7156:
4590:
5417:
3910:
5795:
2546:
5571:
5630:
4448:
2645:
4333:
6040:
6738:
3190:
2322:
2731:
5134:
2426:
4482:, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18, and this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of
1504:
45:
7020:
7374:
7683:
6238:
7575:
7081:
1839:
2836:
7615:
2793:, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O–O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O–O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two 2p electrons after their partial filling of the π orbitals.
2313:, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process.
7666:
7649:
12772:
6341:
11764:
5501:. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as
1560:
7632:
7587:
11760:
7084:
2351:(1604) described a substance contained in air, referring to it as 'cibus vitae' (food of life,) and according to Polish historian Roman Bugaj, this substance is identical with oxygen. Sendivogius, during his experiments performed between 1598 and 1604, properly recognized that the substance is equivalent to the gaseous byproduct released by the
7086:
2452:
and air were heated in a closed container. He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in. This and
2363:
of oxygen and the proper association of the substance to that part of air which is required for life, provides sufficient evidence for the discovery of oxygen by
Sendivogius. This discovery of Sendivogius was however frequently denied by the generations of scientists and chemists which succeeded him.
2237:. In one experiment, he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects. From this, he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion.
2244:
increased in weight when heated, and inferred that the nitroaereus must have combined with it. He also thought that the lungs separate nitroaereus from air and pass it into the blood and that animal heat and muscle movement result from the reaction of nitroaereus with certain substances in the body.
5593:
of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid-oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions that need large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid
2416:
later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited
Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele had also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on September 30, 1774, which described his discovery of the previously
4641:
in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~45% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen
5785:
as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs. Normobaric oxygen administration at the highest available concentration is frequently used as first aid for any diving injury that may involve inert gas
2939:
5772:
that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them. Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in the blood. Increasing the pressure of
2628:
announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen. Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in each case and no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquefied in a stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883, by Polish scientists from
2738:
filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ and π and π orbital
5541:
or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation method is forcing air to dissolve through
2059:, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form (
10149:
From The
Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters by H.W. Harvey, 1955, citing C.J.J. Fox, "On the coefficients of absorption of atmospheric gases in sea water", Publ. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer, no. 41, 1907. Harvey notes that according to later articles in
2403:, but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards." Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air", which was included in the second volume of his book titled
2301:
by 1731, phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned, while the dephlogisticated part was thought to be its true form, or
2522:
entered the
English language despite opposition by English scientists and the fact that the Englishman Priestley had first isolated the gas and written about it. This is partly due to a poem praising the gas titled "Oxygen" in the popular book
2566:
presumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, leading to the conclusion that the
2210:, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the
7340:
partial pressure greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21%
2832:, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.
2440:
and gave the first correct explanation of how combustion works. He used these and similar experiments, all started in 1774, to discredit the phlogiston theory and to prove that the substance discovered by
Priestley and Scheele was a
5598:, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and
5329:
Variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration have shaped past climates. When oxygen declined, atmospheric density dropped, which in turn increased surface evaporation, causing precipitation increases and warmer temperatures.
2394:
focused sunlight on mercuric oxide contained in a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air". He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while
7973:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022).
7087:
9066:
Wentworth, Paul; McDunn, J. E.; Wentworth, A. D.; Takeuchi, C.; Nieva, J.; Jones, T.; Bautista, C.; Ruedi, J. M.; Gutierrez, A.; Janda, K. D.; Babior, B. M.; Eschenmoser, A.; Lerner, R. A. (December 13, 2002).
7136:
standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for increased risk of
12761:
5520:
into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. A similar method is the electrocatalytic
2122:, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen "dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name
5671:. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart.
3273:
contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for freshwater and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.
10936:
3390:
in the ultraviolet produces atomic oxygen that is important in the chemistry of the middle atmosphere. Excited-state singlet molecular oxygen is responsible for red chemiluminescence in solution.
7000:
10605:
12760:
8844:
Jack
Barrett, 2002, "Atomic Structure and Periodicity", (Basic concepts in chemistry, Vol. 9 of Tutorial chemistry texts), Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 153,
6442:
5838:, which surround their occupant's body with the breathing gas. These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of
7085:
6211:
to produce a very hot flame. In this process, metal up to 60 cm (24 in) thick is first heated with a small oxy-acetylene flame and then quickly cut by a large stream of
5883:
usually operate at normal atmospheric pressure. Breathing air is scrubbed of carbon dioxide by chemical extraction and oxygen is replaced to maintain a constant partial pressure.
2908:
than is normal (triplet) molecular oxygen. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. It is also produced in the
3177:. A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes
10530:
2656:
was able to produce enough liquid oxygen for study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer
11444:
11614:
8963:
6329:
to oxygen in a water molecule but also have an additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ/mol per hydrogen atom) to an adjacent oxygen atom in a separate molecule. These
12762:
2734:
Orbital diagram, after
Barrett (2002), showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the
8363:
7715:
towards atoms of the same element, and part was due to apparent exceptions to
Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.
4528:
has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's
3215:
more readily in water than nitrogen, and in freshwater more readily than in seawater. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved
15241:
10494:
14653:
3991:
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 seconds and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds. The most common
2405:
8909:
2457:, which was published in 1777. In that work, he proved that air is a mixture of two gases; 'vital air', which is essential to combustion and respiration, and
8602:
4995:
of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the
12306:
11686:
7959:
3383:
11832:
Webb JT; Olson RM; Krutz RW; Dixon G; Barnicott PT (1989). "Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures".
10652:
Crowe, S. A.; Døssing, L. N.; Beukes, N. J.; Bau, M.; Kruger, S. J.; Frei, R.; Canfield, D. E. (2013). "Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago".
2616:
in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on
December 22, 1877, to the
15525:
14526:
10892:
7095:
4547:
scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a
14815:
11087:
9232:
5589:, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one
7141:
from condensed vapors, and for hazards common to cryogenic liquids such as frostbite), and all other ratings are the same as the compressed gas form.
15062:
12882:
12114:
9518:
Lide, David R. (2003). "Section 4, Properties of the
Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, and critical temperatures of the elements".
3239:(1:2), compared with an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (
1695:
7413:
are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel.
5911:
at pressures up to 2.8 bar, where acute oxygen toxicity can be managed without the risk of drowning. Deeper diving requires significant dilution of
7782:
in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in cyanobacteria. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from
5786:
bubble formation in the tissues. There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database.
9789:
9471:
9124:
Hirayama, Osamu; Nakamura, Kyoko; Hamada, Syoko; Kobayasi, Yoko (1994). "Singlet oxygen quenching ability of naturally occurring carotenoids".
11789:
Morgenthaler GW; Fester DA; Cooley CG (1994). "As assessment of habitat pressure, oxygen fraction, and EVA suit design for space operations".
10602:
8878:
2886:
that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.
12123:
1873:
11738:
10705:
10590:
from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
2796:
This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double-bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic
2714:
In academic laboratories, oxygen can be prepared by heating together potassium chlorate mixed with a small proportion of manganese dioxide.
2601:
By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied and its components isolated by compressing and cooling it. Using a
1467:
9168:
4329:
surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.
2417:
unknown substance, but Lavoisier never acknowledged receiving it (a copy of the letter was found in Scheele's belongings after his death).
10000:
9974:
9948:
14185:
11176:
Wordsworth, Robin; Pierrehumbert, Raymond (April 1, 2014). "Abiotic oxygen-dominated atmospheres on terrestrial habitable zone planets".
9670:
8146:
6914:) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are:
2804:
with two unpaired electrons, as is found in dioxygen orbitals (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram) that are of equal energy—i.e.,
10329:
9308:
8205:
14392:
6009:
effect is a more likely explanation. Available studies support a performance boost from oxygen enriched mixtures only if it is inhaled
4395:) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content.
4273:, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the
2360:
162:
8768:
7936:
No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified, although some evidence points to an arc from an electrical spark.
7109:
10520:
9859:
9578:
9274:
7741:
Oxygen's paramagnetism can be used analytically in paramagnetic oxygen gas analysers that determine the purity of gaseous oxygen. (
7711:
These results were mostly ignored until 1860. Part of this rejection was due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no
1864:
1649:
9814:
2773:
to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent
11976:
11448:
11413:
2512:(producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids. Chemists (such as Sir
8438:
5326:
levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume, which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at this time.
11618:
8967:
8857:
5966:
to drop. Pulling on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the
5034:
1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year.
4376:, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate.
4360:
describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the
12385:
12332:
10556:
7743:
4289:. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass). Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the
12875:
12729:
12702:
12639:
12503:
12259:
12219:
12098:
10762:
10731:
10633:
10470:
10379:
10323:
10134:
10033:
9664:
9533:
9502:
9216:
9050:
8661:
8585:
8336:
8235:
8140:
8113:
8088:
8067:
8018:
2399:
it. After breathing the gas himself, Priestley wrote: "The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of
8412:
10583:
9919:
5235:
The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the extant
4489:
8356:
7807:(OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side of thylakoid membranes. Manganese is an important
6005:, sometimes go off-field between plays to don oxygen masks to boost performance. The pharmacological effect is doubted; a
12420:
7853:
The reason is that increasing the proportion of oxygen in the breathing gas at low pressure acts to augment the inspired
7603:
6676:
11920:
11875:
11641:
11569:
11524:
11471:
11417:
11361:
5375:
12044:
2516:
in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard, but by then the name was too well established.
1931:
154:
12018:
10073:
135:
10486:
10294:
10039:
9765:
9730:
9393:
Desgreniers, S.; Vohra, Y. K.; Ruoff, A. L. (1990). "Optical response of very high density solid oxygen to 132 GPa".
8043:
3068:
of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet. Near the Earth's surface, it is a
2744:
1943:
1186:
12616:
Report of Apollo 204 Review Board NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA HQ, Washington, DC
12188:
8964:"Demonstration of a bridge of liquid oxygen supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet"
7672:
6333:
between water molecules hold them approximately 15% closer than what would be expected in a simple liquid with just
6265:
of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as
12868:
12140:
Maksyutenko, P.; Rizzo, T. R.; Boyarkin, O. V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water".
8901:
7828:(1.8 grams/min/person)×(60 min/h)×(24 h/day)×(365 days/year)×(6.6 billion people)/1,000,000 g/t=6.24 billion tonnes
7242:-rich air, but this practice was discontinued after some babies were blinded by the oxygen content being too high.
6942:
are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. The element is similarly found in almost all
6581:). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron.
5232:
from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.
4579:
2859:. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the
1688:
9330:
Lundegaard, Lars F.; Weck, Gunnar; McMahon, Malcolm I.; Desgreniers, Serge; et al. (2006). "Observation of an
8612:
4293:, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 10 tonnes). Earth is unusual among the planets of the
2717:
Oxygen levels in the atmosphere are trending slightly downward globally, possibly because of fossil-fuel burning.
2668:
the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them separately. Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene
14178:
12299:
11717:
8746:
8241:
5958:
automatically supplied to the passengers in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates
5698:
Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices.
2130:, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.
1270:
6973:. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce that are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include
4368:, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while
2598:. It was invented in 1852 and commercialized in 1884, but was displaced by newer methods in early 20th century.
15466:
14385:
9553:
8849:
6766:
Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group):
6726:
5989:. Oxygen bars are establishments found in the United States since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal
5908:
5212:
evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the
4452:
2602:
11274:
7273:
partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting
6407:
5887:
divers breathe air or gas mixtures with an oxygen fraction suited to the operating depth. Pure or nearly pure
5224:
were created by anoxyenic or micro-aerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria which dominated the deeper areas of the
4551:
platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's
4286:
11958:
11905:
11671:
11599:
11554:
11509:
11399:
7537:
11083:
9236:
12809:
10316:
Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings)
9996:
9970:
9944:
7503:
7042:
5850:. This trade-off of higher oxygen concentration for lower pressure is needed to maintain suit flexibility.
5599:
5128:
5004:
4423:
content in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's
2146:
1978:
1857:
12630:
Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the edge of Technology: An inside look at catastrophes and why they happen
7448:
systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized. The fire that killed the
7191: (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level
4563:
and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the
2563:
15535:
15515:
15510:
7187:
and other health problems. Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilo
6389:
5357:
5119:, respectively. Partial pressure is the pressure that oxygen would have if it alone occupied the volume.
4777:. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as
4548:
2707:. Goddard successfully flew a small liquid-fueled rocket 56 m at 97 km/h on March 16, 1926, in
8820:
3321:(−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Both
2278:
all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a
15505:
14171:
12844:
12777:
11313:"Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated"
9042:
7565:
4471:
3088:
2617:
1146:
8606:
7621:
5439:
are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods. The most common method is
15540:
14378:
12835:
12816:
12796:
7729:
7542:
5959:
5737:
5717:
5702:
were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of
5688:
5538:
5502:
5184:
starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5)
4774:
4424:
3913:
Late in a massive star's life, O concentrates in the O-shell, O in the H-shell and O in the He-shell.
3028:
and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the
10277:
9754:
Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007).
9467:
7975:
5489:
molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93%
5333:
At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000 years to regenerate the entire
2051:
of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of
1951:
1748:
15530:
8288:
5880:
5684:
5664:
5570:
3973:
3387:
3344:
color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to
3061:
2219:
2211:
1298:
12118:
9261:
Cacace, Fulvio; de Petris, Giulia; Troiani, Anna (2001). "Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen".
8874:
8286:
Best, Nicholas W. (2015). "Lavoisier's 'Reflections on Phlogiston' I: Against Phlogiston Theory".
7874:
Also, since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the charge difference makes it a
7019:
2479:
in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages.
2055:, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by
11734:
11111:"Extreme water loss and abiotic O2 buildup on planets throughout the habitable zones of M dwarfs"
10702:
7808:
7804:
7508:
7309:
7285:
partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level
6573:). The rest of the Earth's crust is also made of oxygen compounds, in particular various complex
6377:
5857:
5510:
5440:
5411:
5244:
5024:
4996:
4947:
4020:
3361:
2630:
2572:
2409:. Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.
1850:
1599:
1126:
20:
12694:
12686:
9172:
8679:"Louis Paul Cailletet: The liquefaction of oxygen and the emergence of low-temperature research"
5794:
3371:
Liquid oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.
2004:, which extracts energy by the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces
15438:
15424:
12721:
10272:
10269:
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS '03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International
7301:
6791:
5904:
5745:
5272:
4747:
2801:
2789:
of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or
2576:
1904:
1153:
1138:
1114:
104:
12830:
12669:
10754:
10748:
10311:
9654:
8130:
2920:
in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from
2583:
had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called
2233:(1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called
1185:
15452:
15368:
14852:
12090:
11952:
11899:
11665:
11593:
11548:
11503:
11393:
10126:
9810:
9300:
8577:
7204:
7028:
7012:
6704:
5517:
5367:
5221:
5201:
4560:
4379:
Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of
4290:
3964:, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars. Most O is produced when
3341:
2708:
2579:
showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811
2352:
2092:
1974:
11362:"Measurement of oxygen concentration in delivery systems used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy"
9519:
9208:
2634:
15410:
15354:
15299:
15287:
15201:
15106:
15074:
14771:
14742:
14718:
14444:
12911:
12792:
12330:
12149:
11798:
11242:
11195:
11132:
11030:
10904:
10849:
10840:
Butterfield, N. J. (2009). "Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: An alternative view".
10794:
10661:
10219:
9656:
Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere
9619:
9433:
9351:
9080:
8199:
6278:
6192:
6179:
Most of the remaining 20% of commercially produced oxygen is used in medical applications,
5252:
4751:
4525:
4369:
4357:
3987:
of 122.24 seconds and O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds. All of the remaining
3953:
2994:
2958:
2933:
2625:
2368:
2218:
built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and
2107:
2060:
2001:
1915:
1658:
1576:
1540:
1492:
82:
7452:
crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure
7257:
in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as
2571:
of oxygen was 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16. In 1805,
2349:
De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromti
2106:
before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by
8:
15520:
15396:
15379:
15233:
15213:
15188:
15159:
14951:
14876:
14835:
14791:
14730:
14706:
14685:
14578:
14566:
14412:
10603:
The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
9692:
Kearns, David R. (1971). "Physical and chemical properties of singlet molecular oxygen".
8801:
8772:
7526:
6767:
6334:
6290:
6126:
5931:
5713:
5634:
5020:
4529:
3345:
2942:
2805:
2400:
2310:
2162:
2103:
1654:
1634:
1428:
1312:
12153:
11802:
11246:
11199:
11136:
11034:
10908:
10853:
10798:
10665:
10223:
9842:
9623:
9585:
9437:
9355:
9084:
8966:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Department Demonstration lab. Archived from
7927:
fraction in breathing gas or from high breathing gas pressure, or a combination of both.
7353:
at 66 m (217 ft) or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100%
2448:
In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when
15225:
15176:
15114:
15021:
14938:
14926:
14905:
14803:
14554:
14514:
12594:
12569:
12545:
12520:
12471:
12446:
12331:
Dharmeshkumar N Patel; Ashish Goel; SB Agarwal; Praveenkumar Garg; et al. (2003).
11709:
11342:
11211:
11185:
11153:
11122:
11110:
11046:
11020:
10984:
10959:
10928:
10873:
10685:
10525:
10438:
10411:
10245:
9885:
9783:
9635:
9449:
9375:
9149:
9106:
9069:"Evidence for Antibody-Catalyzed Ozone Formation in Bacterial Killing and Inflammation"
9035:
8949:
8703:
8678:
8325:
8305:
7325:
7261:, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the
6855:
6376:, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that
5769:
5420:
5236:
5108:
4938:
4735:
4513:
4024:
3904:
3081:
2778:
2525:
2282:. This may have been in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and
2203:
2048:
2017:
1765:
1681:
1527:
1290:
1280:
12714:
11996:
11207:
7048:
2730:
2012:
breathing brings oxygen into the lungs where gas exchange takes place, carbon dioxide
15386:
15311:
15275:
15193:
15098:
15086:
15007:
14999:
14987:
14943:
14864:
14827:
14783:
14759:
14694:
14665:
14534:
14468:
14436:
14194:
13762:
12725:
12698:
12673:
12660:
12635:
12628:
12599:
12550:
12499:
12476:
12255:
12215:
12165:
12094:
11988:
11932:
11849:
11814:
11810:
11701:
11483:
11373:
11346:
11334:
11329:
11312:
11158:
11050:
11008:
10989:
10932:
10920:
10865:
10861:
10822:
10817:
10782:
10758:
10727:
10677:
10629:
10466:
10443:
10375:
10368:
10319:
10290:
10237:
10130:
10029:
9771:
9761:
9736:
9726:
9660:
9529:
9498:
9453:
9367:
9278:
9212:
9141:
9098:
9046:
9012:
8845:
8657:
8581:
8434:
8404:
8332:
8309:
8231:
8136:
8109:
8084:
8063:
8039:
8014:
7991:
7725:
7712:
7531:
7258:
6950:
6851:
6827:
6578:
6566:
6357:
6294:
6282:
6002:
5860:
5547:
5000:
4967:
4016:
3996:
3988:
3934:
3374:
The spectroscopy of molecular oxygen is associated with the atmospheric processes of
3254:
3178:
3174:
3142:
2924:
and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.
2748:
2692:
2584:
2549:
2429:
2413:
2390:
In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman
2356:
2298:
2271:
2258:
2245:
Accounts of these and other experiments and ideas were published in 1668 in his work
2215:
2178:
2174:
2154:
2127:
1955:
1927:
1912:
1728:
1719:
1671:
1534:
1449:
1439:
1432:
1424:
775:
168:
11215:
10877:
9856:
Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute
9639:
9201:
9110:
7203:
partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on
4766:
remaining (after production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere.
2644:
2383:
to support combustion. He wrote an account of this discovery in a manuscript titled
1227:) 90.188 K (−182.962 °C, −297.332 °F)
15340:
15258:
15147:
15050:
15038:
15012:
14917:
14847:
14754:
14677:
14645:
14632:
14456:
14401:
14197:
13826:
13531:
13360:
13189:
13108:
13027:
13000:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12589:
12581:
12540:
12532:
12466:
12458:
12389:
12347:
12157:
12082:
11841:
11806:
11713:
11324:
11250:
11203:
11148:
11140:
11038:
10979:
10971:
10912:
10857:
10812:
10802:
10689:
10669:
10552:
10433:
10423:
10282:
10227:
10118:
9900:
9701:
9627:
9441:
9402:
9379:
9359:
9270:
9153:
9133:
9088:
9002:
8698:
8690:
8569:
8529:
8362:. Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis, Nebraska College. pp. 3–4.
8297:
7983:
7747:
7579:
7180:
6958:
6931:
6468:
6393:
6385:
6326:
6232:
6013:
5884:
5721:
5407:
5379:
5268:
5220:
in the oceans when oxygenic photosynthesis was getting more common, it appears the
5213:
5104:
4731:
4459:
4278:
4039:
3029:
2905:
2790:
2735:
2442:
2391:
2367:
It is also commonly claimed that oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist
2325:
2279:
2115:
2024:
1982:
1885:
1626:
1552:
1131:
11064:
10890:
10726:(7th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings. pp. 522–23.
10249:
5228:, while oxygen-producing cyanobacteria covered the shallows. Free oxygen began to
4559:, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low
15500:
15479:
15345:
15328:
15171:
15126:
15033:
14969:
14893:
14615:
14602:
14546:
14509:
14480:
14424:
14313:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12127:
10709:
10609:
10587:
9421:
9030:
8861:
8853:
8392:
7591:
7227:
7176:
7150:
6835:
6783:
6534:
6502:
6479:
6269:. Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: −1/2 (
6262:
6188:
6157:
6060:
5967:
5924:
5761:
5391:
5112:
4589:
4536:
4396:
4282:
3941:
3365:
3146:
3077:
2904:
in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive with common
2867:
2863:
2661:
2638:
2580:
2380:
2379:
in 1771–72. Scheele called the gas "fire air" because it was then the only known
2028:
1919:
1889:
1843:
1478:
1409:
50:
12804:
10580:
10286:
8795:
7915:
times the total pressure, elevated partial pressures can occur either from high
7689:
6160:; the primary feeder material used to manufacture a host of products, including
4508:, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the
14888:
14607:
14492:
12891:
11921:"First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries"
11919:
Longphre, J. M.; Denoble, P. J.; Moon, R. E.; Vann, R. D.; et al. (2007).
11687:"First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries"
11042:
9904:
7875:
7116:
7056:
7052:
6978:
6974:
6923:
6471:
6452:
6397:
6153:
5672:
5646:
5595:
5582:
5403:
4863:
4719:
4630:
4544:
4408:
4365:
4032:
4028:
3999:
to yield nitrogen, and the most common mode for the isotopes heavier than O is
3107:) was discovered in 2001, and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of
3073:
2986:
2921:
2889:
2860:
2825:
2782:
2657:
2613:
2534:
2530:
2387:, which he sent to his publisher in 1775. That document was published in 1777.
2372:
2199:
2158:
2056:
2005:
1908:
1796:
1620:
1544:
1326:
1180:
180:
12412:
10623:
8301:
7155:
6136:
Another 25% of commercially produced oxygen is used by the chemical industry.
5216:
era (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago). Even if there was much dissolved
3189:
2835:
2214:
and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later
15494:
15266:
15138:
14640:
14627:
14163:
13985:
12462:
11421:
10807:
8408:
8194:
7995:
7783:
7552:
7482:
7433:
7393:
at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the
7188:
6847:
6839:
6361:
6330:
5831:
5707:
5611:
5485:
is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical
5387:
5311:
5310:
levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% by volume. Towards the end of the
5116:
4992:
4770:
4638:
4492:
have measured the relative quantities of oxygen isotopes in samples from the
4447:
4373:
4352:
The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the
4047:
3945:
3909:
3322:
3258:
3202:
3124:
3069:
2913:
2856:
2770:
2696:
2621:
2492:
1947:
1897:
1753:
1591:
1510:
1248:
1218:
1200:
1096:
945:
12840:
12048:
10916:
9851:
9775:
9740:
9725:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606.
9093:
9068:
8209:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 938–39.
7769:
Figures given are for values up to 80 km (50 mi) above the surface
5348:
It is estimated that oxygen on Earth will last for about one billion years.
5291:, including all complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals.
2590:
The first commercial method of producing oxygen was chemical, the so-called
2020:
transports the oxygen to the cells, where cellular respiration takes place.
15319:
15253:
14504:
14323:
14293:
14039:
13868:
13573:
12973:
12906:
12603:
12585:
12554:
12536:
12169:
12022:
11992:
11936:
11818:
11705:
11487:
11338:
11162:
10924:
10869:
10826:
10681:
10447:
10428:
10241:
10077:
9371:
9282:
9102:
9016:
8694:
8534:
8517:
7786:
that were once symbiotic partners with the progenitors of plants and algae.
7547:
7305:
6954:
6919:
6024:
5970:
inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the
5853:
5741:
5629:
5455:
5371:
5363:
4618:
4564:
4556:
4353:
4294:
3983:
have been characterized, ranging from O to O. The most stable are O with a
3980:
3326:
3206:
3128:
3108:
2839:
Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism
2809:
2797:
2665:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2513:
2294:
2275:
2263:
2226:
2040:
2036:
1568:
1260:
987:
854:
628:
12480:
11853:
11377:
11144:
10993:
10409:
9275:
10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21<4062::AID-ANIE4062>3.0.CO;2-X
9145:
8038:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110.
7987:
7108:
6093:
is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes
4332:
1503:
14978:
14960:
14093:
14057:
14048:
13958:
13940:
13931:
12968:
12720:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers. pp.
12184:
10516:
10353:
The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles
9844:
Nucleosynthesis and Galactic Chemical Evolution of the Isotopes of Oxygen
9760:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950.
9755:
9720:
9007:
8990:
7779:
7638:
7557:
7208:
7115:
6943:
6927:
6863:
6859:
6843:
6184:
6180:
6020:
5963:
5900:
5899:
use in diving at pressures higher than atmospheric is usually limited to
5703:
5699:
5586:
5383:
5225:
4911:
4895:
4634:
4552:
4463:
4361:
3965:
3092:
3065:
3057:
2909:
2829:
2774:
2653:
2609:
2568:
2559:
2344:
2337:
2084:
1029:
1001:
994:
924:
910:
903:
12780:
was created from a revision of this article dated 23 June 2008
11065:"How much longer will the oxygen-rich atmosphere be sustained on Earth?"
10673:
10410:
Danovaro R; Dell'anno A; Pusceddu A; Gambi C; et al. (April 2010).
10263:
Miller, J. R.; Berger, M.; Alonso, L.; Cerovic, Z.; et al. (2003).
9753:
9705:
9406:
9363:
7324:
partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent
7094:
6237:
5416:
4470:
of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see
44:
14353:
14102:
14030:
14003:
13976:
13636:
13618:
13591:
13422:
13413:
13152:
10975:
9137:
7976:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
7490:
7184:
7101:
6696:
6585:
6451:
Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of
6345:
6286:
6270:
6161:
5982:
5971:
5946:
supplies. Pressurized commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of
5835:
5811:
5765:
5619:
5550:
by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure
5506:
5240:
5229:
5027:, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms.
4951:
4899:
4867:
4844:
4626:
4521:
4411:
and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce the
4000:
3992:
3212:
2917:
2786:
2230:
2195:
1036:
980:
959:
938:
677:
663:
642:
514:
507:
308:
12161:
11685:
Longphre, JM; Denoble, PJ; Moon, RE; Vann, RD; Freiberger, JJ (2007).
11359:
10265:
Progress on the development of an integrated canopy fluorescence model
10023:
9631:
8738:
7477:
Liquid oxygen spills, if allowed to soak into organic matter, such as
7432:
pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and
6401:
2664:. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then
2648:
An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories
14343:
14111:
14084:
14075:
13922:
13904:
13895:
13886:
13672:
13582:
13555:
13503:
13449:
13431:
13395:
13375:
13314:
13251:
13195:
13134:
13123:
13042:
12993:
12983:
12978:
11570:"Management of Fournier's Gangrene and the role of Hyperbaric Oxygen"
10262:
9525:
8223:
7796:
7406:
7138:
6935:
6700:
6661:
6570:
6381:
6369:
6196:
6165:
5864:
5680:
5676:
5638:
5288:
5031:
4991:), are reactive by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Parts of the
4907:
4859:
4540:
4505:
4404:
4297:
in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere:
4270:
4229:
3984:
3961:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3364:
of liquefied air. Liquid oxygen may also be condensed from air using
3060:(UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the
2982:
2954:
2673:
2545:
2437:
2396:
2341:
2283:
2267:
2170:
2119:
2088:
2013:
1901:
1816:
1803:
1788:
1760:
1733:
1586:
1484:
1119:
1043:
1022:
1015:
896:
882:
875:
868:
705:
635:
614:
577:
535:
521:
493:
475:
431:
382:
338:
294:
285:
225:
64:
12856:
Scripps Institute: Atmospheric Oxygen has been dropping for 20 years
10232:
10207:
9549:
7655:
4746:
gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which is used to synthesize
4269:
Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's
2425:
14370:
14333:
14252:
14242:
14222:
14212:
14066:
13967:
13850:
13832:
13807:
13798:
13771:
13744:
13708:
13699:
13681:
13609:
13600:
13494:
13366:
13332:
13242:
13233:
13224:
13215:
13170:
13089:
13071:
13006:
12821:
11845:
11612:
11442:
11412:
11270:
11255:
11230:
11025:
9884:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
8357:"Michael Sendivogius, Rosicrucian, and Father of Studies of Oxygen"
7955:
7816:
7449:
7394:
7378:
7133:
7067:
6915:
6819:
6779:
6665:
6574:
6558:
6530:
6373:
6322:
6266:
6137:
6074:
6070:
6056:
6028:
5978:
5748:(the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy. Increased
5695:
that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.
5668:
5575:
5295:
5209:
4903:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4187:
4063:
4004:
3969:
3270:
2912:
by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength and by the
2704:
2700:
2475:
2436:
Lavoisier conducted the first adequate quantitative experiments on
2241:
2166:
2009:
1935:
1420:
1213: (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F)
1080:
1072:
1008:
931:
840:
826:
810:
803:
782:
761:
733:
726:
712:
656:
649:
570:
468:
445:
375:
368:
361:
354:
322:
262:
248:
200:
11190:
11127:
9445:
8902:"Chapter 8: Oxidation-Phosphorylation, the Chemistry of Di-Oxygen"
8198:
8083:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 5.
5133:
2938:
2785:
of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a
2321:
14303:
14262:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14021:
14012:
13994:
13949:
13877:
13859:
13789:
13735:
13717:
13690:
13663:
13645:
13627:
13537:
13467:
13440:
13404:
13386:
13350:
13341:
13323:
13305:
13204:
13143:
13033:
12988:
12860:
11788:
10753:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson – Prentice Hall. pp.
7812:
7486:
7102:
6939:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6741:
6737:
6526:
6494:
6475:
6274:
6169:
6130:
6006:
6001:
exposure for a minimal fee. Professional athletes, especially in
5692:
5543:
5534:
5486:
5205:
4919:
4723:
4517:
4479:
4400:
4208:
3918:
3379:
3111:. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing
2669:
2376:
2333:
2142:
2138:
2111:
2032:
2016:
out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body's
1232:
973:
966:
952:
917:
861:
847:
796:
754:
740:
719:
698:
684:
670:
600:
549:
528:
500:
486:
459:
452:
438:
424:
345:
301:
218:
12677:
12300:"NFPA 704 ratings and id numbers for common hazardous materials"
10893:"Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations"
9329:
9065:
7436:
will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of
7401:
Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion.
7373:
6039:
4742:. Many steps are involved, but the result is the formation of a
2688:. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.
19:
This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see
14272:
13913:
13841:
13726:
13654:
13564:
13546:
13512:
13476:
13458:
13287:
13278:
13269:
13161:
13114:
13062:
13017:
10891:
Poulsen, Christopher J.; Tabor, Clay; White, Joseph D. (2015).
10487:"NASA Research Indicates Oxygen on Earth 2.5 Billion Years ago"
8327:
The last sorcerers: The path from alchemy to the periodic table
7972:
7879:
7800:
7464:
but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the
7060:
6889:
6775:
6672:
6498:
6173:
6098:
6094:
6081:
consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen. In this process,
4944:, oxygen was thought to be a requirement for all complex life.
4941:
4915:
4743:
4739:
4667:
4532:
prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth.
4250:
4124:
4084:
3957:
3375:
3318:
2883:
2553:
2194:
One of the first known experiments on the relationship between
1997:
1993:
1939:
1210:
1159:
1065:
889:
833:
747:
691:
621:
607:
584:
556:
542:
410:
403:
396:
315:
278:
241:
209:
12855:
11831:
9610:
Krupenie, Paul H. (1972). "The Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen".
9123:
8108:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 311.
8011:
Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements
6019:
Other recreational uses that do not involve breathing include
5107:
in the body of a living vertebrate organism is highest in the
2892:
is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular
2747:, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the
1981:
over long periods of time. Oxygen makes up almost half of the
14127:
13816:
13521:
13179:
13053:
11615:"Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism"
11310:
9920:"Scientists Have Observed A Never-Before-Seen Form of Oxygen"
8816:
8601:
DeTurck, Dennis; Gladney, Larry; Pietrovito, Anthony (1997).
7597:
7429:
7211:
in medical applications is typically composed of only 30–50%
6831:
6795:
6787:
6771:
6365:
6340:
6305:
6241:
6078:
5986:
5615:
5590:
4493:
4314:
3266:
3262:
3025:
2497:
2463:
2290:, which was then the favored explanation of those processes.
2229:
proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist
2150:
2134:
2064:
2052:
1989:
1923:
817:
591:
329:
234:
78:
11567:
9652:
9550:"Overview of Cryogenic Air Separation and Liquefier Systems"
7428:
will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.
5907:
at relatively shallow depths (~6 meters depth, or less), or
4738:
of photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four
3145:. This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful
2866:
of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative
2672:
was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of
2453:
other experiments on combustion were documented in his book
1942:, it is the third-most abundant element in the universe. At
13780:
13753:
13296:
13260:
13098:
12712:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
11723:
on October 1, 2018 – via Rubicon Research Repository.
11580:(3): 177–86. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011
11535:(2): 125–44. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011
11231:"The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede"
10490:
10412:"The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions"
7478:
7410:
7402:
6953:
compounds at or below room temperature in a process called
6692:
6562:
6349:
6063:
5374:. That said it might not be a definite biosignature, being
5217:
5086:
4501:
4497:
4298:
4166:
4145:
3949:
2505:
2303:
2096:
789:
768:
417:
389:
269:
10787:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
7732:
that has a spatial distribution about an atom or molecule.
7034:
6744:
is an important feeder material in the chemical industry.
6325:
and the most familiar oxygen compound. Hydrogen atoms are
2095:. However, ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of
1973:. Diatomic oxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% of the
13485:
12900:
12850:
11311:
Sim MA; Dean P; Kinsella J; Black R; et al. (2008).
11228:
11007:
Ozaki, Kazumi; Reinhard, Christopher T. (March 9, 2021).
9419:
7819:
are also required for the reaction to occur. (Raven 2005)
5923:
with other gases, such as nitrogen or helium, to prevent
5070:
4999:
of plants against pathogen attack. Oxygen is damaging to
4509:
4274:
2449:
2080:
2044:
1958:
1193:
563:
12413:"The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice"
12139:
10463:
Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe
9659:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 220–.
8600:
5736:
around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.
4894:
is released from another part of hemoglobin through the
3080:
altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause
2973:, the major part of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen (see
1559:
12305:. Riverside County Department of Environmental Health.
11918:
11727:
11684:
11525:"Gas Gangrene – Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Review"
11175:
6300:
5172:
produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3)
4570:
3917:
Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable
12691:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements
11876:"Oxygen toxicity: A brief history of oxygen in diving"
11009:"The future lifespan of Earth's oxygenated atmosphere"
10553:"Flow restrictor for measuring respiratory parameters"
9260:
9207:(Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
5314:
period (about 300 million years ago) atmospheric
3956:. O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into
2993:
is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in
2406:
Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
12693:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp.
12252:
The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals
11642:"A brief history of diving and decompression illness"
11360:
Stephenson RN; Mackenzie I; Watt SJ; Ross JA (1996).
10651:
9424:; et al. (1998). "Superconductivity in oxygen".
9392:
7563:
6961:
that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of
6410:
6364:
with almost all other elements to give corresponding
5930:
People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized
5537:. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in
3972:
nucleus, making O common in the helium-rich zones of
3393:
Table of thermal and physical properties of oxygen (O
3044:
combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of
2725:
2587:
and the diatomic elemental molecules in those gases.
12254:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 152.
11886:(3). Archived from the original on December 25, 2010
11678:
11652:(2). Archived from the original on September 5, 2011
10521:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
9883:
8393:"Michał Sędziwój – Traktat o Kamieniu Filozoficznym"
7223:
by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure).
5789:
4462:
measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the
2828:. The highest-energy, partially filled orbitals are
11081:
10465:. Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag). p. 217.
9653:Guy P. Brasseur; Susan Solomon (January 15, 2006).
9646:
7865:
partial pressure nearer to that found at sea-level.
5505:. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-
4645:A simplified overall formula for photosynthesis is
4277:'s mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the
12713:
12659:
12627:
10621:
10367:
9200:
9034:
8800:. MIT Libraries. Oxford, Clarendon press. p.
8324:
8104:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006).
7744:"Company literature of Oxygen analyzers (triplet)"
6436:
5382:with processes and conditions (such as a peculiar
5275:than anaerobic organisms. Cellular respiration of
4486:samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.
4407:may stimulate growth of algae by a process called
3261:) of air, freshwater can dissolve about 6.04
2508:, literally 'sharp', from the taste of acids) and
2198:and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE
16:Chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8
12081:
11977:"Oxygen Bars: Is a Breath of Fresh Air Worth It?"
11880:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
11646:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
11522:
10312:"Marine Plants: A Unique and Unexplored Resource"
10117:
9886:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
9493:Evans, David Hudson; Claiborne, James B. (2005).
9342:molecular lattice in the phase of solid oxygen".
8634:Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl (1883).
8633:
8568:
7474:normal pressure that would be used in a mission.
5045:Partial pressures of oxygen in the human body (PO
4584:
4364:. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is
1265:54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa
15492:
12668:. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp.
11784:
11782:
11490:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011
10833:
10374:. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education. p. 958.
10076:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from
9852:Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System
8683:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
7844:Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
7312:. Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an
6352:, form when oxygen combines with other elements.
4922:). A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm of
4882:, changing color from bluish red to bright red (
4439:needed to restore it to a normal concentration.
4285:and is the most abundant element by mass in the
11380:. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011
11229:Hall, D.T.; Feldman, P.D.; et al. (1998).
9612:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
8988:
8558:(6th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.
7493:unpredictably on subsequent mechanical impact.
7368:
7083:
5351:
2309:Highly combustible materials that leave little
14193:
12498:. England: SPA in conjunction with K. Donald.
11987:(6). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 9–11.
11970:
11968:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9492:
9194:
9192:
9190:
8840:
8838:
8676:
8103:
8081:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
7882:of each molecule cause a net attraction force.
6946:that are important to (or generated by) life.
6129:, so the temperature increases to 1,700 °
3898:
3009:are covered in the remainder of this article.
14386:
14179:
12876:
11939:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008
11779:
11469:
11463:
11304:
11006:
10721:
8991:"Singlet oxygen production in photosynthesis"
8893:
8814:
8106:Human physiology : the basis of medicine
8002:
7409:hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and
6703:. An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with
5760:concentration in the lungs helps to displace
5122:
3246:) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (
1858:
1143:
12567:
12518:
12444:
12045:"George Goble's extended home page (mirror)"
11825:
11761:"Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries"
11735:"Emergency Oxygen for Scuba Diving Injuries"
11353:
10776:
10774:
10647:
10645:
10598:
10596:
10576:
10574:
10509:
10460:
10403:
10154:, the values appear to be about 3% too high.
9836:
9834:
9832:
9603:
9059:
8611:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
4539:peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760
3968:(made abundant from CNO burning) captures a
3249:
3242:
2293:Established in 1667 by the German alchemist
2133:Common uses of oxygen include production of
1502:
12684:
12388:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
12210:Smart, Lesley E.; Moore, Elaine A. (2005).
11965:
11753:
11418:"Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy"
11108:
10839:
10366:Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, Burslen (2003).
10193:
10178:
10105:
10060:
9796:
9788:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
9573:
9571:
9187:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8835:
8720:
8553:
8503:
8273:
8058:Atkins, P.; Jones, L.; Laverman, L. (2016).
8013:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
5909:medical treatment in recompression chambers
4281:by mass as part of oxide compounds such as
4042:estimated spectroscopically (not to scale)
2469:"lifeless"), which did not support either.
2420:
2328:is usually given priority in the discovery.
15526:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
14393:
14379:
14186:
14172:
12883:
12869:
12831:Roald Hoffmann article on "The Story of O"
12711:
12658:Cook, Gerhard A.; Lauer, Carol M. (1968).
12634:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
12233:
12231:
12209:
11294:
11292:
10783:"Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time"
10722:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
10397:
10365:
9877:
9685:
9579:"Liquid Oxygen Material Safety Data Sheet"
9294:
9292:
8989:Krieger-Liszkay, Anja (October 13, 2004).
8518:"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air"
8350:
8348:
5298:period 540 million years ago, atmospheric
5200:Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in
4625:In nature, free oxygen is produced by the
4512:, believed to be the same as those of the
3933:, with O being the most abundant (99.762%
3277:Oxygen gas dissolved in water at sea-level
1865:
1851:
1696:
1689:
1558:
43:
12666:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
12657:
12593:
12544:
12470:
12371:
12286:
12274:
12237:
12069:
12021:. Peak Performance Online. Archived from
11912:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11613:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
11568:Zamboni WA; Riseman JA; Kucan JO (1990).
11443:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
11328:
11298:
11254:
11222:
11189:
11152:
11126:
11024:
10983:
10816:
10806:
10771:
10642:
10593:
10571:
10461:Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2000).
10437:
10427:
10276:
10231:
10189:
10187:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
9989:
9963:
9937:
9829:
9092:
9006:
8716:
8714:
8702:
8647:
8645:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8533:
8515:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8476:
8472:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8176:
8008:
7878:. The interactions between the different
6984:
6437:{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}}
5663:from the air is the essential purpose of
2699:that burned liquid fuel; the engine used
1926:with most elements as well as with other
28:Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)
12788:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
12771:
12561:
12512:
12249:
12214:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 214.
11271:"Non-Cryogenic Air Separation Processes"
10715:
10703:Iron in primeval seas rusted by bacteria
10393:
10391:
10021:
10015:
9609:
9568:
9198:
9171:. University of Waterloo. Archived from
9037:Pollution: Causes, Effects & Control
9029:
9023:
8924:
8651:
8386:
8384:
8331:. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.
8193:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8052:
7966:
7372:
7154:
6736:
6339:
6236:
6038:
5793:
5628:
5578:compressed-gas cylinders with regulators
5569:
5516:Oxygen gas can also be produced through
5427:One hundred million tonnes of
5415:
5397:
5132:
4862:through membranes in the lungs and into
4593:Photosynthesis splits water to liberate
4588:
4446:
4392:
4331:
3908:
3188:
2937:
2834:
2729:
2643:
2624:. Just two days later, French physicist
2544:
2424:
2371:. He had produced oxygen gas by heating
2320:
13983:
12619:
12487:
12440:
12438:
12365:
12280:
12268:
12228:
12182:
12063:
11414:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
11289:
11082:Paul Scott Anderson (January 3, 2019).
10746:
10740:
10309:
9911:
9497:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 88.
9289:
9263:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
8793:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8654:Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists
8345:
8128:
7903:'s partial pressure is the fraction of
7840:
7838:
7836:
7834:
6691:. This class of compounds includes the
6474:is composed in large part of oxides of
6257:) is the most familiar oxygen compound.
5981:, has a history of recreational use in
5687:), some disorders that cause increased
5667:, so oxygen supplementation is used in
5023:about 2.5 billion years ago during the
4535:Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric
2957:of elemental oxygen on Earth is called
15493:
14037:
13866:
13571:
12625:
12493:
12423:from the original on September 5, 2018
12212:Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction
11975:Bren, Linda (November–December 2002).
11860:
10780:
10515:
10350:
10184:
10157:
10092:
10054:
9865:from the original on December 29, 2010
9841:Meyer, B. S. (September 19–21, 2005).
9757:Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer
9718:
9691:
9524:(84th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
8939:
8899:
8711:
8642:
8542:
8482:
8453:
8322:
8316:
8256:
8218:
8216:
8182:
8097:
8036:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
6949:Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many
6368:. The surface of most metals, such as
5716:(high-pressure) medicine uses special
5473:The other primary method of producing
5148:build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no
3184:
2812:state. Hence, the ground state of the
1932:most abundant element in Earth's crust
1581:26.58×10 W/(m⋅K)
14374:
14167:
14091:
14055:
14046:
13956:
13938:
13929:
12864:
12651:
12292:
12191:from the original on October 10, 2007
11873:
11639:
11090:from the original on January 22, 2021
10388:
9917:
9840:
9673:from the original on February 2, 2017
9556:from the original on October 21, 2018
9521:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
9311:from the original on October 21, 2013
9256:
9254:
8441:from the original on January 28, 2017
8390:
8381:
8161:
8033:
7230:were placed in incubators containing
6396:would show. For example, the mineral
5386:) which allow free oxygen, like with
4524:in space and returned by the crashed
2695:became the first person to develop a
2620:in Paris announcing his discovery of
1823:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1795:
1792:
1769:
1764:
1567: = 678.28 pm (at
14400:
14100:
14028:
14001:
13974:
13634:
13616:
13589:
13420:
13411:
12435:
12383:
11974:
11277:from the original on October 3, 2018
11084:"Oxygen and life: a cautionary tale"
10957:
10205:
10066:
9517:
9420:Shimizu, K.; Suhara, K.; Ikumo, M.;
9299:Ball, Phillip (September 16, 2001).
9298:
8942:ASTM Technical Professional training
8912:from the original on October 5, 2018
8726:
8554:Parks, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939).
8415:from the original on October 1, 2021
8285:
8149:from the original on October 1, 2021
8078:
7831:
7604:
6810:). There are many important organic
6732:
6392:, with slightly less metal than the
6301:Oxides and other inorganic compounds
6156:, which, in turn, is converted into
5867:also rely on artificially delivered
5196:sinks filled and the gas accumulates
2605:method, Swiss chemist and physicist
2252:
2189:
1275:154.581 K, 5.043 MPa
14109:
14082:
14073:
13920:
13902:
13893:
13884:
13670:
13580:
13553:
13501:
13447:
13429:
13393:
13373:
13312:
13249:
13150:
13132:
13121:
13040:
12340:Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine
12183:Chaplin, Martin (January 4, 2008).
11741:from the original on April 20, 2020
11109:Luger R, Barnes R (February 2015).
10497:from the original on March 13, 2008
10332:from the original on March 25, 2015
10310:Fenical, William (September 1983).
9918:Starr, Michelle (August 30, 2023).
9552:. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc.
8556:Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry
8354:
8244:from the original on April 17, 2020
8213:
6677:transition metal dioxygen complexes
5509:technologies (see also the related
5037:
4571:Biological production and role of O
4567:from satellites on a global scale.
4478:molecules that contain the lighter
4055:Mass fraction in parts per million
3348:of blue light). High-purity liquid
2594:involving a reversible reaction of
2184:
1368:
13:
14064:
13965:
13848:
13830:
13805:
13796:
13769:
13742:
13697:
13679:
13607:
13598:
13492:
13364:
13330:
13240:
13222:
13213:
13193:
13168:
12890:
12758:
12570:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part II"
12410:
12312:from the original on July 11, 2019
11767:from the original on June 10, 2020
11694:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine
10939:from the original on July 13, 2017
9817:from the original on July 12, 2012
9584:. Matheson Tri Gas. Archived from
9474:from the original on April 4, 2019
9251:
8877:. Science Kids. February 6, 2015.
8823:from the original on July 25, 2017
8749:from the original on April 3, 2019
7795:Water oxidation is catalyzed by a
7079:
5003:, which were the dominant form of
3995:of the isotopes lighter than O is
3340:are clear substances with a light
2726:Properties and molecular structure
2720:
2703:for fuel and liquid oxygen as the
2432:discredited the phlogiston theory.
1463:3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol
1460:2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol
1457:1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol
14:
15552:
14019:
14010:
13992:
13947:
13857:
13787:
13760:
13733:
13715:
13706:
13688:
13661:
13643:
13625:
13535:
13465:
13438:
13402:
13348:
13339:
13321:
13303:
13231:
13202:
13141:
13087:
13069:
13031:
13004:
12739:
12521:"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I"
10964:The Journal of General Physiology
10533:from the original on May 16, 2020
10271:. Vol. 1. pp. 601–603.
10208:"The Solar System's first breath"
10042:from the original on May 13, 2011
10003:from the original on June 7, 2022
9977:from the original on June 7, 2022
9951:from the original on June 9, 2022
9166:
8638:. D. Appleton and Co. p. 38.
8608:The Interactive Textbook of PFP96
7956:"Standard Atomic Weights: Oxygen"
7300:Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and
6717:, which oxidizes oxygen to give O
6168:polymers (the precursors of many
5790:Life support and recreational use
5768:. Oxygen gas is poisonous to the
2777:that results from the filling of
2745:standard temperature and pressure
2487:Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to
1944:standard temperature and pressure
13911:
13875:
13839:
13724:
13652:
13562:
13544:
13474:
13456:
13384:
13285:
13276:
13267:
13112:
13015:
12826:) Properties, Uses, Applications
12770:
12610:
12404:
12377:
12324:
12243:
12203:
12176:
12133:
12108:
12075:
12037:
12011:
11633:
11606:
11561:
11516:
11436:
11406:
11330:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x
11263:
11169:
11102:
11075:
11057:
11000:
10951:
10884:
10862:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00188.x
10559:from the original on May 8, 2020
10318:. DianePublishing. p. 147.
8881:from the original on May 7, 2020
8369:from the original on May 8, 2020
8135:. Ayer Publishing. p. 171.
7930:
7885:
7868:
7847:
7778:Thylakoid membranes are part of
7681:
7664:
7647:
7630:
7613:
7585:
7573:
7159:Main symptoms of oxygen toxicity
7018:
6814:that contain oxygen, including:
4773:in the generation of ATP during
4580:Dioxygen in biological reactions
4336:Cold water holds more dissolved
4038:Ten most common elements in the
2691:In 1923, the American scientist
2540:
2249:in the tract "De respiratione".
2083:radiation and the high-altitude
2079:), strongly absorbs ultraviolet
1838:
1837:
1336:
13814:
13519:
13510:
13177:
13159:
13078:
13060:
12664:. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.).
11763:. Divers Alert Network Europe.
10960:"The Natural History of Oxygen"
10696:
10615:
10545:
10479:
10454:
10359:
10344:
10303:
10256:
10199:
10143:
10111:
9858:. Gatlinburg, Tennessee. 9022.
9747:
9712:
9542:
9511:
9486:
9460:
9413:
9386:
9323:
9225:
9160:
9117:
8982:
8956:
8867:
8808:
8787:
8761:
8677:Papanelopoulou, Faidra (2013).
8670:
8627:
8603:"Do We Take Atoms for Granted?"
8594:
8562:
8509:
8427:
8279:
7822:
7789:
7772:
7763:
7735:
7718:
7705:
7365:at only 6 m (20 ft).
6675:for transition metals, forming
5879:. Submarines, submersibles and
5605:
5251:) about 2.4 billion years ago.
4633:. According to some estimates,
4617:into sugar in what is called a
4530:disk of protoplanetary material
3317:Oxygen condenses at 90.20
2974:
2882:molecules. Liquid oxygen is so
2225:In the late 17th century,
1629: (gas, at 27 °C)
13778:
13751:
13294:
13258:
13096:
13051:
10712:, ScienceDaily, April 23, 2013
10370:Chemistry: The Central Science
9813:. EnvironmentalChemistry.com.
8995:Journal of Experimental Botany
8946:Fire Hazards in Oxygen Systems
8940:Werley, Barry L., ed. (1991).
8122:
8072:
8027:
7948:
6727:dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate
5585:methods include high-pressure
5423:used in electrolysis of water.
5421:Hofmann electrolysis apparatus
5001:obligately anaerobic organisms
4585:Photosynthesis and respiration
3418:Thermal conductivity (W/m °C)
2985:and a bond energy of 498
2981:has a bond length of 121
2916:as a source of active oxygen.
2347:(Michał Sędziwój) in his work
2297:, and modified by the chemist
2047:, as do the major constituent
2031:contain oxygen atoms, such as
1615: cm/mol (293 K)
1444:Pauling scale: 3.44
1:
13483:
12836:WebElements.com – Oxygen
10612:Retrieved on December 6, 2009
10206:Hand, Eric (March 13, 2008).
8817:"Atmospheric Oxygen Research"
8794:Flecker, Oriel Joyce (1924).
8745:. The Gale Group, Inc. 2002.
7942:
7728:that models an electron as a
7724:An orbital is a concept from
7538:Limiting oxygen concentration
7489:can cause these materials to
7207:, since gas supplied through
6034:
5376:possibly produced abiotically
4399:with plant nutrients such as
4010:
3173:and may therefore be used in
2945:representation of dioxygen (O
2927:
2808:—is a configuration termed a
2552:and a liquid oxygen-gasoline
1600:Molar magnetic susceptibility
1321:) 29.378 J/(mol·K)
12817:Oxidizing Agents > Oxygen
12810:The Periodic Table of Videos
11811:10.1016/0094-5765(94)90146-5
11523:Hart GB; Strauss MB (1990).
10581:Normal Reference Range Table
9811:"Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes"
7523:depletion in aquatic ecology
7504:Geological history of oxygen
7369:Combustion and other hazards
6390:non-stoichiometric compounds
6380:the metal and slows further
6226:
5934:sometimes have supplemental
5600:oxy-fuel welding and cutting
5352:Extraterrestrial free oxygen
5129:Geological history of oxygen
3421:Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s)
3415:Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s)
2482:
2455:Sur la combustion en général
2316:
2147:brazing, welding and cutting
7:
11472:"Carbon monoxide poisoning"
11208:10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/L20
11053:– via www.nature.com.
10622:Charles Henrickson (2005).
10287:10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1293855
9470:. The Engineering Toolbox.
9169:"Bond Lengths and Energies"
9041:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
8908:. Saint John's University.
8009:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
7496:
7144:
6043:Most commercially produced
6027:'s five-second ignition of
5358:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
5345:in the present atmosphere.
5294:Since the beginning of the
5019:began to accumulate in the
4442:
4391:at lower temperatures (see
4254:
4233:
4212:
4191:
4170:
4149:
4128:
4107:
4088:
4067:
3899:Isotopes and stellar origin
3412:Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s)
3397:) at atmospheric pressure:
3360:is usually obtained by the
2824:molecule is referred to as
2762:, referred to as dioxygen.
1954:, a colorless and odorless
1946:, two atoms of the element
95:liquid and solid: pale blue
10:
15557:
13382:
13211:
13130:
13049:
13013:
12915:
12813:(University of Nottingham)
11043:10.1038/s41561-021-00693-5
10781:Berner, Robert A. (1999).
10586:December 25, 2011, at the
10355:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
9301:"New form of oxygen found"
9043:Royal Society of Chemistry
8864:accessed January 31, 2015.
8656:. CRC Press. p. 707.
8522:Philosophical Transactions
8516:Priestley, Joseph (1775).
7980:Pure and Applied Chemistry
7746:. Servomex. Archived from
7148:
6230:
6101:as the respective oxides,
5960:chemical oxygen generators
5644:
5624:
5609:
5565:
5539:chemical oxygen generators
5533:evolution from oxides and
5401:
5355:
5126:
5123:Build-up in the atmosphere
5115:, peripheral tissues, and
5111:, and decreases along any
4577:
4472:oxygen isotope ratio cycle
4257:
4236:
4215:
4194:
4173:
4152:
4131:
4110:
4091:
4070:
4014:
3902:
3200:
3072:formed as a by-product of
2931:
2618:French Academy of Sciences
2498:
2464:
2256:
2114:, in 1773 or earlier, and
1247:when liquid (at
1120:group 16 (chalcogens)
483:
351:
291:
231:
206:
18:
14408:
14285:
14204:
14125:
13825:
13530:
13359:
13188:
13107:
13026:
12999:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12910:
12905:
12898:
12626:Chiles, James R. (2001).
12087:Chemistry of the Elements
12085:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
11957:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11904:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11670:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11553:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11508:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11398:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11235:The Astrophysical Journal
11178:The Astrophysical Journal
10351:Walker, J. C. G. (1980).
10123:Chemistry of the Elements
10121:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
9468:"Air solubility in water"
9199:Stwertka, Albert (1998).
8574:Chemistry of the Elements
8572:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
8355:Marples, Frater James A.
8302:10.1007/s10698-015-9220-5
6999:
6994:
6588:silicates in the form of
6181:metal cutting and welding
5962:above each seat, causing
5738:Carbon monoxide poisoning
5689:pulmonary artery pressure
5594:oxygen is passed through
5503:pressure swing adsorption
5394:thin oxygen atmospheres.
4775:oxidative phosphorylation
4629:of water during oxygenic
4425:biochemical oxygen demand
4054:
3409:Specific heat (kJ/kg °C)
3265: (mL) of oxygen per
3227:for every 2 molecules of
2652:In 1891 Scottish chemist
2414:Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
1900:8. It is a member of the
1836:
1832:
1815:
1802:
1787:
1759:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1680:
1667:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1619:
1598:
1585:
1575:
1551:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1501:
1491:
1477:
1448:
1438:
1408:
1403:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1245:
1231:
1217:
1199:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1152:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1094:
1071:
186:
178:
174:
160:
153:
149:
145:
119:
103:
99:
89:
63:
58:
42:
12494:Donald, Kenneth (1992).
12463:10.1136/bmj.317.7164.996
12346:(3): 234. Archived from
12185:"Water Hydrogen Bonding"
11737:. Divers Alert Network.
10808:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955
10608:August 12, 2017, at the
9905:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
9719:Holman, Jack P. (2002).
9495:The Physiology of Fishes
8323:Morris, Richard (2003).
8289:Foundations of Chemistry
8129:Jastrow, Joseph (1936).
8062:, 7th edition. Freeman.
7699:
7043:Precautionary statements
6448:is usually around 0.05.
5881:atmospheric diving suits
5685:congestive heart failure
5683:, some heart disorders (
3952:but some is made in the
3382:. The absorption in the
3279:(milliliters per liter)
3193:Liquid oxygen boiling (O
2421:Lavoisier's contribution
2385:Treatise on Air and Fire
1307:) 6.82 kJ/mol
11834:Aviat Space Environ Med
10917:10.1126/science.1260670
10750:Biological Science, 2nd
10747:Freeman, Scott (2005).
10708:March 11, 2020, at the
9233:"Atomic oxygen erosion"
9094:10.1126/science.1077642
8652:Daintith, John (1994).
8636:A Treatise on Chemistry
8206:Encyclopædia Britannica
7805:oxygen evolving complex
7509:Hypoxia (environmental)
7310:surface-supplied diving
7304:can also occur in deep
5764:from the heme group of
5511:vacuum swing adsorption
5443:of liquefied air, with
5441:fractional distillation
5412:Fractional distillation
5245:Great Oxygenation Event
5030:An adult human at rest
5025:Great Oxygenation Event
4997:hypersensitive response
4948:Reactive oxygen species
4937:Until the discovery of
4514:primordial solar nebula
4021:Category:Oxide minerals
3362:fractional distillation
3253:). At 25 °C and 1
3082:corrosion of spacecraft
2769:, two oxygen atoms are
2631:Jagiellonian University
2573:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
2359:. In Bugaj's view, the
2102:Oxygen was isolated by
2008:as a waste product. In
1985:in the form of oxides.
21:Oxygen (disambiguation)
12766:
12746:Listen to this article
12586:10.1136/bmj.1.4507.712
12537:10.1136/bmj.1.4506.667
11470:Piantadosi CA (2004).
10958:Dole, Malcolm (1965).
10493:. September 27, 2007.
10429:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30
10025:Alchemy of the Heavens
10022:Croswell, Ken (1996).
8771:. NASA. Archived from
8695:10.1098/rsnr.2013.0047
8535:10.1098/rstl.1775.0039
8230:. Thomson Gale. 2005.
8034:Weast, Robert (1984).
7398:
7302:central nervous system
7205:mechanical ventilators
7160:
7090:
6985:Safety and precautions
6763:
6679:, which feature metal–
6671:Oxygen also acts as a
6438:
6353:
6258:
6097:impurities and excess
6067:
6023:applications, such as
5815:
5746:decompression sickness
5642:
5579:
5424:
5366:and in the search for
5222:banded iron formations
5204:before photosynthetic
5197:
4748:adenosine triphosphate
4627:light-driven splitting
4622:
4456:
4349:
3974:evolved, massive stars
3914:
3198:
3024:) is usually known as
2950:
2840:
2802:electron configuration
2740:
2649:
2577:Alexander von Humboldt
2556:
2433:
2329:
2212:classical element fire
2126:was coined in 1777 by
2099:and thus a pollutant.
2023:Many major classes of
1507:
1154:Electron configuration
105:Standard atomic weight
12765:
12685:Emsley, John (2001).
12568:Donald K. W. (1947).
12519:Donald K. W. (1947).
12445:Wilmshurst P (1998).
12372:Cook & Lauer 1968
12353:on September 22, 2015
12287:Cook & Lauer 1968
12275:Cook & Lauer 1968
12250:Crabtree, R. (2001).
12238:Cook & Lauer 1968
12126:July 9, 2018, at the
12091:Butterworth-Heinemann
12083:Greenwood, Norman N.
12070:Cook & Lauer 1968
12025:on September 28, 2007
11981:FDA Consumer Magazine
11424:on September 12, 2008
11299:Cook & Lauer 1968
11145:10.1089/ast.2014.1231
10127:Butterworth-Heinemann
10119:Greenwood, Norman N.
9203:Guide to the Elements
8860:May 30, 2020, at the
8743:How Products are Made
8578:Butterworth-Heinemann
8570:Greenwood, Norman N.
8477:Cook & Lauer 1968
8391:Bugaj, Roman (1971).
8177:Cook & Lauer 1968
7988:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
7803:complex known as the
7381:Command Module. Pure
7376:
7158:
7089:
6740:
6439:
6384:. Many oxides of the
6343:
6240:
6042:
5797:
5632:
5573:
5518:electrolysis of water
5470:is left as a liquid.
5419:
5398:Industrial production
5368:extraterrestrial life
5271:to produce much more
5136:
5062:Arterial blood oxygen
4898:). Other animals use
4722:+ water + sunlight →
4592:
4561:signal-to-noise ratio
4520:wafer exposed to the
4451:500 million years of
4450:
4335:
3912:
3192:
2941:
2843:In the triplet form,
2838:
2733:
2709:Auburn, Massachusetts
2660:and British engineer
2647:
2548:
2428:
2353:thermal decomposition
2324:
2202:writer on mechanics,
2093:ultraviolet radiation
1506:
1255:1.141 g/cm
12797:More spoken articles
12496:Oxygen and the Diver
12392:on December 13, 2007
12051:on February 11, 2009
11925:Undersea Hyperb. Med
9591:on February 27, 2008
9175:on December 14, 2007
8970:on December 17, 2007
8952:Subcommittee G-4.05.
8397:Biblioteka Problemów
8132:Story of Human Error
7377:The interior of the
7072:(fire diamond)
6408:
6335:van der Waals forces
6193:oxyacetylene welding
6191:. Oxygen is used in
6183:, as an oxidizer in
6125:. The reactions are
5253:Cellular respiration
4752:photophosphorylation
4490:Planetary geologists
4358:biogeochemical cycle
4317:have much less. The
3954:neon burning process
3388:Schumann–Runge bands
2995:cellular respiration
2934:Allotropes of oxygen
2870:between neighboring
2626:Louis Paul Cailletet
2369:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
2240:Mayow observed that
2235:spiritus nitroaereus
2163:life support systems
2149:of steels and other
2108:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
2002:cellular respiration
1979:changed considerably
1659:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1577:Thermal conductivity
1493:Van der Waals radius
1299:Heat of vaporization
83:Allotropes of oxygen
12447:"Diving and oxygen"
12384:Wade, Mark (2007).
12154:2006JChPh.125r1101M
11999:on October 18, 2007
11803:1994AcAau..32...39M
11476:Undersea Hyperb Med
11366:Undersea Hyperb Med
11247:1998ApJ...499..475H
11200:2014ApJ...785L..20W
11137:2015AsBio..15..119L
11035:2021NatGe..14..138O
10909:2015Sci...348.1238P
10854:2009Gbio....7....1B
10799:1999PNAS...9610955B
10674:10.1038/nature12426
10666:2013Natur.501..535C
10519:(October 3, 2013).
10224:2008Natur.452..259H
10080:on October 26, 2007
9706:10.1021/cr60272a004
9624:1972JPCRD...1..423K
9438:1998Natur.393..767S
9407:10.1021/j100366a020
9364:10.1038/nature05174
9356:2006Natur.443..201L
9085:2002Sci...298.2195W
9079:(5601): 2195–2219.
8906:Biochemistry Online
8900:Jakubowski, Henry.
8815:Scripps Institute.
8775:on November 8, 2007
8615:on January 17, 2008
8200:"Mayow, John"
8079:Hall, John (2011).
8060:Chemical Principles
7527:Ocean deoxygenation
6991:
6794:(R-CO-O-CO-R); and
6291:dioxygen difluoride
5932:fixed-wing aircraft
5635:oxygen concentrator
5546:membranes based on
5370:oxygen is a strong
5237:anaerobic organisms
5050:
4736:thylakoid membranes
4460:Paleoclimatologists
4427:, or the amount of
4393:Physical properties
4043:
3948:process in massive
3346:Rayleigh scattering
3280:
3255:standard atmosphere
3185:Physical properties
2997:. Other aspects of
2943:Space-filling model
2607:Raoul Pierre Pictet
2412:The French chemist
2345:Michael Sendivogius
2104:Michael Sendivogius
2049:inorganic compounds
1922:that readily forms
1655:Michael Sendivogius
1450:Ionization energies
1328:Vapor pressure
1313:Molar heat capacity
1175:Physical properties
1167:Electrons per shell
39:
15536:E-number additives
15516:Reactive nonmetals
15511:Diatomic nonmetals
12767:
12652:General references
12411:Martin, Lawrence.
11874:Acott, C. (1999).
11640:Acott, C. (1999).
10976:10.1085/jgp.49.1.5
10526:The New York Times
9138:10.1007/BF02537155
9008:10.1093/jxb/erh237
8950:ASTM International
8797:A school chemistry
8228:World of Chemistry
7730:wave-like particle
7534:, a lack of oxygen
7399:
7326:pulmonary fibrosis
7297:partial pressure.
7161:
7091:
6989:
6764:
6434:
6354:
6259:
6068:
5977:Oxygen, as a mild
5830:as a low-pressure
5818:An application of
5816:
5798:Low-pressure pure
5770:anaerobic bacteria
5643:
5580:
5425:
5249:oxygen catastrophe
5202:Earth's atmosphere
5198:
5109:respiratory system
5057:Alveolar pulmonary
5044:
4769:Oxygen is used in
4623:
4526:Genesis spacecraft
4457:
4350:
4291:Earth's atmosphere
4037:
4025:Stellar population
3944:at the end of the
3915:
3905:Isotopes of oxygen
3384:Herzberg continuum
3276:
3199:
3074:automobile exhaust
2951:
2841:
2779:molecular orbitals
2741:
2650:
2635:Zygmunt Wróblewski
2557:
2526:The Botanic Garden
2434:
2375:(HgO) and various
2330:
2204:Philo of Byzantium
2087:helps protect the
2018:circulatory system
1977:, though this has
1975:Earth's atmosphere
1682:Isotopes of oxygen
1662: (1604, 1771)
1524:Natural occurrence
1514:
1508:
1078:
1061:
31:
15506:Chemical elements
15488:
15487:
14366:
14365:
14198:chemical elements
14161:
14160:
14154:
14153:
14120:
14119:
12763:
12731:978-0-7167-1007-3
12716:Biology of Plants
12704:978-0-19-850340-8
12641:978-0-06-662082-4
12505:978-1-85421-176-7
12419:. David McAuley.
12333:"Oxygen Toxicity"
12261:978-0-471-18423-2
12221:978-0-7487-7516-3
12162:10.1063/1.2387163
12130:pp. 73, 320.
12100:978-0-08-037941-8
11791:Acta Astronautica
11574:J. Hyperbaric Med
11529:J. Hyperbaric Med
11445:"Carbon Monoxide"
11273:. UIG Inc. 2003.
11013:Nature Geoscience
10903:(6240): 1238–41.
10764:978-0-13-140941-5
10733:978-0-8053-7171-0
10635:978-0-7645-7419-1
10489:(Press release).
10472:978-0-387-98701-9
10381:978-0-13-048450-5
10325:978-1-4289-2397-3
10136:978-0-08-037941-8
10035:978-0-385-47214-2
9893:Chinese Physics C
9666:978-1-4020-3824-2
9632:10.1063/1.3253101
9535:978-0-8493-0595-5
9504:978-0-8493-2022-4
9218:978-0-19-508083-4
9052:978-0-85186-283-5
8663:978-0-7503-0287-6
8587:978-0-08-037941-8
8338:978-0-309-08905-0
8237:978-0-669-32727-4
8142:978-0-8369-0568-7
8115:978-0-19-856878-0
8090:978-1-4160-4574-8
8068:978-1-4641-8395-9
8020:978-1-62708-155-9
7726:quantum mechanics
7713:chemical affinity
7532:Hypoxia (medical)
7328:. Exposure to an
7181:partial pressures
7129:Chemical compound
7127:
7126:
7029:Hazard statements
6959:organic compounds
6733:Organic compounds
6579:silicate minerals
6567:calcium carbonate
6432:
6415:
6386:transition metals
6358:electronegativity
6327:covalently bonded
6321:) is an oxide of
6295:oxygen difluoride
6283:hypofluorous acid
6003:American football
5861:underwater divers
5675:is used to treat
5548:zirconium dioxide
5458:as a vapor while
5269:aerobic organisms
5101:
5100:
5065:Venous blood gas
4968:hydrogen peroxide
4267:
4266:
4017:Silicate minerals
3935:natural abundance
3896:
3895:
3406:Density (kg/m^3)
3315:
3314:
2906:organic molecules
2749:molecular formula
2693:Robert H. Goddard
2564:atomic hypothesis
2550:Robert H. Goddard
2533:, grandfather of
2491:in 1777 from the
2430:Antoine Lavoisier
2357:potassium nitrate
2299:Georg Ernst Stahl
2288:phlogiston theory
2272:Mikhail Lomonosov
2259:Phlogiston theory
2253:Phlogiston theory
2216:Leonardo da Vinci
2190:Early experiments
2155:rocket propellant
2128:Antoine Lavoisier
2025:organic molecules
1961:with the formula
1879:
1878:
1828:
1827:
1672:Antoine Lavoisier
1587:Magnetic ordering
1535:Crystal structure
1509:
1497:152 pm
1440:Electronegativity
1404:Atomic properties
1398:
1397:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1059:
1051:
1050:
777:Mercury (element)
161:in the
15548:
15541:Oxidizing agents
15476:
15462:
15448:
15434:
15420:
15406:
15392:
15382:
15375:
15364:
14598:
14597:
14596:
14588:
14587:
14402:Oxygen compounds
14395:
14388:
14381:
14372:
14371:
14359:
14349:
14339:
14329:
14319:
14309:
14299:
14278:
14268:
14258:
14248:
14238:
14228:
14218:
14188:
14181:
14174:
14165:
14164:
14130:
14129:
14116:
14114:
14107:
14105:
14098:
14096:
14089:
14087:
14080:
14078:
14071:
14069:
14062:
14060:
14053:
14051:
14044:
14042:
14035:
14033:
14026:
14024:
14017:
14015:
14008:
14006:
13999:
13997:
13990:
13988:
13981:
13979:
13972:
13970:
13963:
13961:
13954:
13952:
13945:
13943:
13936:
13934:
13927:
13925:
13918:
13916:
13909:
13907:
13900:
13898:
13891:
13889:
13882:
13880:
13873:
13871:
13864:
13862:
13855:
13853:
13846:
13844:
13837:
13835:
13821:
13819:
13812:
13810:
13803:
13801:
13794:
13792:
13785:
13783:
13776:
13774:
13767:
13765:
13758:
13756:
13749:
13747:
13740:
13738:
13731:
13729:
13722:
13720:
13713:
13711:
13704:
13702:
13695:
13693:
13686:
13684:
13677:
13675:
13668:
13666:
13659:
13657:
13650:
13648:
13641:
13639:
13632:
13630:
13623:
13621:
13614:
13612:
13605:
13603:
13596:
13594:
13587:
13585:
13578:
13576:
13569:
13567:
13560:
13558:
13551:
13549:
13542:
13540:
13526:
13524:
13517:
13515:
13508:
13506:
13499:
13497:
13490:
13488:
13481:
13479:
13472:
13470:
13463:
13461:
13454:
13452:
13445:
13443:
13436:
13434:
13427:
13425:
13418:
13416:
13409:
13407:
13400:
13398:
13391:
13389:
13380:
13378:
13371:
13369:
13355:
13353:
13346:
13344:
13337:
13335:
13328:
13326:
13319:
13317:
13310:
13308:
13301:
13299:
13292:
13290:
13283:
13281:
13274:
13272:
13265:
13263:
13256:
13254:
13247:
13245:
13238:
13236:
13229:
13227:
13220:
13218:
13209:
13207:
13200:
13198:
13184:
13182:
13175:
13173:
13166:
13164:
13157:
13155:
13148:
13146:
13139:
13137:
13128:
13126:
13119:
13117:
13103:
13101:
13094:
13092:
13085:
13083:
13076:
13074:
13067:
13065:
13058:
13056:
13047:
13045:
13038:
13036:
13022:
13020:
13011:
13009:
12901:
12885:
12878:
12871:
12862:
12861:
12787:
12785:
12774:
12773:
12764:
12754:
12752:
12747:
12735:
12719:
12708:
12681:
12663:
12646:
12645:
12633:
12623:
12617:
12614:
12608:
12607:
12597:
12580:(4507): 712–17.
12565:
12559:
12558:
12548:
12531:(4506): 667–72.
12516:
12510:
12509:
12491:
12485:
12484:
12474:
12457:(7164): 996–99.
12442:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12408:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12381:
12375:
12369:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12358:
12352:
12337:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12311:
12304:
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12247:
12241:
12235:
12226:
12225:
12207:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12137:
12131:
12112:
12106:
12104:
12089:(2nd ed.).
12079:
12073:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12047:. Archived from
12041:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12019:"Ergogenic Aids"
12015:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12004:
11995:. Archived from
11972:
11963:
11962:
11956:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11916:
11910:
11909:
11903:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11871:
11858:
11857:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11786:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11772:
11757:
11751:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11731:
11725:
11724:
11722:
11716:. Archived from
11691:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11669:
11661:
11659:
11657:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11617:. Archived from
11610:
11604:
11603:
11597:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11552:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11507:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11451:on July 25, 2008
11447:. Archived from
11440:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11420:. Archived from
11410:
11404:
11403:
11397:
11389:
11387:
11385:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11332:
11308:
11302:
11296:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11267:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11193:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11156:
11130:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11061:
11055:
11054:
11028:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10987:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10820:
10810:
10793:(20): 10955–57.
10778:
10769:
10768:
10744:
10738:
10737:
10719:
10713:
10700:
10694:
10693:
10660:(7468): 535–38.
10649:
10640:
10639:
10628:. Cliffs Notes.
10619:
10613:
10600:
10591:
10578:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10549:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10441:
10431:
10407:
10401:
10395:
10386:
10385:
10373:
10363:
10357:
10356:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10337:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10280:
10260:
10254:
10253:
10235:
10203:
10197:
10191:
10182:
10176:
10155:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10125:(2nd ed.).
10115:
10109:
10103:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10085:
10070:
10064:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9890:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9864:
9849:
9838:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9807:
9794:
9793:
9787:
9779:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9716:
9710:
9709:
9694:Chemical Reviews
9689:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9678:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9607:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9590:
9583:
9575:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9432:(6687): 767–69.
9417:
9411:
9410:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9350:(7108): 201–04.
9341:
9340:
9339:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9296:
9287:
9286:
9258:
9249:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9239:on June 13, 2007
9235:. Archived from
9229:
9223:
9222:
9206:
9196:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9096:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9040:
9031:Harrison, Roy M.
9027:
9021:
9020:
9010:
9001:(411): 337–346.
8986:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8948:. Philadelphia:
8937:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8871:
8865:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8735:
8724:
8718:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8649:
8640:
8639:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8576:(2nd ed.).
8566:
8560:
8559:
8551:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8480:
8474:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8388:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8368:
8361:
8352:
8343:
8342:
8330:
8320:
8314:
8313:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8220:
8211:
8210:
8202:
8191:
8180:
8174:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8076:
8070:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8031:
8025:
8024:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7952:
7937:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7889:
7883:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7793:
7787:
7776:
7770:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7750:on March 8, 2008
7739:
7733:
7722:
7716:
7709:
7694:
7693:from Wikiversity
7686:
7685:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7643:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7606:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7569:
7543:Oxygen compounds
7522:
7521:
7520:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7228:premature babies
7222:
7221:
7220:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7082:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7036:
7022:
6992:
6988:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6932:acetic anhydride
6913:
6911:
6910:
6902:
6901:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6876:
6875:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6784:carboxylic acids
6760:
6754:
6748:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6619:
6618:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6598:
6597:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6546:
6545:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6514:
6513:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6416:
6413:
6404:) is written as
6394:chemical formula
6344:Oxides, such as
6320:
6318:
6317:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6233:Oxygen compounds
6222:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6140:is reacted with
6124:
6123:
6122:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6014:aerobic exercise
6000:
5999:
5998:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5885:Ambient pressure
5878:
5877:
5876:
5858:surface-supplied
5849:
5848:
5847:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5722:partial pressure
5720:to increase the
5662:
5661:
5660:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5408:Oxygen evolution
5380:celestial bodies
5362:In the field of
5344:
5343:
5342:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5214:Paleoproterozoic
5195:
5194:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5105:partial pressure
5103:The free oxygen
5051:
5043:
5038:Living organisms
5018:
5017:
5016:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4732:oxygen evolution
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4680:
4679:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4537:absorption bands
4516:. Analysis of a
4438:
4437:
4436:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4197:
4176:
4155:
4134:
4113:
4094:
4073:
4044:
4040:Milky Way Galaxy
4036:
3403:Temperature (K)
3400:
3399:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3281:
3275:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3030:upper atmosphere
3023:
3022:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2864:magnetic moments
2854:
2853:
2852:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2781:formed from the
2771:chemically bound
2761:
2760:
2759:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2501:
2500:
2467:
2466:
2443:chemical element
2392:Joseph Priestley
2326:Joseph Priestley
2280:chemical element
2185:History of study
2116:Joseph Priestley
2078:
2077:
2076:
2029:living organisms
2000:need oxygen for
1972:
1971:
1970:
1930:. Oxygen is the
1886:chemical element
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:Category: Oxygen
1841:
1840:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1745:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1676:
1663:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1562:
1553:Lattice constant
1519:Other properties
1418:
1410:Oxidation states
1376:
1372:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1252:
1238:
1190:
1189:
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1039:
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997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
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948:
941:
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920:
913:
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899:
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871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
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813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
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573:
566:
559:
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496:
489:
478:
471:
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455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
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378:
371:
364:
357:
348:
341:
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272:
265:
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237:
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197:
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133:
131:
115:
81:) and more (see
47:
40:
38:
30:
15556:
15555:
15551:
15550:
15549:
15547:
15546:
15545:
15531:Breathing gases
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15489:
15484:
15474:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15456:
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15446:
15442:
15437:
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14884:
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13151:
13144:
13142:
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13124:
13122:
13115:
13113:
13099:
13097:
13090:
13088:
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13072:
13070:
13063:
13061:
13054:
13052:
13043:
13041:
13034:
13032:
13018:
13016:
13007:
13005:
12894:
12889:
12825:
12801:
12800:
12789:
12783:
12781:
12778:This audio file
12775:
12768:
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12756:
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12742:
12732:
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12177:
12138:
12134:
12128:Wayback Machine
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12080:
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11759:
11758:
11754:
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11728:
11720:
11689:
11683:
11679:
11663:
11662:
11655:
11653:
11638:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11621:on July 5, 2008
11611:
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11005:
11001:
10956:
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10942:
10940:
10889:
10885:
10838:
10834:
10779:
10772:
10765:
10745:
10741:
10734:
10720:
10716:
10710:Wayback Machine
10701:
10697:
10650:
10643:
10636:
10620:
10616:
10610:Wayback Machine
10601:
10594:
10588:Wayback Machine
10579:
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10560:
10551:
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10534:
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10510:
10500:
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10484:
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10396:
10389:
10382:
10364:
10360:
10349:
10345:
10335:
10333:
10326:
10308:
10304:
10297:
10278:10.1.1.473.9500
10261:
10257:
10233:10.1038/452259a
10204:
10200:
10192:
10185:
10177:
10158:
10148:
10144:
10137:
10129:. p. 602.
10116:
10112:
10104:
10093:
10083:
10081:
10072:
10071:
10067:
10059:
10055:
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9964:
9954:
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9943:
9942:
9938:
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9912:
9888:
9882:
9878:
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9862:
9847:
9839:
9830:
9820:
9818:
9809:
9808:
9797:
9781:
9780:
9768:
9752:
9748:
9733:
9717:
9713:
9690:
9686:
9676:
9674:
9667:
9651:
9647:
9608:
9604:
9594:
9592:
9588:
9581:
9577:
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9548:
9547:
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9516:
9512:
9505:
9491:
9487:
9477:
9475:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9418:
9414:
9391:
9387:
9338:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9314:
9312:
9297:
9290:
9269:(21): 4062–65.
9259:
9252:
9242:
9240:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9219:
9197:
9188:
9178:
9176:
9165:
9161:
9122:
9118:
9064:
9060:
9053:
9028:
9024:
8987:
8983:
8973:
8971:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8938:
8925:
8915:
8913:
8898:
8894:
8884:
8882:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8862:Wayback Machine
8843:
8836:
8826:
8824:
8813:
8809:
8792:
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8767:
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8752:
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8675:
8671:
8664:
8650:
8643:
8632:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:. p. 793.
8567:
8563:
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8543:
8514:
8510:
8502:
8483:
8475:
8454:
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8442:
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8284:
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8192:
8183:
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8102:
8098:
8091:
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8073:
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7954:
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7908:
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7906:
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7896:
7895:
7894:
7892:
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7886:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7794:
7790:
7777:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7753:
7751:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7723:
7719:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7663:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7636:
7631:
7629:
7625:from Wiktionary
7619:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7605:sister projects
7602:at Knowledge's
7596:
7586:
7584:
7574:
7572:
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7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7499:
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7457:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7424:
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7420:
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7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7371:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7332:
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7320:
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7315:
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7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
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7281:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:Breathing pure
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7153:
7151:Oxygen toxicity
7147:
7130:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7088:
7080:
7045:
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7015:
6987:
6969:
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6883:
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6879:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6792:acid anhydrides
6762:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6735:
6724:
6720:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
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6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6596:
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6592:
6591:
6589:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:iron(III) oxide
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:aluminium oxide
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6469:Earth's crustal
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6429:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6360:, oxygen forms
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6263:oxidation state
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6235:
6229:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6189:water treatment
6158:ethylene glycol
6148:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6037:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5968:sodium chlorate
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5925:oxygen toxicity
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5762:carbon monoxide
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5718:oxygen chambers
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5641:patient's house
5627:
5622:
5608:
5596:heat exchangers
5568:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5414:
5400:
5360:
5354:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5113:arterial system
5058:
5048:
5040:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:on Earth until
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4864:red blood cells
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4445:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4313:by volume) and
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4283:silicon dioxide
4263:
4258:
4242:
4237:
4221:
4216:
4200:
4195:
4179:
4174:
4158:
4153:
4137:
4132:
4116:
4111:
4097:
4092:
4076:
4071:
4035:
4013:
3907:
3901:
3424:Prandtl Number
3396:
3366:liquid nitrogen
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3278:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3196:
3187:
3179:superconducting
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:, is in fact a
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3078:low earth orbit
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2868:exchange energy
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2783:atomic orbitals
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2728:
2723:
2721:Characteristics
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:and compressed
2662:William Hampson
2639:Karol Olszewski
2581:Amedeo Avogadro
2543:
2510:-γενής (-genēs)
2485:
2423:
2319:
2261:
2255:
2192:
2187:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1920:oxidizing agent
1871:
1846:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1743:
1736:
1729:abundance
1702:
1684:
1674:
1661:
1657:
1639:7782-44-7
1610:
1606:
1604:
1563:
1479:Covalent radius
1473:
1414:
1399:
1374:
1342:
1320:
1306:
1288:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1208:
1183:
1099:
1095:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
476:
469:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
346:
339:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
286:
279:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
226:
219:
210:
201:
141:
129:
127:
113:
107:
94:
76:
72:
54:
53:glowing purple.
36:
32:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15554:
15544:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15376:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15356:
15351:
15347:
15343:
15338:
15334:
15330:
15326:
15321:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15289:
15285:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15268:
15264:
15260:
15256:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15231:
15227:
15223:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15191:
15186:
15182:
15178:
15174:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15140:
15136:
15132:
15128:
15124:
15120:
15116:
15112:
15108:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15088:
15084:
15080:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15064:
15060:
15056:
15052:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15036:
15031:
15027:
15023:
15019:
15014:
15010:
15005:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14980:
14976:
14971:
14967:
14962:
14958:
14953:
14949:
14945:
14941:
14936:
14932:
14928:
14924:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14903:
14899:
14895:
14891:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14854:
14850:
14845:
14841:
14837:
14833:
14829:
14825:
14821:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14805:
14801:
14797:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14761:
14757:
14752:
14748:
14744:
14740:
14736:
14732:
14728:
14724:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14708:
14704:
14700:
14696:
14692:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14655:
14651:
14647:
14643:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14625:
14621:
14617:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14600:
14593:
14584:
14576:
14572:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14520:
14516:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14498:
14494:
14490:
14486:
14482:
14478:
14474:
14470:
14466:
14462:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14434:
14430:
14426:
14422:
14418:
14414:
14409:
14406:
14405:
14398:
14397:
14390:
14383:
14375:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14289:
14287:
14283:
14282:
14280:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14208:
14206:
14202:
14201:
14191:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14168:
14159:
14158:
14152:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14122:
14118:
14117:
14108:
14099:
14090:
14081:
14072:
14063:
14054:
14045:
14036:
14027:
14018:
14009:
14000:
13991:
13982:
13973:
13964:
13955:
13946:
13937:
13928:
13919:
13910:
13901:
13892:
13883:
13874:
13865:
13856:
13847:
13838:
13829:
13823:
13822:
13813:
13804:
13795:
13786:
13777:
13768:
13759:
13750:
13741:
13732:
13723:
13714:
13705:
13696:
13687:
13678:
13669:
13660:
13651:
13642:
13633:
13624:
13615:
13606:
13597:
13588:
13579:
13570:
13561:
13552:
13543:
13534:
13528:
13527:
13518:
13509:
13500:
13491:
13482:
13473:
13464:
13455:
13446:
13437:
13428:
13419:
13410:
13401:
13392:
13383:
13381:
13372:
13363:
13357:
13356:
13347:
13338:
13329:
13320:
13311:
13302:
13293:
13284:
13275:
13266:
13257:
13248:
13239:
13230:
13221:
13212:
13210:
13201:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13176:
13167:
13158:
13149:
13140:
13131:
13129:
13120:
13111:
13105:
13104:
13095:
13086:
13077:
13068:
13059:
13050:
13048:
13039:
13030:
13024:
13023:
13014:
13012:
13003:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12896:
12895:
12892:Periodic table
12888:
12887:
12880:
12873:
12865:
12859:
12858:
12853:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12819:
12814:
12790:
12776:
12769:
12757:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12740:External links
12738:
12737:
12736:
12730:
12709:
12703:
12682:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12647:
12640:
12618:
12609:
12560:
12511:
12504:
12486:
12434:
12403:
12376:
12364:
12323:
12291:
12279:
12267:
12260:
12242:
12227:
12220:
12202:
12175:
12148:(18): 181101.
12132:
12107:
12099:
12074:
12062:
12036:
12010:
11964:
11911:
11859:
11846:10.4271/881071
11824:
11778:
11752:
11726:
11677:
11632:
11605:
11560:
11515:
11462:
11435:
11405:
11352:
11303:
11288:
11262:
11256:10.1086/305604
11221:
11168:
11101:
11074:
11056:
11019:(3): 138–142.
10999:
10950:
10883:
10832:
10770:
10763:
10739:
10732:
10714:
10695:
10641:
10634:
10614:
10592:
10570:
10544:
10508:
10478:
10471:
10453:
10402:
10387:
10380:
10358:
10343:
10324:
10302:
10295:
10255:
10198:
10183:
10156:
10142:
10135:
10110:
10091:
10065:
10053:
10034:
10014:
9988:
9962:
9936:
9910:
9876:
9828:
9795:
9766:
9746:
9731:
9711:
9700:(4): 395–427.
9684:
9665:
9645:
9618:(2): 423–534.
9602:
9567:
9541:
9534:
9510:
9503:
9485:
9459:
9422:Eremets, M. I.
9412:
9401:(3): 1117–22.
9385:
9336:
9322:
9288:
9250:
9224:
9217:
9186:
9167:Chieh, Chung.
9159:
9132:(2): 149–150.
9116:
9058:
9051:
9022:
8981:
8955:
8923:
8892:
8875:"Oxygen Facts"
8866:
8834:
8807:
8786:
8769:"Goddard-1926"
8760:
8725:
8710:
8669:
8662:
8641:
8626:
8593:
8586:
8561:
8541:
8508:
8481:
8452:
8426:
8380:
8344:
8337:
8315:
8278:
8255:
8236:
8212:
8197:, ed. (1911).
8195:Chisholm, Hugh
8181:
8160:
8141:
8121:
8114:
8096:
8089:
8071:
8051:
8044:
8026:
8019:
8001:
7965:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7929:
7921:
7909:
7897:
7884:
7876:polar molecule
7867:
7859:
7846:
7830:
7821:
7788:
7771:
7762:
7734:
7717:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7678:
7676:from Wikibooks
7661:
7659:from Wikiquote
7644:
7627:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7582:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7529:
7524:
7517:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7483:petrochemicals
7458:
7442:
7422:
7387:
7370:
7367:
7359:
7347:
7334:
7318:
7291:
7279:
7267:
7251:
7236:
7217:
7197:
7169:
7149:Main article:
7146:
7143:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7063:
7046:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6996:
6986:
6983:
6979:peracetic acid
6975:ethylene oxide
6967:
6957:. Most of the
6924:glutaraldehyde
6907:
6898:
6881:
6872:
6804:
6761: Hydrogen
6757:
6751:
6745:
6734:
6731:
6722:
6718:
6710:
6685:
6654:
6645:
6636:
6624:
6615:
6603:
6594:
6551:
6542:
6519:
6510:
6501:), aluminium (
6493:, as found in
6487:
6461:
6453:carbon dioxide
6426:
6423:
6420:
6362:chemical bonds
6331:hydrogen bonds
6314:
6302:
6299:
6250:
6231:Main article:
6228:
6225:
6217:
6205:
6154:ethylene oxide
6146:
6119:
6107:
6087:
6049:
6036:
6033:
5995:
5952:
5940:
5917:
5893:
5873:
5844:
5824:
5804:
5791:
5788:
5779:
5754:
5730:
5708:nasal cannulas
5673:Oxygen therapy
5657:
5647:Oxygen therapy
5645:Main article:
5626:
5623:
5607:
5604:
5583:Oxygen storage
5567:
5564:
5556:
5527:
5495:
5479:
5464:
5449:
5433:
5404:Air separation
5399:
5396:
5356:Main article:
5353:
5350:
5339:
5320:
5304:
5287:occurs in all
5281:
5261:
5190:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5127:Main article:
5124:
5121:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5055:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5013:
4985:
4976:
4960:
4928:
4888:
4876:
4853:
4841:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4760:
4734:occurs in the
4728:
4727:
4720:carbon dioxide
4713:
4712:
4706:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4659:
4650:
4631:photosynthesis
4611:
4599:
4586:
4583:
4578:Main article:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4545:remote sensing
4453:climate change
4444:
4441:
4433:
4417:
4409:eutrophication
4397:Water polluted
4385:
4366:photosynthesis
4342:
4323:
4307:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4033:Astrochemistry
4029:Cosmochemistry
4012:
4009:
3903:Main article:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3394:
3368:as a coolant.
3354:
3334:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3233:
3221:
3194:
3186:
3183:
3167:
3155:
3136:
3117:
3101:
3050:
3038:
3018:
3003:
2990:
2978:
2967:
2946:
2932:Main article:
2929:
2926:
2922:singlet oxygen
2898:
2890:Singlet oxygen
2876:
2855:molecules are
2849:
2826:triplet oxygen
2818:
2756:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2682:
2658:Carl von Linde
2614:sulfur dioxide
2585:Avogadro's law
2542:
2539:
2535:Charles Darwin
2531:Erasmus Darwin
2484:
2481:
2422:
2419:
2373:mercuric oxide
2318:
2315:
2257:Main article:
2254:
2251:
2206:. In his work
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2159:oxygen therapy
2073:
2057:photosynthesis
2006:carbon dioxide
1967:
1909:periodic table
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1773:
1771:122.266 s
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:Main isotopes
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1621:Speed of sound
1617:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:Spectral lines
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1281:Heat of fusion
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:Critical point
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1241:1.429 g/L
1239:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
823:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
597:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
482:
480:
473:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
350:
343:
335:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
290:
283:
275:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
230:
223:
215:
214:
207:
205:
195:
184:
183:
181:periodic table
179:Oxygen in the
176:
175:
172:
171:
165:
158:
157:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
111:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:gas: colorless
91:
87:
86:
74:
70:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:discharge tube
49:Oxygen-filled
48:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15553:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15498:
15496:
15481:
15478:
15475:
15464:
15461:
15450:
15447:
15436:
15433:
15422:
15419:
15408:
15405:
15394:
15391:
15384:
15381:
15377:
15374:
15366:
15363:
15352:
15350:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15327:
15325:
15318:
15316:
15310:
15308:
15298:
15296:
15286:
15284:
15274:
15272:
15265:
15263:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15240:
15238:
15232:
15230:
15224:
15222:
15212:
15210:
15200:
15198:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15158:
15156:
15146:
15144:
15137:
15135:
15125:
15123:
15113:
15111:
15105:
15103:
15097:
15095:
15085:
15083:
15073:
15071:
15061:
15059:
15049:
15047:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15020:
15018:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
14998:
14996:
14986:
14984:
14977:
14975:
14968:
14966:
14959:
14957:
14950:
14948:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14925:
14923:
14916:
14914:
14904:
14902:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14875:
14873:
14863:
14861:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14834:
14832:
14826:
14824:
14814:
14812:
14802:
14800:
14790:
14788:
14782:
14780:
14770:
14768:
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14741:
14739:
14729:
14727:
14717:
14715:
14705:
14703:
14693:
14691:
14684:
14682:
14676:
14674:
14664:
14662:
14652:
14650:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14614:
14612:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14577:
14575:
14565:
14563:
14553:
14551:
14545:
14543:
14533:
14531:
14525:
14523:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14491:
14489:
14479:
14477:
14467:
14465:
14455:
14453:
14443:
14441:
14435:
14433:
14423:
14421:
14411:
14410:
14407:
14403:
14396:
14391:
14389:
14384:
14382:
14377:
14376:
14373:
14369:
14358:
14351:
14348:
14341:
14338:
14331:
14328:
14321:
14318:
14311:
14308:
14301:
14298:
14291:
14290:
14288:
14284:
14277:
14270:
14267:
14260:
14257:
14250:
14247:
14240:
14237:
14230:
14227:
14220:
14217:
14210:
14209:
14207:
14203:
14199:
14196:
14189:
14184:
14182:
14177:
14175:
14170:
14169:
14166:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14131:
14124:
14115:
14106:
14097:
14088:
14079:
14070:
14061:
14052:
14043:
14034:
14025:
14016:
14007:
13998:
13989:
13980:
13971:
13962:
13953:
13944:
13935:
13926:
13917:
13908:
13899:
13890:
13881:
13872:
13863:
13854:
13845:
13836:
13828:
13824:
13820:
13811:
13802:
13793:
13784:
13775:
13766:
13757:
13748:
13739:
13730:
13721:
13712:
13703:
13694:
13685:
13676:
13667:
13658:
13649:
13640:
13631:
13622:
13613:
13604:
13595:
13586:
13577:
13568:
13559:
13550:
13541:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13516:
13507:
13498:
13489:
13480:
13471:
13462:
13453:
13444:
13435:
13426:
13417:
13408:
13399:
13390:
13379:
13370:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13345:
13336:
13327:
13318:
13309:
13300:
13291:
13282:
13273:
13264:
13255:
13246:
13237:
13228:
13219:
13208:
13199:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13174:
13165:
13156:
13147:
13138:
13127:
13118:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13093:
13084:
13075:
13066:
13057:
13046:
13037:
13029:
13025:
13021:
13010:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12902:
12897:
12893:
12886:
12881:
12879:
12874:
12872:
12867:
12866:
12863:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12847:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12812:
12811:
12806:
12803:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12779:
12733:
12727:
12723:
12718:
12717:
12710:
12706:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12662:
12656:
12655:
12643:
12637:
12632:
12631:
12622:
12613:
12605:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12564:
12556:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12515:
12507:
12501:
12497:
12490:
12482:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12456:
12452:
12448:
12441:
12439:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12407:
12391:
12387:
12386:"Space Suits"
12380:
12373:
12368:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12308:
12301:
12295:
12288:
12283:
12276:
12271:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12246:
12239:
12234:
12232:
12223:
12217:
12213:
12206:
12190:
12186:
12179:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12159:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12142:J. Chem. Phys
12136:
12129:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12102:
12096:
12092:
12088:
12084:
12078:
12071:
12066:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12024:
12020:
12014:
11998:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11971:
11969:
11960:
11954:
11943:September 21,
11938:
11934:
11930:
11926:
11922:
11915:
11907:
11901:
11890:September 21,
11885:
11881:
11877:
11870:
11868:
11866:
11864:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11843:
11840:(5): 415–21.
11839:
11835:
11828:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11785:
11783:
11766:
11762:
11756:
11740:
11736:
11730:
11719:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11688:
11681:
11673:
11667:
11656:September 22,
11651:
11647:
11643:
11636:
11625:September 22,
11620:
11616:
11609:
11601:
11595:
11584:September 22,
11579:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11556:
11550:
11539:September 22,
11534:
11530:
11526:
11519:
11511:
11505:
11494:September 22,
11489:
11485:
11482:(1): 167–77.
11481:
11477:
11473:
11466:
11455:September 22,
11450:
11446:
11439:
11428:September 22,
11423:
11419:
11415:
11409:
11401:
11395:
11384:September 22,
11379:
11375:
11372:(3): 185–88.
11371:
11367:
11363:
11356:
11348:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11323:(9): 938–40.
11322:
11318:
11314:
11307:
11300:
11295:
11293:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11257:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11241:(1): 475–81.
11240:
11236:
11232:
11225:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11172:
11164:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11121:(2): 119–43.
11120:
11116:
11112:
11105:
11089:
11085:
11078:
11070:
11066:
11060:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11003:
10995:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10954:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10887:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10836:
10828:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10788:
10784:
10777:
10775:
10766:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10751:
10743:
10735:
10729:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10707:
10704:
10699:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10648:
10646:
10637:
10631:
10627:
10626:
10618:
10611:
10607:
10604:
10599:
10597:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10577:
10575:
10558:
10554:
10548:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10522:
10518:
10512:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10482:
10474:
10468:
10464:
10457:
10449:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10394:
10392:
10383:
10377:
10372:
10371:
10362:
10354:
10347:
10331:
10327:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10306:
10298:
10296:0-7803-7929-2
10292:
10288:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10259:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10218:(7185): 259.
10217:
10213:
10209:
10202:
10195:
10190:
10188:
10180:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10153:
10146:
10138:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10114:
10107:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10062:
10057:
10041:
10037:
10031:
10027:
10026:
10018:
10002:
9998:
9992:
9976:
9972:
9966:
9950:
9946:
9940:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9906:
9902:
9899:(3): 030001.
9898:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9845:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9816:
9812:
9806:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9791:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9767:9780471457282
9763:
9759:
9758:
9750:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9732:9780072406559
9728:
9724:
9723:
9722:Heat transfer
9715:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9672:
9668:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9649:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9606:
9587:
9580:
9574:
9572:
9555:
9551:
9545:
9537:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9514:
9506:
9500:
9496:
9489:
9473:
9469:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9446:10.1038/31656
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9395:J. Phys. Chem
9389:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9326:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9295:
9293:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9255:
9238:
9234:
9228:
9220:
9214:
9210:
9205:
9204:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9174:
9170:
9163:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9062:
9054:
9048:
9044:
9039:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8985:
8969:
8965:
8959:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8896:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8839:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8803:
8799:
8798:
8790:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8722:
8717:
8715:
8705:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8689:(4): 355–73.
8688:
8684:
8680:
8673:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8646:
8637:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8557:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8536:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8478:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8399:(in Polish).
8398:
8394:
8387:
8385:
8365:
8358:
8351:
8349:
8340:
8334:
8329:
8328:
8319:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8296:(2): 137–51.
8295:
8291:
8290:
8282:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8208:
8207:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8178:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8125:
8117:
8111:
8107:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8047:
8045:0-8493-0464-4
8041:
8037:
8030:
8022:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7933:
7888:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7850:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7825:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7785:
7784:cyanobacteria
7781:
7775:
7766:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7714:
7708:
7704:
7692:
7691:
7679:
7675:
7674:
7662:
7658:
7657:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7601:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7553:Oxygen sensor
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7475:
7451:
7435:
7434:liquid oxygen
7431:
7416:Concentrated
7414:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7396:
7380:
7375:
7366:
7327:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7260:
7243:
7229:
7226:At one time,
7224:
7210:
7206:
7190:
7186:
7183:, leading to
7182:
7178:
7157:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7135:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6891:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6848:ethyl acetate
6845:
6841:
6840:diethyl ether
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6743:
6739:
6730:
6728:
6716:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6342:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6307:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6224:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6100:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6041:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5910:
5906:
5905:decompression
5902:
5886:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5837:
5834:is in modern
5833:
5832:breathing gas
5813:
5796:
5787:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5612:Breathing gas
5603:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5563:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5536:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5488:
5471:
5457:
5442:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5331:
5327:
5313:
5312:Carboniferous
5297:
5292:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5160:produced; 2)
5135:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5117:venous system
5114:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:gas pressures
5056:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4993:immune system
4969:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4846:
4839:+ 2880 kJ/mol
4780:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4669:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4639:cyanobacteria
4636:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4591:
4581:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4440:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4334:
4330:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4287:Earth's crust
4284:
4280:
4279:Earth's crust
4276:
4272:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3981:radioisotopes
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3946:helium fusion
3943:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3911:
3906:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3203:Liquid oxygen
3191:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3148:
3144:
3130:
3126:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3031:
3027:
3010:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2960:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:immune system
2911:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2732:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:rocket engine
2694:
2689:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:liquid oxygen
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:Later history
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:later became
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2247:Tractatus duo
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2066:
2063:) of oxygen,
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:carbohydrates
2038:
2037:nucleic acids
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:Earth's crust
1980:
1976:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:atomic number
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1872: |
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:product
1752:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:Named by
1666:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:) 0.444
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1237:(at STP)
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1219:Boiling point
1216:
1212:
1209:) 54.36
1204:
1202:
1201:Melting point
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:period 2
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:Atomic number
1093:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
947:Rutherfordium
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
595:
590:
588:
583:
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
466:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
240:
238:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
216:
213:
208:
204:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
177:
173:
170:
166:
164:
163:Earth's crust
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
126:
124:
123:
121:
118:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
88:
84:
80:
68:
66:
62:
57:
52:
46:
41:
33:Oxygen,
26:
22:
14368:
14232:
13080:
12845:
12808:
12715:
12690:
12665:
12629:
12621:
12612:
12577:
12573:
12563:
12528:
12524:
12514:
12495:
12489:
12454:
12450:
12425:. Retrieved
12416:
12406:
12396:December 16,
12394:. Retrieved
12390:the original
12379:
12367:
12355:. Retrieved
12348:the original
12343:
12339:
12326:
12314:. Retrieved
12294:
12282:
12270:
12251:
12245:
12211:
12205:
12193:. Retrieved
12178:
12145:
12141:
12135:
12119:
12110:
12086:
12077:
12065:
12053:. Retrieved
12049:the original
12039:
12027:. Retrieved
12023:the original
12013:
12003:December 23,
12001:. Retrieved
11997:the original
11984:
11980:
11953:cite journal
11941:. Retrieved
11931:(1): 43–49.
11928:
11924:
11914:
11900:cite journal
11888:. Retrieved
11883:
11879:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11797:(1): 39–49.
11794:
11790:
11769:. Retrieved
11755:
11743:. Retrieved
11729:
11718:the original
11700:(1): 43–49.
11697:
11693:
11680:
11666:cite journal
11654:. Retrieved
11649:
11645:
11635:
11623:. Retrieved
11619:the original
11608:
11594:cite journal
11582:. Retrieved
11577:
11573:
11563:
11549:cite journal
11537:. Retrieved
11532:
11528:
11518:
11504:cite journal
11492:. Retrieved
11479:
11475:
11465:
11453:. Retrieved
11449:the original
11438:
11426:. Retrieved
11422:the original
11408:
11394:cite journal
11382:. Retrieved
11369:
11365:
11355:
11320:
11316:
11306:
11281:December 16,
11279:. Retrieved
11265:
11238:
11234:
11224:
11181:
11177:
11171:
11118:
11115:Astrobiology
11114:
11104:
11094:December 29,
11092:. Retrieved
11077:
11068:
11059:
11016:
11012:
11002:
10967:
10963:
10953:
10941:. Retrieved
10900:
10896:
10886:
10845:
10841:
10835:
10790:
10786:
10749:
10742:
10723:
10717:
10698:
10657:
10653:
10624:
10617:
10561:. Retrieved
10547:
10535:. Retrieved
10524:
10517:Zimmer, Carl
10511:
10499:. Retrieved
10481:
10462:
10456:
10419:
10415:
10405:
10369:
10361:
10352:
10346:
10334:. Retrieved
10315:
10305:
10268:
10264:
10258:
10215:
10211:
10201:
10151:
10145:
10122:
10113:
10084:December 16,
10082:. Retrieved
10078:the original
10068:
10056:
10044:. Retrieved
10024:
10017:
10005:. Retrieved
9991:
9979:. Retrieved
9965:
9953:. Retrieved
9939:
9927:. Retrieved
9924:ScienceAlert
9923:
9913:
9896:
9892:
9879:
9867:. Retrieved
9855:
9843:
9821:December 17,
9819:. Retrieved
9756:
9749:
9721:
9714:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9675:. Retrieved
9655:
9648:
9615:
9611:
9605:
9595:December 15,
9593:. Retrieved
9586:the original
9560:December 15,
9558:. Retrieved
9544:
9520:
9513:
9494:
9488:
9478:December 21,
9476:. Retrieved
9462:
9429:
9425:
9415:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9347:
9343:
9325:
9313:. Retrieved
9304:
9266:
9262:
9241:. Retrieved
9237:the original
9227:
9202:
9179:December 16,
9177:. Retrieved
9173:the original
9162:
9129:
9125:
9119:
9076:
9072:
9061:
9036:
9025:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8974:December 15,
8972:. Retrieved
8968:the original
8958:
8945:
8941:
8914:. Retrieved
8905:
8895:
8885:November 14,
8883:. Retrieved
8869:
8854:Google Books
8825:. Retrieved
8810:
8796:
8789:
8779:November 18,
8777:. Retrieved
8773:the original
8763:
8753:December 16,
8751:. Retrieved
8742:
8686:
8682:
8672:
8653:
8635:
8629:
8617:. Retrieved
8613:the original
8607:
8596:
8573:
8564:
8555:
8525:
8521:
8511:
8445:December 12,
8443:. Retrieved
8429:
8417:. Retrieved
8400:
8396:
8371:. Retrieved
8326:
8318:
8293:
8287:
8281:
8248:December 16,
8246:. Retrieved
8227:
8224:"John Mayow"
8204:
8151:. Retrieved
8131:
8124:
8105:
8099:
8080:
8074:
8059:
8054:
8035:
8029:
8010:
8004:
7979:
7968:
7950:
7932:
7887:
7870:
7849:
7824:
7799:-containing
7791:
7780:chloroplasts
7774:
7765:
7754:December 15,
7752:. Retrieved
7748:the original
7737:
7720:
7707:
7688:
7671:
7654:
7642:from Commons
7637:
7620:
7599:
7548:Oxygen plant
7476:
7415:
7400:
7306:scuba diving
7299:
7244:
7225:
7209:oxygen masks
7179:at elevated
7163:Oxygen gas (
7162:
7131:
7068:
7001:
6955:autoxidation
6948:
6944:biomolecules
6920:formaldehyde
6765:
6755: Carbon
6749: Oxygen
6670:
6660:are used as
6583:
6450:
6445:
6355:
6304:
6260:
6178:
6135:
6069:
6025:George Goble
6018:
6010:
5976:
5964:oxygen masks
5929:
5852:
5817:
5742:gas gangrene
5712:
5704:oxygen masks
5700:Oxygen tents
5697:
5650:
5606:Applications
5587:oxygen tanks
5581:
5515:
5472:
5426:
5372:biosignature
5364:astrobiology
5361:
5347:
5332:
5328:
5293:
5248:
5234:
5199:
5102:
5041:
5029:
4946:
4936:
4842:
4771:mitochondria
4768:
4729:
4714:
4644:
4624:
4619:Calvin cycle
4565:carbon cycle
4557:fluorescence
4534:
4488:
4458:
4378:
4354:oxygen cycle
4351:
4295:Solar System
4268:
3978:
3939:
3916:
3392:
3373:
3370:
3316:
3257:(101.3
3210:
3207:solid oxygen
3149:than either
3129:rhombohedral
3109:solid oxygen
3086:
3011:
2952:
2888:
2857:paramagnetic
2842:
2810:spin triplet
2798:ground state
2795:
2766:
2764:
2742:
2716:
2713:
2690:
2651:
2600:
2596:barium oxide
2592:Brin process
2589:
2562:'s original
2558:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:Humphry Davy
2509:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2435:
2411:
2404:
2389:
2384:
2366:
2348:
2331:
2308:
2295:J. J. Becher
2292:
2287:
2276:Pierre Bayen
2264:Robert Hooke
2262:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:Robert Boyle
2224:
2207:
2193:
2132:
2123:
2101:
2022:
1987:
1934:, and after
1893:
1881:
1880:
1738:
1675: (1777)
1592:paramagnetic
1564:
1415:
1369:
1337:
1327:
1261:Triple point
1101:
989:Darmstadtium
856:Protactinium
630:Praseodymium
255:
108:
25:
12846:In Our Time
11317:Anaesthesia
11069:EurekAlert!
10970:(1): 5–27.
10416:BMC Biology
10194:Emsley 2001
10179:Emsley 2001
10106:Emsley 2001
10061:Emsley 2001
10046:December 2,
9997:"NUDAT 15O"
9971:"NUDAT 14O"
9945:"NUDAT 13O"
9869:January 22,
9305:Nature News
8916:January 28,
8721:Emsley 2001
8619:January 28,
8504:Emsley 2001
8437:. RSC.org.
8274:Emsley 2001
7622:Definitions
7558:Dark oxygen
7185:convulsions
6928:citric acid
6866:. Acetone (
6864:formic acid
6860:acetic acid
6828:isopropanol
6790:(R-COO-R);
6356:Due to its
6293:), and +2 (
6271:superoxides
6185:rocket fuel
6061:decarburize
6055:is used to
6021:pyrotechnic
5983:oxygen bars
5901:rebreathers
5836:space suits
5812:space suits
5810:is used in
5665:respiration
5574:Oxygen and
5384:hydrosphere
5243:during the
5226:photic zone
4912:hemerythrin
4896:Bohr effect
4845:vertebrates
4730:Photolytic
4642:each year.
4635:green algae
4553:reflectance
4370:respiration
4362:lithosphere
4301:(with 0.1%
3989:radioactive
3960:during the
3942:synthesized
3294:Freshwater
3289:25 °C
3263:milliliters
3175:rocket fuel
3123:to 20
3093:tetraoxygen
3066:ozone layer
3058:ultraviolet
3012:Trioxygen (
2953:The common
2918:Carotenoids
2910:troposphere
2830:antibonding
2775:double bond
2654:James Dewar
2569:atomic mass
2560:John Dalton
2338:philosopher
2286:called the
2220:respiration
2175:spaceflight
2085:ozone layer
1911:, a highly
1362:100 k
1162:] 2s 2p
1031:Livermorium
1003:Copernicium
996:Roentgenium
926:Mendelevium
912:Einsteinium
905:Californium
15521:Chalcogens
15495:Categories
12793:Audio help
12784:2008-06-23
12316:August 22,
12195:January 6,
12029:January 4,
11771:October 1,
11745:October 1,
11184:(2): L20.
11026:2103.02694
10848:(1): 1–7.
10842:Geobiology
10537:October 3,
10398:Raven 2005
10336:August 23,
10028:. Anchor.
9929:August 30,
9315:January 9,
8850:0854046577
8827:October 8,
8528:: 384–94.
8419:August 23,
8153:August 23,
7943:References
7656:Quotations
7013:Pictograms
6786:(R-COOH);
6782:(R-CO-H);
6778:(R-CO-R);
6697:hemoglobin
6662:detergents
6378:passivates
6346:iron oxide
6287:dioxygenyl
6195:, burning
6162:antifreeze
6152:to create
6127:exothermic
6035:Industrial
5974:reaction.
5972:exothermic
5865:submarines
5766:hemoglobin
5714:Hyperbaric
5691:, and any
5651:Uptake of
5620:Combustion
5610:See also:
5456:distilling
5402:See also:
5392:Ganymede's
5289:eukaryotes
5241:extinction
5021:atmosphere
5005:early life
4952:superoxide
4950:, such as
4908:arthropods
4900:hemocyanin
4868:Hemoglobin
4750:(ATP) via
4726:+ dioxygen
4715:or simply
4605:and fixes
4522:solar wind
4506:meteorites
4405:phosphates
4015:See also:
4011:Occurrence
4001:beta decay
3993:decay mode
3940:Most O is
3857:1.661E-04
3286:5 °C
3241:14.6
3201:See also:
3089:metastable
2975:Occurrence
2949:) molecule
2928:Allotropes
2806:degenerate
2787:bond order
2610:evaporated
2529:(1791) by
2401:common air
2231:John Mayow
2208:Pneumatica
2196:combustion
2171:submarines
1874:references
1635:CAS Number
1528:primordial
1483:66±2
1359:10 k
1038:Tennessine
982:Meitnerium
961:Seaborgium
940:Lawrencium
679:Dysprosium
665:Gadolinium
644:Promethium
516:Technetium
509:Molybdenum
310:Phosphorus
90:Appearance
65:Allotropes
12822:Oxygen (O
12417:GlobalRPh
12357:April 26,
12120:Red Book.
12055:March 14,
11347:205248111
11191:1403.2713
11128:1411.7412
11051:232083548
10933:206562386
10625:Chemistry
10563:August 4,
10501:March 13,
10422:(1): 30.
10273:CiteSeerX
9784:cite book
9526:CRC Press
9454:205001394
9243:August 8,
8409:0137-5032
8403:: 83–84.
8310:170422925
8179:, p. 499.
7996:1365-3075
7797:manganese
7690:Resources
7673:Textbooks
7580:Chemistry
7407:explosion
7175:) can be
7139:hyperoxia
7057:P370+P376
7004:labelling
6936:acetamide
6780:aldehydes
6774:(R-O-R);
6701:myoglobin
6695:proteins
6666:adhesives
6575:silicates
6571:limestone
6533:), iron (
6422:−
6382:corrosion
6370:aluminium
6285:), +1/2 (
6279:elemental
6273:), −1/3 (
6267:peroxides
6227:Compounds
6197:acetylene
6187:, and in
6166:polyester
5681:pneumonia
5677:emphysema
5639:emphysema
5507:cryogenic
4939:anaerobic
4906:and some
4555:from its
4549:satellite
4468:skeletons
4271:biosphere
4230:Magnesium
4003:to yield
3985:half-life
3962:CNO cycle
3889:2.62E-04
3883:1.99E-04
3880:5.88E-05
3863:2.29E-04
3854:5.33E-05
3837:1.96E-04
3831:1.45E-04
3828:5.06E-05
3811:1.69E-04
3805:1.24E-04
3802:4.77E-05
3785:1.41E-04
3779:1.05E-04
3776:4.47E-05
3759:1.16E-04
3753:8.63E-05
3750:4.15E-05
3733:9.31E-05
3727:6.93E-05
3724:3.81E-05
3707:7.35E-05
3701:5.36E-05
3698:3.44E-05
3681:6.38E-05
3675:4.63E-05
3672:3.24E-05
3655:5.51E-05
3649:3.94E-05
3646:3.03E-05
3629:4.44E-05
3623:3.29E-05
3620:2.81E-05
3603:3.64E-05
3597:2.68E-05
3594:2.58E-05
3577:2.90E-05
3571:2.12E-05
3568:2.34E-05
3551:2.27E-05
3545:1.61E-05
3542:2.07E-05
3525:1.60E-05
3519:1.16E-05
3516:1.79E-05
3499:1.04E-05
3493:7.64E-06
3490:1.48E-05
3473:5.80E-06
3467:4.44E-06
3464:1.15E-05
3447:2.44E-06
3441:1.94E-06
3438:7.64E-06
3305:Seawater
3248:7.6
3213:dissolves
3091:molecule
3070:pollutant
2955:allotrope
2674:acetylene
2666:distilled
2483:Etymology
2438:oxidation
2397:breathing
2361:isolation
2342:physician
2334:alchemist
2317:Discovery
2284:corrosion
2268:Ole Borch
2120:Wiltshire
2089:biosphere
2061:allotrope
2010:tetrapods
1928:compounds
1918:, and an
1902:chalcogen
1888:; it has
1734:half-life
1650:Discovery
1513:of oxygen
1356:1 k
1045:Oganesson
1024:Moscovium
1017:Flerovium
898:Berkelium
884:Americium
877:Plutonium
870:Neptunium
707:Ytterbium
637:Neodymium
616:Lanthanum
579:Tellurium
537:Palladium
523:Ruthenium
495:Zirconium
477:Strontium
433:Germanium
384:Manganese
340:Potassium
296:Aluminium
287:Magnesium
227:Beryllium
155:Abundance
114:°(O)
14195:Diatomic
12795: ·
12687:"Oxygen"
12678:68-29938
12661:"Oxygen"
12604:20248096
12574:Br Med J
12555:20248086
12525:Br Med J
12427:June 19,
12421:Archived
12374:, p. 511
12307:Archived
12289:, p. 506
12240:, p. 507
12189:Archived
12170:17115729
12124:Archived
12072:, p. 508
11993:12523293
11937:17393938
11819:11541018
11765:Archived
11739:Archived
11706:17393938
11488:15233173
11339:18540928
11301:, p. 510
11275:Archived
11216:17414970
11163:25629240
11088:Archived
10943:June 12,
10937:Archived
10925:26068848
10878:31074331
10870:19200141
10827:10500106
10755:214, 586
10706:Archived
10682:24067713
10606:Archived
10584:Archived
10557:Archived
10531:Archived
10495:Archived
10448:20370908
10400:, 115–27
10330:Archived
10242:18354437
10196:, p. 304
10181:, p. 301
10108:, p. 298
10074:"Oxygen"
10063:, p. 297
10040:Archived
10001:Archived
9975:Archived
9949:Archived
9860:Archived
9815:Archived
9776:62532755
9741:46959719
9671:Archived
9640:96242703
9554:Archived
9472:Archived
9372:16971946
9309:Archived
9283:12404493
9111:36537588
9103:12434011
9033:(1990).
9017:15310815
8910:Archived
8879:Archived
8858:Archived
8821:Archived
8747:Archived
8739:"Oxygen"
8723:, p. 303
8506:, p. 300
8479:, p. 500
8439:Archived
8435:"Oxygen"
8413:Archived
8364:Archived
8276:, p. 299
8242:Archived
8147:Archived
7817:chloride
7809:cofactor
7592:Medicine
7497:See also
7491:detonate
7450:Apollo 1
7395:Apollo 1
7379:Apollo 1
7145:Toxicity
7134:NFPA 704
7069:NFPA 704
6995:Hazards
6940:Epoxides
6916:glycerol
6820:methanol
6812:solvents
6770:(R-OH);
6768:alcohols
6559:hematite
6531:corundum
6444:, where
6374:titanium
6323:hydrogen
6275:ozonides
6170:plastics
6138:Ethylene
6075:iron ore
6071:Smelting
6031:grills.
6029:barbecue
5979:euphoric
5669:medicine
5576:MAPP gas
5535:oxoacids
5388:Europa's
5296:Cambrian
5267:enables
5210:bacteria
5081:4.0-5.3
4920:lobsters
4904:molluscs
4860:diffuses
4484:ice core
4476:Seawater
4443:Analysis
4401:nitrates
4188:Nitrogen
4089:240,000
4068:739,000
4064:Hydrogen
4005:fluorine
3979:Fifteen
3919:isotopes
3444:0.00925
3342:sky-blue
3271:seawater
3147:oxidizer
3062:spectrum
2959:dioxygen
2884:magnetic
2767:dioxygen
2705:oxidizer
2701:gasoline
2476:nitrogen
2377:nitrates
2242:antimony
2167:aircraft
2143:textiles
2139:plastics
2033:proteins
2014:diffuses
1956:diatomic
1952:dioxygen
1950:to form
1936:hydrogen
1916:nonmetal
1913:reactive
1808:0.0380%
1367:at
1184:at
1081:fluorine
1073:nitrogen
1010:Nihonium
933:Nobelium
842:Actinium
828:Francium
812:Astatine
805:Polonium
784:Thallium
763:Platinum
735:Tungsten
728:Tantalum
714:Lutetium
658:Europium
651:Samarium
572:Antimony
470:Rubidium
447:Selenium
377:Chromium
370:Vanadium
363:Titanium
356:Scandium
324:Chlorine
264:Fluorine
250:Nitrogen
202:Hydrogen
136:abridged
15480:more...
14149:p-block
14144:d-block
14139:f-block
14134:s-block
12849:at the
12782: (
12753:minutes
12695:297–304
12670:499–512
12595:2053400
12546:2053251
12481:9765173
12472:1114047
12277:, p.505
12150:Bibcode
12105:, p. 28
11854:2730484
11799:Bibcode
11714:3236557
11378:8931286
11243:Bibcode
11196:Bibcode
11154:4323125
11133:Bibcode
11031:Bibcode
10994:5859927
10985:2195461
10905:Bibcode
10897:Science
10850:Bibcode
10795:Bibcode
10724:Biology
10690:4464710
10662:Bibcode
10439:2907586
10220:Bibcode
10007:July 6,
9981:July 6,
9955:July 6,
9677:July 2,
9620:Bibcode
9434:Bibcode
9380:4384225
9352:Bibcode
9154:3965039
9146:8152349
9081:Bibcode
9073:Science
8704:3826198
8373:May 25,
7962:. 2009.
7880:dipoles
7813:calcium
7566:Portals
7487:asphalt
7469:⁄
7189:pascals
6990:Oxygen
6951:organic
6844:dioxane
6824:ethanol
6816:acetone
6800:R-CO-NR
6776:ketones
6742:Acetone
6586:soluble
6565:), and
6527:bauxite
6495:granite
6476:silicon
6467:). The
6402:wüstite
6289:), +1 (
6174:fabrics
6059:and/or
6007:placebo
5985:and in
5693:disease
5625:Medical
5566:Storage
5544:ceramic
5487:zeolite
5206:archaea
5032:inhales
4942:metazoa
4916:spiders
4740:photons
4724:glucose
4668:photons
4543:. Some
4518:silicon
4480:isotope
4356:. This
4209:Silicon
4108:10,400
4052:Element
3997:β decay
3886:0.0871
3860:0.0819
3851:1.0408
3848:0.3206
3834:0.0758
3822:0.3498
3796:0.3848
3782:0.0649
3770:0.4275
3756:0.0589
3730:0.0528
3718:0.5498
3704:0.0473
3692:0.6414
3678:0.0441
3666:0.6998
3652:0.0412
3640:0.7698
3626:0.0363
3614:0.8554
3591:1.0408
3574:0.0296
3548:0.0268
3522:0.0226
3496:0.0183
3470:0.0138
3380:airglow
3211:Oxygen
3143:cluster
2739:pairs).
2670:welding
2612:liquid
2603:cascade
2489:oxygène
2332:Polish
2311:residue
2112:Uppsala
1994:animals
1907:in the
1824:stable
1821:0.205%
1811:stable
1644:History
1543: (
1470:)
1385:
1382:
1379:
1233:Density
1147:p-block
975:Hassium
968:Bohrium
954:Dubnium
919:Fermium
863:Uranium
849:Thorium
798:Bismuth
756:Iridium
742:Rhenium
721:Hafnium
700:Thulium
686:Holmium
672:Terbium
602:Caesium
551:Cadmium
530:Rhodium
502:Niobium
488:Yttrium
461:Krypton
454:Bromine
440:Arsenic
426:Gallium
347:Calcium
303:Silicon
220:Lithium
167:461000
134: (
15501:Oxygen
14205:Common
12841:Oxygen
12805:Oxygen
12728:
12722:115–27
12701:
12676:
12638:
12602:
12592:
12553:
12543:
12502:
12479:
12469:
12258:
12218:
12168:
12097:
11991:
11935:
11852:
11817:
11712:
11704:
11486:
11376:
11345:
11337:
11214:
11161:
11151:
11049:
10992:
10982:
10931:
10923:
10876:
10868:
10825:
10815:
10761:
10730:
10688:
10680:
10654:Nature
10632:
10469:
10446:
10436:
10378:
10322:
10293:
10275:
10250:789382
10248:
10240:
10212:Nature
10152:Nature
10133:
10032:
9774:
9764:
9739:
9729:
9663:
9638:
9532:
9501:
9452:
9426:Nature
9378:
9370:
9344:Nature
9281:
9215:
9152:
9144:
9126:Lipids
9109:
9101:
9049:
9015:
8852:. See
8848:
8701:
8660:
8584:
8407:
8335:
8308:
8234:
8139:
8112:
8087:
8066:
8042:
8017:
7994:
7891:Since
7811:, and
7801:enzyme
7600:Oxygen
7485:, and
7259:Apollo
6934:, and
6890:phenol
6888:) and
6862:, and
6796:amides
6788:esters
6772:ethers
6759:
6753:
6747:
6673:ligand
6630:, and
6584:Water-
6499:quartz
6480:silica
6366:oxides
6277:), 0 (
6099:carbon
6095:sulfur
6011:during
5987:sports
5744:, and
5637:in an
5618:, and
5410:, and
5255:using
5230:outgas
5097:30-40
5094:75-100
4966:) and
4870:binds
4822:→ 6 CO
4754:. The
4744:proton
4504:, and
4496:, the
4464:shells
4262:
4251:Sulfur
4241:
4220:
4199:
4178:
4171:1,090
4157:
4150:1,340
4136:
4129:4,600
4125:Carbon
4115:
4105:Oxygen
4096:
4093:240000
4085:Helium
4075:
4072:739000
4031:, and
3958:helium
3929:, and
3892:0.721
3877:1.125
3874:0.296
3866:0.725
3840:0.736
3825:1.103
3814:0.733
3808:0.071
3773:1.074
3762:0.743
3747:1.054
3744:0.481
3736:0.744
3721:1.031
3710:0.729
3695:1.003
3684:0.726
3669:0.988
3658:0.716
3643:0.972
3632:0.741
3617:0.956
3606:0.737
3600:0.033
3588:0.962
3580:0.733
3565:0.929
3554:0.711
3536:1.284
3528:0.723
3513:0.915
3510:1.542
3502:0.737
3487:0.915
3476:0.766
3461:0.921
3458:2.585
3450:0.796
3435:0.962
3432:3.945
3376:aurora
3323:liquid
3269:, and
3064:, the
2987:kJ/mol
2791:Aufbau
2736:aufbau
2711:, US.
2554:rocket
2520:Oxygen
2502:(oxys)
2495:roots
2465:ἄζωτον
2340:, and
2274:, and
2179:diving
2161:, and
2151:metals
2124:oxygen
2043:, and
1996:, and
1990:plants
1940:helium
1924:oxides
1892:
1890:symbol
1882:Oxygen
1842:
1797:stable
1793:99.8%
1594:
1487:
1373:
1341:
1293:
1291:kJ/mol
1235:
1144:
1127:Period
1077:oxygen
891:Curium
835:Radium
749:Osmium
693:Erbium
623:Cerium
609:Barium
586:Iodine
558:Indium
544:Silver
412:Copper
405:Nickel
398:Cobalt
317:Sulfur
280:Sodium
257:Oxygen
243:Carbon
211:Helium
128:15.999
59:Oxygen
14286:Other
12351:(PDF)
12336:(PDF)
12310:(PDF)
12303:(PDF)
12115:IUPAC
11721:(PDF)
11710:S2CID
11690:(PDF)
11343:S2CID
11212:S2CID
11186:arXiv
11123:arXiv
11047:S2CID
11021:arXiv
10929:S2CID
10874:S2CID
10818:34224
10686:S2CID
10246:S2CID
9889:(PDF)
9863:(PDF)
9848:(PDF)
9636:S2CID
9589:(PDF)
9582:(PDF)
9450:S2CID
9376:S2CID
9209:48–49
9150:S2CID
9107:S2CID
8367:(PDF)
8360:(PDF)
8306:S2CID
7960:CIAAW
7700:Notes
7639:Media
7430:Steel
7411:fuels
7397:crew.
7177:toxic
6832:furan
6557:, in
6525:, in
6306:Water
6242:Water
6199:with
6079:steel
6077:into
6057:smelt
5903:, or
5854:Scuba
5616:Redox
5591:liter
5562:gas.
5078:11-13
4954:ion (
4910:) or
4494:Earth
4455:vs. O
4374:decay
4315:Venus
4112:10400
3950:stars
3871:1300
3845:1200
3819:1100
3799:1.09
3793:1000
3788:0.74
3539:0.92
3484:1.93
3327:solid
3311:4.95
3308:7.20
3300:6.04
3297:9.00
3267:liter
3076:. At
3032:when
3026:ozone
2800:. An
2493:Greek
2471:Azote
2461:(Gk.
2459:azote
2381:agent
2200:Greek
2135:steel
2110:, in
2091:from
2065:ozone
2053:water
1998:fungi
1905:group
1884:is a
1766:trace
1720:Decay
1541:cubic
1181:Phase
1158:[
1139:Block
1115:Group
819:Radon
593:Xenon
331:Argon
236:Boron
132:0.001
79:ozone
12726:ISBN
12699:ISBN
12674:LCCN
12636:ISBN
12600:PMID
12551:PMID
12500:ISBN
12477:PMID
12429:2013
12398:2007
12359:2009
12318:2017
12256:ISBN
12216:ISBN
12197:2008
12166:PMID
12095:ISBN
12057:2008
12031:2008
12005:2007
11989:PMID
11959:link
11945:2008
11933:PMID
11906:link
11892:2008
11850:PMID
11815:PMID
11773:2018
11747:2018
11702:PMID
11672:link
11658:2008
11627:2008
11600:link
11586:2008
11555:link
11541:2008
11510:link
11496:2008
11484:PMID
11457:2008
11430:2008
11400:link
11386:2008
11374:PMID
11335:PMID
11283:2007
11159:PMID
11096:2020
10990:PMID
10945:2015
10921:PMID
10866:PMID
10823:PMID
10759:ISBN
10728:ISBN
10678:PMID
10630:ISBN
10565:2019
10539:2013
10503:2008
10491:NASA
10467:ISBN
10444:PMID
10376:ISBN
10338:2020
10320:ISBN
10291:ISBN
10238:PMID
10131:ISBN
10086:2007
10048:2011
10030:ISBN
10009:2009
9983:2009
9957:2009
9931:2023
9871:2007
9823:2007
9790:link
9772:OCLC
9762:ISBN
9737:OCLC
9727:ISBN
9679:2015
9661:ISBN
9597:2007
9562:2007
9530:ISBN
9499:ISBN
9480:2007
9368:PMID
9317:2008
9279:PMID
9245:2009
9213:ISBN
9181:2007
9142:PMID
9099:PMID
9047:ISBN
9013:PMID
8976:2007
8918:2008
8887:2015
8846:ISBN
8829:2011
8781:2007
8755:2007
8658:ISBN
8621:2008
8582:ISBN
8447:2016
8421:2020
8405:ISSN
8375:2018
8333:ISBN
8250:2007
8232:ISBN
8155:2020
8137:ISBN
8110:ISBN
8085:ISBN
8064:ISBN
8040:ISBN
8015:ISBN
7992:ISSN
7815:and
7756:2007
7511:for
7479:wood
7405:and
7403:Fire
7308:and
7132:The
7061:P403
7053:P244
7049:P220
7035:H272
6977:and
6856:DMSO
6699:and
6693:heme
6664:and
6577:(in
6569:(in
6563:rust
6561:and
6529:and
6497:and
6472:rock
6388:are
6372:and
6350:rust
6261:The
6172:and
6164:and
6113:and
6064:iron
5863:and
5856:and
5390:and
5218:iron
5208:and
5087:mmHg
5075:14.2
5054:Unit
4918:and
4826:+ 6
4810:+ 6
4700:+ 6
4653:+ 6
4649:6 CO
4637:and
4502:Mars
4498:Moon
4466:and
4299:Mars
4255:440
4234:580
4213:650
4192:960
4175:1090
4167:Iron
4154:1340
4146:Neon
4133:4600
3767:900
3741:800
3715:700
3689:600
3663:550
3637:500
3611:450
3585:400
3562:1.1
3559:350
3533:300
3507:250
3481:200
3455:150
3429:100
3386:and
3378:and
3325:and
3250:mg/L
3243:mg/L
3205:and
3087:The
2977:). O
2861:spin
2637:and
2575:and
2506:acid
2499:ὀξύς
2304:calx
2177:and
2141:and
2097:smog
2045:fats
1988:All
1948:bind
1938:and
1896:and
1866:edit
1859:talk
1852:view
1779:100%
1749:mode
1625:330
1569:t.p.
1545:cP16
1468:more
1353:100
1343:(Pa)
1249:b.p.
1170:2, 6
791:Lead
770:Gold
419:Zinc
391:Iron
271:Neon
15471:PtF
15346:NbO
15341:NbO
15312:NaO
15234:MoO
15226:MoO
15194:MnO
15189:MnO
15172:MgO
15099:IrO
15008:HgO
15000:HfO
14944:GeO
14939:GeO
14889:FeO
14848:CuO
14828:CsO
14784:CrO
14755:CoO
14678:ClO
14646:CeO
14641:CdO
14633:CaO
14628:CaO
14547:BrO
14527:BiO
14510:BeO
14505:BaO
14437:AmO
12851:BBC
12843:on
12807:at
12590:PMC
12582:doi
12541:PMC
12533:doi
12467:PMC
12459:doi
12455:317
12451:BMJ
12158:doi
12146:125
11842:doi
11807:doi
11325:doi
11251:doi
11239:499
11204:doi
11182:785
11149:PMC
11141:doi
11039:doi
10980:PMC
10972:doi
10913:doi
10901:348
10858:doi
10813:PMC
10803:doi
10670:doi
10658:501
10434:PMC
10424:doi
10283:doi
10228:doi
10216:452
9901:doi
9702:doi
9628:doi
9442:doi
9430:393
9403:doi
9360:doi
9348:443
9271:doi
9134:doi
9089:doi
9077:298
9003:doi
8699:PMC
8691:doi
8530:doi
8401:164
8298:doi
7984:doi
7002:GHS
6868:(CH
6852:DMF
6836:THF
6721:PtF
6706:PtF
6620:SiO
6599:SiO
6483:SiO
6398:FeO
6348:or
6297:).
6176:).
6073:of
5724:of
5706:or
5633:An
5513:).
5378:on
5273:ATP
5239:to
5091:107
5071:kPa
4843:In
4510:Sun
4474:).
4403:or
4275:Sun
4259:440
4238:580
4217:650
4196:960
3937:).
3259:kPa
3161:or
3125:GPa
3056:by
2989:. O
2765:As
2743:At
2450:tin
2355:of
2165:in
2118:in
2081:UVB
2027:in
1959:gas
1742:1/2
1627:m/s
1607:449
1394:90
1391:73
1388:61
1375:(K)
1350:10
1194:gas
1187:STP
565:Tin
169:ppm
73:, O
15497::
15387:OF
15380:OF
15355:Nd
15329:Na
15320:Na
15259:NO
15254:NO
15242:Mo
15214:Mn
15202:Mn
15177:Mg
15160:Lu
15148:Li
15139:Li
15127:La
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