396:
790:
542:
833:
730:
819:
466:
Qarqar. The
Kingdom of Sam'al was founded by Hayyanu and his successor was Ahabbu of Siri'laya (Zincirli) in 854 BC. Whereas Gabar, the founder of Ya'udi, and his successors became a member of the Assyrian satellites. This makes clear why Shalmaneser III lists Ya'udi (Bit-Gabbari) but not Sam'al as a satellite state. The Kingdom of Ya'udi wanted to open a corridor between Assyria and Denyen. It was prevented by the unified Syrian forces. This unity had been dissolved in 825 BC. After the death of Shalmanezer III Denyen couldn't occupy it but the Samalians could. Sam'al annexed Ya'udi and moved into the palace of Kilamuva.
745:
620:, in the Samalian variant of Aramaic and dated c. 740 BC. A destroyed Middle Bronze Age II building was found at Area 2 on the eastern citadel. it is nearby and on the same stratigraphic level as the bit-hilani palace located by early excavators. That palace was present only in its stone foundations as the area was clear for construction of the Neo-Assyrian governors residence (Palace G) of the 7th century BC. With the redating of the bit-hilani structure there is not a complete lack of monumental construction in Iron Age II until the time of Kilamuwa.
61:
760:
805:
54:
775:
944:: "....Here, we present evidence for the absolute and relative chronology of a late Middle Bronze Age (MB) II destruction event at Zincirli (Türkiye), a site on the border between the Syrian and Anatolian spheres. The destruction is dated with unusual precision by 11 short-lived radiocarbon samples from closed contexts, and the assemblage of pottery found therein affords key synchronisms with final Middle Bronze Age strata at other sites in the Northern Levant, Cilicia and Anatolia..."
554:
482:
301:
1479:
243:
38:
961:: "...The assemblage of complete vessels from Zincirli Area 2 allows comparison with late MB II sites across the Northern Levant and Cilicia... comparisons with the final MB II repertoires at Tilmen Höyük (Levels IIb–c), Alalakh (Level VII), Ebla (Mardikh IIIB2), Kinet Höyük (Period 16), Umm el-Marra (Period IIIa–c), Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük (Building VII) and Lidar Höyük (Phase 5/Level 8)..."
1720:
275:
palace of Hilani I in
Zincirli (believed by the early German excavators to be from Iron Age Sam'al period) was actually a large broadroom temple from Middle Bronze Age II, lasting roughly from 1800 to 1650 BC, destroyed in mid- to late 17th century BC based on 10 radiocarbon dates. Additional samples
465:
There is an alternative opinion which states that Ya'udi and Sam'al were originally separate royal houses and Sam'al, the younger of the two, fought against the
Assyrians at Alimus in 859 BC, in 858 BC when Shalmanser III crossed the Euphrates for the first time, and again in 853 BC at the Battle of
205:
and thrived between 3000 and 2000 BC, and on the highest part of the upper mound was found a walled citadel of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000–1600 BC). New excavations revealed a monumental complex in the Middle Bronze Age II (ca. 1800–1700 BC), and another structure (Complex DD) that was destroyed
1194:
Herrmann, Virginia R., and David
Schloen, "Zincirli Höyük, Ancient Sam’al: A Preliminary Report on the 2017 Excavation Season", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Vol. 2: Field Reports. Islamic Archaeology, edited by Adelheid Otto et al., 1st
530:
At the foundation of Gate E of the inner citadel five basalt lion statues were found buried in a pit that ranged as deep as 4.2 meters. The date of the pit is unclear, though the excavators suggested the Middle Bronze age. The statues are in two different styles which the excavators placed as being
615:
together with the
Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies of the University of Tübingen began a new long-term excavation project at the site of Zincirli under the directorship of David Schloen and Virginia Herrmann. Eleven seasons of excavation were conducted ending in 2017. Finds included the
461:
that he hired
Assyria against Denyen. Other sources from the same period mention Ya'udi as a satellite state of Denyen and Assyria wanted to occupy this territory. Kilamuva might offer for Deyen to be a satellite state. Before this, he should defeat his greatest foe, Azitawadda. Assyrians won over
1087:
Schmitz, Philip C., "The
Phoenician Words mškb and ʿrr in the Royal Inscription of Kulamuwa (KAI 24.14–15) and the Body Language of Peripheral Politics", Linguistic Studies in Phoenician, edited by Robert D. Holmstedt and Aaron Schade, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 68-83,
1184:
Herrmann, V. R., and
Schloen J. D., "Zincirli Höyük, Ancient Sam’al: A Preliminary Report on the 2015 Excavation Season", In: B. Horejs, C. Schwall, V. Müller, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 25–29 April 2016, Vienna
1231:
Klaus Beyer The
Aramaic Language, Its Distribution and Subdivisions 1986– Page 12 3525535732 "In addition the three "Ya'udic" royal inscriptions from Zinjirli in northern Syria (c. 825, 750, 730 B.C.) witness to early Ancient Aramaic: KAl 25, 214, 215; TSSI -, 13, 14; J.Friedrich, Phoni-
258:
At least from c.1700 to 1650 BC Zincirli Höyük was a trading hub with the production of wine transported in a specific type of vessel, the globular flask, being part of the trade centered in the nearby ancient Syrian region of Mamma. Zincirli was located only 9 km north of
510:
accessed by the outer citadel gate, which was surrounded by the as yet unexcavated town and a further enormous 2.5 kilometer long double fortification wall with three gates (most notably the southern city gate) and 100 bastions. Finds from the excavations are held in the
1137:
Kathryn R. Morgan and
Sebastiano Soldi, "Middle Bronze Age Zincirli: An Interim Report on Architecture, Small Finds, and Ceramics from a Monumental Complex of the 17th Century b.c.e.", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 385, pp. 33–51, May
1051:: Felix von Luschan, Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli . Herausgabe und Ergänzung besorgt von Walter Andrae (Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen, Heft XV; Berlin 1943) 102, Abb. 124, Tf. 47f-g (the book was reviewed by K. Galline; in BiOr 5 fl948] 115–120)
1022:
1415:
Deckers, Katleen, et al., "An estate at Zincirli? Land use and resource exploitation at the Middle Bronze Age monumental building Complex DD in Zincirli, Gaziantep Province of Turkey", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15.1,
1107:
J. David Schloen and Amir S. Fink, "New Excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey (Ancient Sam'al) and the Discovery of an Inscribed Mortuary Stele", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 356, pp. 1–13, November
897:
Giusfredi, Federico, and Valerio Pisaniello, "The population, the language and the history of Yadiya/Sam’al", Beyond All Boundaries. Anatolia in the 1st Millennium BC (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 295), Peeters, pp. 189-223,
1097:
Gilibert, Alessandra, "Zincirli", Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance: The Stone Reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli in the Earlier First Millennium BCE, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, pp. 55-96,
1448:
Eudora J. Struble and Virginia Rimmer Herrmann, "An Eternal Feast at Sam'al: The New Iron Age Mortuary Stele from Zincirli in Context", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 356, pp. 15–49,
493:
in 1882. In 1883 three German travelers collected and took photographs there. At that time orthostats were still visible at the surface. It was excavated in 1888, 1890, 1891, 1894 and 1902 during expeditions led by
977:, 2022 ASOR Annual Meeting, Abstract Booklet, Boston, November 16–19, p. 88: "Among the discoveries this season was the first evidence of occupation at Zincirli during the Late Bronze Age under Hittite hegemony."
1258:
1979 – Page 68 080284846X "This is partly because he refuses to see Ugaritic as Canaanite and partly because he prefers to treat so-called Ya^udic as distinct from Aramaic — if I understand him correctly.89
713:
If the inscription is considered to date to the 10th century BC, it may be the first solid evidence for a Luwian-speaking kingdom in the Islahiye valley, as possibly an offshoot of the Hittite rump-state at
1012:
Virginia R. Herrmann and David Schloen, "Middle Bronze Age Zincirli: The Date of "Hilani I" and the End of Middle Bronze II", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 385, pp. 33–51, May
1158:
Virginia Rimmer Herrmann and J. David Schloen, "In Remembrance of Me: Feasting with the Dead in the Ancient Middle East", Oriental Institute Museum Publications 37, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2014
954:
937:
449:
Some rulers of Sam'al had aggressive expansionist politics; others acceded to one of the anti-Assyrian Syrian coalition. Assyrian sources are not clear regarding Sam'al. Ya'udi was one of Assyria's
1401:
Boyd, Samuel L., Humphrey H. Hardy, and Benjamin D. Thomas, "Two New Inscriptions from Zincirli and Its Environs", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 356.1, pp. 73–80, 2009
832:
210:. This event was recently radiocarbon-dated to sometime between 1632 and 1610 BC, during the late Middle Bronze Age II (ca. 1700–1600 BC). The site was thought to have been abandoned during the
395:
250:
The site of Sam'al was occupied in the Early Bronze Age III/IV (c. 2700–2100 BC), and Middle Bronze Age II (c. 2000-1550 BC), when it was sacked, probably by Hittite king Hattusili I.
1078:
Tropper, Josef, "Die Inschriften von Zincirli: Neue Edition und vergleichende Grammatikdes phönizischen, sam’alischen und aramäischen Textkorpus (ALASP 6)", Münster:Ugarit-Verlag, 1993
789:
8102:
1422:
Virginia R. Herrmann, "Appropriation and Emulation in the Earliest Sculptures from Zincirli (Iron Age Samʾal)", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 237–74, 2017
987:
519:. The Louvre holds a carved orthostat and two sphinx protomes and some minor sculptures are held at museums in Adana and Gaziantep. During the 1902 excavation at Zincirli Höyük the
886:
Miller, Robert D., "The Barrakab Inscription", Covenant and Grace in the Old Testament: Assyrian Propaganda and Israelite Faith, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 49-76, 2012
729:
1419:
Jessie DeGrado and Madadh Richey, "An Aramaic-Inscribed Lamaštu Amulet from Zincirli", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 377, pp. 107–133, May 2017
1404:
Casana, Jesse, and Jason T. Herrmann, "Settlement history and urban planning at Zincirli Höyük, southern Turkey", Journal of Mediterranean archaeology 23.1, pp. 55–80, 2010
541:
1452:
U. Bahadir. Alkim, "The Road from Samal to Asitawandawa: Contributions to the Historical Geography of the Amanus Region", Anadolu Arastirmalari, vol. 2, pp. 3–41, 1965
700:
The site of Pancarli Hoyuk is located about 1 km southeast of Zincirli. A new hieroglyphic Luwian inscription has been discovered here in 2006, and published in 2016.
1425:
Herrmann, Virginia R., et al., "Assyrian impact on the Kingdom of Sam'al: the view from Zincirli", The provincial archaeology of the Assyrian Empire, pp. 265–74, 2016
703:
The inscription is fragmentary, but nevertheless it appears to be of a royal character. Previously, all known inscriptions from this area were exclusively written in
1117:
Schloen, J David; Fink, Amir S., "Searching for Ancient Sam'al: New Excavations at Zincirli in Turkey", Near Eastern Archaeology, vol. 72, iss. 4, pp. 203–219, 2009
1436:
Herrmann, Virginia Hudson Rimmer, "Society and Economy under Empire at Iron Age Sam'al (Zincirli Höyük, Turkey)", Ph.D Disertation, The University of Chicago, 2011.
1924:
707:. According to the authors, the most probable conclusion is that PANCARLI inscription represents a ruler or a local king of the tenth or early ninth century BC.
218:
periods, but excavations in 2021 season showed evidence of occupation during the Late Bronze Age in Hittite times (ca. 1600–1180 BC). It flourished again in the
1433:
VR Herrmann, "Urban organization under empire: Iron Age Sam'al (Zincirli, Turkey) from royal to provincial capital", Levant, vol. 49 (3), pp. 284–311, 2017
8067:
1407:
Cornelius, Izak, "In Search of the Goddesses of Zincirli (Samʾal)", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2012
1003:: "...Bahadir Alkım, in turn, hypothesised that Tilmen Höyük was the capital of one of the twenty small states that together formed the kingdom of Yamhad..."
634:
Multiple important historical inscriptions have been found in this area. They include at least seven inscriptions, as listed at the link above, including the
1410:
Cornelius, Izak, "The Material Imagery of the Sam’al (Zincirli) Monuments and ‘Aramaean Identity’", Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 183–205, 2019
1024:
Herrmann, Virginia R., et al, "New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier", Antiquity, vol. 97 (393), pp. 1–20, 2023
692:. Attempts to establish a rigorous definition of "Aramaic" have led to a conclusion of Samalian as distinct from Aramaic, despite some shared features.
1204:
Leichty, E., "The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC)", Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4, Winona Lake, 2011
1126:
744:
680:
Three royal inscriptions from Ya'udi or Sam'al are particularly informative for the history of the area. The earliest is from the reign of King
1060:
Ralf-B Wartke, "Sam'al: Ein aramäischer Stadtstaat des 10. bis 8. Jhs. v. Chr. und die Geschichte seiner Erforschung", Philipp von Zabern, 2005
710:
This inscription provides new information about the Early Iron Age of the Islahiye valley, and the history of the Aramaean dynasty of Gabbar.
502:. Each of the expeditions was supported by the German Orient Committee, except for the fourth (1894), which was financed with monies from the
1537:
1917:
867:
681:
1245:
1996 0521556341 Page 35 "According to some scholars, after 1400 BC the languages which would later develop into Ya'udic and Aramaic...."
8097:
1175:
Pardee, Dennis, "A new Aramaic inscription from Zincirli", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 356.1, pp. 51-71, 2009
276:
later produced a radiocarbon date of c. 1632–1610 BC for the destruction. The archaeological site of Zincirli was not abandoned after
1841:
1495:
1069:
Felix von Luschan, "Ueber einige Ergebnisse der fünften Expedition nach Sendschirli", Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 34, pp. 379–80, 1902
596:
Volume 5: Felix von Luschan and Walter Andrae, "Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli: Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli", Walter de Gruyter, 1943
1467:
Ussishkin, David, "‘Der Alte Bau’ in Zincirli", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 189, pp. 50–53, 1968
974:
1128:
Virginia R. Herrmann and David Schloen, "Excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey: 2015 Season", Oriental Institute of Chicago, 2016
1428:
1147:
Schloen, J. David, and Virginia R. Herrmann, "Zincirli Höyük Excavations 2015", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 38/3, pp. 173–186, 2016
104:
1910:
392:
and stone tablets from the period of Kilamuwa and Panamuwa II are the main sources for historical data about this time period.
925:"Iron Age Urbanization and Middle Bronze Age Networks at Zincirli Höyük: Recent Results from the Chicago-Tübingen Excavations"
1933:
1164:
774:
818:
924:
759:
1430:
Faist, Betina, "Die keilschrifttafeln aus Sam’al (Zincirli)", State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 20, pp. 33–46, 2014
434:
had been blocked in the Western area. Though the campaign of Assyria in 825 BC occupied the vital territories of Sam'al,
263:, possibly the capital of the Zalpa/Zalwar kingdom, which eventually became one of the twenty vassal small states of the
1510:
1311:
Pat-El, Na'ama; Wilson-Wright, Aren (2019). "The subgrouping of Samalian: Arguments in favor of an independent branch".
975:"Comparing Bronze and Iron Age Urbanism, Economy, and Environment in Zincirli, Turkey: Results from the 2021 Excavation"
280:'s sack sometime around 1632 to 1610 BC, as there is recent evidence of Hittite occupation during the Late Bronze Age.
354:
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8077:
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895:
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Moscati 1964, S.—: An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
6022:
1505:
1156:
407:
has been found here in 1943. It is a small gold object inscribed in a similar old type of Phoenician alphabet.
322:
688:
or Ya'udic. Some scholars including P.-E. Dion and S. Moscati have advanced Samalian as a distinct variety of
4731:
3054:
1353:"A New Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription from Pancarlı Höyük: Language and Power in Early Iron Age Samʾal-YʾDY"
8092:
7881:
6507:
3962:
1523:
516:
246:
Historical map of the Neo-Hittite states, c. 800 BC, showing the location of Sam'al at modern Zincirli (3).
527:
was found at the entrance to Building J. It is written in an Old Aramaic form of the Phoenician alphabet.
7871:
6715:
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5089:
4285:
1483:
1441:
590:
583:
576:
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318:
5777:
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426:. In 859 BC Alimus was saved with the help of Hayyanu, king of Sam'al. He didn't participate in the
7771:
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2999:
2224:
230:, and by 920 B.C. had become a kingdom. In the 9th and 8th century BC it came under control of the
197:. During its time under the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 700 BC) it was called, by them,
17:
531:
from the late 10th century BC (Zincirli I) and c. 700 BC (Zincirli IV). These became known as the
410:
The kingdom became a middle power at the end of the 10th century BC. It had expanded from being a
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The University of Chicago, (2018). "Annals of Ḫattušili I (mid- to late 17th cent. BC)", in
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Simon B. Parker, "Appeals for military intervention: stories from Zinjirli and the Bible".
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Denyen and Sam'al in 825 BC. Sam'al became independent after the death of Shalmaneser III.
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955:"New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier"
938:"New evidence for Middle Bronze Age chronology from the Syro-Anatolian frontier"
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2009:
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The German excavations on the citadel recovered large numbers of relief-carved
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of the Middle-East in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. It was near the
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Ancient Aramaic Incantation Describes 'Devourer' that Brings 'Fire' to Victims
1500:
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The site covers an area of about 40 hectares. It was visited by archaeologist
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P.-E. Dion, La langue de Ya'udi (Waterloo, Ontario 1974), in: RSO 53 (1979)
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in the annals of Shalmaneser III. Though around 830 BC Azitawadda, king of
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523:(Zincirli 65), a 9th-century BC stele of King Kilamuwa (c. 840–810 BC) in
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and private donors. They found a walled heavily fortified teardrop-shaped
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and by the 7th century BC had become a directly ruled Assyrian province.
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The Aramean dynasty founder was king Gabbar, dated around 900 BC. Royal
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At the end, in 717 BC, Assyria occupied the country under the rule of
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OI short video with reading of Kutamuwa Stele in aramaic and english
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Felix von Luschan, Robert Koldewey, David Schloen, Virginia Herrmann
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Herrmann, Virginia R.; van den Hout, Theo; Beyazlar, Ahmet (2016).
988:"Wine from Mamma: Alluharum-Pots in 17th Century BC Trade Networks"
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Volume 2: Felix von Luschan and Carl Humann and Robert Koldewey, "
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Levy-White project to publish small finds from German excavations
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Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli: Ausgrabungsbericht und Architektur
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271:. Excavations by Chicago-Tubingen Expedition revealed that the
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738:: an inscription of Prince Kilamuwa of Samal, Pergamon Museum
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990:, Iraq journal, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–27, 2020
206:
in the mid to late 17th century BC, maybe by Hititte king
8103:
States and territories established in the 12th century BC
5059:
684:, the others later at 730 BC. Their language is known as
570:
Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli: Einleitung und Inschriften
957:, in: Antiquity, Volume 97, Issue 391, February 2023,
940:, in: Antiquity, Volume 97, Issue 391, February 2023,
600:
The field diaries of the excavation were lost during
283:
In 2020, the site was "convincingly identified" with
1310:
422:and remained independent. It didn't become part of
287:, mentioned in the Hittite "Queen of Kanesh" myth.
1545:
1232:zisch-punische Grammatik, Rome 1951, 153–162; ..."
906:
904:
438:had been defeated, but it had been reorganised as
1932:
1458:, "The Syro-Hittite ritual burial of monuments".
969:
967:
910:Chicago-Tubingen Expedition to Zincirli, (2018).
623:
355:List of Aramean kings § Bit-Gabbari (Sam'al)
8059:
589:Volume 4: Felix von Luschan and Gustav Jacoby, "
901:
414:and gained territories from Carchemish, around
1269:Huehnergard, John (1995). "What is Aramaic?".
1256:A Wandering Armenian: Collected Aramaic Essays
964:
673:celebrating his victory over Egyptian pharaoh
671:Victory stele of Neo-Assyrian ruler Esarhaddon
8068:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
5478:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
1918:
1531:
999:Turkish Archaeological News, (9 March 2019).
695:
201:. It was founded at least as far back as the
1091:
841:in the Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient
1268:
868:Euphrates Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders
753:with inscription (KAI 214), Pergamon Museum
584:Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli: Thorsculpturen
559:A lion of Samal, now in the Pergamon Museum
5473:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
1925:
1911:
1538:
1524:
1195:ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 129–40, 2020
36:
1363:(1). University of Chicago Press: 53–70.
986:Morgan, Kathryn R., and Seth Richardson,
547:A lion at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum
385:. Sam'al was the capital of the country.
341:Learn how and when to remove this message
185:is an archaeological site located in the
480:
394:
241:
1035:Chicago-Tubingen Expedition to Zincirli
973:Herrmann, Virginia R., et al., (2022).
160:1888, 1890, 1891, 1894, 1902, 2006-2017
14:
8060:
1298:Genealogical Classification of Semitic
1906:
1519:
1295:
1490:Official Zincirli Excavation Website
923:Herrmann, Virginia, et al., (2020).
568:Volume 1: Felix von Luschan et al, "
564:There were five excavation reports:
323:adding citations to reliable sources
294:
253:
7902:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
6023:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
1241:Angel Sáenz-Badillos, John Elwolde
446:, Ya'udi again became independent.
24:
1395:
25:
8114:
8098:Former populated places in Turkey
1471:
863:Euphrates Syrian Pillar Figurines
1718:
1477:
1243:A History of the Hebrew Language
831:
817:
803:
788:
773:
758:
743:
728:
552:
540:
299:
59:
52:
1461:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1357:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1304:
1289:
1262:
1248:
1235:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1150:
1141:
1131:
1120:
1111:
1101:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1040:
1027:
1016:
1006:
853:Cities of the ancient Near East
630:Zincirli stele (disambiguation)
513:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
310:needs additional citations for
4732:Metropolis in northern Phrygia
3055:Metropolis in southern Phrygia
1185:(Wiesbaden), pp. 521–534, 2018
993:
980:
947:
930:
927:, in ASOR 2020 Annual Meeting.
917:
889:
880:
798:III (KAI 218), Pergamon Museum
657:. These are on exhibit in the
624:Inscriptions found in the area
582:Volume 3: Felix von Luschan, "
476:
60:
13:
1:
1934:Ancient settlements in Turkey
1464:29(2), pp. 124–128, 1970
1445:59(4), pp. 213–224, 1996
1037:, Retrieved 24 February 2021.
873:
669:. Also found was the notable
645:, along with inscriptions in
485:Reconstruction of the citadel
27:Archaeological site in Turkey
3963:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
914:, The University of Chicago.
783:I (KAI 216), Istanbul Museum
399:Inscription of King Barrekub
42:Archeological site of Sam'al
7:
7872:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
6716:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
3230:Panormus near Halicarnassus
846:
811:Victory stele of Esarhaddon
705:Northwest Semitic languages
591:Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli
517:Istanbul Archaeology Museum
290:
10:
8119:
5218:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
1442:The Biblical Archaeologist
721:
696:Pancarli Hoyuk inscription
627:
352:
237:
7880:
7772:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
6506:
6018:Neapolis on the Bosphorus
5118:
5045:
4236:
3718:
2225:Bargasa in northern Caria
1940:
1878:
1855:
1827:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1755:
1737:
1727:
1716:
1696:
1678:
1666:
1643:
1625:
1607:
1564:
1554:
858:Short chronology timeline
172:
164:
156:
151:
143:
135:
98:
84:
76:
47:
35:
7777:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
6981:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
4566:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
4223:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
3000:Magnesia on the Maeander
1283:10.2143/ARAM.7.2.2002231
953:Herrman et al., (2023).
936:Herrman et al., (2023).
8078:Ancient Assyrian cities
7907:Apamea on the Euphrates
7492:Philadelphia in Cilicia
6896:Dalisandus in Pamphylia
5468:Chelae on the Black Sea
3670:Tripolis on the Meander
2155:Astyra near Adramyttium
2075:Antioch on the Maeander
766:Panamuwa II inscription
504:Rudolf-Virchow-Stiftung
8012:Seleucia at the Zeugma
6631:Aphrodisias of Cilicia
6616:Antioch on the Pyramis
6596:Antioch on the Orontes
5173:Aianteion in the Troad
4163:Sebastopolis in Pontus
1296:Kogan, Leonid (2015).
486:
400:
359:Kingdom of Sam'al (in
247:
7897:Antioch in the Taurus
7602:Seleucia in Pamphylia
6891:Dalisandus in Isauria
6611:Antioch on the Cragus
5598:Dascylium in Bithynia
4128:Pteria in Paphlagonia
3415:Sebastopolis in Caria
3280:Philadelphia in Lydia
3225:Panormus near Miletus
2890:Laodicea on the Lycus
2205:Aureliopolis in Lydia
613:University of Chicago
593:", Georg Reimer, 1911
586:", Georg Reimer, 1902
484:
442:. After the death of
398:
245:
187:Anti-Taurus Mountains
157:Excavation dates
120:37.10361°N 36.67861°E
77:Alternative name
7982:Nicopolis in Cilicia
7862:Zenopolis in Isauria
6956:Eudocias (Pamphylia)
6826:Comana in Cappadocia
6463:Tricomia in Bithynia
5748:Helenopolis/Drepanum
4531:Eudocia (Cappadocia)
3858:Comana in the Pontus
3485:Stratonicea in Caria
3480:Stratonicea in Lydia
3165:Nysa on the Maeander
2470:Dios Hieron in Lydia
2465:Dios Hieron in Ionia
2175:Atarneus sub Pitanem
2160:Astyra near Pergamon
1486:at Wikimedia Commons
1325:10.1086/MAR201923206
1254:Joseph A. Fitzmyer
839:Stele of Ördek-Burnu
607:In August 2006, the
319:improve this article
8093:Syro-Hittite states
7367:Neapolis in Pisidia
7191:Limnae in Pamphylia
6851:Corycus (Kızkalesi)
5713:Hadriani ad Olympum
5648:Drizipara/Drusipara
5603:Dekaton in Bithynia
5168:Aianteion in Thrace
3050:Metropolis in Lydia
2995:Magnesia ad Sipylum
1501:ASOR 2015 dig video
1492:at www.uchicago.edu
525:Phoenician language
232:Neo-Assyrian Empire
116: /
68:Shown within Turkey
32:
7952:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
7867:Zenopolis in Lycia
6636:Apollonia in Lycia
6601:Antioch of Pisidia
6556:Anabura in Pisidia
6413:Tarsus in Bithynia
5908:Limnae in Bithynia
3848:Colonia in Armenia
3410:Sebaste in Phrygia
2635:Heraclea in Aeolis
2630:Heraclea at Latmus
2095:Apollonia Salbaces
2090:Apollonia in Mysia
912:"Site and Setting"
609:Oriental Institute
487:
401:
248:
222:, initially under
195:Gaziantep Province
125:37.10361; 36.67861
89:Gaziantep Province
30:
8055:
8054:
7757:Telmessos (Caria)
7196:Limnae in Pisidia
7056:Isinda in Pisidia
6606:Antiochia Lamotis
5658:Elaea in Bithynia
5608:Dekaton in Thrace
4687:Laodicea Combusta
4571:Heraclea Cybistra
4536:Eudocia (Phrygia)
4123:Prusias ad Hypium
3345:Polichne in Ionia
3340:Polichna in Ionia
2910:Larissa Phrikonis
2640:Heraclea in Lydia
2080:Apamea in Phrygia
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1714:
1713:
1549:states and cities
1482:Media related to
1165:978-1-61491-017-6
496:Felix von Luschan
351:
350:
343:
267:kingdom based on
254:Middle Bronze Age
180:
179:
16:(Redirected from
8110:
7507:Phoenix in Lycia
7246:Malus in Pisidia
6921:Elaiussa Sebaste
5913:Limnae in Thrace
5578:Daphne Mainomene
5443:Cenon Gallicanon
5183:Alexandria Troas
5047:Eastern Anatolia
4722:Malus in Phrygia
4717:Malus in Galatia
4238:Central Anatolia
4028:Laodicea Pontica
3993:Hüseyindede Tepe
3973:Heraclea Pontica
3600:Thebe Hypoplakia
3290:Phoenix in Caria
3010:Maionia in Lydia
2645:Heraclea Salbace
2200:Aurelia Neapolis
2105:Apollonos Hieron
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1562:
1561:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1481:
1456:Ussishkin, David
1389:
1388:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
962:
951:
945:
934:
928:
921:
915:
908:
899:
893:
887:
884:
835:
821:
807:
792:
777:
762:
747:
732:
579:", Spemann, 1898
572:", Spemann, 1893
556:
544:
451:satellite states
428:Battle of Qarqar
405:Kilamuwa scepter
346:
339:
335:
332:
326:
303:
295:
203:Early Bronze Age
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
63:
62:
56:
40:
33:
29:
21:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8051:
7883:
7876:
7612:Seleucia Sidera
7607:Seleucia Pieria
7051:Isinda in Lycia
6951:Eudocia (Lycia)
6846:Corycium Antrum
6502:
6363:Serrion Teichos
6123:Pegae in Thrace
5878:Larisa in Troad
5318:Basilica Therma
5288:Astyra in Troad
5114:
5090:Justinianopolis
5041:
4616:Kaman-Kalehöyük
4296:Aquae Saravenae
4232:
3714:
3405:Satala in Lydia
2905:Larisa in Lydia
2900:Larisa in Ionia
2895:Larisa in Caria
2815:Kleros Politike
2745:Isinda in Ionia
1936:
1931:
1901:
1892:
1874:
1851:
1823:
1805:
1787:
1769:
1751:
1723:
1710:
1692:
1674:
1662:
1639:
1621:
1603:
1550:
1544:
1474:
1398:
1396:Further reading
1393:
1392:
1349:
1340:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1290:
1271:ARAM Periodical
1267:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:Editio princeps
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
985:
981:
972:
965:
952:
948:
935:
931:
922:
918:
909:
902:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
849:
842:
836:
827:
825:Kuttamuwa stele
822:
813:
808:
799:
796:Bar-Rakib stele
793:
784:
781:Bar-Rakib stele
778:
769:
763:
754:
748:
739:
733:
724:
698:
659:Pergamon Museum
638:found in 2008.
636:Kuttamuwa stele
632:
626:
618:Kuttamuwa stele
560:
557:
548:
545:
500:Robert Koldewey
491:Osman Hamdi Bey
479:
444:Shalmaneser III
430:in 853 BC, but
357:
347:
336:
330:
327:
316:
304:
293:
256:
240:
124:
122:
118:
115:
110:
107:
105:
103:
102:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8116:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8088:Aramean states
8085:
8083:Aramean cities
8080:
8075:
8073:Hittite cities
8070:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7912:Carcathiocerta
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7886:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:Pseudokorasion
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:Pitheci Portus
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6163:Phidalia Petra
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6118:Pegae in Mysia
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5723:Hadrianotherae
5720:
5715:
5710:
5708:Germanicopolis
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:Artaiouteichos
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5105:Theodosiopolis
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:Thouththourbia
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Anastasiopolis
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Koddinou Petra
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
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2017:
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1472:External links
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1319:(2): 371–387.
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1001:"Tilmen Höyük"
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165:Archaeologists
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31:Zincirli Höyük
26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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7742:Tell Judaidah
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7264:
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7256:Mamure Castle
7254:
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7251:Mampsoukrenai
7249:
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7041:Isaura Palaea
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6509:
6508:Mediterranean
6505:
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6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Pyrrhias Cyon
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
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6134:
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6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
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6109:
6106:
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6019:
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5709:
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5656:
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5651:
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5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
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5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
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5604:
5601:
5599:
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5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Caenophrurium
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Basilinopolis
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Baradendromia
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Apamea Myrlea
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Alopeconnesus
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
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5081:
5078:
5076:
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5050:
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5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
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4968:
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4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
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4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Faustinopolis
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Abouadeineita
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Garzoubanthon
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3710:Zingotos Kome
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Tlos in Caria
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Side in Caria
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Meiros Megale
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Maeandropolis
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Kaymakçı Tepe
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Hierocaesarea
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Halicarnassus
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Dionysiopolis
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Achaion Limen
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:. de Gruyter.
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
968:
960:
956:
950:
943:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
905:
896:
892:
883:
879:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
840:
834:
829:
826:
820:
815:
812:
806:
801:
797:
791:
786:
782:
776:
771:
767:
761:
756:
752:
746:
741:
737:
731:
726:
725:
719:
717:
711:
708:
706:
701:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
631:
621:
619:
614:
610:
605:
603:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
571:
567:
566:
565:
555:
550:
543:
538:
537:
536:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
483:
474:
472:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
397:
393:
391:
386:
384:
383:Nur Mountains
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
356:
345:
342:
334:
324:
320:
314:
313:
308:This section
306:
302:
297:
296:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
251:
244:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
55:
46:
39:
34:
19:
7947:Göbekli Tepe
7882:Southeastern
7747:Tell Tayinat
7442:Panemotichus
7071:Juliosebaste
6811:Claudiopolis
6806:Cibyra Mikra
6586:Ano Kotradis
6433:Tesderamoska
6313:Rouphinianai
6143:Pericharaxis
6008:Nausimachion
5823:Katapaspanas
5633:Didymateiche
5333:Bathys Limen
5303:Aureliopolis
4997:Tiberiopolis
4902:Sadagolthina
4581:Hieropotamon
4501:Dometiopolis
4436:Comitanassus
4376:Binbirkilise
4371:Bathys Rhyax
4286:Antoniopolis
4251:Alişar Hüyük
4113:Pompeiopolis
3808:Callistratia
3728:Abonoteichos
3655:Trapezopolis
3650:Traianopolis
2650:Hermocapelia
2190:Augustopolis
2130:Arcadiopolis
1757:Unqi-Pattina
1547:Syro-Hittite
1459:
1440:
1360:
1356:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1029:
1018:
1008:
995:
982:
958:
949:
941:
932:
919:
891:
882:
751:Hadad Statue
712:
709:
702:
699:
679:
640:
633:
606:
602:World War II
599:
563:
533:Sam'al lions
529:
488:
468:
464:
448:
409:
402:
387:
379:middle power
374:
367:
363:
358:
337:
328:
317:Please help
312:verification
309:
282:
261:Tilmen Höyük
257:
249:
228:Neo-Hittites
198:
182:
181:
7977:Nevalı Çori
7802:Tragalassus
7632:Serraepolis
7557:Rhodiapolis
7477:Perminounda
7467:Pednelissus
7437:Palaeopolis
7327:Moron Hydor
7096:Karakabaklı
7081:Kalelibelen
6961:Flaviopolis
6911:Diocaesarea
6816:Colybrassus
6771:Carmylessus
6621:Antiphellus
6318:Salmydessus
6258:Proconnesus
6028:Neonteichos
5953:Miletopolis
5808:Kalos Agros
5783:Ilieon Kome
5493:Chrysopolis
5253:Argyropolis
5213:Aphrodisias
5158:Aegospotami
5070:Cafer Höyük
5027:Verinopolis
4907:Salamboreia
4862:Pillitokome
4606:Isauropolis
4491:Diocaesarea
4406:Carus Vicus
4341:Aspenzinsos
4321:Ariaramneia
4093:Philocaleia
4053:Naustathmus
3988:Hieron Oros
3763:Anticinolis
3743:Alaca Höyük
3555:Temenothyra
3355:Pordoselene
3215:Palaeopolis
3210:Palaemyndus
3145:Neonteichos
3020:Marathesium
2705:Hypokremnos
2435:Dareioukome
2310:Carmylessus
2240:Beycesultan
2085:Aphrodisias
1980:Adramyttium
1811:Bit Bahiani
1775:Bit Gabbari
690:Old Aramaic
677:in 671 BC.
477:Archaeology
331:August 2023
278:Hattusili I
208:Hattusili I
123: /
99:Coordinates
8062:Categories
8022:Sultantepe
7917:Carchemish
7822:Tyberissus
7782:Titiopolis
7727:Tardequeia
7642:Sibidounda
7582:Sagalassos
7512:Pisarissos
7332:Moumoustra
7317:Mopsuestia
7312:Mopsucrene
7302:Mezgitkale
7161:Kynosarion
7036:Isaura Nea
7031:Irenopolis
6996:Hierapolis
6866:Cretopolis
6841:Coracesium
6756:Callimache
6438:Tetrakomia
6383:Smintheion
6333:Scamandrus
6328:Scamandria
6263:Proochthoi
6238:Pratomysia
6228:Potamonion
6218:Polymedium
6208:Poleatikon
6203:Poemanenum
6178:Phosphorus
6153:Petrozetoi
6133:Pentephyle
6098:Pantichium
6053:Ophryneion
6003:Nausikleia
5983:Moukaporis
5943:Mantineion
5933:Lysimachia
5803:Kale Peuke
5753:Heracleium
5678:Ergasteria
5668:Elekosmioi
5483:Choiragria
5388:Burtudizon
5368:Blachernae
5248:Argyronion
5148:Ad Statuas
5143:Achilleion
5080:Citharizum
5065:Arsamosata
4892:Purushanda
4762:Moutalaske
4656:Kodylessos
4611:Juliopolis
4601:Irenopolis
4521:Ergobrotis
4456:Coropassus
4411:Çatalhöyük
4326:Ariarathia
4208:Yazılıkaya
4178:Themiscyra
4133:Salatiwara
4108:Polemonium
4033:Libiopolis
4008:Ischopolis
3983:Hermonassa
3978:Heracleium
3585:Teuthrania
3545:Teichiussa
3475:Stectorium
3450:Skolopoeis
3365:Prymnessus
3240:Parthenium
3040:Melampagos
2980:Lysimachia
2945:Leucophrys
2805:Klazomenai
2765:Kalabantia
2730:Ioniapolis
2660:Hieropolis
2655:Hierapolis
2440:Dideiphyta
2360:Chrysaoris
2290:Callipolis
1801:Til Barsip
1706:Carchemish
1698:Carchemish
874:References
651:Phoenician
643:orthostats
628:See also:
412:city state
353:See also:
273:bit-hilani
226:-speaking
189:of modern
152:Site notes
139:Settlement
111:36°40′43″E
108:37°06′13″N
7992:Sakçagözü
7962:Khashshum
7857:Yumuktepe
7807:Trebendae
7787:Tityassus
7767:Termessos
7752:Telmessos
7737:Teimiussa
7697:Sozopolis
7592:Saraganda
7587:Sandalium
7562:Rhoscopus
7552:Ptolemais
7542:Prostanna
7502:Phoenicus
7447:Panhormus
7432:Padyandus
7382:Octapolis
7352:Myriandus
7292:Melanippe
7231:Magastara
7136:Kitanaura
7111:Kastellon
7091:Kanytelis
7076:Kalanthia
7016:Idebessos
7001:Hippucome
6971:Gözlükule
6936:Epiphania
6916:Domuztepe
6796:Charadrus
6781:Castabala
6661:Arnabanda
6641:Arabissus
6591:Antigonia
6581:Anemurium
6561:Anazarbus
6521:Acarassus
6516:Acalissus
6408:Tarpodizo
6393:Strobilos
6353:Selymbria
6308:Rhoiteion
6233:Praenetus
6213:Polychron
6158:Pharmakia
6148:Perinthus
6103:Parabolos
6068:Ostreodes
6048:Ontoraita
6038:Nicomedia
6013:Neandreia
5988:Myrileion
5973:Morzapena
5963:Mochadion
5948:Marpessos
5883:Lasthenes
5873:Lampsacus
5868:Lamponeia
5858:Kyparodes
5798:Kalasyrta
5738:Harpagion
5733:Hamaxitus
5718:Hadriania
5638:Diolkides
5593:Dascylium
5463:Charmidea
5453:Chalcedon
5438:Cenchreae
5398:Byzantium
5363:Bithynium
5298:Aureliane
5153:Adrasteia
5055:Altıntepe
5002:Trocmades
4977:Takourtha
4952:Sidamaria
4877:Pontanena
4827:Pedachtoë
4822:Parnassus
4782:Nazianzus
4712:Malandasa
4692:Laroumada
4682:Lamatorma
4511:Ecdaumava
4506:Dorylaeum
4476:Dadastana
4451:Corniaspa
4441:Congustus
4421:Ciscissus
4396:Camuliana
4316:Ardistama
4291:Anzoulada
4271:Andabalis
4261:Anadynata
4188:Timolaeum
4143:Sandaraca
4083:Pharnacia
4063:Nicopolis
3738:Aiginetes
3720:Black Sea
3680:Tyanollos
3630:Thyssanus
3625:Thymbrara
3595:Theangela
3590:Thasthara
3550:Telandrus
3535:Tateikome
3490:Strobilos
3350:Polybotus
3275:Perperene
3160:Nymphaeum
3130:Naulochus
3125:Naulochon
3095:Myloukome
3045:Meloukome
2950:Limantepe
2865:Labraunda
2695:Hyllarima
2615:Halisarna
2595:Gerriadai
2485:Doroukome
2420:Cyllandus
2350:Chalcetor
2260:Boukolion
2120:Aragokome
2100:Apollonis
2070:Antandrus
1985:Agatheira
1955:Abrostola
1865:Hatarikka
1829:Bit Agusi
1793:Bit Adini
1385:163613753
1377:0022-2968
1333:257837134
768:(KAI 215)
716:Karkemish
682:Panammu I
471:Sargon II
459:his stela
403:Also the
173:Condition
8002:Samosata
7884:Anatolia
7852:Yanıkhan
7842:Typallia
7832:Tymandus
7812:Trebenna
7797:Toriaeum
7722:Tapureli
7627:Seroiata
7577:Sabandus
7572:Rygmanoi
7527:Platanus
7517:Pisurgia
7482:Phaselis
7417:Orokenda
7372:Nephelis
7282:Mastaura
7271:Marciana
7181:Lebessus
7151:Korasion
7141:Kodroula
7126:Kiphisos
7101:Karatepe
6931:Emirzeli
6926:Elbessos
6856:Corydala
6786:Ceretapa
6766:Carallia
6751:Cadyanda
6741:Cabassus
6731:Bindaios
6691:Aspendos
6686:Arycanda
6681:Artanada
6651:Ariassus
6576:Andriaca
6566:Anchiale
6493:Utsurgae
6483:Tzurulum
6478:Tyrodiza
6472:Hisarlik
6448:Tragasai
6418:Tattaios
6403:Syllanta
6378:Sirkanos
6358:Semystra
6323:Sangarus
6288:Pytheion
6278:Psyllium
6198:Ploketta
6113:Paulines
6058:Orestias
5978:Mossynea
5958:Mocasura
5923:Lupadium
5853:Koubaita
5848:Kosilaos
5773:Iasonion
5758:Hermaion
5743:Hebdomon
5693:Gentinos
5683:Eribolum
5588:Dardanus
5568:Dacibyza
5563:Dadokome
5543:Crithote
5533:Crenides
5528:Cremaste
5513:Cocylium
5448:Chalcaea
5403:Byzapena
5378:Boradion
5353:Bisanthe
5328:Bathonea
5203:Anaplous
5138:Achaiion
5075:Camachus
5017:Tyriaeum
4937:Senzousa
4912:Salarama
4847:Pessinus
4817:Papirion
4812:Orcistus
4777:Nakoleia
4767:Musbanda
4752:Mokissos
4737:Midaeium
4697:Lauzadus
4673:(Kanesh)
4646:Kindyria
4641:Kilistra
4636:Kerkenes
4621:Kanotala
4516:Ecobriga
4481:Dasmenda
4471:Cyzistra
4466:Cybistra
4386:Borissos
4361:Balgatia
4356:Balbissa
4336:Artiknos
4311:Archalla
4198:Tripolis
4168:Stephane
4158:Saurania
4148:Sapinuwa
4103:Pimolisa
4088:Phazemon
3958:Gozalena
3928:Euchaita
3923:Erythini
3893:Cyptasia
3878:Crenides
3833:Chadisia
3813:Carambis
3753:Amastris
3733:Aegialus
3705:Zemmeana
3675:Troketta
3665:Triopium
3620:Thyatira
3495:Syangela
3435:Silandus
3395:Saouenda
3270:Pergamon
3250:Passanda
3220:Panasion
3195:Orthoisa
3175:Oenoanda
3140:Neapolis
3025:Mastaura
2920:Lasnedda
2875:Lalandos
2855:Kymnissa
2810:Kleimaka
2795:Kilaraza
2780:Kaualena
2775:Kasossos
2710:Hyrcanis
2690:Hygassos
2685:Hydissus
2670:Homadena
2605:Gryneium
2590:Gergitha
2580:Gambrium
2570:Euthenae
2560:Eumeneia
2550:Eukarpia
2535:Erythras
2530:Erythrae
2480:Docimium
2475:Dioskome
2415:Cybeleia
2410:Coryphas
2400:Colossae
2395:Colophon
2385:Clannuda
2380:Cisthene
2370:Cidramus
2365:Chytrium
2340:Celaenae
2330:Casystes
2325:Castabus
2320:Caryanda
2280:Bybassus
2265:Boutheia
2250:Blaundus
2230:Bargylia
2170:Atarneus
2150:Astragon
2145:Aspaneus
2125:Araukome
2115:Appolena
2045:Amynanda
2020:Allianoi
2005:Alabanda
1975:Acrassus
1965:Acharaca
1950:Abbassus
1739:Palistin
1729:Aramaean
1653:Karatepe
1599:Ištuanda
847:See also
686:Samalian
667:Istanbul
655:Akkadian
515:and the
377:) was a
361:Samalian
291:Iron Age
220:Iron Age
176:In ruins
85:Location
18:Zincirli
8032:Tushhan
8007:Sareisa
7987:Nisibis
7972:Matiate
7967:Kussara
7937:Doliche
7927:Dabanas
7847:Xanthos
7762:Tenedos
7682:Siricae
7667:Sillyon
7657:Siderus
7622:Selinus
7532:Podalia
7522:Placoma
7497:Philaea
7487:Phellus
7457:Parlais
7452:Pargais
7422:Otanada
7412:Onobara
7402:Olympus
7357:Nagidos
7297:Meriana
7278:(Mnara)
7276:Marmara
7266:Mandane
7236:Magydus
7226:Magarsa
7221:Lysinia
7186:Legeita
7166:Laertes
7146:Kolbasa
7131:Kirkota
7106:Karkabo
7086:Kandyba
7066:Istlada
6991:Hamaxia
6976:Hacilar
6901:Damasei
6886:Daedala
6881:Cyrrhus
6876:Cyaneae
6791:Cestrus
6761:Calynda
6746:Cadrema
6721:Balbura
6711:Aunesis
6701:Augusta
6676:Arsinoe
6626:Aperlae
6546:Alalakh
6531:Adrasus
6453:Thynias
6373:Sigeion
6343:Scylace
6338:Scepsis
6303:Rhesion
6298:Rhegion
6273:Psarela
6253:Prindea
6248:Priapus
6223:Potamoi
6138:Percote
6088:Palodes
5998:Nassete
5938:Madytus
5903:Libyssa
5888:Leptoia
5843:Kolonai
5833:Kizoura
5793:Kalamos
5768:Hierion
5688:Gargara
5673:Embolos
5653:Eirakla
5618:Delphin
5583:Daphnus
5573:Damalis
5558:Cyzicus
5553:Cypsela
5548:Cypasis
5523:Colonae
5433:Cebrene
5423:Canopus
5393:Bythias
5358:Bitenas
5348:Birytis
5343:Bergule
5338:Beodizo
5293:Athyras
5283:Astacus
5273:Artanes
5243:Argyria
5233:Arbeila
5128:Abarnis
5120:Marmara
5100:Sugunia
4987:Thebasa
4967:Soandos
4957:Skandos
4942:Sereana
4922:Savatra
4807:Olosada
4757:Mourisa
4677:Lageina
4671:Kültepe
4631:Keissia
4626:Karbala
4596:Ilistra
4561:Gordium
4556:Gorbeus
4526:Euaissa
4461:Cotenna
4431:Claneus
4416:Cimiata
4401:Candara
4381:Blucium
4306:Arasaxa
4281:Anniaca
4256:Amblada
4228:Ziporea
4218:Zaliche
4213:Zagorus
4203:Virasia
4183:Thymena
4173:Syderos
4043:Metroon
4038:Lillium
4023:Kimista
3968:Hattusa
3953:Gaziura
3938:Gadilon
3918:Endeira
3908:Diacopa
3898:Cytorus
3868:Cordyle
3863:Coralla
3853:Colussa
3838:Cinolis
3828:Cerasus
3823:Carussa
3818:Carissa
3783:Berissa
3778:Athenae
3768:Argyria
3700:Uranium
3660:Trarium
3615:Thyaira
3580:Termera
3570:Tendeba
3565:Tempsis
3515:Synnada
3440:Sillyos
3430:Sidussa
3370:Pteleum
3335:Plarasa
3330:Pladasa
3315:Pisilis
3300:Phyteia
3295:Physcus
3285:Phocaea
3245:Passala
3235:Parsada
3200:Ortygia
3190:Oroanna
3090:Motella
3085:Mostene
3080:Mossyna
3075:Mokolda
3070:Mobolla
3060:Miletus
3005:Maiboza
2985:Madnasa
2955:Lobolda
2930:Lebedus
2915:Larymna
2885:Lankena
2880:Lamyana
2850:Kyllene
2835:Korakoe
2800:Kildara
2700:Hypaepa
2620:Harpasa
2565:Euromus
2555:Euhippe
2540:Etsyena
2520:Ephesus
2510:Embatum
2495:Eiokome
2455:Dioclea
2345:Ceramus
2335:Cedreae
2255:Bonitai
2245:Birgena
2220:Bargasa
2210:Aurokra
2165:Astyria
2060:Anineta
2035:Amorium
2030:Amnista
2000:Aizanoi
1970:Acmonia
1842:Nampigi
1765:Kinalua
1747:Kinalua
1668:Hilakku
1609:Kammanu
1594:Šinuḫtu
1589:Ḫubišna
959:pp. 5–6
722:Gallery
675:Taharqa
647:Aramaic
611:of the
508:citadel
432:Assyria
424:Cilicia
372:Aramaic
368:Ya'diya
238:History
216:Mitanni
212:Hittite
8047:Zeugma
7997:Sam'al
7957:Harran
7942:Edessa
7922:Çayönü
7837:Tynada
7827:Tyinda
7732:Tarsus
7717:Takina
7712:Syedra
7692:Solyma
7672:Simena
7662:Sidyma
7647:Sibyla
7597:Sebeda
7567:Rhosus
7462:Patara
7427:Ouerbe
7407:Öküzlü
7392:Olbasa
7362:Nauloi
7342:Mylios
7307:Moatra
7261:Manava
7241:Mallus
7201:Limyra
7121:Kibyra
7116:Keraia
7026:Iotape
7021:Idyros
6946:Etenna
6941:Erymna
6861:Cremna
6836:Conana
6821:Comama
6671:Arsada
6666:Arneae
6571:Andeda
6551:Amelas
6498:Zeleia
6488:Urisio
6458:Traron
6443:Tipaso
6428:Terbos
6368:Sestos
6348:Scylla
6293:Rhebas
6193:Placia
6183:Pionia
6173:Philia
6168:Phiela
6108:Parium
6093:Panion
6083:Paesus
6073:Pactya
6033:Nerola
5813:Kampos
5763:Hieria
5728:Halone
5698:Gergis
5663:Elaeus
5643:Drabus
5613:Delkos
5538:Cressa
5508:Cobrys
5503:Clitae
5488:Chryse
5458:Charax
5428:Cardia
5413:Callum
5383:Brunca
5263:Artace
5258:Arisba
5238:Argiza
5228:Apsoda
5198:Amycus
5133:Abydos
5110:Tushpa
5085:Dadima
5037:Zizima
5022:Vasada
4982:Tavium
4962:Soanda
4947:Sibora
4932:Sedasa
4917:Sasima
4897:Pyrgoi
4887:Pteria
4882:Posala
4872:Pithoi
4867:Pissia
4857:Phlara
4852:Pharax
4832:Pedaia
4802:Ochras
4787:Nitazi
4772:Myrika
4747:Mnizus
4742:Mistea
4707:Lystra
4702:Limnae
4661:Korama
4651:Kobara
4586:Homana
4576:Herpha
4541:Eulepa
4391:Campae
4366:Barate
4351:Atenia
4331:Armaxa
4301:Aralla
4153:Satala
4138:Samuha
4118:Potami
4078:Patara
4073:Oxinas
4048:Mokata
4018:Kelesa
3998:Hyssus
3943:Garius
3933:Eusene
3913:Elaeus
3888:Cromna
3883:Cromen
3873:Cratia
3843:Cizari
3798:Cabira
3788:Bonita
3773:Armene
3748:Amasia
3690:Tymnos
3685:Tymion
3645:Tomara
3605:Thebes
3560:Temnos
3530:Tabala
3510:Syneta
3505:Synaus
3500:Symbra
3470:Stadia
3455:Smyrna
3400:Sardis
3390:Pyrrha
3385:Pyrnus
3380:Pygela
3375:Pydnae
3360:Priene
3325:Pitane
3310:Pinara
3305:Pidasa
3265:Pepuza
3260:Peltae
3255:Pedasa
3185:Olymos
3180:Olaeis
3155:Notion
3150:Nisyra
3105:Myrina
3100:Myndus
3065:Mylasa
3030:Meiros
3015:Malene
2960:Loryma
2940:Leucae
2935:Leimon
2925:Latmus
2870:Lagina
2845:Kouara
2840:Koresa
2830:Koraia
2820:Knidos
2785:Kaunos
2770:Kasara
2755:Kadyie
2750:Iskome
2735:Ioudda
2600:Glauke
2575:Euxine
2525:Erines
2515:Emoddi
2490:Eibeos
2445:Didyma
2430:Daldis
2405:Conium
2390:Claros
2375:Cindye
2355:Choria
2315:Carura
2305:Carene
2275:Bruzus
2270:Briula
2235:Beudos
2215:Bageis
2185:Attuda
2135:Arilla
2065:Annaea
2050:Amyzon
2025:Almura
2015:Alinda
1942:Aegean
1888:Hamath
1880:Hamath
1870:Shuksi
1857:Luhuti
1819:Guzana
1783:Sam'al
1731:states
1688:Marqas
1680:Gurgum
1673:
1635:Samsat
1627:Kummuh
1579:Tuwana
1558:states
1556:Luwian
1484:Sam'al
1383:
1375:
1331:
1313:Maarav
1163:
665:, and
663:Berlin
653:, and
455:Denyen
440:Denyen
390:steles
375:Ya'udi
364:Yādiya
269:Aleppo
265:Yamhad
224:Luwian
199:Sam'al
191:Turkey
144:Length
93:Turkey
80:Sam'al
8042:Urshu
8037:Urima
8027:Tille
8017:Sitai
7892:Amida
7817:Trysa
7677:Sinda
7617:Selge
7537:Pogla
7472:Perga
7397:Olbia
7337:Mylae
7322:Morka
7287:Meloë
7216:Lyrbe
7211:Lycae
7206:Lissa
7176:Lamos
7171:Lagbe
7156:Korma
7061:Issus
7006:Holmi
6986:Halae
6966:Gagae
6831:Comba
6801:Choma
6776:Casae
6736:Bubon
6726:Baris
6706:Aulae
6696:Augai
6656:Arima
6646:Araxa
6541:Agrae
6536:Aegae
6526:Adada
6423:Tenba
6398:Sykai
6268:Prusa
6243:Prepa
6078:Paeon
5993:Narco
5968:Modra
5928:Lygos
5918:Linus
5898:Libum
5893:Liada
5863:Kypra
5838:Koila
5828:Kepos
5818:Kassa
5788:Kabia
5703:Germa
5623:Deris
5518:Colla
5418:Calpe
5373:Bolos
5313:Baris
5278:Assos
5223:Aprus
5193:Ammoi
5178:Ainos
5163:Agora
5095:Melid
5032:Zeita
5012:Tynna
5007:Tyana
4927:Sbida
4842:Perta
4837:Peium
4797:Nyssa
4727:Meloë
4666:Koron
4551:Germa
4496:Doara
4486:Derbe
4446:Corna
4426:Cinna
4346:Astra
4276:Anisa
4068:Ophis
4058:Nerik
4013:Karza
4003:Ibora
3803:Cales
3758:Ancon
3635:Tisna
3610:Thera
3525:Tabae
3520:Syrna
3465:Spore
3420:Setae
3320:Pisye
3205:Otrus
3135:Naxia
3120:Nasos
2975:Lyrna
2970:Lydae
2965:Lunda
2760:Kaira
2740:Ipsus
2725:Idyma
2715:Iasos
2680:Hydas
2675:Hydai
2625:Helos
2585:Gerga
2545:Euaza
2505:Eluza
2500:Elaea
2450:Digda
2300:Canae
2295:Caloe
2195:Aulae
2180:Attea
2140:Aroma
2110:Appia
2055:Anaua
1995:Airai
1990:Aegae
1847:Halab
1837:Arpad
1658:Adana
1617:Melid
1584:Atuna
1574:Tabal
1566:Tabal
1381:S2CID
1329:S2CID
418:from
416:Adana
370:, in
285:Zalpa
147:40 ha
7932:Dara
7792:Tlos
7707:Syca
7702:Sura
7687:Soli
7652:Side
7387:Olba
7377:Nisa
7347:Myra
7046:Isba
7011:Hyia
6906:Dias
6871:Crya
6468:Troy
6388:Soka
6128:Pege
6063:Orni
5628:Desa
5498:Cius
4972:Sora
4792:Nora
4591:Hyde
4193:Tium
4098:Pida
3793:Boon
3575:Teos
3540:Taza
3445:Sion
3170:Odon
3115:Nais
3110:Myus
2720:Iaza
2425:Cyme
2285:Cadi
2040:Amos
2010:Alia
1645:Quwê
1449:2009
1416:2023
1373:ISSN
1161:ISBN
1138:2021
1108:2009
1098:2011
1088:2013
1013:2021
942:p. 2
898:2021
498:and
436:Quwê
420:Quwê
214:and
136:Type
7637:Sia
6043:Oka
5778:Ide
5060:Ani
3903:Dia
3695:Ula
3460:Soa
2860:Kys
1365:doi
1321:doi
1279:doi
366:or
321:by
193:'s
8064::
1379:.
1371:.
1361:75
1359:.
1355:.
1341:^
1327:.
1317:23
1315:.
1273:.
966:^
903:^
718:.
661:,
649:,
604:.
535:.
473:.
91:,
6474:)
6470:(
1926:e
1919:t
1912:v
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1387:.
1367::
1335:.
1323::
1285:.
1281::
1275:7
1259:"
344:)
338:(
333:)
329:(
315:.
20:)
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