Doctorate - Knowledge

881:, comparable to US research doctorates. Although all doctorates are research degrees, professional doctorates normally include taught components, while the name PhD/DPhil is normally used for doctorates purely by thesis. Professional, practitioner, or practice-based doctorates such as the DClinPsy, MD, DHSc, EdD, DBA, EngD and DAg are full academic doctorates. They are at the same level as the PhD in the national qualifications frameworks; they are not first professional degrees but are "often post-experience qualifications" in which practice is considered important in the research context. In 2009 there were 308 professional doctorate programs in the UK, up from 109 in 1998, with the most popular being the EdD (38 institutions), DBA (33), EngD/DEng (22), MD/DM (21), and DClinPsy/DClinPsych/ClinPsyD (17). Similarly, in Australia, the term "professional doctorate" is sometimes applied to the 2195:(the right to promote). In the Netherlands all full professors have ius promovendi, as well as other academic staff granted this right on individual basis by the board of their university (almost always senior associate professors). The promotor has the role of principal advisor and determines whether the thesis quality suffices and can be submitted to the examining committee. The examining committee is appointed by the academic board of the university based on recommendation of the promotor and consists of experts in the field. The examining committee reviews the thesis manuscript and has to approve or fail the thesis. Failures at this stage are rare because promotors generally not submit work they deem inadequate to the examining committee, supervisors and promotor lose prestige among their colleagues should they allow a substandard thesis to be submitted. 236: 1382:), that is meant to introduce laymen to the thesis topic. The opponent follows with a short talk on the topic, after which the pair critically discuss the dissertation. The proceedings take two to three hours. At the end the opponent presents their final statement and reveals whether he/she will recommend that the faculty accept it. Any member of the public then has an opportunity to raise questions, although this is rare. Immediately after the defence, the supervisor, the opponent and the candidate drink coffee with the public. Usually, the attendees of the defence are given the printed dissertation. In the evening, the passed candidate hosts a dinner ( 2391: 1020:) is the highest academic degree. The intention is that candidates produce original contributions in their field knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. A dissertation or thesis is prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director. It is reviewed by a Doctoral Committee composed of examiners external to the program and at least one examiner external to the institution. The degree is conferred after a successful dissertation defence. In 2006, there were approximately 2,151 postgraduate careers in the country, of which 14% were doctoral degrees. Doctoral programs in Argentina are overseen by the 4810:

degree, including both preprofessional and professional preparation, equals at least 6 full-time-equivalent academic years. Some doctor's degrees of this type were formerly classified as first-professional degrees. Examples of this type of degree may include the following and others, as designated by the awarding institution: the D.C. or D.C.M. (in chiropractic); D.D.S. or D.M.D. (in dentistry); L.L.B. or J.D. (in law); M.D. (in medicine); O.D. (in optometry); D.O. (in osteopathic medicine); Pharm.D. (in pharmacy); D.P.M., Pod.D., or D.P. (in podiatry); or D.V.M. (in veterinary medicine).

2580: 1036:(AQF) categorizes tertiary qualifications into ten levels that are numbered from one to ten in ascending order of complexity and depth. Of these qualification levels, six are for higher education qualifications and are numbered from five to ten. Doctoral degrees occupy the highest of these levels: level ten. All doctoral degrees involve research and this is a defining characteristic of them. There are three categories of doctoral degrees recognized by the AQF: research doctorates, professional doctorates and higher doctorates. 874:(MD), Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), and Juris Doctor (JD). Contrariwise, for example, research doctorates like Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD) and Doctor of Social Science (DSS) qualify as full academic doctorates in Canada though they normally incorporate aspects of professional practice in addition to a full dissertation. In the Philippines, the University of the Philippines Open University offers a Doctor of Communication (DComm) professional doctorate. 414:) after the medical school's founding in 1767. However, this was not a professional doctorate in the modern American sense. It was awarded for further study after the qualifying Bachelor of Medicine (MB) rather than a qualifying degree. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine in the US during the 19th century, but as a three-year undergraduate degree. It did not become established as a graduate degree until 1930. As the standard qualifying degree in medicine, the MD gave that profession the ability (through the 1777:). Professional doctorates obtained in other countries, not requiring a thesis or not being third cycle qualifications under the Bologna process, can only be used postnominally, e.g., "Max Mustermann, MD", and do not allow the use of the title Dr. In contrast to English, in which a person's name is preceded by at most one title (except in very ceremonious usage), the formal German mode of address permits several titles in addition to "Herr" or "Frau" (which, unlike "Mr" or "Ms", is not considered a title at all, but an 2824: 2932:, but many programs accept students immediately following undergraduate studies. Many programs gauge the potential of applicants to their program and grant a master's degree upon completion of the necessary course work. When so admitted, the student is expected to have mastered the material covered in the master's degree despite not holding one, though this tradition is under heavy criticism. Successfully finishing Ph.D. qualifying exams confers Ph.D. candidate status, allowing dissertation work to begin. 2798:(DTech) tied with the DD. The DSc was offered by all 49 responding institutions in 2008 and 15 out of 16 in 2013 and the DLitt by only one less in each case, while the DD was offered in 10 responding institutions in 2008 and 3 in 2013. In terms of number of higher doctorates awarded (not including honorary doctorates) the DSc was most popular, but the number of awards was very low: the responding institutions had averaged an award of at most one earned higher doctorate per year over the period 2003–2013. 375: 3010: 746:, etc. The degree developed in Germany in the 19th century "when holding a doctorate seemed no longer sufficient to guarantee a proficient transfer of knowledge to the next generation". In many federal states of Germany, the habilitation results in an award of a formal "Dr. habil." degree or the holder of the degree may add "habil." to their research doctorate such as "Dr. phil. habil." or "Dr. rer. nat. habil." In some European universities, especially in 953: 2361: 456:(JD), was established by the University of Chicago in 1902. However, it took a long time to be accepted, not replacing the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) until the 1960s, by which time the LLB was generally taken as a graduate degree. Notably, the JD and LLB curriculum were identical, with the degree being renamed as a doctorate, and it (like the MD) was not equivalent to the PhD, raising criticism that it was "not a 'true Doctorate 1040:

second-class honours or better or a master's degree with a substantial research component. Research doctorates are typically titled Doctor of Philosophy and they are awarded on the basis of an original and significant contribution to knowledge. Professional doctorates are typically titled Doctor of (field of study) and they are awarded on the basis of an original and significant contribution to professional practice.

1859:, doctorates are offered by universities. Entry requirements include master's degree. Some universities consider undergraduate degrees in professional areas such as engineering, medicine or law as qualifications for pursuing doctorate level degrees. Entrance examinations are held for almost all programs. In most universities, coursework duration and thesis is 3–7 years. The most common doctoral degree is Ph.D. 522:(abbreviated Ph.D., PhD or, at some British universities, DPhil) awarded in many countries throughout the world. In the U.S., for instance, although the most typical research doctorate is the PhD, accounting for about 98% of the research doctorates awarded, there are more than 15 other names for research doctorates. Other research-oriented doctorates (some having a professional practice focus) include the 422: 2748:, these include the provision of careers advice, in-depth advanced training in the subject area, provision of transferable skills, training in experimental design and statistics, training in good research conduct, and training for compliance with legal, ethical and professional frameworks. The statement also encourages peer-group development through cohort training and/or Graduate schools. 2079:, are gradually replacing these degrees. By 1994, more doctoral engineering degrees were earned for research within university laboratories (53%) than industrial research laboratories (47%). Since 1978, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) has provided tutorial and financial support for promising researchers in Asia and Africa. The program is called JSPS RONPAKU. 1244:

The original vision was purported to be to phase out the higher doctorate in favor of the ph.d. (or merge the two), but so far, there are no signs of this happening. Many Danish academics with permanent positions wrote ph.d. dissertations in the 90s when the system was new, since at that time, a ph.d. degree or equivalent qualifications began to be required for certain

1769:(from Latin honoris causa). Although the honorific does not become part of the name, holders can demand that the title appear in official documents. The title is not mandatory. The honorific is commonly used in formal letters. For holders of other titles, only the highest title is mentioned. Multiple holders of doctorate degrees can be addressed as 3356:, pp. XIX: "No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world." 2616:(honorary degrees), all doctorates granted by British universities are research doctorates, in that their main (and in many cases only) component is the submission of an extensive and substantial thesis or portfolio of original research, examined by an expert panel appointed by the university. UK doctorates are categorised as: 319:. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Masters of Arts" was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms "master" and "doctor" were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the 2387:). They are granted by the university on behalf of the king. Its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a national registry of theses called TESEO. According to the National Institute of Statistics (INE), fewer than 5% of M.Sc. degree holders are admitted to Ph.D. programmes. 2262:), renamed EngD from September 2022 onwards, which does not grant the right to use the dr. title abbreviation. In 2023, a pilot started at universities of applied sciences with a professional doctoral programme, in which the focus is on applying knowledge to improve or solve professional processes or products. 499:, the number and types of doctorates awarded by universities have proliferated throughout the world. Practice varies from one country to another. While a doctorate usually entitles a person to be addressed as "doctor", the use of the title varies widely depending on the type and the associated occupation. 1576:

Since 2002 candidates follow in-service training, but there is no written examination for the doctorate. The candidate has to write a thesis that is read by two external reviewers. The head of the institution decides whether the candidate can defend the thesis, after considering the external reviews.

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The ph.d. was introduced as a separate title from the higher doctorate in 1992 as part of the transition to a new degree structure, since the changes in the degree system would otherwise leave a significant amount of academics without immediately recognizable qualifications in international settings.

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Requirements usually include satisfactory performance in advanced graduate courses, passing an oral qualifying exam and submitting a thesis that must represent an original and relevant contribution to existing knowledge. The thesis is examined in a final public oral exam administered by at least five

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awards the licentiate degree as a two-year qualification at the doctoral level and the doctoral degree (PhD) as a four-year qualification. Sweden originally abolished the Licentiate in 1969 but reintroduced it in response to demands from business. Finland also has a two-year doctoral level licentiate

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in the UK and India) by the committee, which then awards the degree unconditionally, awards the degree conditionally (ranging from corrections in grammar to additional research), or denies the degree. Candidates may also be required to complete graduate-level courses in their field and study research

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Doctor's degree-research/scholarship: A Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or

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The license to teach law and issue legal opinions is the type of ijazah that resembles the medieval European university degree most closely The main difference between the two is that the granting authority is an individual professor, in the Islamic case, rather than a corporate institution in the

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Integrated doctorates, originally known as 'New Route PhDs', were introduced from 2000 onwards. These integrate teaching at master's level during the first one or two years of the degree, either alongside research or as a preliminary to starting research. These courses usually offer a master's-level

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A 2-year (or longer) research period includes extensions for up to 10 years. The student must present a thesis describing a discovery or original contribution. If approved by their thesis director, the study is presented to a panel of 5 distinguished scholars. Any Doctor attending the public defense

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who stops the examination, frequently mid sentence. Failure during this session is possible, but extremely rare. After formal approval of the thesis and the defence by the examining committee in a closed discussion, the session is resumed and the promotor grants the degree and hands over the diploma

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diploma in two years. The candidate diploma was all but abolished by 1989. It used to be attained after completion of the majority of courses of the academic study (usually after completion of course requirements of the third year in the program), after which the student was allowed to begin work on

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Prior to introduction of the Bologna process, Finland required at least 42 credit weeks (1,800 hours) of formal coursework. The requirement was removed in 2005, leaving the decision to individual universities, which may delegate the authority to faculties or individual professors. In Engineering and

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Higher doctorates are typically titled similarly to professional doctorates and are awarded based on a submitted portfolio of research that follows a consistent theme and is internationally recognized as an original and substantive contribution to knowledge beyond that required for the awarding of a

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of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread. Universities' shift to research-oriented education (based upon the scientific method, inquiry, and observation) increased the doctorate's importance. Today, a research doctorate (PhD) or its equivalent (as defined in the US by the

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was known as the "faculty of philosophy". The Doctorate of Philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though most degrees are not for the study of philosophy. Chris Park explains that it was not until formal education and degree programs were standardized in the early 19th century that the

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to recognise individuals who have made a substantial contribution to a particular field. Usually an appropriate higher doctorate is used in these circumstances, depending on the candidate's achievements. However, some universities differentiate between honorary and substantive doctorates, using the

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The duration of graduate studies varies. It is possible to graduate three years after the master's degree, while much longer periods are not uncommon. The study ends with a dissertation, which must present substantial new scientific/scholarly knowledge. The dissertation can either be a monograph or

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is applied. Usually, a prospective student discusses their plans with a professor. If the professor agrees to accept the student, the student applies for admission. The professor may recruit students to their group. Formal acceptance does not imply funding. The student must obtain funding either by

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In contrast to the US, many countries reserve the term "doctorate" for research degrees. If, as in Canada and Australia, professional degrees bear the name "Doctor of ...", etc., it is made clear that these are not doctorates. Examples of this include Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Doctor of Medicine

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of 1179 guaranteed access—at that time essentially free of charge—to all able applicants. Applicants were tested for aptitude. This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and the universities, slowly distancing themselves from the Church. In 1213 the right was granted by

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King's College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the College were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in May

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Higher doctorates are awarded in recognition of a substantial body of original research undertaken over the course of many years. Typically the candidate submits a collection of previously published, peer-refereed work, which is reviewed by a committee of internal and external academics who decide

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The PhD was adopted in the UK following a joint decision in 1917 by British universities, although it took much longer for it to become established. Oxford became the first university to institute the new degree, although naming it the DPhil. The PhD was often distinguished from the earlier higher

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Until the 1990s, most natural science and engineering doctorates in Japan were earned by industrial researchers in Japanese companies. These degrees were awarded by the employees' former university, usually after years of research in industrial laboratories. The only requirement is submission of a

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When the dissertation is ready, the faculty names two expert pre-examiners with doctoral degrees from the outside the university. During the pre-examination process, the student may receive comments on the work and respond with modifications. After the pre-examiners approve, the doctoral candidate

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exit degree after the taught courses are completed. While passing the taught elements is often required, examination of the final doctorate is still by thesis (or equivalent) alone. The duration of integrated doctorates is a minimum of four years, with three years spent on the research component.

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requires that the candidate be successful in a competitive public exam and normally takes additional years. In the federal university system, doctors who are admitted as junior faculty members may progress (usually by seniority) to the rank of associate professor, then become eligible to take the

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in the discipline. The definition for a professional doctorate does not include a requirement for either a dissertation or study beyond master's level, in contrast to the definition for research doctorates ("doctor's degree – research/scholarship"). However, individual programs may have different

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Doctor's degree—professional practice: A doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice. The degree is awarded after a period of study such that the total time to the

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in some European countries. However, the purpose of the award is significantly different. While the habilitation formally determines whether an academic is suitably qualified to be a university professor, the higher doctorate does not qualify the holder for a position but rather recognises their

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in a related field. Exceptions are based on their individual academic merit. A second and a third foreign language are other common requirements, although the requirements regarding proficiency commonly are not strict. The admissions process varies by institution. Some require candidates to take

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While this section has focused on earned qualifications conferred in virtue of published work or the equivalent, a higher doctorate may also be presented on an honorary basis by a university — at its own initiative or after a nomination — in recognition of public prestige, institutional service,

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These are the most common doctorates in the UK and are normally awarded as PhDs. While the master/apprentice model was traditionally used for British PhDs, since 2003 courses have become more structured, with students taking courses in research skills and receiving training for professional and

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The degree is awarded in a formal, public, defence session, in which the thesis is defended against critical questions of the "opposition" (the examining committee). Specific formalities differ between universities, for example whether a public presentation is given, either before or during the

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Research doctorates and professional doctorates are both completed as part of a programme of study and supervised research. Both have entry requirements of the student having a supervisor that has agreed to supervise their research, along with the student possessing an honours degree with upper

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Criteria for admission to doctoral programs vary. Students may be admitted with a bachelor's degree in the U.S. and the U.K. However, elsewhere, e.g. in Finland and many other European countries, a master's degree is required. The time required to complete a research doctorate varies from three

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and was equivalent to a bachelor's degree. In France and other countries, it is the bachelor's-level qualification in the Bologna process. In the Pontifical system, the Licentiate in Sacred Theology (STL) is equivalent to an advanced master's degree, or the post-master's coursework required in

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In the 1930s, the renowned Orientalist Alfred Guillaume noted strong resemblances between Muslim and Western Christian institutions of higher learning. An example he cited is the ijazah, which he recognized as being akin to the medieval licentia docendi, the precursor of the modern university

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A Doctor of Engineering (DEng) is a professional degree. In contrast to a PhD in Engineering where students usually conduct original theory-based research, DEng degrees are built around applied coursework and a practice-led project and thus designed for working engineers in the industry. DEng

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is still used for academic recruitment purposes in many countries within the EU. It involves either a long new thesis (a second book) or a portfolio of research publications. The habilitation (highest available degree) demonstrates independent and thorough research, experience in teaching and

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Doctor's degree: The highest award a student can earn for graduate study. The doctor's degree classification includes such degrees as Doctor of Education, Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of Public Health, and the Doctor of Philosophy degree in any field such as agronomy, food technology,

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is a prerequisite. The normal duration is three years. The writing of a comprehensive thesis constitutes the bulk of the doctoral work. While the length of the thesis varies according to the discipline, it is rarely less than 150 pages, and often substantially more. Some 15,000 new doctoral

2910:(1879) following suit. Controversy and opposition followed the introduction of the Ph.D. into the U.S. educational system, lasting into the 1950s, as it was seen as an unnecessary artificial transplant from a foreign (Germany) educational system, which corrupted a system based on England's 2211:, a largely ceremonial role, but they are formally allowed to take over the defence on behalf of the candidate. Doctoral candidates The actual defence lasts exactly the assigned time slot (45 minutes to 1 hour exactly depending on the university) after which the defence is suspended by the 2178:

with additional courses and supervision), perform extensive research and write a dissertation consisting of published articles (over a period of four or more years). Research can also be conducted without official research assistant status, for example through a business-sponsored research

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degree. To earn an M.D. in a science specialty, one must have a master's degree (M.Sc.) (or two diplomas before the introduction of M.Sc. degree in Egypt) before applying. The M.D. degree involves courses in the field and defending a dissertation. It takes on average three to five years.

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Doctorate of Philosophy was reintroduced in Germany as a research degree, abbreviated as Dr. phil. (similar to Ph.D. in Anglo-American countries). Germany, however, differentiated then in more detail between doctorates in philosophy and doctorates in the natural sciences, abbreviated as

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scholarly achievement. Examples of this type of degree may include the following and others, as designated by the awarding institution: the Ed.D. (in education), D.M.A. (in musical arts), D.B.A. (in business administration), D.Sc. (in science), D.A. (in arts), or D.M (in medicine).

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for the thesis defence, who must also be an outside expert, with at least a doctorate. In all Finnish universities, long tradition requires that the printed dissertation hang on a cord by a public university noticeboard for at least ten days prior to for the dissertation defence.

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Now usually called higher doctorates in the United Kingdom, the older-style doctorates take much longer to complete since candidates must show themselves to be leading experts in their subjects. These doctorates are less common than the PhD in some countries and are often awarded

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For the ph.d. degree, the candidates (ph.d. students or fellows) – who are required to have a master's degree – enroll at a ph.d. school at a university and participate in a research training program, at the end of which they each submit a thesis and defend it orally at a formal

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After examining committee approval, the candidate publishes the thesis (generally more than 100 copies) and sends it to the examining committee, colleagues, friends and family with an invitation to the public defence. Additional copies are kept in the university library and the

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Students can only enroll in a doctorate system after completing a research university level master's degree; although dispensation can be granted on a case-by-case basis after scrutiny of the individual's portfolio. The most common way to conduct doctoral studies is to work as

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decided in 2010 that such Dr. med. degrees do not meet the international standards of a Ph.D. research degree. The duration of the doctorate depends on the field: a doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years.

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A Doctor of Pharmacy is awarded as the professional degree in pharmacy replacing a bachelor's degree. It is the only professional pharmacy degree awarded in the US. Pharmacy programs vary in length between four years for matriculants with a B.S./B.A. to six years for others.

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hours of questions from the jury or other doctors present. The defense and questions are public. The jury then deliberates in private and then declares the candidate admitted or "postponed". The latter is rare. New regulations were set in 2016 and do not award distinctions.

460:". When professional doctorates were established in the UK in the late 1980s and early 1990s, they did not follow the US model. Still, they were set up as research degrees at the same level as PhDs but with some taught components and a professional focus for research work. 853:

with little or no research content are typically aimed at professional performance. Many professional doctorates are named "Doctor of and abbreviated using the form "D" or "D", or may use the more generic titles "Professional Doctorate", abbreviated "ProfDoc" or "DProf",

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The doctorate has long existed in the UK as, originally, the second degree in divinity, law, medicine and music. But it was not until the late 19th century that the research doctorate, now known as the higher doctorate, was introduced. The first higher doctorate was the

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The jury members are designated by the head of the institution. The candidate's supervisor and the external reviewers are generally jury members. The maximum number of jury members is 8. The defense generally lasts 45 minutes in scientific fields, followed by 1 –

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as an entry-level professional qualification does not exist. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation is German), instead of a general name for all fields (such as the

2158:(engineer)(ir.). Following the Bologna protocol the Dutch adopted the Anglo-Saxon system of academic degrees. The old candidate's degree was revived to become the bachelor's degree and the doctorandus' (mr and ir degree) were replaced by master's degrees. 2282:(licensee) title was in use for a regular graduate until the Bologna reform changed the licentiaat degree to the master's degree (the Bologna reform abolished the two-year kandidaat degree and introduced a three-year academic bachelor's degree instead). 2135:(dr.). After successful completion of the first year of university, the student was awarded the propaedeutic diploma (not a degree). In some fields, this diploma was abolished in the 1980s. In physics and mathematics, the student could directly obtain a 4804:

education, engineering, public administration, ophthalmology, or radiology. The doctor's degree classification encompasses three main subcategories—research/scholarship degrees, professional practice degrees, and other degrees—which are described below.

441:" that trained students to apply or practice knowledge rather than generate it, similar to other students in vocational schools or institutes. In the UK, research doctorates initially took higher doctorates in Science and Letters, first introduced at 1378:, under the supervision of the thesis supervisor. Family, friends, colleagues and the members of the research community customarily attend the defence. After a formal entrance, the candidate begins with an approximately 20-minute popular lecture ( 2091:(法務博士) The program generally lasts two or three years. This curriculum is professionally oriented, but unlike in the US the program does not provide education sufficient for a law license. All candidates for a bar license must pass the bar exam ( 1021: 2493:

In the same Royal Decree the initial 3-year study period was replaced by a Research master's degree (one or two years; Professional master's degrees do not grant direct access to Ph.D. Programs) that concludes with a public dissertation called

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Many universities offer Ph.D./D.Phil. followed by a professional doctorate or joint Ph.D./D.Phil. with a professional degree. Often, Ph.D. work is sequential to the professional degree, e.g., Ph.D./D.Phil. in law after a J.D. or equivalent in

1124:. Competition for graduate financial aid is intense and most scholarships support at most 2 years of Master's studies and 4 years of doctoral studies. The normal monthly stipend for doctoral students in Brazil is between US$ 500 and $ 1000. 2839:

U.S. research doctorates are awarded for advanced study followed by successfully completing and defending independent research presented in the form of a dissertation. Professional degrees may use the term "doctor" in their titles, such as

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research doctorate. Typically, to be eligible to be awarded a higher doctorate a student must have completed a research doctorate at least seven to ten years prior to submitting the research portfolio used to award them a higher doctorate.

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Many postgraduate medical and surgical specialties students earn a doctorate. After finishing a 6-year medical school and one-year internship (house officer), physicians and surgeons earn the M.B. B.Ch. degree, which is equivalent to a US

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an award that is at a level above the PhD (or equivalent professional doctorate in the discipline), and that is typically gained not through a defined programme of study but rather by submission of a substantial body of research-based

865:'s National Center for Educational Statistics as degrees that require a minimum of six years of university-level study (including any pre-professional bachelor's or associate degree) and meet the academic requirements for professional 6374: 4112:

The DPhil is the name Oxford gives to its doctoral degree rather than the more familiar name PhD. used in most other universities, but the structure of the degree is identical to that of the PhD at leading economics graduate schools

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Dutch doctors may use PhD behind their name instead of the uncapitalized dr. before their name. Those who obtained a degree in a foreign country can only use one of the Dutch title dr. if their grade is approved as equivalent by the

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the general ability to conceptualise, design and implement a project for the generation of new knowledge, applications or understanding at the forefront of the discipline, and to adjust the project design in the light of unforeseen

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A doctoral degree can be revoked or rescinded by the university that awarded it. Possible reasons include plagiarism, criminal or unethical activities of the holder, or malfunction or manipulation of academic evaluation processes.

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The doctor's title is the highest academic title in the Netherlands and Flanders. In research doctorates the degree is always Ph.D. or dr. with no distinction between disciplines, and can only be granted by research universities.

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and requires, in addition to a doctorate, a second thesis or cumulative portfolio of peer-reviewed publications, a public lecture before a panel of experts (including external members from other universities), and a written exam.

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by 2020. Professional associations play a central role in this transformation amid criticisms on the lack of proper criteria to assure appropriate rigor. In many cases master's-level programs were relabeled as doctoral programs.

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in other systems.) Before only professors or senior full researchers of similar rank were normally authorized to supervise a doctoral candidate's work. Now habilitation is a prerequisite to the title of professor in university

1561:) is a research-only degree. It is a national degree and its requirements are fixed by the minister of higher education and research. Only public institutions award the doctorate. It can be awarded in any field of study. The 870:

requirements. There is also a category of "doctor's degree – other" for doctorates that do not fall into either the "professional practice" or "research/scholarship" categories. All of these are considered doctoral degrees.

2848:, but these degrees rarely contain an independent research component and are not research doctorates. Law school graduates, although awarded the J.D. degree, are not normally addressed as "doctor". In legal studies, the 1148:

In recent years some initiatives as jointly supervised doctorates (e.g. "cotutelles") have become increasingly common in the country, as part of the country's efforts to open its universities to international students.

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A guidelines with good practices and legal analysis has been published in 2018 by Association nationale des docteurs (ANDès) & Confédération des Jeunes Chercheurs (CJC) with funding of french Ministry of research.

784:, "habilitation to supervise (doctoral and post-doctoral) research", abbreviated HDR) which is the prerequisite to supervise PhDs and to apply to Full Professorships. In many countries of the previous Soviet Union ( 179:) and doctorate, both of which now became the accepted teaching qualifications. According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150 by the University of Paris. 1918:), is obtained after two additional years, specializing in a branch of the field. This degree requires more advanced thesis work, usually involving academic research or an internship. The final degree is called a 7645: 4516: 1340:

Entrance to a doctoral program is available only for holders of a master's degree; there is no honors procedure for recruiting Bachelors. Entrance is not as controlled as in undergraduate studies, where a strict

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institutes (institutes of higher vocational education that are not universities but often called "Universities of Applied Sciences" in English) do not award doctoral or other academic degrees. The student must:

1140:

competitive exam for vacant full professorships. In São Paulo state universities, associate professorships and subsequent eligibility to apply for a full professorship are conditioned on the qualification of

3365:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1984), pp. 586–588

2676:

the creation and interpretation of new knowledge, through original research or other advanced scholarship, of a quality to satisfy peer review, extend the forefront of the discipline, and merit publication

7989: 6067: 4851:

Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)

1524:), a professional qualification to supervise doctoral work. (This diploma is similar in spirit to the older State doctorate, and the requirements for obtaining it are similar to those necessary to obtain 750:-speaking countries, the degree is insufficient to have teaching duties without professor supervision (or teaching and supervising PhD students independently) without an additional teaching title such as 7832: 2736:

issued a 'Statement of Expectations for Postgraduate Training', which lays out the expectations for training in PhDs funded by the research councils. In the latest version (2016), issued together with

1945:) of one or two years, usually including an internship. An Italian "Master's" is not the same as a master's degree; it is intended to be more focused on professional training and practical experience. 2592:

gave PhDs crimson gowns rather than scarlet. Professional doctorates were introduced in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s. The earliest professional doctorates were in the social sciences, including the

1346:

working in a research unit or through private scholarships. Funding is more available for natural and engineering sciences than in letters. Sometimes, normal work and research activity are combined.

4356: 1236:) is required to submit a thesis of major scientific significance, and to proceed to defend it orally against two official opponents, as well as against any and all opponents from the auditorium ( 1057:

tests while others base admissions on a research proposal application and interview only. In both instances however, a faculty member must agree prior to admission to supervise the applicant.

4624: 6613: 6367: 3406:

case of the university. Despite this point, Makdisi has likened the ijazat al-ifta' wa'l-tadris to the medieval Latin licentia docendi and suggests that it served as a model for that degree.

2725:

degrees and then formally transferred onto the PhD after a year or two. Students who are not considered likely to complete a PhD may be offered the opportunity to complete an MPhil instead.

4401: 672:

preparation for a doctorate (i.e. similar in level to the Swedish/Finnish licentiate degree). While other licences (such as the Licence in Canon Law) are at the level of master's degrees.

639:). The submitted dissertation is assessed by a committee of, typically, internal, and external examiners. It is then typically defended by the candidate during an oral examination (called 4307: 6012: 1240:) – no matter how long the proceedings take. The official opponents are required to be full professors. The candidate is required to have a master's degree, but not necessarily a ph.d. 475:

lecturing, and, more recently, the ability to generate supportive funding. The habilitation follows the research doctorate, and in Germany, it can be a requirement for appointment as a

4587: 4945: 2588:

doctorates by distinctive academic dress. At Cambridge, for example, PhDs wear a master's gown with scarlet facings rather than the full scarlet gown of the higher doctors, while the

2478:

mark is awarded after the public defense as the result of a private, anonymous vote. Votes are verified by the university. A unanimous vote of the reviewers nominates Doctors granted

1505:

with the purpose to lessen what had become an increasingly long period of time between the typical students' completion of their Diplôme d'études supérieures, roughly equivalent to a

1314:

Obtain such understanding of the general theory of science and letters and such knowledge of neighbouring research fields that they are able to follow the development of these fields.

804:

philanthropy, or professional achievement. In a formal listing of qualifications, and often in other contexts, an honorary higher doctorate will be identified using language like "

667:

degree, similar to Sweden's. Outside of Scandinavia, the licentiate is usually a lower-level qualification. In Belgium, the licentiate was the basic university degree prior to the

382:

The use and meaning of the doctorate have changed over time and are subject to regional variations. For instance, until the early 20th century, few academic staff or professors in

3465: 1542: 6584: 6704: 2410:

A 2-year (or longer) period of studies concludes with a public dissertation presented to a panel of 3 Professors. Upon approval from the university, the candidate receives a

1412:

and further experience. Exceptions may be granted by the university governing board, but this is uncommon, and usually due to other work and expertise considered equivalent.

774:, "the right to teach", a specific academic subject at universities for a lifetime. The French academic system used to have a higher doctorate, called the "state doctorate" ( 1781:

or "address"), including repetitions in the case of multiple degrees, as in "Frau Prof. Dr. Dr. Schmidt", for a person who would be addressed as "Prof. Schmidt" in English.

1765:, dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the doctorate degree is not an honorary doctorate, which must be indicated by 6336:"Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa" 4486: 308:

and also doctorates in the social/political sciences, abbreviated as Dr. rer. pol., similar to the other traditional doctorates in medicine (Dr. med.) and law (Dr. jur.).

6982: 1757:

Over fifty doctoral designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g.,

687:

A higher tier of research doctorates may be awarded based on a formally submitted portfolio of published research of an exceptionally high standard. Examples include the

6540: 5335: 4512: 6035: 4835: 4997: 4863: 5213: 3849: 2658:

e.g. DD, LLD, DSc, DLitt; higher level than junior doctorates, usually awarded either for a substantial body of work over an extended period or as honorary degrees.

6932: 4000: 2692: 7981: 7206: 7166: 2679:

a systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of knowledge which is at the forefront of an academic discipline or area of professional practice

7578: 6293: 6071: 445:

in 1882. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada and was instituted at all British universities from 1917. The first (titled a DPhil) was awarded at the

6165: 4812:

Doctor's degree—other: A doctor's degree that does not meet the definition of a doctor's degree—research/scholarship or a doctor's degree—professional practice.

4279: 1093:(Doctor of Sciences) is normally used to refer collectively to doctorates in the natural sciences (i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Biological and Life Sciences, etc.) 7824: 7265: 2235:

Those who have multiple doctor (dr.) titles may use the title dr.mult. Those who have received honoris causa doctorates may use dr.h.c. before their own name.

6961: 3418: 3310:

It remains the case that no equivalent of the bachelor's degree, the licentia docendi, or higher degrees ever emerged in the medieval or early modern Islamic

7777: 7854: 3941: 1895:

was introduced by law and presidential decree in 1980, in a reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.

1816:. It is considered as an additional academic qualification rather than an academic degree formally. It qualifies the owner to teach at German universities ( 1299:

The Finnish requirement for the entrance into doctoral studies is a master's degree or equivalent. All universities have the right to award doctorates. The

7628: 6738: 5272: 4435: 406:

Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward. The first professional doctorate offered in the United States was the

7410: 4333: 4173: 3880: 2666:

states in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (which covers junior doctorates but not higher doctorates) that:

4923: 3771: 1222:. In the disputation, the candidates defend their theses against three official opponents, and may take opponents or questions from those present in the 6664:"Anders dan 'Doctor' of 'PhD': Waarom het Professional Doctorate in Nederland niet het academische professional doctorate in het Verenigd Koninkrijk is" 2420:

is allowed to challenge the candidate with questions. If approved, the candidate receives the doctorate. Four marks used to be granted: Unsatisfactory (

8167: 8129: 8092: 8055: 6617: 4565: 2774:

In terms of number of institutions offering the awards, the most common doctorates of this type in UKCGE surveys carried out in 2008 and 2013 were the

2278:

the doctorandus title was only used by those who actually started their doctoral work. Doctorandus is still used as a synonym for a Ph.D. student. The

1308:

Demonstrate understanding of their field and its meaning, while preparing to use scientific or scholarly study in their field, creating new knowledge.

627:

Criteria for research doctorates vary but typically require completion of a substantial body of original research, which may be presented as a single

3574: 3490: 1197:, for humanistic and STEM subjects) – the higher doctorate – introduced in 1479. The second part of the title communicates the field of study – e.g. 911:('for the sake of the honor'), waiving the usual requirements for granting the degree. Some universities do not award honorary degrees, for example, 7144: 4616: 6925:"Raíces de las normas y tradiciones del protocolo y ceremonial universitario actual: las universidades del Antiguo Régimen y los actos de colación" 4217: 1351: 4405: 3520: 2935:

The International Affairs Office of the U.S. Department of Education has listed 18 frequently awarded research doctorate titles identified by the

1061:

faculty members, two of whom must be external. After completion, which normally consumes 4 years, the candidate is commonly awarded the degree of

7520: 7492: 5966: 5389: 5188: 2873: 1141: 7232: 7111: 4756: 4722: 4688: 762:

Since 2004, the honorary title of "Privatdozent" (before this, completing the habilitation resulted in appointment as a civil servant). In many

8373: 8343: 7924: 7756: 7682: 4300: 3385: 2538:

All doctorate holders are reciprocally recognised as equivalent in Germany and Spain (according to the "Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994").

1538: 6003: 2648:– e.g. EdD, ProfDoc/DProf, EngD, etc.; usually include taught elements and have an orientation that combines professional and academic aspects 2663: 1546: 429:(April 2008). The American code for academic dress identifies academic doctors with three bands of velvet on the sleeve of the doctoral gown. 6793: 4958: 4066: 4044: 2146:

title, implying that the student's initial studies were finished. In addition to these 'general' degrees, specific titles equivalent to the

7323: 6409: 6342: 6085: 5364: 4474:

The degree is open to everyone (including non-Belgians) who has earned the B.A. (in Belgium: licentiaat or licence) or an equivalent degree

7089: 6240: 5618: 5088: 6838: 2864:

after Pharm.D. Such professional degrees are referred to as an entry-level doctorate program and Ph.D. as a post-professional doctorate.

932: 861:

In the US, professional doctorates (formally "doctor's degree – professional practice" in government classifications) are defined by the

7898: 7442: 6206: 6180: 5304: 4247: 3460: 2704:

personal development. However, the assessment of the PhD remains based on the production of a thesis or equivalent and its defence at a

8028: 6869: 6824: 6515: 6143: 5733: 4091: 2710:

oral examination, normally held in front of at least two examiners, one internal and one external. Access to PhDs normally requires an

2416:(part qualified doctor, equivalent to M.Sc.). From 2008 it is possible to substitute the former diploma by a recognized master program. 1667:; humanities such as philosophy, philology, history, and social sciences such as sociology, political science, or psychology as well); 1336:

of peer-reviewed articles). In fine arts, the dissertation may be substituted by works and/or performances as accepted by the faculty.

7019: 3701: 1100:). Some graduate students are additionally supported by institutional scholarships granted by federal government agencies like CNPq ( 359: 7957: 7642: 5167: 2928:

The median number of years for completion of U.S. doctoral degrees is seven. Doctoral applicants were previously required to have a

722:

or "faculty to teach") under a university procedure with a thesis and an exam is commonly regarded as belonging to this category in

74:

to individuals deemed worthy of special recognition, either for scholarly work or other contributions to the university or society.

7549: 6484: 51:

In most countries, a research degree qualifies the holder to teach at university level in the degree's field or work in a specific

780: 7802: 7699: 6269: 5250: 5056: 2066:. It produced the majority of engineering doctoral degrees from national universities. University-based doctoral programs called 2028: 7607: 6454: 5343: 5022: 4490: 1248:. Until the late 20th century, the higher doctorate was a condition for attaining full professorship; it is no longer required 7664: 7294: 6555: 5755: 6990: 6435: 5946: 5901: 5878: 5855: 5832: 5809: 5786: 5446: 5086:

Doctor of Philosophy. Doctor of Juridical Science. Master of Laws by Research. Master of Taxation by Research. Faculty of Law

4824: 3711: 3649: 3344: 2259: 2255: 920: 7718: 6705:"University of Applied Sciences Professional Doctorate. A professional degree programme focusing on practice-based research" 5660: 5550: 4984: 2454:

Since September 2012 and regulated by Royal Decree (R.D. 99/2011) (in Spanish), three marks can be granted: Unsatisfactory (

4870: 4790: 2695:. The higher doctorates are stated to be "A higher level of award", which is not covered by the qualifications frameworks. 1358:

it an edited collection of 3 to 7 journal articles. Students unable or unwilling to write a dissertation may qualify for a

1287:

The Egyptian M.D. degree is written using the name of one's specialty. For example, M.D. (Geriatrics) means a doctorate in

330:

in 1608 at Lyons or maybe Avignon (she "defended theses" in 1606 or 1607, although claims that she received a doctorate in

326:

University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The first women to be granted doctorates were

5221: 3549: 2506:. An approved project earns a master's degree that grants access to a Ph.D. program and initiates the period of research. 3838: 1374:

The doctoral dissertation takes place in public. The opponent and the candidate conduct a formal debate, usually wearing

1033: 6924: 5105: 4079:

We offer research degrees both at Master's level (represented by the two-year MPhil programme) and at DPhil (PhD level).

4011: 1362:

degree by completing the coursework requirement and writing a shorter thesis, usually summarizing one year of research.

7202: 7177: 3303: 3075: 2948: 2877: 2239: 2000: 840: 7586: 6285: 7069: 6162: 6112: 5938: 4953: 4350: 4271: 3821: 3755: 3398: 3353: 3199: 2593: 1657:

sciences, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and information technology, or psychology);

992: 559: 7254: 2977:

students defend their thesis at the end of their study before a thesis committee in order to be conferred a degree.

942: 5280: 3426: 2229: 2200: 2024: 1884: 883: 331: 7781: 6638: 5436: 1408:

The doctorate is a formal requirement for a docenture or professor's position, although these in practice require

8082: 7471: 7352: 5030: 4138:"Business Professional Doctoral Programs: Student Motivations, Educational Process, and Graduate Career Outcomes" 2917:

Ph.D.s and other research doctorates in the U.S. typically entail successful completion of coursework, passing a

1284:

degree. They can then apply to earn a master's degree or a speciality diploma, then an MD degree in a specialty.

7862: 7381: 6745: 4513:"Quadro Nazionale delle Qualifiche della Santa Sede [National Qualifications Framework of the Holy See]" 4427: 3949: 235: 8021: 7402: 5134: 4184: 3906:'doctoral degree' is used only in respect of qualifications at level 8 on the FHEQ/SCQF level 12 on the FQHEIS. 3891: 2531:

was the only one in Spain authorised to confer the doctorate. This law remained in effect until 1954, when the

2406:

All doctoral programs are research-oriented. A minimum of 4 years of study is required, divided into 2 stages:

2243: 2216:

to the candidate, and usually congratulates the candidate and gives a personal speech praising the work of the

2207:

session, specific phrasing in the procedure, and dress code. In most protocols, candidates can be supported by

974: 855: 543: 5893: 5870: 5847: 5824: 5801: 5778: 5703: 4915: 3782: 2711: 2601: 1366:

applies the faculty for permission to print the thesis. When granting this permission, the faculty names the

507:

Research doctorates are awarded in recognition of publishable academic research, at least in principle, in a

116: 4551: 3732:

The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882

2472:) as maximum mark. In the public defense the doctor is notified if the thesis has passed or not passed. The 1342: 8309: 6530:. Annual meeting of the Research Committee of Sociology of Law, Paris. European Network on Law and Society. 6319: 4461: 3945: 3150:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

2691:

In the UK, the (junior) doctorate is a qualification awarded at FHEQ level 8/level 12 of the FQHEIS on the

2535:

joined in commemoration of its septcentenary. In 1970, the right was extended to all Spanish universities.

2450:). Those Doctors granted their degree "Summa Cum Laude" were allowed to apply for an "Extraordinary Award". 1562: 662:

Licentiate degrees vary widely in their meaning, and in a few countries are doctoral-level qualifications.

617: 415: 147: 3570: 2509:

A doctorate is required in order to teach at the university. Some universities offer an online Phd model.

707:(DCL) degrees found in the UK, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, and the traditional doctorates in 8078: 7894: 7140: 5576: 4213: 2936: 2849: 1252:

for any positions, but is considered amply equivalent to the ph.d. when applying for academic positions.

535: 433:

In the shape of the German-style PhD, the modern research degree was first awarded in the US in 1861, at

396: 391: 6885:"Alone in the Academic Ultraperiphery: Online Doctoral Candidates' Quest to Belong, Thrive, and Succeed" 5397: 5192: 4209: 1390:) in honour of the opponent. Usually, the candidate invites their family, colleagues and collaborators. 418:, established in 1847 for this purpose) to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. 4786: 4752: 4718: 4684: 4650: 4556: 3512: 2993: 2989: 2891: 2721:. Courses normally last three years, although it is common for students to be initially registered for 970: 862: 763: 7528: 7499: 5958: 2757:

whether the candidate deserves the doctorate. The higher doctorate is similar in some respects to the

901:

When a university wishes to formally recognize an individual's contributions to a particular field or

8368: 8014: 7228: 7119: 6953: 4744: 4710: 4676: 4654: 2970: 2918: 1750: 1245: 621: 7920: 7748: 7680: 4387: 3813:

Comparing American and British Legal Education Systems: Lessons for Commonwealth African Law Schools

3627: 3221: 845:

Depending on the country, professional doctorates may also be research degrees at the same level as

42:

awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism

8147: 7921:"Table A-1. Types of research doctoral degrees recognized by the Survey of Earned Doctorates: 2016" 7173: 7016:"The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project" 4620: 4180: 4062: 4007: 3887: 3778: 3327: 3121: 3099: 2812: 2745: 1452:

During the first half of the 20th century, following the submission of two theses (primary thesis,

609: 551: 426: 5160:"Three to Receive Honorary Degrees for Contributions to Science and Technology, and Public Policy" 1599:) can also be used by medical and pharmaceutical practitioners who hold a doctor's State diploma ( 1573:(4,000 granted every year with a gross salary of 1758 euros per month as of September 2016). 8074: 6800: 4992: 4058: 4036: 3050: 2561: 2532: 1843:—around 2005—as an alternative track towards becoming a professor at universities (with tenure), 1784:

In the German university system it is common to write two doctoral theses, the inaugural thesis (

1749:

In medicine, "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study therefore,

963: 681: 547: 256: 20: 7315: 6398: 6335: 5748:"Valtioneuvoston asetus yliopistojen tutkinnoista 794/2004 – Säädökset alkuperäisinä – FINLEX ®" 5368: 4457: 3798:

The first Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in the UK was awarded by the University of Oxford in 1917

3021: 1879:

generally constituted the highest academic degree obtainable in Italy. The first institution in

796:

there is the higher doctorate (above the title of "Candidate of Sciences"/PhD) under the title "

8120: 7085: 6232: 6194: 5606: 5085: 4919: 2903: 2528: 1628: 1097: 938: 916: 539: 515: 363: 335: 6845: 6007: 5469: 3607: 3380: 3185: 2815:(D.Univ.) for these purposes, and reserve the higher doctorates for formal academic research. 1470: 8181: 7886: 7434: 6210: 5311: 4895: 3811: 3745: 2317: 2251: 1409: 636: 571: 567: 6884: 6769: 6522: 4137: 4099: 2765:

Higher doctorates were defined by the UK Council for Graduate Education (UKCGE) in 2013 as:

2686:

a detailed understanding of applicable techniques for research and advanced academic enquiry

8295: 8251: 8157: 8143: 8101: 8046: 5827:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 29 and 125–126. University of Helsinki. 4431: 4239: 4095: 3482: 2988:

in 2007. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses were expected to completely transition to the

2883: 2832: 2795: 2733: 2714: 2569: 2565: 2390: 2338: 2247: 2053:

dissertation, along with articles published in well-known journals. This program is called

1869: 1796: 563: 555: 519: 446: 168: 56: 7015: 3717: 2984:

In the twenty-first century professional doctorates appeared in other fields, such as the

1800:), which opens the road to a professorship. Upon completion of the habilitation thesis, a 8: 8286: 8271: 7946: 6191: 5159: 3235: 2985: 2597: 2589: 2568:

transforming its DSc from an advanced study course to a research degree in 1885, and the

1465: 1359: 1261: 1165: 1132: 1096:

All graduate programs in Brazilian public universities are tuition-free (mandated by the

850: 836: 805: 704: 657: 523: 438: 411: 339: 204: 156: 104: 7557: 6492: 1619:

Doctoral degrees in Germany are research doctorates and are awarded by a process called

1131:

usually enables an individual to apply for a junior faculty position equivalent to a US

263:

1652). The term "philosophy" does not refer here to the field or academic discipline of

8213: 8138: 5850:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 29 and 129. University of Helsinki. 4561: 4375: 4124: 3615: 3269: 3209: 3167: 3055: 2929: 2895: 2845: 2791: 2737: 2718: 2175: 1333: 1281: 1178:. At the same time, a minor, two-year research training program, leading to a title of 1053: 912: 797: 789: 692: 613: 605: 407: 383: 347: 320: 288: 248: 143: 71: 7810: 7697: 6266: 5242: 5064: 1926:) and is obtained after three years of academic research on the subject and a thesis. 1569:

Doctoral candidates can apply for a three-year fellowship. The most well known is the

1113: 8305: 8069: 7622: 7065: 6906: 6863: 6818: 6685: 6451: 6137: 5942: 5934: 5897: 5874: 5851: 5828: 5805: 5782: 5727: 5442: 5034: 4346: 3817: 3751: 3707: 3394: 3349: 3299: 3273: 3261: 3244: 3195: 2953:

Many fields offer professional doctorates (or professional master's degrees) such as

2779: 2775: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2399: 2275: 696: 688: 527: 442: 351: 175:), the latter was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the master's degree ( 7579:"What is the difference between a Pharm.D. and a Ph.D. degree?: College of Pharmacy" 5896:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 160–180. University of Helsinki. 5873:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Pages 130–160. University of Helsinki. 3601: 8335: 8291: 8208: 8064: 7661: 7286: 6896: 6675: 6432: 5747: 4152: 3376: 3253: 3159: 2857: 2579: 2384: 2323: 2301: 2016: 2004: 1520:). A special diploma was created called the "accreditation to supervise research" ( 1383: 511: 355: 292: 220: 200: 44: 6433:

The Science and Technology Resources of Japan: A Comparison with the United States

5135:"University of Berkley. Doctoral, Masters, Bachelors and Associate Degrees Online" 3641: 2560:, introduced in 1882. This was soon followed by other universities, including the 2191:

Every Ph.D. thesis has to be promoted by research university staff member holding

8330: 8314: 8276: 8261: 8228: 8038: 7722: 7715: 7703: 7686: 7668: 7649: 6458: 6439: 6323: 6273: 6169: 5113: 5092: 3881:"The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" 3469: 2887: 2828: 2787: 2395: 2095:), attend the Legal Training and Research Institute and pass the practical exam ( 1899: 1741: 1650: 1490: 1426: 1183: 896: 878: 747: 668: 576: 434: 280: 139: 39: 7734:

Prior, Moody E. (1965). "The Doctor of Philosophy Degree". in Walters, E. (ed.)

6680: 4778: 2823: 2140:

their doctorandus thesis. The successful completion of this thesis conveyed the

8300: 8256: 8223: 8106: 6901: 5804:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Page 108. University of Helsinki. 5607:"Os doutorados em cotutela no Brasil e em seus principais parceiros acadêmicos" 3541: 3298:(2. ed., repr. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 155. 3065: 2922: 2741: 2291: 2192: 1948:

Regardless of the field of study, the title for Bachelors Graduate students is

1654: 1506: 1494: 1311:

Obtain a good understanding of development, basic problems and research methods

1117: 531: 490: 327: 312: 244: 182: 120: 7947:"The Chronicle of Higher education : The Faculty : Credential Creep" 5781:. Kasvatustieteen laitoksen tutkimuksia 219. Page 27. University of Helsinki. 5551:"What is a higher doctorate? - Support - my.UQ - The University of Queensland" 5524: 5441:(2nd ed.). South Australia: Australian Qualifications Framework Council. 4306:. Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. May 2011. pp. 14–15, 26. 3345:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages

3093: 3091: 2311:

The title was abolished with the end of the Empire in 1917 and revived by the

1910:), requires three years and a short thesis. The second-level degree, called a 8362: 6910: 6689: 6163:

STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308)

5434: 3265: 3257: 3240:"From Jāmi' ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 3070: 2783: 1641: 849:. The relationship between research and practice is considered important and 823: 810: 735: 600: 590: 466: 305: 268: 91:

derives from Latin, meaning "teacher" or "instructor". The doctorate (Latin:

8006: 5243:"No honorary degrees is an MIT tradition going back to ... Thomas Jefferson" 4957:. National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. October 2006. Archived from 4896:"Doctor of Communication – Faculty of Information and Communication Studies" 3588:

1769, and that of Doctor of Medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively.

8218: 5495: 4588:"Homeland Security, Doctor of Professional Studies | St. John's University" 3088: 3060: 2841: 2758: 2349: 1829: 1791: 1433:, "DrE", the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate ( 1265: 1121: 902: 877:

All doctorates in the UK and Ireland are third cycle qualifications in the

751: 715: 632: 570:(D.Eng., D.E.Sc. or D.E.S., also awarded in Japan and South Korea), the UK 477: 471: 453: 386:

universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in

300: 223:

notes a difference in the granting authority (individual professor for the

196: 124: 108: 7855:"Structure of the U.S. Education System : Research Doctorate Degrees" 6119: 4916:"Aberystwyth University – Professional Doctorate in Agriculture D4201 DAg" 2939:(NSF) as representing degrees equivalent in research content to the Ph.D. 2886:(Ph.D. or D.Phil.). This degree was first awarded in the U.S. at the 1861 1024:, an agency in Argentina's Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. 8281: 6040: 5214:"University Regulations: Academic Regulations: Graduate Record 2005–2006" 3342:

Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:

2973:", since they are the first field-specific master's or doctoral degrees. 2954: 2365: 2296: 2142: 2112: 1219: 887:(SJD), which, like the UK professional doctorates, is a research degree. 739: 708: 508: 496: 387: 343: 284: 96: 4869:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. June 2013. Archived from 4832:

Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada

3009: 2131:(drs.) (with equivalent degrees in engineering – ir. and law – mr.) and 1992:(engineer) are awarded only upon passing a post-graduation examination ( 1516:

After 1984, only one type of doctoral degree remained: the "doctorate" (

1397:), but many fields retain their traditional titles: Doctor of Medicine ( 7039: 5689: 2087:

The only professional doctorate in Japan is the Juris Doctor, known as

1461: 1288: 1223: 977: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 264: 64: 60: 52: 7463: 7344: 6728:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012, Table 2.1. 5642: 3171: 1976:. Graduates in the fields of Education, Art and Music are also called 425:

American academic doctors gather before the commencement exercises at

7778:"Vanderbilt Owen Graduate School of Management : PhD Admissions" 7373: 6889:

The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning

6663: 5138: 3390: 3291: 3191: 2966: 2907: 2706: 2208: 1964:), not to be confused with the title for the Ph.D., which is instead 1836: 1375: 1329: 1011: 866: 216: 5988: 4174:"Status of the Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA) in the UK" 3942:"Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees" 3115: 3113: 3111: 1566:

matriculations occur every year and ≈10,000 doctorates are awarded.

1460:) to the Faculty of Letters (in France, "letters" is equivalent to " 952: 5711: 3163: 2962: 2958: 2911: 2861: 2517: 2360: 1210: 400: 374: 192: 128: 7716:

History & Purpose – The Graduate School – Princeton University

4156: 3296:

The rise of early modern science : Islam, China, and the West

3239: 2394:

Traditionally, the friends of a new doctor honored him painting a

1318:

The way to show that these general requirements have been met is:

195:

was the origin of the doctorate later issued in medieval European

7725:. Gradschool.princeton.edu (2010-10-01). Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 5525:"Higher Doctorates Procedure - University of Southern Queensland" 3108: 2899: 2370: 2345:

title retains the exclusivity it had in the times of The Empire.

2308:) marks the highest academic level achieved by a formal process. 2271: 1442: 1271:

The Medical doctorate (abbreviated as M.D.) is equivalent to the

1164:

A three-year ph.d. degree program, which replaced the equivalent

1157: 793: 727: 723: 452:

Following the MD, the next professional doctorate in the US, the

437:. This differed from the MD in that the latter was a vocational " 296: 276: 227:

and a corporate entity in the case of the university doctorate).

55:. There are a number of doctoral degrees; the most common is the 6368:"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) Decree" 6316: 6086:"Duden: Professorinnen und Professoren anschreiben oder anreden" 2377:

Doctoral degrees are regulated by Royal Decree (R.D. 778/1998),

1937:, one can complete a "Master's" (first-level Master's after the 1441:, created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the 378:

Man and woman wearing Durham and Glasgow PhD gowns, respectively

8266: 8233: 8152: 4342: 3671: 3510: 2965:, etc., that require such degrees for professional practice or 2671:

Doctoral degrees are awarded to students who have demonstrated:

1875: 1525: 1478:

which could be received for the submission of a single thesis.

1022:

National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation

743: 731: 680:"Post-doctoral degree" redirects here. Not to be confused with 663: 628: 272: 240: 187: 5435:

Australian Government Department of Education (January 2013).

3839:"HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME 'DOCTORS'? FROM THE LL.B. TO THE J.D." 1996:), and registration in the relevant professional association. 1170:

in 1992, and does not grant the holder the right to the title

2722: 2513: 2212: 1880: 1856: 1633: 1502: 1474:. There was also the less prestigious "university doctorate" 1425:

Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in France: the

1272: 1102:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

819: 754:. In Austria, the habilitation bestows the graduate with the 675: 421: 316: 6739:"Real decreto 778/1998 de 30 de abril (B.O.E. De 1 de mayo)" 5918:

Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes And Thinkers

1828:). This has been the traditional prerequisite for attaining 1182:, was phased out to meet the international standards of the 1108:). Personal scholarships are provided by the various FAP's ( 1106:

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino Superior

648:

years, excluding undergraduate study, to six years or more.

7493:"University of Texas, College of Pharmacy, Pharm. D./Ph.D." 2524:

can sit and cover their heads in the presence of the King.

2521: 2312: 2036: 1065:(Doctor) followed by the main area of specialization, e.g. 785: 152: 7435:"Directory of Postprofessional Ph.D. and ScD/DSc Programs" 6770:"Consulta de la Base de datos de Tesis Doctorales (TESEO)" 4487:"Licence, Master's, Doctorate and Other Academic Programs" 3126:, vol. 5, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1957–1958 3104:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1155–1156 2315:

in 1934 when a lower complementary degree was added - the

624:(S.T.D., or D.S.Th.) are research doctorates in theology. 566:(DMan), various doctorates in engineering, such as the US 403:

career. However, many recipients do not work in academia.

59:(PhD), awarded in many different fields, ranging from the 7825:"Tradition of Oxbridge 'free' Masters degrees under fire" 7738:. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, p. 32. 7203:"RCUK unveils expectations for doctoral training support" 6585:"Informatie van de Rijksoverheid | Rijksoverheid.nl" 6472:

For a Justice System to Support Japan in the 21st Century

4646: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3140:, Society for Research into Higher Education, 1994, p. 8. 2348:

Similar title/degree systems were adopted by many of the

1697:; economics, business administration, political science); 846: 815: 700: 3453: 2628:– normally PhD/DPhil; the most common form of doctorate 1232:

For the higher doctorate, the candidate (referred to as

1112:) at the state level, especially FAPESP in the state of 778:), but, in 1984, it was superseded by the habilitation ( 6545:

to Associate Professors at Dutch Research Universities"

3890:. November 2014. pp. 16–17, 30, 36. Archived from 3138:

Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective

2646:

Professional / practice-based / practitioner doctorates

1824:

receives the authorization to teach a certain subject (

142:, which required the applicant to pass a test, take an 6702: 6259: 6257: 6233:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382" 4982: 3682: 3332:, vol. 3, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols 1155–1156 2634:– integrated PhDs including teaching at master's level 1350:

Science, required coursework varies between 40 and 70

7229:"Statement of Expectations for Postgraduate Training" 7088:. International Association for Practice Doctorates. 7064:. Phillmore & Co. Ltd. pp. 35, 40, 219–220. 7009: 7007: 4404:. Finnish National Board of Education. Archived from 1898:

Italy uses a three-level degree system following the

1260:

In Egypt, the highest degree doctorate is awarded by

858:" (DPS) or "Doctor of Professional Practice" (DPP). 6724:

Leitenberg, Milton and Raymond A. Zilinskas (2012),

2232:, little effort is spent in identifying such fraud. 1405:), Doctor of Science in arts (Art and Design), etc. 1393:

Doctoral graduates are often Doctors of Philosophy (

1052:

Doctoral candidates are normally required to have a

943:

Doctor of Philosophy § Degrees around the globe

138:(i.e. the doctorate) was originally reserved to the 7982:"10 High-Profile People Whose Degrees Were Revoked" 7643:

American higher education in the ... – Google Books

6254: 3571:"History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons" 2642:– PhD by Published Works; only awarded infrequently 2220:(laudatio), before the session is formally closed. 267:; it is used in a broader sense under its original 7671:. Gradschool.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7062:Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities 7050:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 619. 7004: 5577:"Higher Doctorate Admission Requirements Schedule" 905:efforts, it may choose to grant a doctoral degree 7891:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014 7610:. Archived from the original on September 9, 2006 7608:"Office of Public Affairs at Yale – News Release" 5912: 5910: 5299: 5297: 5191:. Cornell University. 15 May 2003. Archived from 4266: 4264: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3809: 1607:mentioned above). The diploma is a first-degree. 594:) and the economics and social science doctorate 295:) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in 259:developed in Germany in the 17th century (likely 8360: 7662:Cornell University Graduate School – Our History 7627:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7600: 6726:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History 5605:Olavo Leite, André; Carmo, Valter Moura (2014). 5604: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3936: 3934: 3706:. UK Council for Graduate Education. p. 6. 3419:"Erhard-Weigel-Gesellschaft: Biographie Weigels" 3375: 3183: 2698: 1501:degree was created on the model of the American 1291:, which is equivalent to a Ph.D. in Geriatrics. 635:, or as a portfolio of shorter project reports ( 159:, where it became a universal license to teach ( 6954:"Ley Moyano de Instrucción Pública de 1857: 14" 6533: 5986: 5661:"Undskyld mig men hvad betyder ph.d. egentlig?" 4135: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3472:, York, UK: The Higher Education Academy, p. 4. 2874:Graduate science education in the United States 1847:is no longer the only university career track. 8344:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 7133: 7059: 6442:Nsf.gov (2004-11-10). Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 5907: 5294: 4261: 3386:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 2546: 2072: 2059: 1328:Prepare and publicly defend a dissertation (a 1160:offers two types of "doctorate"-like degrees: 1135:. Progression to full professorship, known as 514:. The best-known research degree title in the 207:agree that there is a resemblance between the 8036: 8022: 6882: 6001: 4834:. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. 4331: 3964: 3603:Training for the Public Profession of the Law 2501: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2411: 2378: 1537:) in national public research agency such as 1015: 299:and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of 167:continued to hold a higher prestige than the 7652:. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7429: 7427: 7167:"Characteristics Statement: Master's Degree" 6883:Melián, Efrem; Meneses, Julio (2024-05-16). 6278: 6033: 5658: 4515:. Congregazione per l'Educazione Cattolica. 4001:"Characteristics Statement: Doctoral Degree" 3911: 3781:. September 2011. p. 12. Archived from 1804:is awarded, which is indicated by appending 1621: 1325:Demonstrate critical and independent thought 1264:est. 970, which grants ( العالمية Ālimiyya\ 770:, Latin for "the permission to lecture", or 546:/Professional Doctorate (ProfDoc or DProf), 7923:. National Science Foundation. March 2018. 7176:. September 2015. p. 6. Archived from 6639:"PDEng becomes EngD as of 1 September 2022" 6579: 6577: 6575: 5894:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5871:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5848:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5825:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5802:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 5779:Peura, A (2004) Tohtoriksi tulemisen tarina 4136:Grabowski, Louis; Miller, Jeanette (2015). 3836: 3743: 3699: 2607: 2564:establishing its ScD in the same year, the 2337:title is seen as roughly equivalent to the 2106: 1089:(Doctor of Medicine). The generic title of 933:List of doctoral degrees awarded by country 906: 676:Higher doctorate and post-doctoral degrees 311:University doctoral training was a form of 8029: 8015: 6470:The Justice System Reform Council (2001). 6155: 6153: 5496:"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) | UNSW Sydney" 4825:"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework" 4783:National Center for Educational Statistics 4749:National Center for Educational Statistics 4715:National Center for Educational Statistics 4681:National Center for Educational Statistics 4168: 4166: 2882:The most common research doctorate is the 2254:) also award a 2-year (industry oriented) 1449:created in 1923), for technical research. 230: 7424: 7407:College of Nursing and Health Professions 6900: 6679: 6485:"Program Introduction and Dean's Message" 5684: 5682: 5519: 5517: 4985:"Professional Doctorate Awards in the UK" 4145:International Journal of Doctoral Studies 3326:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 3098:Verger, J. (1999), "Doctor, doctoratus", 2969:. Some of these degrees are also termed " 2123:(the lowest degree), depending on gender 1790:), completing a course of study, and the 1533:) and to the title of Research Director ( 1468:, the doctoral candidate was awarded the 993:Learn how and when to remove this message 830: 574:(EngD), the German engineering doctorate 7044:The History of the University of Oxford. 7013: 6572: 6286:"Italy's big six form network for elite" 5095:, The University of New South Wales 2009 4552:"Doctor of Professional Studies Program" 4332:Helena Mähler (2004). Jan Sadlak (ed.). 3747:A History of Foreign Students in Britain 3599: 3369: 3234: 3184:Devin J. Stewart, Josef W. Meri (2005). 3152:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2992:by 2015, and physical therapists to the 2852:is considered the equivalent to a Ph.D. 2822: 2806:Most British universities award degrees 2632:Integrated subject specialist doctorates 2578: 2389: 2359: 420: 373: 271:meaning of "love of wisdom". In most of 234: 6489:Yokohama National University Law School 6230: 6150: 6100:History of the Arabic Written Tradition 5654: 5652: 5586:. University of Queensland. 23 May 2023 4677:"Doctor's degree-professional practice" 4232: 4163: 4098:Department of Economics. Archived from 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3634: 3149: 2942: 2111:The traditional academic system of the 584:) the German natural science doctorate 8361: 7521:"Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (Pharm.D.)" 7464:"PharmD/Ph.D. Combined Degree Program" 7092:from the original on 30 September 2016 6868:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6823:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6661: 6267:Ricerca Italiana, Scuole di Eccellenza 6142:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6068:"Führung ausländischer Hochschulgrade" 5732:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5679: 5637: 5635: 5514: 5470:"Professional Doctorate | UNSW Sydney" 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5023:"C02027v4 Doctor of Juridical Science" 4711:"Doctor's degree-research/scholarship" 3846:New York State Bar Association Journal 3325: 3177: 3143: 3119: 3097: 2238:The Dutch universities of technology ( 2082: 1437:, also called doctorate of specialty, 926: 8374:Academic degrees of the United States 8010: 7927:from the original on 2 September 2018 6703:Vereniging Hogescholen (March 2021). 6662:Houten, Maarten M. Van (2021-12-30). 6513: 6348:from the original on 14 February 2012 5659:Bjørn-Hansen, Søren (16 April 2016). 5057:"Doctor of Juridical Science (20810)" 4996:. UK Council for Graduate Education. 4793:from the original on 2 September 2018 4759:from the original on 2 September 2018 4725:from the original on 2 September 2018 4691:from the original on 2 September 2018 4125:Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED)2022 3606:. Boston: Merrymount Press. pp. 3511:Universidad de Alcala (UAH), Madrid. 3228: 2256:Professional Doctorate in Engineering 2154:(master) (mr.), and for engineering: 1522:Habilitation à diriger des recherches 939:Doctor (title) § Worldwide usage 921:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 890: 781:Habilitation à diriger des recherches 502: 399:) is generally a prerequisite for an 6983:"BOE.es, Documento BOE-A-1995-12243" 5649: 4926:from the original on 12 January 2022 4627:from the original on 17 October 2016 4617:"Doctorate of Professional Practice" 4568:from the original on 17 October 2016 4210:"Research degrees: Doctoral College" 3866: 3642:"Doctor of medicine profession (MD)" 3448:Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians 3348:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3290: 3004: 2751: 2047: 2029:Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies 1988:. Many professional titles, such as 1835:and employment as a full university 1401:), Doctor of Science in technology ( 975:adding citations to reliable sources 946: 360:María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda 219:and others reject Makdisi's theory. 7901:from the original on 6 October 2016 7345:"Berkeley Law, Ph.D. Program (JSP)" 7235:from the original on 1 October 2016 7209:from the original on 6 October 2016 7147:from the original on 6 October 2016 5632: 5611:Revista Brasileira de Pós-Graduação 5531:. University of Southern Queensland 5438:Australian Qualifications Framework 5411: 5003:from the original on 6 October 2016 4983:Kathryn Brown & Carlton Cooke. 4946:"Review of Professional Doctorates" 4657:from the original on 8 October 2016 4519:from the original on 5 October 2016 4438:from the original on 2 October 2016 4362:from the original on 2 October 2016 4313:from the original on 6 October 2016 4301:"National Qualifications Framework" 4220:from the original on 4 October 2016 3652:from the original on 9 October 2016 3577:from the original on 5 October 2016 2867: 2801: 2583:Ph.D. Gown, University of Cambridge 1929:Alternatively, after obtaining the 1902:. The first-level degree, called a 1814:Dr. rer. nat. habil. Max Mustermann 1636:). The most important degrees are: 1034:Australian Qualifications Framework 612:(DDS) are research doctorates. The 13: 7403:"Ph.D. in Rehabilitation Sciences" 7112:"Compare different qualifications" 6614:"DUO – IB-Groep/An academic title" 6452:Ronpaku (Dissertation Phd) Program 6207:"LEGGE del 21 FEBBRAIO 1980 n. 28" 6034:Bernd Kramer (28 September 2015). 5253:from the original on 14 April 2006 4841:from the original on 14 March 2016 3848:. New York State Bar Association. 3076:List of fields of doctoral studies 2949:List of doctoral degrees in the US 2878:List of doctoral degrees in the US 2693:national qualifications frameworks 2487:Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado 2364:The ancient ceremony of bestowing 2240:Eindhoven University of Technology 2001:Superior Graduate Schools in Italy 1941:; second-level Master's after the 841:List of doctoral degrees in the US 14: 8385: 7374:"Ph.D. Program, UW School of Law" 7287:"Ph.D. Program – Yale Law School" 6399:"2005 Universita in Italia Guida" 6048:from the original on 24 June 2018 6015:from the original on 6 April 2018 5963:Enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr 5033:. 30 October 2009. Archived from 4954:European Universities Association 4647:"Doctor of Professional Practice" 4069:from the original on 22 June 2016 3816:. Cambria Press. pp. 20–25. 3772:"Doctoral degree characteristics" 3450:, World Scientific, 2010, p. 183. 2712:upper second class or first class 2594:Doctor of Business Administration 2541: 2115:provided basic academic diploma: 1883:to create a doctoral program was 560:Doctor of Business Administration 107:. Its roots can be traced to the 7974: 7939: 7913: 7879: 7847: 7817: 7795: 7770: 7741: 7728: 7709: 7691: 7674: 7655: 7636: 7571: 7542: 7513: 7485: 7456: 7395: 7366: 7337: 7316:"Distance Learning Ph.D. in Law" 7308: 7279: 7247: 7221: 7195: 7159: 7104: 7078: 7053: 7033: 6975: 6946: 6917: 6876: 6831: 6786: 6762: 6731: 6718: 6696: 6668:Tijdschrift voor Hoger Onderwijs 6655: 6631: 6606: 6516:"Justice System Reform in Japan" 6507: 6477: 6464: 6461:. JSPS. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 6445: 6426: 6391: 6360: 6328: 6307: 6224: 6199: 6185: 6181:Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28 6174: 6105: 6102:, Volume 1, BRILL, 2016, p. vii. 6092: 6078: 6002:Sarah Schmidt (1 October 2015). 5989:"Guide to a Doctorate in France" 4047:from the original on 2015-10-17. 4010:. September 2015. Archived from 3703:Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013 3008: 2818: 2612:Today, except for those awarded 2398:on the walls (in this case, the 2201:Royal Library of the Netherlands 2025:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1887:in 1927 under the historic name 1885:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 1071:Doutor em Ciências da Computação 951: 334:in 1608 have been discredited), 8083:Certificate of Higher Education 7992:from the original on 2016-08-14 7963:from the original on 2017-03-29 7835:from the original on 8 May 2016 7759:from the original on 2008-04-13 7474:from the original on 2013-10-20 7445:from the original on 2013-10-20 7413:from the original on 2013-10-24 7384:from the original on 2013-10-20 7355:from the original on 2013-10-20 7326:from the original on 2013-10-20 7297:from the original on 2013-09-06 7268:from the original on 2016-08-23 7022:from the original on 2016-03-04 6964:from the original on 2012-03-07 6935:from the original on 2008-03-04 6595:from the original on 2010-03-23 6415:from the original on 2017-01-07 6380:from the original on 2012-03-20 6296:from the original on 2012-09-23 6243:from the original on 2016-09-29 6060: 6027: 6004:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..." 5995: 5980: 5969:from the original on 2016-12-02 5951: 5923: 5920:, Blackwell Publishing, p. 208. 5884: 5861: 5838: 5815: 5792: 5769: 5758:from the original on 2016-10-19 5740: 5696: 5621:from the original on 2015-05-22 5598: 5569: 5543: 5502:. University of New South Wales 5488: 5476:. University of New South Wales 5462: 5382: 5357: 5328: 5265: 5235: 5206: 5181: 5170:from the original on 2008-07-09 5152: 5127: 5098: 5079: 5049: 5031:University of Technology Sydney 5015: 4976: 4938: 4908: 4888: 4856: 4817: 4771: 4737: 4703: 4669: 4639: 4609: 4598:from the original on 2018-08-23 4580: 4544: 4531: 4505: 4489:. Campus France. Archived from 4479: 4450: 4420: 4394: 4325: 4293: 4282:from the original on 2008-05-03 4250:from the original on 2016-06-04 4202: 4129: 4118: 4084: 4051: 4029: 3855:from the original on 2017-01-03 3830: 3803: 3764: 3737: 3664: 3593: 3563: 3552:from the original on 2016-05-17 3534: 3523:from the original on 2012-10-07 3504: 3493:from the original on 2016-10-18 3475: 3440: 3411: 3359: 3120:Verger, J. (1999), "Licentia", 2341:in Western countries while the 1189:A 'full' doctor's degree (e.g. 1073:(Doctor of Computer Sciences), 962:needs additional citations for 369: 16:Academic or professional degree 7749:"Graduate Degree Requirements" 5959:"La formation doctorale – ESR" 5189:"Dear Uncle Ezra: Question 19" 5063:. 24 June 2010. Archived from 4037:"University of Oxford answers" 3336: 3319: 3284: 3130: 2484:for an "Extraordinary Award" ( 2244:Delft University of Technology 2186: 2009:Scuola Superiore Universitaria 1867:Until the introduction of the 1110:Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa 856:Doctor of Professional Studies 544:Doctor of Professional Studies 82: 1: 6541:"VSNU Guidelines on Granting 4276:americangraduateeducation.com 4272:"Research Doctorate Programs" 3672:"Landmarks in Yale's history" 3542:"A Brief History of Columbia" 3423:Erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de 3081: 3000: 2794:(DD); in the 2008 survey the 2699:Subject specialist doctorates 2626:Subject specialist doctorates 2602:Doctor of Clinical Psychology 2413:Diploma de Estudios Avanzados 2150:degree were awarded for law: 1974:Dottore/Dottoressa magistrale 1966:Dottore/Dottoressa di Ricerca 1322:Complete graduate coursework. 1246:academic positions in Denmark 651: 260: 99:as a license to teach Latin ( 70:Many universities also award 6552:Universiteiten van Nederland 5336:"Types of Graduate Programs" 5279:(in Spanish). Archived from 5106:"Higher Degrees by Research" 4462:Embassy of the United States 3946:U.S. Department of Education 3744:H. Perraton (17 June 2014). 2835:degree in the United States. 2833:Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 2119:and three academic degrees: 2033:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1972:grants instead the title of 1889:"Diploma di Perfezionamento" 1759:Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann 1627:. The concept of a US-style 1493:) and 1958 (for letters and 1447:diplôme de docteur-ingénieur 1120:and FAPEMIG in the state of 1027: 1005: 766:countries, the degree gives 618:Doctor of Practical Theology 416:American Medical Association 148:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 8079:Diploma of Higher Education 7895:National Science Foundation 6681:10.59532/tvho.v39i3-4.13389 6406:Guidalaureebiennali.miur.it 5931:The French Education System 4541:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 4214:University of Hertfordshire 4059:"BUCSIS Research Programme" 3044: 2937:National Science Foundation 2850:Doctor of Juridical Science 2547:History of the UK doctorate 2265: 2226:Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs 1839:. With the introduction of 1499:Doctorat de troisième cycle 1435:Doctorat de troisième cycle 1085:(Doctor of Engineering) or 536:Doctor of Juridical Science 127:authorities who taught and 10: 8390: 7633:. Retrieved on 2010-10-26. 7143:. Graduate Prospects Ltd. 6902:10.19173/irrodl.v25i2.7702 5557:. University of Queensland 4864:"AQF qualification titles" 4787:US Department of Education 4753:US Department of Education 4719:US Department of Education 4685:US Department of Education 4651:Carnegie Mellon University 4557:Gabelli School of Business 3810:Kenneth K. Mwenda (2007). 3383:. In Josef W. Meri (ed.). 2994:Doctor of Physical Therapy 2990:Doctor of Nursing Practice 2971:first professional degrees 2946: 2892:University of Pennsylvania 2871: 2762:contribution to research. 2444:), and "Summa cum laude" ( 2318:Candidate of the Sciences 2290:Introduced in 1819 in the 1812:) to the doctorate, e.g., 1614: 1531:Professeur des universités 1294: 1152: 936: 930: 894: 884:Scientiae Juridicae Doctor 863:US Department of Education 834: 764:Central and Eastern Europe 679: 655: 488: 77: 18: 8323: 8242: 8201: 8194: 8166: 8128: 8119: 8091: 8054: 8045: 7685:October 30, 2009, at the 7086:"Professional Doctorates" 7048:Nineteenth Century Oxford 7042:and M.C Curthouys, eds., 3837:David Perry (June 2012). 2919:comprehensive examination 2640:Doctorates by publication 2503:Proyecto de Fin de Máster 2502: 2496: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2412: 2379: 2335:Candidate of the Sciences 2327: 2305: 2285: 2073: 2060: 1751:European Research Council 1601:diplôme d'État de docteur 1415: 1116:, FAPERJ in the state of 1047: 622:Doctor of Sacred Theology 7803:"Admissions Information" 7736:Graduate Education Today 7174:Quality Assurance Agency 6643:Stan Ackermans Institute 6036:"Akademische Ramschware" 5987:ANDès & CJC (2022). 5916:Alan D. Schrift (2006), 4621:Robert Gordon University 4434:Belgium and Luxembourg. 4181:Quality Assurance Agency 4063:University of Buckingham 4008:Quality Assurance Agency 3888:Quality Assurance Agency 3779:Quality Assurance Agency 3462:Redefining the Doctorate 3329:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3258:10.1177/0011392106058837 3123:Lexikon des Mittelalters 3101:Lexikon des Mittelalters 2923:defending a dissertation 2813:Doctor of the University 2746:British Heart Foundation 2664:Quality Assurance Agency 2608:British doctorates today 2497:Trabajo de Fin de Máster 2355: 2228:though according to the 2172:onderzoeker in opleiding 2107:Netherlands and Flanders 2042: 1862: 1850: 1456:, and secondary thesis, 1255: 1077:(Doctor of Philosophy), 718:teaching qualification ( 610:Doctor of Dental Surgery 596:Doctor rerum politicarum 562:(D.B.A. or DBA), the UK 552:Doctor of Social Science 484: 427:Brigham Young University 191:issued in early Islamic 34:, meaning "teacher") or 8075:Higher National Diploma 7706:. Bicentennial Timeline 7060:George W. Shaw (1995). 6195:No. 382 of 11 July 1980 4993:University of Leicester 4745:"Doctor's degree-other" 4240:"Engineering doctorate" 3573:. Columbia University. 3513:"Universidad de Alcalá" 3051:Postdoctoral researcher 2894:followed in 1871, with 2562:University of Cambridge 2533:University of Salamanca 2447:Sobresaliente Cum Laude 2101:Shihou Shushusei koushi 1737:; veterinary medicine); 1081:(Doctor of Economics), 682:Postdoctoral researcher 616:(Th.D., D.Th. or ThD), 586:Doctor rerum naturalium 548:Doctor of Public Health 390:. After that time, the 257:doctorate of philosophy 231:17th and 18th centuries 161:licentia ubique docendi 21:Doctor (disambiguation) 6712:Vereniging Hogescholen 6290:Times Higher Education 5904:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5881:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5858:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5835:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5812:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5789:. Retrieved 1-14-2009. 5690:"Doktor | lex.dk" 4920:Aberystwyth University 4428:"University Education" 4183:. 2016. Archived from 3487:Catholic Encyclopaedia 2836: 2772: 2689: 2584: 2529:Complutense University 2403: 2374: 2343:Doctor of the Sciences 2297:Doctor of the Sciences 2168:assistent in opleiding 2137:kandidaats (candidate) 2031:keep their historical 1873:in the mid-1980s, the 1810:habilitata/habilitatus 1735:medicinae veterinariae 1629:professional doctorate 1622: 1557:Today, the doctorate ( 1535:Directeur de recherche 1497:), the less demanding 1439:Doctorat de spécialité 1387: 1098:Brazilian constitution 1016: 917:University of Virginia 907: 831:Professional doctorate 554:(D.S.Sc. or DSocSci), 540:Doctor of Musical Arts 516:English-speaking world 430: 410:at Kings College (now 379: 364:Complutense University 336:Elena Cornaro Piscopia 252: 163:). However, while the 48:("licence to teach"). 8182:Candidate of Sciences 5643:"Ph.d. | lex.dk" 2826: 2767: 2668: 2582: 2393: 2363: 2294:, the academic title 2252:Wageningen University 2230:opportunity principle 2013:Schools of Excellence 1787:Inauguraldissertation 1595:The title of doctor ( 1476:Doctorat d'université 1410:postdoctoral research 701:Doctor of Law or Laws 637:thesis by publication 608:(MD or MD (Res)) and 572:Engineering Doctorate 568:Doctor of Engineering 489:Further information: 424: 377: 238: 146:, and pay a fee. The 134:The right to grant a 129:interpreted the Bible 8252:Academic certificate 8144:Postgraduate diploma 7046:, vol. VII, part 2: 6929:Protocolo y Etiqueta 6317:Scuole di Eccellenza 6292:. 18 February 2000. 5555:support.my.uq.edu.au 5365:"Study in Argentina" 4539:Sociology in Austria 4432:Fulbright Commission 4402:"University Degrees" 4190:on 17 September 2016 4096:University of Oxford 4092:"DPhil in Economics" 4041:University of Oxford 3788:on 18 September 2017 3700:Tina Barnes (2013). 3646:Medical Encyclopedia 3393:. pp. 201–203. 3381:"Degrees, or Ijazah" 3236:Al-Attas, Syed Farid 3194:. pp. 201–203. 2943:Professional degrees 2884:Doctor of Philosophy 2796:Doctor of Technology 2734:Research Councils UK 2570:University of Oxford 2566:University of London 2333:In this system, the 2248:University of Twente 2021:Scuole di Eccellenza 1920:dottorato di ricerca 1893:dottorato di ricerca 1870:dottorato di ricerca 1797:Habilitationsschrift 1603:, distinct from the 1458:thèse complémentaire 1445:of doctor-engineer ( 1399:lääketieteen tohtori 1083:Doutor em Engenharia 971:improve this article 851:professional degrees 564:Doctor of Management 556:Doctor of Management 538:(J.S.D. or S.J.D.), 526:(Ed.D. or EdD), the 520:Doctor of Philosophy 447:University of Oxford 57:Doctor of Philosophy 19:For other uses, see 8287:Professional degree 7831:. 23 October 2011. 6931:. 26 October 2007. 6192:Presidential Decree 6008:Süddeutsche Zeitung 5933:, Routledge, 1985, 5273:"Tipos de posgrado" 4876:on 13 December 2016 3136:Keith Allan Noble, 3061:Habilitation thesis 2986:Doctor of Audiology 2598:Doctor of Education 2590:University of Wales 2466:) and "Cum laude" ( 2339:research doctorates 2083:Professional degree 1820:). The holder of a 1725:medicinae dentariae 1489:. In 1954 (for the 1483:Doctorat ès lettres 1471:Doctorat ès lettres 1466:University of Paris 1380:lectio praecursoria 1262:Al-Azhar University 1201:(in the sciences), 1195:Doctor Philosophiae 1133:assistant professor 1075:Doutor em Filosofia 927:National variations 837:Professional degree 788:), for example the 705:Doctor of Civil Law 524:Doctor of Education 439:professional degree 412:Columbia University 340:University of Padua 205:Syed Farid al-Attas 185:theorizes that the 157:University of Paris 72:honorary doctorates 8214:Doctor of Sciences 7721:2009-07-19 at the 7702:2016-06-21 at the 7667:2009-08-29 at the 7648:2015-09-13 at the 7255:"Credential Creep" 7231:. September 2016. 6514:Foote, D. (2005). 6457:2009-04-24 at the 6438:2016-03-05 at the 6322:2012-05-22 at the 6272:2012-03-07 at the 6168:2012-02-17 at the 6098:Carl Brockelmann, 5645:. 29 January 2024. 5091:2011-07-06 at the 5067:on 10 October 2010 5061:UWA Handbooks 2010 4562:Fordham University 4458:"American Studies" 3952:on 27 January 2012 3468:2016-10-06 at the 3238:(1 January 2006). 3187:Degrees, or Ijazah 3056:Compilation thesis 3020:. You can help by 2896:Cornell University 2890:commencement. The 2846:Doctor of Medicine 2837: 2831:awarded the first 2792:Doctor of Divinity 2738:Cancer Research UK 2585: 2404: 2375: 2176:research assistant 1950:Dottore/Dottoressa 1763:Dr. Max Mustermann 1481:In the 1950s, the 1395:filosofian tohtori 1334:compilation thesis 1301:ammattikorkeakoulu 1091:Doutor em Ciências 1087:Doutor em Medicina 1079:Doutor em Economia 1069:(Doctor of Laws), 913:Cornell University 891:Honorary doctorate 798:Doctor of Sciences 790:Russian Federation 699:(DLitt or LittD), 693:Doctor of Divinity 614:Doctor of Theology 606:Doctor of Medicine 558:(D.M. or D.Mgt.), 530:(D.Sc. or Sc.D.), 503:Research doctorate 431: 380: 348:Bologna University 289:natural philosophy 253: 249:Doctor of Medicine 144:oath of allegiance 111:in which the term 38:is a postgraduate 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8306:Specialist degree 8190: 8189: 8158:Engineer's degree 8115: 8114: 8102:Bachelor's degree 8070:Foundation degree 7897:. December 2015. 7887:"Technical Notes" 7183:on 6 October 2016 6074:on 11 April 2009. 5947:978-0-7099-1683-3 5902:978-952-10-4386-4 5879:978-952-10-4386-4 5856:978-952-10-4386-4 5833:978-952-10-4386-4 5810:978-952-10-4386-4 5787:978-952-10-4386-4 5529:policy.usq.edu.au 5448:978-0-9870562-2-1 4964:on 6 October 2016 4537:Christian Fleck, 4493:on 6 October 2016 4408:on 6 October 2016 4102:on 6 October 2016 4017:on 6 October 2016 3713:978-0-9563812-7-9 3600:Reed, A. (1921). 3459:Park, C. (2007), 3245:Current Sociology 3038: 3037: 2780:Doctor of Letters 2776:Doctor of Science 2752:Higher doctorates 2715:bachelor's degree 2655:Higher doctorates 2620:Junior doctorates 2576:(DLitt) in 1900. 2574:Doctor of Letters 2572:establishing its 2558:Durham University 2554:Doctor of Science 2400:Seville Cathedral 2276:Flemish Community 2048:Dissertation-only 2035:title by law and 1970:laurea magistrale 1943:laurea magistrale 1935:laurea magistrale 1912:laurea magistrale 1908:Bachelor's degree 1841:Juniorprofessuren 1695:rerum politicarum 1403:tekniikan tohtori 1137:Professor Titular 1067:Doutor em Direito 1003: 1002: 995: 697:Doctor of Letters 689:Doctor of Science 528:Doctor of Science 443:Durham University 352:Dorothea Erxleben 169:bachelor's degree 8381: 8369:Doctoral degrees 8292:Graduate diploma 8209:Higher doctorate 8199: 8198: 8126: 8125: 8065:Associate degree 8052: 8051: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8008: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7962: 7951: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7867: 7861:. Archived from 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7809:. Archived from 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7780:. Archived from 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7713: 7707: 7695: 7689: 7678: 7672: 7659: 7653: 7640: 7634: 7632: 7626: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7585:. Archived from 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7556:. Archived from 7550:"PharmD Program" 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7527:. Archived from 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7498:. Archived from 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7171: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7141:"What is a PhD?" 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7118:. Archived from 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7057: 7051: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7011: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6989:. Archived from 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6867: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6850: 6844:. Archived from 6843: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6805: 6799:. Archived from 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6774:educacion.gob.es 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6744:. Archived from 6743: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6683: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6616:. Archived from 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6591:. 20 July 2009. 6581: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6554:. Archived from 6549: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6521:. Archived from 6520: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6491:. Archived from 6481: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6449: 6443: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6265: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6209:. Archived from 6203: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6118:. Archived from 6117: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6070:. Archived from 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5955: 5949: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5905: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5714:on 13 April 2018 5710:. 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Archived from 5102: 5096: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4800: 4798: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4340: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4287: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4189: 4178: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4005: 3997: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3948:. Archived from 3938: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3885: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3843: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3716:. Archived from 3697: 3680: 3679: 3678:. 3 August 2015. 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3483:"Juliana Morell" 3479: 3473: 3457: 3451: 3446:Sooyoung Chang, 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3425:. Archived from 3415: 3409: 3408: 3377:Devin J. Stewart 3373: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3106: 3105: 3095: 3033: 3030: 3012: 3005: 2868:Research degrees 2858:physical therapy 2802:Honorary degrees 2505: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2438:), "Cum laude" ( 2437: 2431: 2425: 2415: 2382: 2329: 2307: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2062: 1818:facultas docendi 1647:rerum naturalium 1625: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1571:Contrat Doctoral 1454:thèse principale 1019: 998: 991: 987: 984: 978: 955: 947: 910: 756:facultas docendi 720:facultas docendi 512:academic journal 459: 384:English-speaking 356:Halle University 293:natural sciences 262: 221:Devin J. Stewart 213:licentia docendi 201:Alfred Guillaume 136:licentia docendi 115:referred to the 101:licentia docendi 45:licentia docendi 8389: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8348: 8331:Honorary degree 8319: 8315:Terminal degree 8277:Magister degree 8262:External degree 8244: 8238: 8186: 8162: 8139:Master's degree 8111: 8087: 8041: 8039:academic degree 8035: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7993: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7829:Telegraph.co.uk 7823: 7822: 7818: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7762: 7760: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7723:Wayback Machine 7714: 7710: 7704:Wayback Machine 7696: 7692: 7687:Wayback Machine 7679: 7675: 7669:Wayback Machine 7660: 7656: 7650:Wayback Machine 7641: 7637: 7620: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7563: 7561: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7534: 7532: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7505: 7503: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7448: 7446: 7433: 7432: 7425: 7416: 7414: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7327: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7269: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7205:. Vitae.ac.uk. 7201: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7125: 7123: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7058: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7012: 7005: 6996: 6994: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6965: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6881: 6877: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6839:"Archived copy" 6837: 6836: 6832: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6794:"Archived copy" 6792: 6791: 6787: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6719: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6660: 6656: 6647: 6645: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6583: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6547: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6469: 6465: 6459:Wayback Machine 6450: 6446: 6440:Wayback Machine 6431: 6427: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6324:Wayback Machine 6313: 6312: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6274:Wayback Machine 6263: 6262: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6170:Wayback Machine 6159: 6158: 6151: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6113:"Archived copy" 6111: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5908: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5759: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5704:"Archived copy" 5702: 5701: 5697: 5692:. 20 June 2021. 5688: 5687: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5667:(in Danish). DR 5657: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5624: 5622: 5617:(26): 969–997. 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5433: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5249:. 8 June 2001. 5241: 5240: 5236: 5227: 5225: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5093:Wayback Machine 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4592:www.stjohns.edu 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4383: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4345:. p. 202. 4338: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4105: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4070: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3912: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3698: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3648:. MedlinePlus. 3640: 3639: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3598: 3594: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3496: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3470:Wayback Machine 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3306: 3289: 3285: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3182: 3178: 3158:(2): 175–182 , 3148: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3109: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3047: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3018:needs expansion 3003: 2951: 2945: 2930:master's degree 2888:Yale University 2880: 2872:Main articles: 2870: 2829:Yale University 2821: 2804: 2788:Doctor of Music 2754: 2719:master's degree 2701: 2610: 2549: 2544: 2432:), Remarkable ( 2358: 2288: 2268: 2189: 2109: 2085: 2070: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2011:), also called 1916:Master's degree 1900:Bologna Process 1891:. Further, the 1865: 1853: 1617: 1605:doctorat d'État 1587: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1563:master's degree 1511:Doctorat d'État 1487:Doctorat d'État 1485:was renamed to 1431:doctorat d'État 1427:State doctorate 1418: 1343:numerus clausus 1297: 1258: 1184:Bologna Process 1155: 1054:master's degree 1050: 1030: 1014:the doctorate ( 1008: 999: 988: 982: 979: 968: 956: 945: 935: 929: 899: 897:Honorary degree 893: 879:Bologna Process 843: 833: 776:doctorat d'État 685: 678: 669:Bologna Process 660: 654: 577:Doktoringenieur 505: 493: 487: 457: 435:Yale University 392:German practice 372: 338:in 1678 at the 321:master's degree 281:social sciences 233: 140:Catholic Church 97:medieval Europe 85: 80: 40:academic degree 36:doctoral degree 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8387: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8303: 8301:Higher diploma 8298: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8257:Artist diploma 8254: 8248: 8246: 8245:classification 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8107:Honours degree 8104: 8098: 8096: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7973: 7938: 7912: 7878: 7846: 7816: 7813:on 2009-02-25. 7794: 7769: 7740: 7727: 7708: 7690: 7673: 7654: 7635: 7599: 7570: 7541: 7512: 7484: 7455: 7423: 7394: 7378:washington.edu 7365: 7336: 7307: 7278: 7246: 7220: 7194: 7158: 7132: 7103: 7077: 7070: 7052: 7032: 7014:John Aldrich. 7003: 6974: 6958:wikisource.org 6945: 6916: 6895:(2): 114–131. 6875: 6830: 6785: 6761: 6730: 6717: 6695: 6674:(3–4): 23–35. 6654: 6630: 6605: 6571: 6543:Ius Promovendi 6532: 6528:on 2009-03-20. 6506: 6476: 6463: 6444: 6425: 6408:(in Italian). 6390: 6359: 6327: 6306: 6277: 6253: 6223: 6198: 6184: 6173: 6149: 6104: 6091: 6077: 6059: 6026: 5994: 5979: 5950: 5922: 5906: 5883: 5860: 5837: 5814: 5791: 5768: 5739: 5695: 5678: 5648: 5631: 5597: 5568: 5542: 5513: 5487: 5461: 5447: 5410: 5381: 5356: 5327: 5293: 5264: 5234: 5205: 5180: 5151: 5126: 5097: 5078: 5048: 5014: 4975: 4937: 4907: 4887: 4855: 4816: 4770: 4736: 4702: 4668: 4638: 4608: 4579: 4543: 4530: 4504: 4478: 4449: 4419: 4393: 4351: 4324: 4292: 4260: 4231: 4201: 4162: 4128: 4117: 4083: 4050: 4028: 3963: 3910: 3865: 3829: 3822: 3802: 3763: 3756: 3736: 3712: 3681: 3663: 3633: 3592: 3562: 3533: 3503: 3474: 3452: 3439: 3410: 3399: 3368: 3358: 3335: 3318: 3305:978-0521529945 3304: 3283: 3252:(1): 112–132. 3227: 3218:|journal= 3200: 3176: 3164:10.2307/604423 3142: 3129: 3107: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3066:Doctor (title) 3063: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3036: 3035: 3015: 3013: 3002: 2999: 2947:Main article: 2944: 2941: 2869: 2866: 2860:after DPT, in 2820: 2817: 2803: 2800: 2753: 2750: 2742:Wellcome Trust 2700: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2621: 2609: 2606: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542:United Kingdom 2540: 2481:Apto Cum Laude 2475:Apto Cum Laude 2469:Apto Cum Laude 2452: 2451: 2417: 2357: 2354: 2292:Russian Empire 2287: 2284: 2267: 2264: 2193:ius promovendi 2188: 2185: 2108: 2105: 2084: 2081: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 1994:esame di stato 1864: 1861: 1852: 1849: 1747: 1746: 1745:(engineering). 1738: 1728: 1721:Dr. med. dent. 1718: 1708: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1616: 1613: 1555: 1554: 1507:Master of Arts 1495:human sciences 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1338: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1257: 1254: 1227:(ex auditorio) 1215: 1214: 1187: 1154: 1151: 1118:Rio de Janeiro 1049: 1046: 1029: 1026: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 959: 957: 950: 931:Main article: 928: 925: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 832: 829: 760:venia legendi. 691:(DSc or ScD), 677: 674: 656:Main article: 653: 650: 620:(DPT) and the 532:Doctor of Arts 504: 501: 491:Doctor (title) 486: 483: 481:or professor. 371: 368: 328:Juliana Morell 313:apprenticeship 279:, philosophy, 275:, all fields ( 247:to obtain his 245:Claude Bernard 232: 229: 183:George Makdisi 121:church fathers 95:) appeared in 84: 81: 79: 76: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8386: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8153:Diplom degree 8151: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8047:Undergraduate 8044: 8040: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8009: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7868:on 2012-01-27 7864: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7784:on 2010-06-13 7783: 7779: 7773: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7712: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7639: 7630: 7624: 7609: 7603: 7589:on 2013-10-20 7588: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7560:on 2013-10-20 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7531:on 2013-10-20 7530: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7502:on 2013-10-24 7501: 7497: 7494: 7488: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7250: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7162: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7122:on 2013-01-16 7121: 7117: 7116:ofqual.gov.uk 7113: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7073: 7071:0-85033-974-X 7067: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7008: 6993:on 2008-12-19 6992: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6851:on 2014-07-27 6847: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6820: 6806:on 2012-06-09 6802: 6795: 6789: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6751:on 2008-02-16 6747: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6620:on 2010-12-17 6619: 6615: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6561:on 2019-05-11 6557: 6553: 6546: 6544: 6536: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6495:on 2009-09-10 6494: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6310: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6260: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6231:Dario Cillo. 6227: 6213:on 2011-11-04 6212: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6156: 6154: 6145: 6139: 6125:on 2012-04-26 6121: 6114: 6108: 6101: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6047: 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D. Lewis, 5926: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5708:www.seci.info 5705: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5400:on 2008-12-06 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5371:on 2008-09-16 5370: 5366: 5360: 5346:on 2010-08-25 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5317:on 2006-10-31 5313: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5283:on 2008-06-12 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5224:on 2008-10-10 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5195:on 2010-08-25 5194: 5190: 5184: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5141:on 2008-09-30 5140: 5136: 5130: 5116:on 2009-09-12 5115: 5111: 5110:monash.edu.au 5107: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5037:on 2010-08-14 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4897: 4891: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4475: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4352:92-9069-179-4 4348: 4344: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4158: 4157:10.28945/2295 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3897:on 2016-03-05 3893: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3823:9781621969594 3819: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3757:9781137294951 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3723:on 2021-10-20 3719: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3429:on 2016-11-14 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3400:9781135455965 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3362: 3355: 3354:0-521-36105-2 3351: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292:Huff, Toby E. 3287: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3211: 3203: 3201:9781135455965 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3071:Eurodoctorate 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3029:December 2018 3023: 3019: 3016:This section 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2819:United States 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808:honoris causa 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:Doctor of Law 2781: 2777: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614:honoris causa 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2442: 2441:Sobresaliente 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328:Кандидат наук 2325: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2143:doctoranda/us 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:Shihou shiken 2090: 2080: 2069: 2056: 2055:ronbun hakase 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1826:venia legendi 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1731:Dr. med. vet. 1729: 1727:; dentistry); 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691:Dr. rer. pol. 1689: 1687:; economics); 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1642:Dr. rer. nat. 1639: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1347: 1344: 1335: 1331: 1327: 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665: 659: 649: 645: 644:methodology. 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 601:Dr. rer. pol. 597: 593: 592: 591:Dr. rer. nat. 587: 583: 579: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 510: 509:peer-reviewed 500: 498: 492: 482: 480: 479: 473: 469: 468: 467:honoris causa 461: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 428: 423: 419: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 393: 389: 385: 376: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 306:Dr. rer. nat. 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 258: 251:degree (1843) 250: 246: 243:presented by 242: 239:Cover of the 237: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 75: 73: 68: 67:disciplines. 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 8336: 8219:Habilitation 8202:Postdoctoral 8176: 8121:Postgraduate 7994:. 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Retrieved 5114:the original 5109: 5100: 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5065:the original 5060: 5051: 5039:. Retrieved 5035:the original 5027:UTS Handbook 5026: 5017: 5007:16 September 5005:. Retrieved 4991: 4978: 4968:16 September 4966:. Retrieved 4959:the original 4952: 4940: 4928:. Retrieved 4910: 4899:. Retrieved 4890: 4878:. Retrieved 4871:the original 4858: 4850: 4843:. Retrieved 4831: 4819: 4802: 4795:. Retrieved 4782: 4773: 4761:. Retrieved 4748: 4739: 4727:. Retrieved 4714: 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4680: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4611: 4600:. Retrieved 4591: 4582: 4570:. Retrieved 4555: 4546: 4538: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4491:the original 4481: 4473: 4466:. Retrieved 4452: 4440:. Retrieved 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4406:the original 4396: 4364:. Retrieved 4334: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4295: 4284:. Retrieved 4275: 4252:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4204: 4194:16 September 4192:. 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Retrieved 3427:the original 3422: 3413: 3404: 3384: 3371: 3361: 3343: 3338: 3328: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3249: 3243: 3230: 3186: 3179: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3122: 3100: 3039: 3026: 3022:adding to it 3017: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2952: 2934: 2927: 2916: 2906:(1876) and 2881: 2854: 2842:Juris Doctor 2838: 2807: 2805: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759:habilitation 2755: 2731: 2727: 2705: 2702: 2690: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2613: 2611: 2604:(DClinPsy). 2586: 2550: 2537: 2526: 2511: 2508: 2492: 2453: 2405: 2380:Real Decreto 2376: 2369: 2368:'s Doctoral 2347: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2316: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2279: 2269: 2237: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2218:young doctor 2217: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2181: 2179:laboratory. 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2100: 2097:Nikai Shiken 2096: 2092: 2089:Hōmu Hakushi 2088: 2086: 2068:katei hakase 2067: 2054: 2051: 2032: 2020: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1854: 1845:Habilitation 1844: 1840: 1831:Privatdozent 1830: 1825: 1822:Habilitation 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802:Habilitation 1801: 1795: 1792:habilitation 1786: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1773:(from Latin 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1717:; medicine); 1714: 1710: 1707:; theology); 1704: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1665:philosophiae 1664: 1660: 1646: 1640: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1534: 1530: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1509:) and their 1498: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1348: 1339: 1317: 1300: 1298: 1286: 1278: 1270: 1266:Habilitation 1259: 1249: 1242: 1238:ex auditorio 1237: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1147: 1136: 1128: 1127:A degree of 1126: 1122:Minas Gerais 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1051: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1009: 989: 980: 969:Please help 964:verification 961: 900: 882: 876: 872: 860: 844: 822: 809: 802: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 755: 752:Privatdozent 719: 716:habilitation 713: 686: 661: 646: 640: 633:dissertation 626: 599: 595: 589: 585: 581: 575: 506: 494: 478:Privatdozent 476: 472:habilitation 465: 462: 454:Juris Doctor 451: 432: 405: 381: 370:Modern times 325: 310: 301:liberal arts 254: 224: 212: 208: 197:universities 186: 181: 176: 173:baccalaureus 172: 164: 160: 135: 133: 123:, and other 112: 109:early church 100: 92: 88: 86: 69: 50: 43: 35: 31: 30:(from Latin 27: 25: 8296:certificate 8282:Microdegree 8243:No dominant 8148:certificate 7931:1 September 7753:arizona.edu 6237:Edscuola.it 6041:Der Spiegel 5590:17 February 5561:17 February 5535:17 February 5506:17 February 5480:17 February 5454:17 February 5305:"Argentina" 5257:10 December 4797:2 September 4763:1 September 4729:1 September 4695:1 September 4384:|work= 4244:epsrc.ac.uk 4151:: 257–278. 3624:|work= 2955:engineering 2790:(DMus) and 2527:From 1857, 2366:Complutense 2352:countries. 2350:Soviet bloc 2306:Доктор наук 2187:Netherlands 2164:promovendus 2148:doctorandus 2125:doctorandus 2117:propaedeuse 2113:Netherlands 1980:(or simply 1220:disputation 772:ius docendi 740:Switzerland 709:Scandinavia 703:(LLD), and 641:viva (voce) 550:(Dr.P.H.), 497:Middle Ages 388:holy orders 362:in 1785 at 354:in 1754 at 346:in 1732 at 344:Laura Bassi 285:mathematics 215:. 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