
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5564:
5550:
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2090:
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1982:
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361:
91:
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4161:
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3420:
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3172:
3153:
3143:
3094:
3089:
2757:
2752:
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2684:
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2501:
2305:
2223:
2158:
1867:
1714:
1687:
1657:
1460:
1450:
517:
286:
157:
Some mounds were developed with separate levels (or terraces) and aprons, such as
5915:
5721:
5710:
5293:
4972:
4931:
4916:
4879:
4843:
4737:
4632:
4547:
4522:
4483:
4468:
4289:
4126:
3829:
3783:
3535:
3480:
3470:
3330:
3109:
3039:
3034:
3014:
2981:
2864:
2805:
2762:
2745:
2730:
2491:
2461:
2193:
1957:
1922:
1912:
1872:
1594:
1541:
1501:
1425:
1387:
1260:
811:
746:
83:
235:
Knight suggests a microcosmic ritual organization based around a "native earth"
5671:
5503:
5224:
5190:
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5009:
4966:
4956:
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4131:
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3355:
3310:
3207:
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3074:
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2832:
2800:
2767:
2549:
2416:
2263:
1987:
1837:
1812:
1802:
1317:
1156:
876:
831:
776:
5326:
5310:
5130:
3788:
2920:
5909:
5894:
5180:
5024:
4993:
4961:
4905:
4873:
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4672:
4662:
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2511:
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2300:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2047:
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1932:
1882:
1797:
1734:
1667:
1420:
1367:
1275:
1021:
891:
796:
612:
319:
251:
The use of platform mounds is documented elsewhere in the world, including:
178:
170:
158:
134:
5271:
5267:
4259:
4254:
154:". These pits were sometimes left to fill with water and stocked with fish.
27:
in Massac County, Illinois, showing platform mounds. Illustration by artist
19:
5861:
5263:
5239:
5195:
5145:
5140:
5029:
5014:
4998:
4863:
4814:
4809:
4784:
4762:
4727:
4607:
4309:
4244:
4201:
3971:
3926:
3876:
3866:
3846:
3814:
3715:
3670:
3650:
3435:
3415:
3380:
3295:
3280:
3099:
2971:
2894:
2694:
2657:
2526:
2426:
2377:
2280:
2238:
2012:
1977:
1842:
1817:
1744:
1729:
1719:
1707:
1619:
1604:
1521:
1476:
1220:
1090:
856:
700:
218:
122:
117:, steeply sided, with steps built of wooden logs ascending one side of the
4747:
385:
78:
built substructure mounds for well over a thousand years, starting in the
5874:
5771:
5726:
5666:
5259:
5249:
4868:
4799:
4652:
4622:
4329:
4221:
4101:
3824:
3705:
3685:
3550:
3410:
3400:
3285:
3029:
2795:
2647:
2591:
2539:
2253:
2110:
1897:
1807:
1751:
1702:
1481:
1372:
1347:
1300:
1285:
1125:
851:
791:
256:
162:
138:
409:"Cavanaugh : A Late Prehistoric Platform Mound in Western Arkansas"
5831:
5597:
5297:
5135:
5115:
4557:
4349:
4111:
3861:
3758:
3630:
3545:
3370:
2544:
2496:
2466:
2406:
2213:
1972:
1782:
1724:
1682:
1672:
1526:
1405:
1110:
161:, which is one large terrace with two smaller mounds on its summit; or
151:
5574:
4742:
3460:
529:
63:
5879:
5656:
5318:
5314:
5289:
5039:
4374:
4264:
3635:
3465:
2616:
2606:
2586:
2481:
2290:
2178:
2070:
1847:
1531:
1445:
1056:
741:
383:
240:
107:
4823:
4493:
5776:
5651:
5643:
5305:
5155:
4697:
4692:
4582:
4562:
3834:
3798:
3748:
3610:
3395:
2842:
2810:
2027:
1952:
1295:
1290:
1100:
521:
466:(4). Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency:
222:
130:
28:
4717:
320:"Higher Ground: The Archaeology of North American Platform Mounds"
201:
A long-standing interpretation of
Mississippian mounds comes from
5826:
5816:
5766:
5746:
5661:
5301:
4838:
4722:
4463:
4359:
4334:
4319:
4239:
4234:
4191:
4166:
4136:
3841:
3325:
3202:
3124:
2817:
2631:
2611:
2065:
1962:
1280:
572:
University of
Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
276:
214:
114:
4767:
5889:
5884:
5869:
5793:
5751:
5741:
5731:
5701:
5244:
5234:
4617:
4612:
4537:
4473:
4354:
4304:
4294:
4269:
3187:
2398:
2268:
1917:
1822:
1171:
697:
189:. Also interred in this mound was a paired set of white marble
126:
1217:
16:
Earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity
5851:
5846:
5788:
5736:
5686:
5681:
5676:
4884:
4828:
4819:
4707:
4284:
3931:
2601:
2347:
1877:
1739:
260:
229:
44:
5466:
Population history of the
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4033:
5936:
Religious places of the
Indigenous peoples of North America
5821:
5783:
5691:
5569:
3891:
613:"Sociopolitical implications of Mississippian mound volume"
146:
610:
554:
384:
Henry van der
Schalie; Paul W. Parmalee (September 1960).
317:
5461:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
640:
505:
490:
357:
Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast
642:
386:"The Etowah Site, Mound C :Barlow County, Georgia"
5907:
5533:
353:
2950:
596:
379:
377:
5441:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5426:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
726:List of archaeological periods (North America)
578:
5519:
4019:
2936:
1203:
683:
113:These platform mounds are usually four-sided
374:
457:
50:
5526:
5512:
4026:
4012:
2943:
2929:
1210:
1196:
690:
676:
434:"Alabama Archaeology: Prehistoric Alabama"
349:
347:
232:groups in the Southeastern United States.
86:. Many different archaeological cultures (
5431:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3451:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
606:(Doctoral thesis). University of Florida.
406:
4035:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
626:
360:. Smithsonian Institution. p. 741.
62:
54:
18:
590:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
557:"Platform mounds in the Arizona Desert"
354:Raymond Fogelson (September 20, 2004).
344:
311:
5908:
495:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Florida.
5507:
4007:
2924:
1191:
671:
555:Rice, Glenn; Redman, Charles (1993).
318:Owen Lindauer; John H. Blitz (1997).
246:
4459:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
3922:Norse colonization of North America
645:Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos
76:indigenous peoples of North America
13:
5451:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
4430:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
1226:Mississippian and related cultures
905:
611:John H. Blitz; Patrick Livingood.
327:Journal of Archaeological Research
196:
14:
5972:
4442:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
4413:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
548:
5946:Types of monuments and memorials
5633:
5483:
4435:Archaeological sites in Colombia
4408:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1219:
699:
641:Kitt Chappell; Sally A. (2002).
4418:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
3942:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2860:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
464:Studies in Illinois Archaeology
211:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1242:Timeline of Mississippi valley
499:
491:Knight, Vernon J. Jr. (1981).
484:
451:
426:
400:
1:
5362:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
4423:Archaeological sites in Chile
2442:Grand Village of the Illinois
304:
5931:Native American architecture
5535:Native American architecture
5456:Mesoamerican writing systems
5413:
4452:Archaeological sites in Peru
3907:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3857:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2219:Grand Village of the Natchez
1142:Eastern Agricultural Complex
943:Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds
145:basket-transported soil and
7:
5921:Mounds in the United States
5352:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
3291:Bandelier National Monument
3165:List of Mississippian sites
2952:Pre-Columbian North America
1237:List of Mississippian sites
1062:Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon
292:
191:Mississippian stone statues
175:Mississippian copper plates
125:'s house platforms, public
82:and continuing through the
10:
5977:
5378:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5281:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
3711:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3316:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3025:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
837:Mazique Archeological Site
181:), monolithic stone axes,
69:Ocmulgee National Monument
5860:
5802:
5642:
5631:
5541:
5479:
5421:
5412:
5332:
5255:
5230:
5201:
5176:
5151:
5126:
5101:
5070:
5045:
5020:
4989:
4952:
4927:
4890:
4859:
4834:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4603:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
4388:
4220:
4077:
4041:
3980:
3952:Three Sisters agriculture
3807:
3739:
3271:
3000:
2958:
2887:
2776:
2708:
2640:
2579:
2572:
2525:
2397:
2386:
2316:
2167:
2124:
2056:
1764:
1638:
1550:
1469:
1396:
1259:
1250:
1232:
1134:
1083:
916:
903:
867:Shackleford Church Mounds
734:
716:
636:(Thesis). pp. 11–12.
213:. He based his theory on
5490:Civilizations portal
4447:Cultural periods of Peru
3491:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3050:Buttermilk Creek complex
2154:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1005:Little Pecan Island Site
926:Atchafalaya Basin Mounds
757:Churupa Plantation Mound
597:Payne, Claudine (1994).
299:Artificial dwelling hill
263:and other groups - see
110:practices and beliefs.
51:In Eastern North America
5956:Indigenous architecture
5941:Archaeological features
5384:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4230:Mesoamerican chronology
3691:Town Creek Indian Mound
3661:Sierra de San Francisco
3516:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2784:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2680:Long-nosed god maskette
2560:SunWatch Indian Village
2507:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2368:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
988:Greenwood Cemetery Site
579:Pursell, Corin (2004).
4087:Archaeological periods
3346:Coso Rock Art District
3233:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3136:List of Hopewell sites
2535:Alligator Effigy Mound
2149:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2101:Leon-Jefferson culture
1497:Caborn-Welborn culture
1147:Fourche Maline culture
910:
827:Lamarque Landing Mound
390:Florida Anthropologist
71:
60:
32:
5926:Mississippian culture
5390:List of Conquistadors
5277:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
4688:Quebrada de Humahuaca
4107:Caddoan Mississippian
3754:Arlington Springs Man
3596:Portsmouth Earthworks
1264:and Upper Mississippi
1152:Mississippian culture
1096:Chandler Landing Site
909:
265:Mesoamerican pyramids
104:Mississippian culture
88:Poverty Point culture
66:
58:
22:
5707:Mesoamerican pyramid
5357:Francisco de Montejo
5285:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
4398:Andean civilizations
4325:Shaft tomb tradition
3962:Transoceanic contact
3852:Container Revolution
3426:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3391:Etowah Indian Mounds
2823:Earth/fertility cult
2527:Fort Ancient culture
1411:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1397:Lower Ohio River and
1383:Steed-Kisker culture
999:Little Cheniere Site
953:Bayou Portage Mounds
887:Troyville Earthworks
721:Late Woodland period
493:Mississippian Ritual
458:Skele, Mike (1988).
207:Earth/fertility cult
5623:Territorial Revival
5323:Manco Inca Yupanqui
4628:Manteño-Huancavilca
4097:Ancestral Puebloans
3882:Green Corn Ceremony
3696:Turkey River Mounds
3486:Lake Jackson Mounds
3306:Blue Spring Shelter
2828:Green Corn Ceremony
2388:Upper Mississippian
2338:Blue Spring Shelter
2058:Fort Walton culture
1512:Hovey Lake District
1051:Schwing Place Mound
958:Bayou Sorrel Mounds
882:Transylvania Mounds
822:Kings Crossing site
802:Frogmore Mound Site
772:Cypress Grove Mound
710:Plum Bayou cultures
203:Vernon James Knight
96:Coles Creek culture
5446:Columbian exchange
5436:Portal:Mesoamerica
4588:La Tolita (Tumaco)
4403:Indigenous peoples
4142:Hopewell tradition
4069:Indigenous peoples
3967:Underwater panther
3641:Rosenstock Village
3511:Marmes Rockshelter
3496:L'Anse aux Meadows
2910:de Soto Expedition
2875:Underwater panther
2721:Central Algonquian
2432:Fisher Mound Group
2076:Apalachee Province
2043:Waddells Mill Pond
1162:Plaquemine culture
1074:Temple Mounds Site
1068:St. Gabriel Mounds
1045:Richeau Field Site
970:Cypress Point Site
911:
897:Wade Landing Mound
862:Scott Place Mounds
787:Filhiol Mound Site
767:Crippen Point site
620:American Antiquity
509:American Antiquity
183:ceremonial pottery
115:truncated pyramids
100:Plaquemine culture
72:
61:
33:
5903:
5902:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5471:Pre-Columbian art
5407:
5406:
5401:Francisco Pizarro
5367:Pedro de Alvarado
4683:Pucará de Tilcara
4001:
4000:
3993:Pre-Columbian era
3794:Spirit Cave mummy
3591:Plum Bayou Mounds
3501:Lynch Quarry Site
3020:Ancient Beringian
2918:
2917:
2883:
2882:
2568:
2567:
2184:Atchafalaya Basin
2126:Pensacola culture
2091:Fort Walton Mound
1983:Punk Rock Shelter
1943:Mouse Creek phase
1766:South Appalachian
1760:
1759:
1639:Central and Lower
1580:Castalian Springs
1570:Brentwood Library
1470:Middle Ohio River
1323:Emerald Acropolis
1185:
1184:
1177:Troyville culture
1121:Plum Bayou Mounds
994:Kleinpeter Mounds
948:Bayou L’Ours Site
931:Bayou Black Mound
919:Coles Creek sites
807:Ghost Site Mounds
782:Feltus Mound Site
735:Coles Creek sites
660:978-0-226-10136-1
477:978-0-942579-03-1
367:978-0-16-072300-1
247:In other cultures
185:and carved whelk
92:Troyville culture
5968:
5961:Earth structures
5637:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5410:
5409:
5396:Spanish Conquest
5373:Spanish Conquest
5348:Spanish Conquest
5337:Spanish Conquest
4779:
4778:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4005:
4004:
3937:Projectile point
3774:Leanderthal Lady
3701:Upward Sun River
3676:Stallings Island
3666:Shell ring sites
3616:Recapture Canyon
3531:Moorehead Circle
3376:El Fin del Mundo
3361:Cueva de la Olla
3167:
3154:Maritime Archaic
3138:
2968:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2685:Mill Creek chert
2675:Duck River cache
2577:
2576:
2395:
2394:
2159:Pensacola people
1953:Muscogee (Creek)
1793:Bell Field Mound
1507:Hovey Lake-Klein
1461:Wickliffe Mounds
1436:Rowlandton Mound
1353:Lunsford-Pulcher
1257:
1256:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1084:Plum Bayou sites
976:Eagle Point Site
847:Mound Plantation
762:Coles Creek Site
704:
703:
692:
685:
678:
669:
668:
664:
648:
637:
635:
623:
617:
607:
605:
593:
587:
575:
561:
542:
541:
503:
497:
496:
488:
482:
481:
460:"The Great Knob"
455:
449:
448:
446:
445:
436:. Archived from
430:
424:
423:
421:
420:
411:. Archived from
404:
398:
397:
381:
372:
371:
351:
342:
341:
339:
338:
324:
315:
287:Chinese pyramids
225:data on related
67:Temple Mound at
5976:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5856:
5798:
5638:
5629:
5537:
5532:
5502:
5493:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5417:
5408:
5398:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5339:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5294:Quemuenchatocha
5292:
5283:
5279:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5223:
5092:
5001:
4975:
4964:
4911:Human Sacrifice
4908:
4900:Human Sacrifice
4897:
4871:
4844:Mayan Languages
4772:
4384:
4216:
4073:
4054:Genetic history
4037:
4032:
4002:
3997:
3988:Genetic history
3976:
3830:Ceremonial pipe
3803:
3784:Minnesota Woman
3741:
3735:
3556:Ocmulgee Mounds
3536:Morrison Mounds
3481:Kolomoki Mounds
3471:Kimball Village
3331:Candelaria Cave
3273:
3267:
3248:Suwannee Valley
3183:Old Cordilleran
3163:
3134:
3002:
2996:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2900:Clarksdale bell
2879:
2865:Stone box grave
2806:Ceremonial pipe
2772:
2731:Mobilian Jargon
2704:
2636:
2564:
2521:
2389:
2382:
2319:
2312:
2170:
2163:
2120:
2052:
1998:Rucker's Bottom
1788:Beaverdam Creek
1768:
1756:
1640:
1634:
1595:Hiwassee Island
1552:
1546:
1537:Welborn Village
1465:
1426:Millstone Bluff
1399:Confluence area
1398:
1392:
1388:Sugarloaf Mound
1328:Emmons Cemetery
1263:
1261:American Bottom
1252:
1246:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1186:
1181:
1130:
1079:
1033:Pennison Mounds
1010:Jerry Haas Site
937:Bayou Cypremont
918:
912:
901:
812:Greenhouse site
747:Balmoral Mounds
730:
712:
698:
696:
661:
633:
615:
603:
585:
559:
551:
546:
545:
504:
500:
489:
485:
478:
456:
452:
443:
441:
432:
431:
427:
418:
416:
407:Gregory Vogel.
405:
401:
382:
375:
368:
352:
345:
336:
334:
322:
316:
312:
307:
295:
249:
227:Native American
199:
197:Interpretations
84:Woodland period
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5974:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Mound Builders
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5837:Platform mound
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5644:Building types
5640:
5639:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5562:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5405:
5404:
5393:
5370:
5345:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5308:
5287:
5274:
5257:
5256:Notable Rulers
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:Neo-Inca State
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4970:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4903:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Mound Builders
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Medicine wheel
3894:
3889:
3887:Horned Serpent
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Roberts Island
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Old Stone Fort
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:Moaning Cavern
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Kincaid Mounds
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Cuarenta Casas
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Bluefish Caves
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3272:Archaeological
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Caloosahatchee
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Caborn-Welborn
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3001:Archaeological
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:Mound Builders
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:Related topics
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:Village bundle
2845:
2840:
2838:Platform mound
2835:
2833:Horned Serpent
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2700:Stone statuary
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Leo Petroglyph
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Moccasin Bluff
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Gentleman Farm
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Carcajou Point
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Caddoan Mounds
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Dauphin Island
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Bussell Island
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Beasley Mounds
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Kincaid Mounds
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Horseshoe Lake
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Dickson Mounds
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1254:
1248:
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1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Platform mound
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:Related topics
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1039:Portage Mounds
1036:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1002:
996:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
928:
922:
920:
914:
913:
904:
902:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Sundown Mounds
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Marsden Mounds
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:DePrato Mounds
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
752:Boone's Mounds
749:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
717:
714:
713:
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
666:
665:
659:
638:
627:Steven Porth.
624:
608:
594:
576:
550:
549:External links
547:
544:
543:
522:10.2307/280859
516:(4): 675–687.
498:
483:
476:
450:
425:
399:
373:
366:
343:
309:
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294:
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289:
281:in periods of
279:
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198:
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80:Archaic period
52:
49:
37:platform mound
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
5973:
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5896:
5895:Talud-tablero
5893:
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5716:Twin-pyramids
5714:
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5708:
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5611:
5609:
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5601:
5599:
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5586:
5585:Mayan Revival
5583:
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5385:
5379:
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5349:
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5343:
5342:Hernán Cortés
5338:
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5320:
5316:
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5309:
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5299:
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4907:
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4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4390:South America
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
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4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4212:Weeden Island
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Poverty Point
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Mississippian
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4079:North America
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Paleo-Indians
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Falcon dancer
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:Miscellaneous
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Melbourne Man
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:La Brea Woman
3767:
3765:
3764:Kennewick Man
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Serpent Mound
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:Pueblo Bonito
3604:
3602:
3601:Poverty Point
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Pinson Mounds
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Painted Bluff
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Horr's Island
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Effigy Mounds
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Crystal River
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3263:Weeden Island
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Safety Harbor
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Poverty Point
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Paleo-Indians
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:Mississippian
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:Sacred bundle
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:Wulfing cache
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:Copper plates
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Three Sisters
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Little barley
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Serpent Mound
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2517:Summer Island
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2320:Mississippian
2315:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2171:Mississippian
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Corbin–Tucker
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Roods Landing
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Moccasin Bend
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Hoojah Branch
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1770:Mississippian
1767:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Menard-Hodges
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:Swallow Bluff
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:Tennessee and
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Marshall Site
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:Mississippian
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Morgan Mounds
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:Gibson Mounds
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:Clovelly Site
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
915:
908:
898:
895:
893:
892:Venable Mound
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Insley Mounds
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:Flowery Mound
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
733:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
711:
707:
702:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
673:
670:
662:
656:
652:
647:
646:
639:
632:
631:
625:
621:
614:
609:
602:
601:
595:
591:
584:
583:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
553:
552:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
502:
494:
487:
479:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
440:on 2011-12-23
439:
435:
429:
415:on 2012-04-15
414:
410:
403:
395:
391:
387:
380:
378:
369:
363:
359:
358:
350:
348:
332:
328:
321:
314:
310:
300:
297:
296:
288:
284:
283:Ancient China
280:
278:
274:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
252:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
187:shell gorgets
184:
180:
179:Etowah plates
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
159:Emerald Mound
155:
153:
148:
142:
140:
136:
135:charnel house
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
65:
57:
48:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
5836:
5672:GuachimontĂłn
5556:Mesoamerican
5481:
5414:
5264:Moctezuma II
5221:Inca history
5146:Andean Music
5090:Architecture
5085:Architecture
5080:Architecture
5075:Architecture
5071:Architecture
5065:Gender Roles
4810:Tenochtitlan
4733:Timoto–Cuica
4728:Tierradentro
4513:Casma–Sechin
4245:Chalcatzingo
3972:Water glyphs
3927:Oasisamerica
3917:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3877:Folsom point
3867:Effigy mound
3847:Clovis point
3815:Aridoamerica
3716:Wickiup Hill
3671:Spiro Mounds
3651:Salmon Ruins
3646:Russell Cave
3441:Helen Blazes
3436:Grimes Point
3416:Fort Juelson
3406:Fort Ancient
3381:El Vallecito
3341:Chaco Canyon
3281:Angel Mounds
3243:Steed-Kisker
3193:Paleo-Arctic
3115:Glacial Kame
3100:Fort Ancient
2992:Post-Classic
2963:
2895:Chevron bead
2837:
2801:Burial mound
2695:Shell gorget
2663:Spiro plates
2658:Rogan plates
2477:Knoll Spring
2452:Hartley Fort
2412:Beattie Park
2296:Transylvania
2134:Bottle Creek
2096:Lake Jackson
1978:Pisgah phase
1908:Little Egypt
1858:Garden Creek
1843:Dallas phase
1730:Tipton phase
1708:Nodena phase
1605:Mound Bottom
1590:Fewkes Group
1575:Brick Church
1477:Angel Mounds
1343:Kuhn Station
1338:John Chapman
1166:
1116:Maberry Site
1106:Dogtown Site
1091:Baytown Site
1027:Pecan Mounds
1016:Machias Lake
872:Spanish Fort
857:Raffman site
644:
629:
619:
599:
581:
567:
563:
513:
507:
501:
492:
486:
463:
453:
442:. Retrieved
438:the original
428:
417:. Retrieved
413:the original
402:
393:
389:
356:
335:. Retrieved
330:
326:
313:
250:
234:
219:ethnographic
200:
167:
156:
143:
112:
73:
36:
34:
25:Kincaid site
5875:Corbel arch
5842:Rope bridge
5772:Sweat lodge
5727:Plank house
5667:Earth lodge
5618:Territorial
5580:San Bartolo
5327:TĂşpac Amaru
5311:Manco Cápac
5260:Moctezuma I
5171:Agriculture
5166:Agriculture
5161:Agriculture
5152:Agriculture
5095:Road System
4984:Mathematics
4849:Muysc Cubun
4703:San AgustĂn
4653:Monte Verde
4330:Teotihuacan
4222:Mesoamerica
4117:Coles Creek
4102:Anishinaabe
4059:Archaeology
3957:Thunderbird
3825:Black drink
3789:Peñon woman
3726:Winterville
3706:Velda Mound
3686:Taos Pueblo
3581:Parkin Park
3566:Orwell site
3551:Nodena site
3446:Holly Bluff
3421:Four Mounds
3411:Fort Center
3336:Casa Grande
3286:Anzick site
3178:Monongahela
3105:Fort Walton
3080:Coles Creek
3045:Belle Glade
3030:Anishinaabe
2870:Thunderbird
2796:Black drink
2648:Emmons mask
2592:Chenopodium
2580:Agriculture
2502:Plum Island
2457:Hotel Plaza
2306:Winterville
2286:Scott Place
2224:Holly Bluff
2144:Fort Walton
1898:Lamar phase
1752:Walls phase
1648:Belle Meade
1641:Mississippi
1585:Dunbar Cave
1487:Annis Mound
1482:Angel phase
1456:Ware Mounds
1451:Twin Mounds
1301:Ramey state
1286:Monks Mound
1126:Roland Site
852:Peck Mounds
842:Mott Mounds
792:Fisher site
706:Coles Creek
649:. pp.
271:Norte Chico
257:Mesoamerica
237:autochthony
163:Monks Mound
152:borrow pits
139:earth lodge
137:platforms,
133:platforms,
129:platforms,
5910:Categories
5832:Moki steps
5804:Structures
5598:Neo-Andean
5298:Tisquesusa
5272:Cuauhtémoc
5268:Cuitláhuac
4598:Lauricocha
4568:Gran Chaco
4558:Cupisnique
4543:Chinchorro
4518:Chachapoya
4508:Caral–Supe
4350:Tlaxcaltec
4340:Teuchitlán
4255:ChupĂcuaro
4182:Plum Bayou
4177:Plaquemine
4147:Marksville
4112:Chichimeca
3902:Metallurgy
3862:Eden point
3759:Buhl Woman
3631:Rock Eagle
3621:River Styx
3546:Mummy Cave
3541:Moundville
3521:Mesa Verde
3506:Marksville
3253:Tchefuncte
3213:Plaquemine
3149:Las Palmas
3065:Calf Creek
3060:Cades Pond
2607:Marshelder
2492:Oak Forest
2462:Hoxie Farm
2276:Pocahontas
2169:Plaquemine
2106:Letchworth
2038:Town Creek
1973:Park Mound
1938:Moundville
1923:Mandeville
1913:Long Swamp
1873:Jere Shine
1725:Quigualtam
1673:Chucalissa
1560:Backusburg
1553:Cumberland
1542:Yankeetown
1527:Slack Farm
1502:Ellerbusch
1406:Adams site
1313:Cloverdale
1111:Hayes site
588:(Thesis).
564:Expedition
444:2011-10-26
419:2011-10-26
337:2011-11-02
305:References
119:earthworks
5880:Roof comb
5812:Ballcourt
5697:Longhouse
5657:Corn crib
5319:Atahualpa
5315:Pachacuti
5290:Nemequene
5156:Chinampas
4978:Astronomy
4967:Astronomy
4947:Mythology
4942:Mythology
4937:Mythology
4932:Mythology
4928:Mythology
4758:Wankarani
4748:Tuncahuán
4638:Marajoara
4593:Las Vegas
4479:Atacameño
4375:Xochipala
4315:Purépecha
4275:Epi-Olmec
4265:Cuicuilco
4207:Troyville
4197:St. Johns
3947:Stickball
3636:Rock Hawk
3466:Key Marco
3258:Troyville
3238:St. Johns
3223:Red Ocher
2982:Formative
2736:Muskogean
2709:Languages
2622:Sunflower
2482:Mero site
2417:Blood Run
2071:Apalachee
2018:Summerour
1958:Nacoochee
1715:Owl Creek
1610:Riverview
1600:Link Farm
1492:Bone Bank
1446:Turk Site
1441:Towosahgy
1306:Woodhenge
1070:(16IV128)
1057:Sims site
990:(16SMY10)
978:(16IB123)
972:(16VM112)
742:Aden site
634:(Masters)
586:(Masters)
538:126495746
241:cosmology
108:religious
41:earthwork
5862:Elements
5777:Temazcal
5652:Barabara
5415:See also
5333:Conquest
5306:Zoratama
4973:Calendar
4962:Calendar
4957:Calendar
4953:Calendar
4922:Religion
4917:Religion
4906:Religion
4895:Religion
4891:Religion
4880:Numerals
4874:Numerals
4835:Language
4815:Multiple
4753:Valdivia
4738:Tiwanaku
4698:Saladoid
4693:Quimbaya
4583:Kuhikugu
4563:Diaguita
4553:Chorrera
4370:Veraguas
4365:Veracruz
4345:Tlatilco
4157:Mogollon
4064:Cultures
4042:Americas
3835:Chanunpa
3820:Ballgame
3799:Vero man
3749:Anzick-1
3721:Windover
3681:SunWatch
3611:Rassawek
3431:Glenwood
3321:Brewster
3173:Mogollon
3144:La Jolla
3130:Hopewell
3090:Deptford
3003:cultures
2843:Red Horn
2811:Chanunpa
2789:Northern
2777:Religion
2758:Timucuan
2726:Cherokee
2512:Schwerdt
2472:Juntunen
2447:Griesmer
2390:cultures
2343:Bluffton
2229:Jaketown
2194:Fitzhugh
2048:Wilbanks
2028:Tomotley
2003:Savannah
1968:Ocmulgee
1948:Mulberry
1883:Joe Bell
1803:Biltmore
1798:Bessemer
1663:Campbell
1625:Old Town
1431:Orr-Herl
1368:Orendorf
1363:Mitchell
1296:Mound 72
1291:Mound 34
1276:Big Eddy
1101:Coy Site
1064:(16SB50)
1053:(16IV13)
1047:(16TR82)
1035:(16AS16)
1029:(16SM37)
1012:(16SJ51)
1001:(16CM22)
966:(16LF64)
939:(16SMY7)
933:(16TR78)
396:: 37–39.
293:See also
223:historic
131:mortuary
29:Herb Roe
5827:E-Group
5817:Chultun
5767:Shabono
5747:Quiggly
5711:Triadic
5662:Chickee
5608:Revival
5575:RĂo Bec
5302:Tundama
5231:Peoples
5216:History
5211:History
5206:History
5202:History
5196:Cuisine
5191:Cuisine
5186:Cuisine
5181:Cuisine
5177:Cuisine
5035:Warfare
5030:Warfare
5025:Warfare
5021:Warfare
5015:Society
5010:Economy
4999:Society
4994:Society
4990:Society
4860:Writing
4854:Quechua
4839:Nahuatl
4806:Capital
4743:Toyopán
4723:Tairona
4633:Mapuche
4548:Chiripa
4523:Chancay
4494:Cañaris
4469:Amotape
4464:El Abra
4380:Zapotec
4360:Totonac
4335:Tepanec
4320:Quelepa
4290:Mezcala
4280:Huastec
4250:Cholula
4240:Capacha
4235:Acolhua
4192:Sinagua
4167:Patayan
4137:Hohokam
4127:Fremont
3984:Related
3842:Chunkey
3742:remains
3731:Wupatki
3571:Paquime
3461:Huápoca
3326:Cahokia
3296:Bastian
3203:Patayan
3125:Hohokam
3110:Fremont
3085:ComondĂş
3040:Baytown
3035:Avonlea
3015:Alachua
2987:Classic
2977:Archaic
2965:Periods
2818:Chunkey
2763:Tunican
2741:Natchez
2716:Caddoan
2690:Pottery
2641:Artwork
2632:Tobacco
2612:Pumpkin
2573:Culture
2427:Fifield
2358:Gahagan
2333:Belcher
2318:Caddoan
2301:Venable
2264:Natchez
2249:Mazique
2204:Fosters
2199:Flowery
2189:Emerald
2066:Anhaica
2023:Taskigi
1988:Rembert
1963:Nikwasi
1928:McMahan
1903:Liddell
1778:Adamson
1688:Janet's
1678:Denmark
1653:Boone's
1615:Sellars
1522:Prather
1281:Cahokia
1271:Aztalan
1157:Natchez
1076:(16LF4)
1041:(16SM5)
1018:(16SB2)
984:(16TR5)
960:(16IV4)
917:Coastal
468:102–103
277:Hohokam
215:analogy
39:is any
5916:Mounds
5890:Sipapu
5885:Sascab
5870:Ashlar
5794:Wigwam
5757:Ramada
5752:Qullqa
5742:Qarmaq
5732:Pukara
5702:Maloca
5603:Pueblo
5593:Muisca
5543:Styles
5245:Muisca
5240:Mayans
5235:Aztecs
4869:Script
4864:Script
4824:Bacatá
4795:Muisca
4678:Pucará
4673:Piaroa
4668:Paiján
4663:Omagua
4618:Lupaca
4613:Lokono
4578:Kalina
4573:Huetar
4533:ChavĂn
4528:Chango
4503:Nariño
4499:CapulĂ
4489:Calima
4484:Aymara
4474:Arawak
4355:Toltec
4305:Olmecs
4300:Nicoya
4295:Mixtec
4270:Diquis
4172:Picosa
4162:Oshara
4132:Glades
4122:Dorset
3401:Folsom
3366:Cutler
3301:Benson
3188:Oneota
3120:Glades
3095:Folsom
3075:Clovis
2972:Lithic
2753:Siouan
2746:Taensa
2617:Squash
2540:Clover
2399:Oneota
2373:Keller
2363:Hughes
2328:Battle
2269:Taensa
2254:Medora
2244:Mangum
2239:Julice
2234:Jordan
2081:Cayson
2013:Sixtoe
2008:Shiloh
1918:Mabila
1853:Etowah
1833:Citico
1823:Chiaha
1818:Chauga
1735:Tunica
1720:Parkin
1703:Nodena
1698:Murphy
1668:Carson
1517:Murphy
1373:Sleeth
1358:McCune
1348:Larson
1251:Middle
1172:Taensa
657:
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530:280859
528:
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285:- see
259:, the
230:tribal
171:Etowah
127:temple
5852:Ushnu
5847:Sacbe
5789:Tupiq
5737:Qargi
5687:Jacal
5682:Igloo
5677:Hogan
5560:Aztec
5250:Incas
5141:Music
5136:Music
5131:Music
5127:Music
5060:Women
5055:Women
5050:Women
5046:Women
5004:Trade
4885:Quipu
4829:Cusco
4820:Hunza
4785:Aztec
4718:TaĂno
4713:Sican
4708:Shuar
4658:Nazca
4648:Mollo
4643:Moche
4623:Luzia
4538:ChimĂş
4310:Pipil
4285:Izapa
4260:Coclé
4202:Thule
4092:Adena
3932:Piasa
3740:Human
3371:Eaker
3274:sites
3208:Plano
3010:Adena
2768:Yuchi
2602:Maize
2587:Beans
2545:Dodge
2497:Palos
2467:Huber
2407:Anker
2378:Spiro
2348:Caddo
2281:Routh
2214:Glass
2209:Ghost
2111:Velda
2033:Toqua
1893:Lamar
1878:Joara
1868:Irene
1838:Coosa
1828:Chota
1808:Blair
1783:Avery
1745:Yazoo
1740:Koroa
1683:Eaker
1620:Obion
1378:Starr
651:51–65
616:(PDF)
604:(PDF)
570:(1).
560:(PDF)
534:S2CID
526:JSTOR
323:(PDF)
261:Olmec
123:chief
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5784:Tipi
5762:Ruka
5692:Kiva
5613:Deco
5570:Puuc
5565:Maya
5551:Inca
5040:Army
4822:and
4800:Inca
4790:Maya
4768:ZenĂş
4763:Wari
4608:Lima
3892:Kiva
2291:Sims
2259:Mott
2179:Anna
1888:King
1848:Dyar
1658:Boyd
1532:Tolu
708:and
655:ISBN
472:ISBN
362:ISBN
275:the
269:the
221:and
209:and
147:clay
102:and
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23:The
5722:Oca
5121:Art
5116:Art
5111:Art
5106:Art
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2116:Yon
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