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345:. This find also supplies an important piece of evidence for setting the scope of the activities of high-ranking personages within Old Syrian society: that a dignitary at the very end of the MBA represented himself on a stela dedicated to a deity in its temple seems significant if one compares this pattern with that of Old Babylonian Mesopotamia."
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Two basalt gate lions were found next to the monumental gate on the east side of the city, which was the main entrance gate. There are two smaller gates, one in the northwest and the other in the southwest. Rectangular defence towers around the perimeter were also constructed, and there was a
588:
Marchetti, N. (2008). A preliminary report on the 2005 and 2006 excavations at Tilmen Höyük. In
Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid April 3-8 2006: Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Arqueología del Oriente Próximo Antiguo (pp.
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The high point of the city was between the 19th and 15th centuries BC. The finds indicate that Tilmen Höyük was an important link in the cultural contacts between
Northern Mesopotamia and Anatolia. One of the monumental structures unearthed is very similar to the palace in
592:
Marchetti, N., Matthiae, P., Pinnock, F., Nigro, L., & Marchetti, N. (2010). A preliminary report on the 2007 and 2008 excavations and restorations at Tilmen Höyük. In
Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (pp.
434:
Astour, Michael C., "A Reconstruction of the
History of Ebla (Part 2)", Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language, Volume 4, edited by Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 57-196,
365:
The clay bulla was found at the mound, and it is believed to be from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. This find suggests the existence of a
Babylonian trading station at Tilmen going back to the early
585:
Marchetti, N. (2008). A preliminary report on the 2003 and 2004 excavations at Tilmen Höyük. In
Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Vol. 2, pp. 353-360)
456:
Alkim, U. Bahadir. “Archaeological
Activities in Turkey (1962): Explorations and Excavations Undertaken under the Auspices of the Turkish Historical Society.” Orientalia, vol. 33, 1964, pp. 500–12
200:
According to the excavator there was an extensive conflagration level between levels IIIb (Early Bronze IVb) and IIIc (Middle Bronze I) after which a completely new type of pottery appeared.
501:
Marchetti, Nicolò, et al., eds. An
Integrated Approach for an Archaeological and Environmental Park in South-Eastern Turkey: Tilmen Höyük. Springer Nature, 2020 ISBN 978-3-030-32753-8
303:
The double casemate walls of the city were made of large stones without mortar, and date from the end of the 2nd millennium BC to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.
447:
Valentina Orsi, "Excavations at Tilmen Höyük I. The
Fortification System in the Lower Town.", (Ante Quem: OrientLab Series Maior Volume 7, 2022) ISBN 978-88-7849-163-2
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in Area M. The stela measures 67 cm in height, and 53 cm in width. It portrays a standing god with his cap with two opposite horns, and an important local official.
649:
New
Results on Middle Bronze Age Urbanism in South-Eastern Anatolia: The 2004 Campaign at Tilmen Höyük - Nicolò Marchetti - Colloquium Anatolicum V 2006 pp. 199-211
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and against Aleppo: at that time Tilmen Höyük was destroyed in a major fire. The city is probably to be identified with ancient Zalbar, mentioned in the Annals of
663:
596:
Marchesi, G., & Marchetti, N. (2019). A babylonian official at Tilmen Höyük in the time of king Sumu-la-el of Babylon (Tab. I-XII). Orientalia, 88(1), 1-36
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and continued until 1972. Also in 1959, excavations were conducted in Gedikli Karahöyük, a nearby settlement. Excavations were also carried out in 1969-1972.
341:"This sculpture is the most ancient piece thus far retrieved in Gaziantep area and it is one of the few provenanced Old Syrian sculptures found outside of
270:
Work has created since 2007 an archaeological park. This is a very rich ancient cultural area with over fifty mounds identified on the surrounding plain.
96:
474:
ALKIM, U. BAHADIR. “The Amanus Region in Turkey: NEW LIGHT ON THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGY.” Archaeology, vol. 22, no. 4, 1969, pp. 280–89
413:
Ezer, Tulay, et al. "Bryophytes on the Archaeological Site of Tilmen Höyük Gaziantep (Turkey)." International Journal of Botany 4.3 (2008): 297-302
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was found the palace area in earlier excavations in 1962. The 'Old Syrian period' is generally defined as the time of the rise and predominance of
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La cittadella regale di Tilmen Höyük. Palazzi, templi e fortezze del II millennio a.C. in un'antica capitale dell'Anatolia sud-orientale (Turchia)
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In G. Umurtak, Ş. Dönmez, & A. Yurtsever (Eds.), Refik Duru’ya Armağan. Studies in Honour of Refik Duru (pp. 153–167). Istanbul: Ege.
236:, the capital of Zalbar kingdom. It is also known as Zalbar or Zalwar. The city of Zalpa was formerly equated by scholars with Zalpuwa (
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The recent excavations were started in 2003 by a joint Turco-Italian team directed by Nicolò Marchetti from the University of Bologna
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The mound rises 20 meters above the vast marshes of Karasu River. The river flows on the eastern and northern edges of town.
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The settlement on the mound began in the 4th millennium BC. It became a large city at the end of the 3rd millennium BC.
17:
53:
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Koşay, Hâmit Zübeyr, et al. “Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey.” Anatolian Studies, vol. 20, 1970, pp. 7–35
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An Old Syrian stela was discovered in Tilmen in 2004. It was found in the western lower town, in a monumental
492:
French, David, et al. “Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey.” Anatolian Studies, vol. 22, 1972, pp. 11–62
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Alkim, U. Bahadir, "Work in the Islâhiye Region and the Excavations at Tilmen Hüyük" AnSt 20, pp. 29–31, 1970
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Middle Bronze Age Public Architecture at Tilmen Höyük and the Architectural Tradition of Old Syrien Palaces.
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318:, which is abundant in the area; adobe construction was used only on the upper part of the walls.
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R. Duru, Excavations at Tilmen Höyük I. Tilmen Höyük Kazıları I, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2013.
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Bd. 2. Ankara, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı 2007, ISBN 978-975-17-3244-6, S. 355–364.
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Rom, Università La Sapienza 2006, ISBN 88-87242-73-9, S. 275–308.
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The 2005 joint turkish-italian excavations at Tilmen Höyük
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Bologna, Ante Quem 2004, ISBN 88-900972-6-4, S. 191–196.
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Tilmen Höyük: an Inscribed Bulla from the 1962 Campaign.
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A Late Old Syrian Stela from Temple M at Tilmen Höyük.
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91:Coordinates
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390:Coba Höyük
350:Clay bulla
230:Amuq plain
215:Amik Plain
131:Settlement
246:Black Sea
244:near the
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374:See also
370:period.
328:in antis
309:casemate
155:Islahiye
77:Location
360:Yamkhad
332:temenos
242:Ḫattuša
238:Zalpuwa
177:History
141:Founded
136:History
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316:basalt
219:Yamhad
211:Alalah
163:Turkey
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