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entire mass of earth from this slump and another at the northwest corner, to a level beyond the internal slippage zone. Engineers created a series of anti-slip "steps" across the exposed face before the original earth (minus the imported repair material) was replaced at its original level. To avoid introducing water deep into the mound's interior, the work was carried out in high summer, and as quickly as possible. In parallel with the repair work, teams of archaeologists studied the evidence that was being revealed. The eastern sliding zone penetrated more deeply within the mound than originally estimated, and the excavation had to be very large- 50 feet (15 m) wide, to a height of 65 feet (20 m) above the mound base. This heightened concerns about a conflict between conservation and archaeology.
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Mississippi floodplain during the 1950s caused the mound to dry out, damaging the clay layers within. When heavy rainfall occurred, it caused new slumping, starting about 1956. The increasingly violent weather of recent decades has exacerbated the problem. In 1984-5 there were several slumps, and the state government brought in surplus soil to make repairs to the major scar on the eastern side. A decade later, there was further slumping on the western side, so irregular that repair was impractical. Drains were installed to reduce the effects of heavy rain. It was during this process that workers discovered a mass of stone deep within the mound.
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half of the summit plateau is significantly lower than the eastern; this is the result of massive slumping, beginning about 1200 CE. This also caused the west end of the big building to collapse. It may have led to the abandonment of the mound's high status, following which various wooden buildings were erected on the south terrace, and garbage was dumped at the foot of the mound. By about 1300, the urban society at
Cahokia Mounds was in serious decline. When the eastern side of the mound started to suffer serious slumping, it was not repaired.
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269:, now buried deep within the northern end of the present structure. At the northern end of the summit plateau, as finally completed around 1100 CE, is an area raised slightly higher still, on which was placed a building over 100 ft (30 m) long, the largest in the entire Cahokia Mounds urban zone. Excavations on the southwest corner found that several large ceremonial buildings had burned around 1150 CE.
352:, to a depth of around 60 cm (24 in). This quickly revealed various features, including what appeared to be the outline of the temple. Further backhoe work in 1971 confirmed the shape of the presumed temple at over 30 m (98 ft) long, the largest building found at Cahokia. This technique was opposed by professional archaeologists because it destroyed several hundred years of
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The repairs of the 1980s and 1990s were only partly successful. In 2004-5 more serious slumping episodes occurred. These demonstrated that adding new earth to repair the major slump on the east side had been a mistake. Experts decided to take a new approach. In 2007, backhoes were used to dig out the
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The most recent section of the mound, added some time before 1200 CE, is the lower terrace at the south end, which was added after the northern end had reached its full height. It may partly have been intended to help minimize the slumping which by then was already under way. Today, the western
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Botanical remains from Monks Mound suggest it was built much more quickly than previously thought, perhaps on the order of several consecutive decades, providing an alternative view of its construction history. Deep excavations in 2007 confirmed findings from earlier test borings, that several types
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Many archaeological investigations of the mound have taken place since then. One of the biggest began in the 1960s, when Nelson Reed, a local businessman and historian of native cultures, obtained permission to conduct excavations. He was trying to locate the high-status building (temple or palace)
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Thomas I. Ramey, who bought the site in 1864, began an era of more responsible ownership, and encouraged archaeological investigation. Many artifacts were found at or near the surface. Ramey had a tunnel made nearly 30 m (98 ft) into the north face of the mound, but it revealed nothing of
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monks, who settled on one of the smaller mounds from 1809. They took advantage of the big mound's terraces to grow produce, which was elevated above the danger of flooding: wheat on the upper levels, garden produce on the south terrace. During their short stay in the area, which lasted until 1813,
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From the time the original urban society collapsed, the great mound became overgrown with trees, the roots of which helped stabilize its steep slopes. In the 20th century, researchers removed the trees in the course of work at the mound and park preparation. Reduction of groundwater levels in the
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over most of the mound's summit, which was the evidence by which they could place and evaluate artifacts and construction. Reed's backhoe excavations revealed other significant features, such as a hole which seemed to have been the socket for a post about three feet (one metre) in diameter. The
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from different sources had been used successively. Study of various sites suggests that the stability of the mound was improved by the incorporation of bulwarks, some made of clay, others of sods from the
Mississippi flood-plain, which permitted steeper slopes than the use of earth alone. The
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historic interest. By this time, people were beginning to consider the mound more within its context. A survey made for local dentist Dr. John R. Patrick in the 1880s marked the beginning of modern understanding of the
Cahokia site as a whole, and its relationship to other sites in the area.
245:, the avalanche-like sliding of large sections of the sides at the highest part of the mound. Its designed dimensions would have been significantly smaller than its present extent, but recent excavations have revealed that slumping was a problem even while the mound was being made.
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presumed to have stood at the peak of Monks Mound. By drilling cores at various points on the mound, his team revealed the various stages of its construction from the 10th to 12th centuries CE. Remains of a fairly recent house (presumably Hill's) were found, but no temple.
217:, the mound size was calculated in 1988 as about 100 feet (30 m) high, 955 feet (291 m) long including the access ramp at the southern end, and 775 feet (236 m) wide. This makes Monks Mound roughly the same size at its base as the
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structure rises in four terraces to a height of 100 feet (30 m) with a rectangular base covering nearly 15 acres (6.1 ha) and containing 22 million cubic feet of adobe, carried basket by basket to the site.
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was constructed almost entirely of layers of basket-transported soil and clay. Because of this construction and its flattened top, over the years, it has retained rainwater within the structure. This has caused
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In 1831 T. Amos Hill bought the plot including the Mound. He built a house on the upper terrace, and sank a well. This work revealed various archaeological remains, including human bones.
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In the early 19th century, the land was claimed by people of French descent, and
Nicholas Jarrot had a deed for most of it. He donated some to a small group of French
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In 1970 Reed returned to work at the mound, and adopted a new strategy: scraping away the topsoil from several 5 m (54 sq ft) patches with a
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There is no evidence of significant Native
American settlement in the Cahokia Mounds urban area for hundreds of years after about 1400 CE. In 1735,
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Lopinot, Neal H.; Schilling, Timothy; Fritz, Gayle J.; Kelly, John E. (2015-05-19). "Implications of Plant
Remains from the East Face of Monks Mound".
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began about 900–950 CE, on a site that had already been occupied by buildings. The original concept seems to have been a much smaller
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John A. Walthall & Elizabeth D. Benchley, "The River L'Abbé Mission: A French
Colonial Church for the Cahokia Illini on Monks Mound"
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called the
Cantine was established next to the mound (by then known as the Great Nobb). It lasted only until 1784.
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dramatic finds encouraged the
Governor of Illinois to budget for an expansion of the Cahokia Mounds State Park.
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visited the site and published the first detailed description of the largest mound. He named it Monks Mound.
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built a chapel at the west end of the south terrace of the mound. The River L'Abbe
Mission served a small
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Monks Mound in summer. The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs
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community, until they were forced to abandon the area by rival tribes about 1752. In 1776, during the
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2016 discussion of new research indicating construction in as little as twenty years
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229:. As a platform mound, the earthwork supported a wooden structure on the summit.
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656:, No. 2, Springfield, IL: Historic Preservation Agency (1987), via archive.org
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206:. The beginning of its construction dates from 900 to 955 CE. Located at the
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221:(13.1 acres / 5.3 hectares). The perimeter of its base is larger than the
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431:, no. 4], Springfield, IL, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (1988)
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Visitor's explanatory signpost, posted atop the Monks Mound by the
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Looking over the Cahokia Mounds site from the top of Monks Mound
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Cahokia Field Trip: The Mississippian Culture's First City
483:. For a photograph of the signpost, see minutes 3:28 in
579:
Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America
545:S.C. Sherwood; Tristram .R. Kidder (March 2011).
257:Monks Mound from the side showing the 2 terraces.
202:in the Americas and the largest pyramid north of
3570:
626:: University of Illinois Press. pp. 171–2.
470:(various issues 1998–2007)- at cahokiamounds.com
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248:
16:Largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the Americas
2501:
768:
734:, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site website.
619:Cahokia, the Great Native American Metropolis
616:Young, Biloine W.; Fowler, Melvin L. (2000).
3584:11th-century establishments in North America
457:"Monks Mound (Mound 38) Projects 1997 – 2007
3604:Protected areas of Madison County, Illinois
738:UNESCO – Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
3579:Buildings and structures completed in 1100
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775:
761:
590:
3016:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
331:
252:
700:Price, Douglas T. and Gary M. Feinman.
645:
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552:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
451:
449:
447:
445:
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504:Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology
185:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
640:
285:
3487:Norse colonization of North America
718:Illinois Catholic Historical Review
442:
261:Construction of Monks Mound by the
51:
13:
791:Mississippian and related cultures
716:"The Trappists of Monk's Mound" —
694:
687:(31 Jul 2007)- summary with photos
481:Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
14:
3630:
725:
581:Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 6
3599:Archaeological sites in Illinois
784:
50:
43:
27:
3589:1809 archaeological discoveries
3507:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2425:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
677:
668:
659:
654:Studies in Illinois Archaeology
429:Studies in Illinois Archaeology
395:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
360:
236:which were built of stone, the
807:Timeline of Mississippi valley
609:
584:
571:
538:
516:10.1179/2327427115y.0000000003
495:
473:
417:
327:
59:Location within Illinois today
1:
3614:Pyramids in the United States
2007:Grand Village of the Illinois
704:New York: McGraw-Hill (2008)
665:Young & Fowler, pp. 154–7
410:
3594:Middle Mississippian culture
3472:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3422:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1784:Grand Village of the Natchez
743:Cahokia Mounds Photo Gallery
685:Mound repair: Cahokia Mounds
249:Construction and abandonment
7:
2856:Bandelier National Monument
2730:List of Mississippian sites
2517:Pre-Columbian North America
802:List of Mississippian sites
702:Images of the Past, 5th ed.
591:Rose, Mark (Jan–Feb 1999).
380:List of Mississippian sites
373:
10:
3635:
3276:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2881:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2590:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
439:, pp. 1–3, via archive.org
303:American Revolutionary War
211:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3545:
3517:Three Sisters agriculture
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565:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.11.001
182:
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38:
26:
3056:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2615:Buttermilk Creek complex
1719:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
114:38.660667°N 90.0620444°W
87:Madison County, Illinois
76:Madison County, Illinois
3256:Town Creek Indian Mound
3226:Sierra de San Francisco
3081:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2349:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2245:Long-nosed god maskette
2125:SunWatch Indian Village
2072:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
1933:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
455:Iseminger, Bill et al.
2911:Coso Rock Art District
2798:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2701:List of Hopewell sites
2100:Alligator Effigy Mound
1714:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1666:Leon-Jefferson culture
1062:Caborn-Welborn culture
732:Monks Mound (Mound 38)
593:"Sampling Monks Mound"
547:"The DaVincis of Dirt"
337:
258:
215:Collinsville, Illinois
119:38.660667; -90.0620444
72:Collinsville, Illinois
3319:Arlington Springs Man
3161:Portsmouth Earthworks
829:and Upper Mississippi
335:
263:Mississippian culture
256:
219:Great Pyramid of Giza
147:Mississippian culture
3527:Transoceanic contact
3417:Container Revolution
2991:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2956:Etowah Indian Mounds
2388:Earth/fertility cult
2092:Fort Ancient culture
976:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
962:Lower Ohio River and
948:Steed-Kisker culture
173:Architectural styles
78:, United States
3447:Green Corn Ceremony
3261:Turkey River Mounds
3051:Lake Jackson Mounds
2871:Blue Spring Shelter
2393:Green Corn Ceremony
1953:Upper Mississippian
1903:Blue Spring Shelter
1623:Fort Walton culture
1077:Hovey Lake District
712:. pp. 282–285.
110: /
23:
3609:Mounds in Illinois
3532:Underwater panther
3206:Rosenstock Village
3076:Marmes Rockshelter
3061:L'Anse aux Meadows
2475:de Soto Expedition
2440:Underwater panther
2286:Central Algonquian
1997:Fisher Mound Group
1641:Apalachee Province
1608:Waddells Mill Pond
720:, 8:106‑136 (1925)
683:Bostrom, Peter A.
338:
319:Henry Brackenridge
259:
223:Pyramid of the Sun
183:Responsible body:
21:
3566:
3565:
3558:Pre-Columbian era
3359:Spirit Cave mummy
3156:Plum Bayou Mounds
3066:Lynch Quarry Site
2585:Ancient Beringian
2483:
2482:
2448:
2447:
2133:
2132:
1749:Atchafalaya Basin
1691:Pensacola culture
1656:Fort Walton Mound
1548:Punk Rock Shelter
1508:Mouse Creek phase
1331:South Appalachian
1325:
1324:
1204:Central and Lower
1145:Castalian Springs
1135:Brentwood Library
1035:Middle Ohio River
888:Emerald Acropolis
710:978-0-07-340520-9
286:European settlers
234:Egyptian pyramids
190:
189:
3626:
3502:Projectile point
3339:Leanderthal Lady
3266:Upward Sun River
3241:Stallings Island
3231:Shell ring sites
3181:Recapture Canyon
3096:Moorehead Circle
2941:El Fin del Mundo
2926:Cueva de la Olla
2732:
2719:Maritime Archaic
2703:
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2503:
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2487:
2486:
2250:Mill Creek chert
2240:Duck River cache
2142:
2141:
1960:
1959:
1724:Pensacola people
1518:Muscogee (Creek)
1358:Bell Field Mound
1072:Hovey Lake-Klein
1026:Wickliffe Mounds
1001:Rowlandton Mound
918:Lunsford-Pulcher
822:
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624:Urbana, Illinois
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425:"The Great Knob"
421:
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3553:Genetic history
3541:
3395:Ceremonial pipe
3368:
3349:Minnesota Woman
3306:
3300:
3121:Ocmulgee Mounds
3101:Morrison Mounds
3046:Kolomoki Mounds
3036:Kimball Village
2896:Candelaria Cave
2838:
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2813:Suwannee Valley
2748:Old Cordilleran
2728:
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2465:Clarksdale bell
2444:
2430:Stone box grave
2371:Ceremonial pipe
2337:
2296:Mobilian Jargon
2269:
2201:
2129:
2086:
1954:
1947:
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1877:
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1728:
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1563:Rucker's Bottom
1353:Beaverdam Creek
1333:
1321:
1205:
1199:
1160:Hiwassee Island
1117:
1111:
1102:Welborn Village
1030:
991:Millstone Bluff
964:Confluence area
963:
957:
953:Sugarloaf Mound
893:Emmons Cemetery
828:
826:American Bottom
817:
811:
793:
783:
781:
728:
697:
695:Further reading
692:
691:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
660:
648:
641:
634:
614:
610:
589:
585:
576:
572:
543:
539:
500:
496:
485:
478:
474:
454:
443:
422:
418:
413:
400:Sugarloaf Mound
376:
363:
330:
288:
251:
195:is the largest
162:Thomas I. Ramey
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Mound Builders
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Medicine wheel
3459:
3454:
3452:Horned Serpent
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Roberts Island
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Old Stone Fort
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Moaning Cavern
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Kincaid Mounds
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Cuarenta Casas
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Bluefish Caves
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2837:Archaeological
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Caloosahatchee
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Caborn-Welborn
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2566:Archaeological
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:Mound Builders
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:Related topics
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:Village bundle
2410:
2405:
2403:Platform mound
2400:
2398:Horned Serpent
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
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2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2265:Stone statuary
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Leo Petroglyph
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Moccasin Bluff
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2002:Gentleman Farm
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Carcajou Point
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Caddoan Mounds
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
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1837:
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1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
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1776:
1771:
1766:
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1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Dauphin Island
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
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1627:
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1610:
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1600:
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1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:Bussell Island
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Beasley Mounds
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Kincaid Mounds
978:
973:
967:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Horseshoe Lake
895:
890:
885:
883:Dickson Mounds
880:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
843:
838:
832:
830:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
804:
798:
795:
794:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
727:
726:External links
724:
723:
722:
713:
696:
693:
690:
689:
676:
667:
658:
639:
632:
608:
583:
577:Nash, Gary B.
570:
537:
510:(3): 209–230.
494:
472:
462:2005-01-08 at
441:
415:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
372:
362:
359:
354:stratification
329:
326:
287:
284:
250:
247:
238:platform mound
208:Cahokia Mounds
188:
187:
180:
179:
177:Platform mound
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
158:Archaeologists
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
127:
126:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
69:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Falcon dancer
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:Miscellaneous
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Melbourne Man
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:La Brea Woman
3332:
3330:
3329:Kennewick Man
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Serpent Mound
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Pueblo Bonito
3169:
3167:
3166:Poverty Point
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Pinson Mounds
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Painted Bluff
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Horr's Island
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Effigy Mounds
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Crystal River
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2828:Weeden Island
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Safety Harbor
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Poverty Point
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Paleo-Indians
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:Mississippian
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:Sacred bundle
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
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2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
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2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:Wulfing cache
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:Copper plates
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Three Sisters
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Little barley
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Serpent Mound
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2082:Summer Island
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
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2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
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1993:
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1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1975:
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1958:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1885:Mississippian
1880:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
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1797:
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1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:Mississippian
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
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1688:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Corbin–Tucker
1649:
1647:
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818:Mississippian
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3537:Water glyphs
3492:Oasisamerica
3482:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3442:Folsom point
3432:Effigy mound
3412:Clovis point
3380:Aridoamerica
3281:Wickiup Hill
3236:Spiro Mounds
3216:Salmon Ruins
3211:Russell Cave
3006:Helen Blazes
3001:Grimes Point
2981:Fort Juelson
2971:Fort Ancient
2946:El Vallecito
2906:Chaco Canyon
2846:Angel Mounds
2808:Steed-Kisker
2758:Paleo-Arctic
2680:Glacial Kame
2665:Fort Ancient
2557:Post-Classic
2528:
2460:Chevron bead
2366:Burial mound
2260:Shell gorget
2228:Spiro plates
2223:Rogan plates
2042:Knoll Spring
2017:Hartley Fort
1977:Beattie Park
1861:Transylvania
1699:Bottle Creek
1661:Lake Jackson
1543:Pisgah phase
1473:Little Egypt
1423:Garden Creek
1408:Dallas phase
1295:Tipton phase
1273:Nodena phase
1170:Mound Bottom
1155:Fewkes Group
1140:Brick Church
1042:Angel Mounds
908:Kuhn Station
903:John Chapman
850:
717:
701:
679:
670:
661:
653:
618:
611:
602:
596:
586:
578:
573:
559:(1): 69–87.
556:
550:
540:
507:
503:
497:
475:
468:The Cahokian
467:
428:
423:Skele, Mike
419:
405:Silbury Hill
368:
364:
361:Preservation
347:
343:
339:
323:
311:
307:trading post
295:missionaries
289:
280:
271:
260:
231:
192:
191:
168:Architecture
105:90°3′43.36″W
102:38°39′38.4″N
18:
3522:Thunderbird
3390:Black drink
3354:Peñon woman
3291:Winterville
3271:Velda Mound
3251:Taos Pueblo
3146:Parkin Park
3131:Orwell site
3116:Nodena site
3011:Holly Bluff
2986:Four Mounds
2976:Fort Center
2901:Casa Grande
2851:Anzick site
2743:Monongahela
2670:Fort Walton
2645:Coles Creek
2610:Belle Glade
2595:Anishinaabe
2435:Thunderbird
2361:Black drink
2213:Emmons mask
2157:Chenopodium
2145:Agriculture
2067:Plum Island
2022:Hotel Plaza
1871:Winterville
1851:Scott Place
1789:Holly Bluff
1709:Fort Walton
1463:Lamar phase
1317:Walls phase
1213:Belle Meade
1206:Mississippi
1150:Dunbar Cave
1052:Annis Mound
1047:Angel phase
1021:Ware Mounds
1016:Twin Mounds
866:Ramey state
851:Monks Mound
598:Archaeology
328:Archaeology
227:Teotihuacan
204:Mesoamerica
193:Monks Mound
117: /
93:Coordinates
22:Monks Mound
3573:Categories
3467:Metallurgy
3427:Eden point
3324:Buhl Woman
3196:Rock Eagle
3186:River Styx
3111:Mummy Cave
3106:Moundville
3086:Mesa Verde
3071:Marksville
2818:Tchefuncte
2778:Plaquemine
2714:Las Palmas
2630:Calf Creek
2625:Cades Pond
2172:Marshelder
2057:Oak Forest
2027:Hoxie Farm
1841:Pocahontas
1734:Plaquemine
1671:Letchworth
1603:Town Creek
1538:Park Mound
1503:Moundville
1488:Mandeville
1478:Long Swamp
1438:Jere Shine
1290:Quigualtam
1238:Chucalissa
1125:Backusburg
1118:Cumberland
1107:Yankeetown
1092:Slack Farm
1067:Ellerbusch
971:Adams site
878:Cloverdale
674:Skele, p98
437:0942579038
411:References
153:Site notes
138:900–950 CE
3512:Stickball
3201:Rock Hawk
3031:Key Marco
2823:Troyville
2803:St. Johns
2788:Red Ocher
2547:Formative
2301:Muskogean
2274:Languages
2187:Sunflower
2047:Mero site
1982:Blood Run
1636:Apalachee
1583:Summerour
1523:Nacoochee
1280:Owl Creek
1175:Riverview
1165:Link Farm
1057:Bone Bank
1011:Turk Site
1006:Towosahgy
871:Woodhenge
532:131309970
524:0146-1109
299:Illiniwek
200:earthwork
3400:Chanunpa
3385:Ballgame
3364:Vero man
3314:Anzick-1
3286:Windover
3246:SunWatch
3176:Rassawek
2996:Glenwood
2886:Brewster
2738:Mogollon
2709:La Jolla
2695:Hopewell
2655:Deptford
2568:cultures
2408:Red Horn
2376:Chanunpa
2354:Northern
2342:Religion
2323:Timucuan
2291:Cherokee
2077:Schwerdt
2037:Juntunen
2012:Griesmer
1955:cultures
1908:Bluffton
1794:Jaketown
1759:Fitzhugh
1613:Wilbanks
1593:Tomotley
1568:Savannah
1533:Ocmulgee
1513:Mulberry
1448:Joe Bell
1368:Biltmore
1363:Bessemer
1228:Campbell
1190:Old Town
996:Orr-Herl
933:Orendorf
928:Mitchell
861:Mound 72
856:Mound 34
841:Big Eddy
460:Archived
390:Mound 72
385:Mound 34
374:See also
314:Trappist
243:slumping
143:Cultures
68:Location
3619:Cahokia
3549:Related
3407:Chunkey
3307:remains
3296:Wupatki
3136:Paquime
3026:Huápoca
2891:Cahokia
2861:Bastian
2768:Patayan
2690:Hohokam
2675:Fremont
2650:Comondú
2605:Baytown
2600:Avonlea
2580:Alachua
2552:Classic
2542:Archaic
2530:Periods
2383:Chunkey
2328:Tunican
2306:Natchez
2281:Caddoan
2255:Pottery
2206:Artwork
2197:Tobacco
2177:Pumpkin
2138:Culture
1992:Fifield
1923:Gahagan
1898:Belcher
1883:Caddoan
1866:Venable
1829:Natchez
1814:Mazique
1769:Fosters
1764:Flowery
1754:Emerald
1631:Anhaica
1588:Taskigi
1553:Rembert
1528:Nikwasi
1493:McMahan
1468:Liddell
1343:Adamson
1253:Janet's
1243:Denmark
1218:Boone's
1180:Sellars
1087:Prather
846:Cahokia
836:Aztalan
491:YouTube
466:, from
350:backhoe
232:Unlike
135:Founded
130:History
74:,
2966:Folsom
2931:Cutler
2866:Benson
2753:Oneota
2685:Glades
2660:Folsom
2640:Clovis
2537:Lithic
2318:Siouan
2311:Taensa
2182:Squash
2105:Clover
1964:Oneota
1938:Keller
1928:Hughes
1893:Battle
1834:Taensa
1819:Medora
1809:Mangum
1804:Julice
1799:Jordan
1646:Cayson
1578:Sixtoe
1573:Shiloh
1483:Mabila
1418:Etowah
1398:Citico
1388:Chiaha
1383:Chauga
1300:Tunica
1285:Parkin
1268:Nodena
1263:Murphy
1233:Carson
1082:Murphy
938:Sleeth
923:McCune
913:Larson
816:Middle
708:
630:
530:
522:
435:
292:French
83:Region
3497:Piasa
3305:Human
2936:Eaker
2839:sites
2773:Plano
2575:Adena
2333:Yuchi
2167:Maize
2152:Beans
2110:Dodge
2062:Palos
2032:Huber
1972:Anker
1943:Spiro
1913:Caddo
1846:Routh
1779:Glass
1774:Ghost
1676:Velda
1598:Toqua
1458:Lamar
1443:Joara
1433:Irene
1403:Coosa
1393:Chota
1373:Blair
1348:Avery
1310:Yazoo
1305:Koroa
1248:Eaker
1185:Obion
943:Starr
528:S2CID
267:mound
213:near
3457:Kiva
1856:Sims
1824:Mott
1744:Anna
1453:King
1413:Dyar
1223:Boyd
1097:Tolu
706:ISBN
628:ISBN
605:(1).
520:ISSN
433:ISBN
305:, a
275:clay
2961:Eva
1681:Yon
561:doi
512:doi
489:on
225:at
3575::
652:,
642:^
622:.
603:52
601:.
595:.
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518:.
508:40
506:.
444:^
427:,
2509:e
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563::
534:.
514::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
