45:
68:
61:
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1016:"...Tell Tayinat forms a large low-lying mound approximately one kilometer north of the current course of the Orontes River, and some 700 m northwest of Tell Atchana (ancient Alalakh), its Bronze Age sister settlement. Tayinat sits within the flood plain of the Orontes River, at the point where the river enters the Amuq Plain before working its way westward toward Antakya and the Mediterranean coast..."
736:
574:
761:. His team discovered palaces, temples, private houses and fortification walls, in 17 archaeological levels, reaching from late Early Bronze Age (Level XVII, c. 2200–2000 BC) to Late Bronze Age (Level 0, 13th century BC). Among their finds was the inscribed statue of Idrimi, a king of Alalakh c. early 15th century BC. The foreman on the site, working with Woolley, was the Syrian Sheikh
788:
449:
1083:: "Following the collapse of Early Bronze Age networks, the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1650) marks the beginning of a process of re-urbanization in Anatolia, the Near East and the Levant defined by increased supra-regional commercial activities and city building strategies reflecting a multi-vocal, vibrant landscape created by various autonomous kingdoms."
680:. Apparently, "one feature of this phase was the prominent role of the court of Aleppo as bench for the Syrian legal cases." The second was a mature phase that started around 1270 BC after some period of uncertainty. During this phase, the main court of jurisdiction had shifted from Aleppo to Karkemis, which then seems to have acquired even greater powers.
518:, and was handed over to the Yarim-Lim Dynasty. There was a later palace, an archive, some temples, a city wall, a tripartite gate, households, workshops, extramural and intramural burials were excavated. In the palace of Level VII, during 2015-2019 excavations, more than 70 wall painting fragments were found and radiocarbon-dated to c. 1780-1680 BC.
619:
However, according to the archaeological site report, this statue was discovered in a level of occupation dating several centuries after the time that Idrimi lived. But recently, archaeologist Jacob
Lauinger considers the statue and inscription can be dated to Woolley's Level III (/II), c. 1400-1350
1472:
Yener KA. New
Excavations at Alalakh: The 14th - 12th Centuries BC. In: Yener KA, editor. Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Anatolia Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koc University, Istanbul, May 31-June 1, 2010. Ancient
810:
texts from
Alalakh primarily consist of juridical tablets, which record the ruling family's control over land and the income that followed, and administrative documents, which record the flow of commodities in and out of the palace. In addition, there are a few word lists, astrological omens and
1621:
Ingman T, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, Akar M, Ilgner J, Gnecchi
Ruscone GA, le Roux P, Shafiq R, Neumann GU, Keller M, Freund C, Marzo S, Lucas M, Krause J, Roberts P, Yener KA, Stockhammer PW. Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of
675:
According to Eric Cline, the city was largely abandoned by 1300 BC. A small
Hittite post was known to be there during the reign of Ammištamru (II) of Ugarit, who ruled c. 1260-1235. The Kingdom of Mukish was no more. But according to D'Alfonso (2007), there were two major phases in the Hittite
671:
During the period of 1400-1300 BC, Alalakh was incorporated into the
Hittite Empire. Nevertheless, recent interpretations of this period by archaeologists indicate that, following the destructions of Level IV, the Alalakh castle complex was successively rebuilt three times. So Alalakh may have
616:." The Hapiru recognized him as the "son of their overlord" and "gathered around him"; after living among them for seven years, he led his Habiru warriors in a successful attack by sea on Alalakh, where he became king. The statue mentions an heir, Addu-nirari, who is otherwise not attested.
235:
The first palace was built around 2000 BC, and likely destroyed in the 12th century BC. The site was thought to have never been reoccupied after that, but archaeologist
Timothy Harrison showed, in a (2022) lecture's graphic, it was inhabited also in Amuq Phases N-O, Iron Age, c. 1200-600 BC.
559:
and publications by archaeologist K. A. Yener, destruction of
Alalakh can be located as a "Fire and Conflagration" around 1650 BC. A recent Yener's paper considers Palace's Level VII destruction by Hattusili I to have taken place in his second year, in 1628 BC.
946:
1666:
Ingman T, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, Akar M, Ilgner J, Gnecchi
Ruscone GA, et al. (2021) Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence. PLoS ONE 16(6): e0241883.
228:, c. 2000-1200 BC. The city contained palaces, temples, private houses and fortifications. The remains of Alalakh have formed an extensive mound covering around 22 hectares. In the Late Bronze Age, Alalakh was the capital of the local kingdom of
459:
According to recent excavations led by archaeologists K. A. Yener and Murat Akar, the whole Middle Bronze Age in
Alalakh lasted c. 2000-1650 BC, as part of a re-urbanization period in Anatolia as well as in the Near East and Levant.
850:
According to ancient DNA analyses conducted by Skourtanioti et al. (2020) on 28 human remains from Tell Atchana belonging to the Middle and Late Bronze Age period (2006-1303 cal BC), the inhabitants of Alalakh were a mixture of
1530:
Skourtanioti, Eirini; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Frangipane, Marcella; Balossi Restelli, Francesca; Yener, K. Aslıhan; Pinnock, Frances; Matthiae, Paolo; Özbal, Rana; Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich; Guliyev, Farhad; Akhundov, Tufan (2020-05-28).
468:
In the early Middle Bronze II (c. 1800 BC), in Yener's Period 8 (Woolley's level VIII), in which a palace and a temple, as well as intramural burials, were found. At the time Alalakh was a vassalage of the Kingdom of Yamhad.
1482:
Jesse Casana, Alalakh and the Archaeological Landscape of Mukish: The Political Geography and Population of a Late Bronze Age Kingdom, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 353 , pp. 7-37, (February
1113:
1170:, in: Ougarit, un anniversaire, Bilans et recherches en cours, Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol: "...the use of the Level VII Palace its destruction by Hattusili I in his second year, 1628 BC (middle chronology)..."
631:
The socio-economic history of Alalakh during the reign of Idrimi's son and grandson, Niqmepuh and Ilim-ilimma, is well documented by tablets excavated from the site. Idrimi is referred to rarely in these tablets.
1643:
VonDassow, E., Von Dassow, E. 1., Owen, D. I. 1., & Wilhelm, G. 1. (2008). State and society in the late Bronze Age: Alalaḫ under the Mittani Empire.Studies on the civilization and culture of Nuzi and the
533:. Abba-El had destroyed the latter after it revolted against Yarim-Lim. In the 18th to 17th centuries period transition, Alalakh was under the reign of Yarim-Lim, and was the capital of the city-state of
1454:
Yener KA, editor. The Amuq Valley Regional Projects: Excavations in the Plain of Antioch: Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh, Vol. 1: The 2003–2004 Excavation Seasons. Istanbul: Koç University; 2010
776:. In 2004, the team had a short excavation and study season in order to process finds. In 2006 the project changed sponsorship and resumed excavations directed by K. Aslihan Yener under the
802:, a king of Alalakh c. early 15th century BC, has provided a unique autobiography of Idrimi's youth, his rise to power, and his military and other successes. The statue is now held in the
842:
was originally worshiped. She is generally seen as a benevolent goddess of justice. According to this theory, her worship then spread from Alalakh to Carchemish and Anatolia at large.
577:
Atchana-Nuzi ware bowl found in Alalakh. From Levels III-II, Late Bronze Age, circa 1370-1270 BC. According to the excavator L. Woolley, this represents a locally produced variant of
1167:
992:
1077:"From Petty Kingdoms to Empires: The Changing Social and Political Dynamics from Middle to Late Bronze Ages in Southeastern Anatolia. A Point of View from the Amuq Valley of Hatay"
1064:"From Petty Kingdoms to Empires: The Changing Social and Political Dynamics from Middle to Late Bronze Ages in Southeastern Anatolia. A Point of View from the Amuq Valley of Hatay"
1663:
Yener KA, Ingman T, editors. Alalakh and its Neighbors: Proceedings of the 15th Anniversary Symposium at the New Hatay Archaeology Museum, June 10–12, 2015. Leiden: Peeters; 2020
959:
548:
Under the hegemony of Aleppo, a dynasty of Yarim-Lim's descendants was founded; it lasted to the second half of 17th century BC. At that time Alalakh was destroyed, possibly by
818:, a high quality ceramics associated with the Mitanni period, have been discovered in Alalakh. This type of ceramics, as found at Alalakh/Atchana, is sometimes described as
620:
BC, around 50 to 100 years after Idrimi's lifetime. There has been much scholarly debate as to its historicity. Archaeologically-dated tablets recount that Idrimi's son
1463:
Yener KA, Akar M, Horowitz MT, editors. Tell Atchana, Alalakh. Volume 2: The Late Bronze II City, the 2006–2010 Excavation Seasons. Istanbul: Koç University Press; 2019.
1025:
995:, in: Lynn Welton, "The Amuq Plain and Tell Tayinat in the Third Millennium BCE: The Historical and Socio-Political Context", CSMS Journal, Volume 6, Figure 1, p. 16.
1257:
703:
with Mukiš. This view is favoured by Elena Devecchi. She relates this text to the conquests that Suppiluliuma made in Syria as a result of his “one-year campaign”.
259:
Human settlements in Amik Valley goes back to the Neolithic period as early as 6,000 BC. Many other ancient archaeological sites are located in this area, such as
1822:
1116:, in Sharon R. Steadman and Gregory McMahon (eds.), The Archaeology of Anatolia, Volume IV: Recent Discoveries (2018–2020), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 80.
687:
had arrived to Syria-Palestine, a lot of it from Cyprus. Alalakh was the northernmost location where this Mycenaean IIIA:2-III:B pottery is found, along with
592:
for Alalakh resume. At this time, it was again the seat of a local dynasty. Most of the information about the founding of this dynasty comes from a statue
1139:
1322:
A Forgotten Kingdom: a Record of the Results Obtained from the Recent Important Excavation of Two Mounds, Atchana and al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay
500:, king of Mari, retaining for himself overlordship. After the fall of Mari in 1765 BC, Alalakh seems to have come under the rule of Yamhad again.
7965:
887:
each. Seven more male individuals were analyzed by Ingman et al. (2021): three males carried J2a1a1a2, while four males carried J1a2a1a, T1a1a,
798:
About five hundred cuneiform tablets were retrieved at Level VII, (Middle Bronze Age) and Level IV (Late Bronze Age). The inscribed statue of
1309:
Alalakh, An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana 1937-1949, (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London)
838:, the Amik Valley, corresponding to the ancient state of Mukish, and especially Alalakh, was the area where the Syrian and Anatolian goddess
1343:
628:. This seems to support the inscription on the statue claiming that Idrimi was contemporaneous with Barattarna, Saushtatar's predecessor.
1815:
7975:
1794:
1243:
581:, first recognized at the site of Nuzi in Iraq. Characteristic of the Atchana ware are the floral designs, not found in the Nuzi ware.
1194:
von Dassow, Eva. "Alalaḫ between Mittani and Ḫatti." Asia Anteriore Antica. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures 2 (2020): 196-226
1390:
1365:
1097:"Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence"
930:"Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence"
1657:
Lauinger, J. (2008). The Temple of Ištar at Old Babylonian Alalakh, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 8(2), 181-217. doi:
1434:
1030:
Pucci, Marina (2023). "Storage and Food Control in the 'Amuq from the Late Bronze to the Iron Age: The Archaeological Evidence".
777:
608:. The inscription records Idrimi's vicissitudes: after his family had been forced to flee to Emar, he left them and joined the "
263:, which was recently excavated. Tell Atchana is located only about 700m southeast of Tell Tayinat within the flood plain of the
1808:
1831:
1694:
Frank Zeeb, "Die Palastwirtschaft in Altsyrien nach den spätaltbabylonischen Getreidelieferlisten aus Alalah (Schicht VII)",
1652:
1506:
1047:
118:
7980:
1412:
982:, : "Iron Age, Ca. 1200-600 BCE, Amuq Phases N-O...Primary Site: Tell Tayinat, Other Excavated Sites: Tell Atchana..."
600:. According to his inscription, in the 15th century BC, Idrimi, son of the king of Yamhad, may have fled his city for
1752:
1738:
1703:
1689:
1155:"Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) during the 2nd millennium BC: integration of isotopic and genomic evidence"
2557:
1168:"Some Thoughts about Middle Bronze Age Alalakh and Ugarit: Reassessing an Alalakh Wall Painting with Archival Data"
699:
The Hittite tablet CTH 136, also known as KBo 13.55, is a fragmentary text that may represent a treaty of emperor
904:
1647:
Lauinger, J. Following the Man of Yamhad, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Volume: 75, Brill, 2015
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Hittitology today: Studies on Hittite and Neo-Hittite Anatolia in Honor of Emmanuel Laroche's 100th Birthday
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isotopic and genomic evidence. PLoS One. 2021 Jun 30;16(6):e0241883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241883.
1258:
Talmi-sarruma judge? Some thoughts on the jurisdiction of the kings of Aleppo during the Hittite Empire.
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Levantines and Mesopotamians, and were genetically similar to contemporaneous Levantines from
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and assumed control of northern Syria, then including Alalakh, which he incorporated into the
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6808:
6528:
5650:
4298:
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2947:
2787:
2102:
1533:"Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus"
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administration of their new northern Syrian territories. The first one dates to the reign of
7849:
1684:
59.4 (October 1955), pp. 331–332; Reprinted 1983 in series AMS Studies in Anthropology
1026:
A map of Amuq valley during the Bronze Age with the locations of major archaeological sites.
993:'Map of the Amuq Plain showing the location of Tell Tayinat and other principal settlements'
366:
in the late 3rd millennium BC. The first palace was built c. 2000 BC, contemporary with the
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C. E. Morris and J. H. Crouwel, "Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery from Tell Atchana (Alalakh),"
876:
762:
655:, after the king of Ugarit alerted the Hittite king to a revolt by the kingdoms of Mukish,
526:
509:
4148:
1432:
1388:
1114:"A Fresh Perspective on Middle Bronze Age at Tell Atchana, Alalakh: The 2007-2019 Seasons"
208:) is an ancient archaeological site approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of
8:
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1937:
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1495:"Kubaba in the Hittite Empire and the Consequences for her Expansion to Western Anatolia"
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1992:
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1006:"Recent Discoveries at Tayinat (Ancient Kunulua/Calno) and Their Biblical Implications"
4624:
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604:, traveled to Alalakh, gained control of the city, and been recognized as a vassal by
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Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici, ISSN 1126-6651, Vol. 49, Nº. 1, 2007, págs. 159-169
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2002:
1977:
1680:, (London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara); reviewed by Joan Lines in
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1544:
1372:
1207:, in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 9, No. 2, Finnish Oriental Society, p. 31.
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The Seal Impressions from Tell Atchana/Alalakh (Alter Orient und Altes Testament),
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Crafting Culture at Alalakh: Tell Atchana and the Political Economy of Metallurgy
754:
293:
Fugitive slave treaty between Idrimi of Alalakh (now Tell Atchana) and Pillia of
7844:
1800:
960:"The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish, Kanesh and trade"
711:
Elena Devecchi interprets this text as a legal document or a judicial verdict.
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651:. A tablet records his grant of much of Mukish's land (that is, Alalakh's) to
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Late Bronze Age Tell Atchana (Alalakh): Stratigraphy, chronology, history,
691:. Significant quantities of this pottery have been discovered in Alalakh.
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CTH 64 Edict of Muršili II concerning the border between Ugarit and Mukiš
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with what seems to be an autobiography of the dynasty's founding king,
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Alalakh: A Late Bronze Age Capital In The Amuq Valley, Southern Turkey,
677:
625:
605:
363:
294:
225:
7078:
4568:
1205:"Imperial and Local: Audience and Identity in the Idrimi Inscriptions"
288:
7894:
7859:
7754:
7704:
7684:
7664:
7649:
7634:
7489:
7484:
7459:
7439:
7329:
7279:
7249:
7128:
7033:
7008:
6988:
6973:
6913:
6898:
6813:
6693:
6558:
6538:
6478:
6458:
6418:
6413:
6305:
6250:
6205:
6130:
6110:
6055:
6045:
6000:
5965:
5945:
5935:
5910:
5885:
5870:
5860:
5845:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5695:
5635:
5630:
5545:
5535:
5490:
5360:
5350:
5295:
5260:
5195:
4899:
4874:
4849:
4774:
4679:
4609:
4589:
4579:
4408:
4403:
4373:
4348:
4338:
4318:
4293:
4213:
4188:
4168:
4158:
4085:
4060:
4040:
3635:
3577:
3527:
3522:
3492:
3487:
3447:
3432:
3387:
3247:
3172:
3022:
2992:
2942:
2847:
2762:
2592:
2512:
2492:
2382:
2317:
2247:
2157:
2017:
1967:
1882:
1144:, The University of Chicago, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, p. 1.
1034:. Vol. 13. Florence: Firenze University Press. p. 161–176.
974:
Harrison, Timothy, Lynn Welton, and Stanley Klassen, (13 July 2022).
815:
640:
578:
522:
514:
In the late MB II, in Period 7 (Level VII), was still a vassalage of
497:
493:
378:
320:
253:
1296:
1216:
W. F. Albright, "Further Observations on the Chronology of Alalah,"
1157:, in bioRxiv preprint, Table 1. Chronology of Tell Atchana, pp. 6-7.
757:
in the years 1937–1939 and 1946–1949. He was assisted by epigrapher
7899:
7884:
7739:
7729:
7709:
7694:
7524:
7474:
7469:
7414:
7379:
7314:
7269:
7048:
7038:
7023:
6998:
6828:
6823:
6753:
6683:
6648:
6638:
6628:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6548:
6473:
6463:
6428:
6390:
6375:
6369:
6345:
6315:
6300:
6275:
6255:
6220:
6185:
6145:
6095:
6015:
5955:
5875:
5855:
5825:
5820:
5750:
5745:
5670:
5655:
5590:
5580:
5465:
5460:
5425:
5410:
5345:
5300:
5275:
5250:
5225:
5100:
5035:
4972:
4914:
4834:
4809:
4744:
4714:
4709:
4674:
4664:
4649:
4634:
4594:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4518:
4413:
4378:
4368:
4363:
4283:
4258:
4253:
4233:
4208:
4055:
4045:
4000:
3985:
3855:
3825:
3820:
3790:
3730:
3710:
3630:
3602:
3572:
3562:
3517:
3392:
3332:
3292:
3192:
3167:
3147:
3117:
3072:
2817:
2772:
2752:
2707:
2692:
2677:
2672:
2587:
2582:
2567:
2502:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2427:
2377:
2372:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2282:
2267:
2262:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2177:
2162:
2147:
2127:
2067:
2042:
2022:
2012:
1942:
1917:
1902:
1872:
1862:
1847:
1397:
K. Aslihan Yener, "Tell Atchana (Ancient Alalakh) Survey 2001," in
1283:
1270:
720:
549:
6380:
7929:
7904:
7869:
7864:
7824:
7744:
7579:
7564:
7419:
7394:
7384:
7354:
7349:
7319:
7309:
7254:
7194:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7083:
7043:
7028:
7003:
6983:
6963:
6873:
6798:
6778:
6773:
6748:
6688:
6658:
6643:
6608:
6523:
6493:
6350:
6270:
6240:
6235:
6200:
6170:
6150:
6035:
5985:
5895:
5835:
5800:
5785:
5740:
5730:
5665:
5585:
5570:
5550:
5470:
5455:
5445:
5330:
5290:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5190:
5130:
5025:
5002:
4997:
4884:
4864:
4854:
4839:
4819:
4704:
4654:
4574:
4528:
4493:
4458:
4453:
4423:
4358:
4328:
4313:
4278:
4203:
4178:
4153:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4080:
4070:
3980:
3935:
3920:
3865:
3850:
3835:
3815:
3805:
3795:
3765:
3760:
3750:
3735:
3720:
3680:
3557:
3512:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3412:
3337:
3327:
3232:
3227:
3212:
3197:
3182:
3142:
3132:
3087:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2957:
2902:
2882:
2852:
2827:
2782:
2777:
2732:
2697:
2642:
2597:
2517:
2462:
2452:
2437:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2242:
2232:
2152:
2142:
2117:
2107:
2062:
1957:
1932:
1927:
1897:
1867:
1722:
Juan Oliva, "New Collations and Remarks on Alalakh VII Tablets,"
1473:
Near Eastern Studies Supplement. Leuven: Peeters; 2013. p. 11–35.
772:
team had its first full season of excavation in 2003 directed by
724:
644:
484:
in the 18th century BC, when the city was part of the kingdom of
359:
298:
213:
209:
970:
968:
224:. It flourished, as an urban settlement, in the Middle and Late
7854:
7839:
7734:
7724:
7614:
7609:
7589:
7569:
7559:
7544:
7494:
7324:
7259:
7239:
7204:
7098:
7018:
6923:
6918:
6843:
6838:
6758:
6738:
6733:
6718:
6568:
6563:
6468:
6448:
6395:
6385:
6355:
6340:
6325:
6265:
6190:
6090:
6065:
6005:
5990:
5980:
5970:
5660:
5560:
5540:
5510:
5405:
5155:
5135:
5125:
5007:
4982:
4934:
4919:
4879:
4859:
4844:
4829:
4814:
4779:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4729:
4699:
4684:
4669:
4644:
4639:
4604:
4558:
4548:
4483:
4473:
4438:
4288:
4263:
4228:
4198:
4050:
4035:
3970:
3945:
3915:
3895:
3840:
3830:
3780:
3740:
3695:
3670:
3650:
3645:
3587:
3582:
3457:
3402:
3397:
3352:
3297:
3277:
3272:
3257:
3207:
3202:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3082:
3077:
3047:
2997:
2927:
2912:
2857:
2832:
2767:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2682:
2652:
2647:
2632:
2422:
2412:
2387:
2342:
2327:
2287:
2272:
2252:
2212:
2172:
2167:
2132:
2112:
2082:
1962:
1922:
1912:
799:
688:
652:
613:
609:
597:
542:
538:
530:
515:
489:
485:
367:
217:
106:
7939:
7934:
7714:
7514:
7464:
7434:
7369:
7219:
7113:
7108:
7068:
6903:
6863:
6593:
6543:
6320:
6295:
6140:
5795:
5790:
5760:
5725:
5685:
5175:
5090:
4992:
4909:
4904:
4824:
4734:
4393:
4383:
4173:
4005:
3955:
3925:
3910:
3900:
3532:
3422:
3217:
3102:
3017:
2962:
2872:
2867:
2637:
2622:
2612:
2577:
2572:
2482:
2442:
2402:
2347:
2197:
2192:
2077:
1952:
965:
860:
735:
573:
7689:
7604:
7244:
6943:
6908:
6768:
6365:
6025:
5960:
5395:
5075:
4090:
3472:
3007:
2617:
1421:
Amuq Valley Regional Projects: Tell Atchana (Alalakh) 2002,
856:
787:
683:
During the 14th and 13th centuries BC, great quantities of
601:
525:
of Aleppo (c. 1750 BC) bestowed the city upon his brother
448:
362:(in the territory of present-day Turkey) during the early
4957:
1271:
MYCENAEAN IIIA AND IIIB POTTERY IN THE LEVANT AND CYPRUS.
1297:
RS 17.62 + RS 17.237 (CTH 64). Treaty, Edict or Verdict?
791:
Cosmetics box found in the palace of Alalakh, Level IV,
371:
1218:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research,
377:
Chronology of Alalakh, related to other sites in the
1443:
Reliving the Legend: The Expedition to Alalakh 2003,
976:"Highway to Science: The Tayinat and CRANE Projects"
768:
After several years' surveys beginning in 1995, the
1797:
Archaeobotany at Tell Atchana (Tübingen University)
271:is another major site that is located in the area.
248:, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the modern
1286:In: Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 2007, 207-216
1830:
496:sold the territory of Alakhtum to his son-in-law
7957:
1715:Nadav Na'aman, "The Ishtar Temple at Alalakh,"
1232:Tell Atchana, Alalakh Excavations - alalakh.org
1766:Alalakh: An Account of the Excavations at Tell
863:. Out of twelve males, six carried haplogroup
555:, in the second year of his campaigns. As per
27:Archaeological site in Reyhanlı, Hatay, Turkey
5376:Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus
1816:
1779:official web site of the Alalakh Excavations.
1710:Tell Atchana, Alalakh. Die Schichten VII-XVII
1669:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241883
1599:"ALA136 - E-CTS1239 / H2a2a1g - 祖源树TheYtree"
1759:The Annual of the British School at Athens,
1501:. Institut français d'études anatoliennes.
1399:Oriental Institute 2001-2002 Annual Report,
695:CTH 136 Treaty of Šuppiluliuma I with Mukiš
49:Archaeological site of Alalakh (Tell Açana)
5371:Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus
1823:
1809:
1659:https://doi.org/10.1163/156921208786611737
1244:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed
749:Tell Atchana was excavated by the British
624:was contemporaneous with the Mitanni king
492:). A dossier of tablets records that King
43:
1558:
1548:
1091:
1089:
672:continued functioning as a capital city.
267:, where the river enters the Amuq Plain.
1795:S. Riehl, "Late Bronze Age Tell Atchana"
1698:no. 282. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2001,
1333:
1180:Bowl of Atchana Ware from Alalakh (2016)
786:
734:
635:In the mid-14th century BC, the Hittite
572:
447:
778:Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism
588:After a hiatus of less than a century,
14:
7966:Archaeological sites in Hatay Province
7958:
1747:British Archaeological Reports, 2010,
1719:vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 209–214, 1980
1492:
1103:, Table 1. Chronology of Tell Atchana.
1086:
1066:, ARWA Association Lecture, min. 5:54.
1804:
1029:
666:
476:of the site may begin under the name
1726:, vol. 64, no.1, pp. 1–22, 2005
1138:Johnson, Michael Alexander, (2020).
1125:Donald J. Wiseman, Abban and Alalah,
1028:by S. Batiuk - researchgate.net; in
962:, Anatolian Studies 57, pp. 151−160.
452:Three jars from Alalakh, Level VII,
443:
7800:Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia)
5921:Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese
727:took its place during this period.
24:
1284:A Fragment of a Treaty with Mukis.
723:(c. 1200-600 BC), but the port of
563:
256:was an ancient lake in this area.
25:
8017:
7976:Former populated places in Turkey
1772:
1696:Alter Orient und Altes Testament,
1230:LATE BRONZE AGE II (1400-1300 BC)
829:
1786:Notice and a basic bibliography.
1717:Journal of Near Eastern Studies,
312:Width: 6.4 cm (2.5 in)
310:Length: 12 cm (4.7 in)
287:
66:
59:
1790:Stone guardian lions of Alalakh
1768:, Oxford University Press, 1955
1724:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1682:American Journal of Archaeology
1615:
1591:
1523:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1426:
1404:
1382:
1357:
1346:from the original on 2020-07-20
1334:Maloigne, Hélène (2020-07-16).
1327:
1314:
1301:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1235:
1223:
1210:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1004:Harrison, Thimothy P., (2014).
905:Cities of the ancient Near East
463:
67:
4630:Metropolis in northern Phrygia
2953:Metropolis in southern Phrygia
1320:Woolley, Sir Leonard, (1953).
1153:Ingman, Tara, et al., (2020).
1095:Ingman, Tara, et al., (2021).
1069:
1056:
1019:
998:
985:
952:
947:"Late Bronze Age Tell Atchana"
939:
928:Ingman, Tara, et al., (2021).
922:
730:
503:
13:
1:
1832:Ancient settlements in Turkey
1761:vol. 80, pp. 85–98, 1985
1637:
1127:Journal of Cuneiform Studies,
1112:Akar, Murat, et al., (2021).
1101:PLoS ONE 16(6), June 30, 2021
1040:10.36253/979-12-215-0042-4.10
934:PLoS ONE 16(6), June 30, 2021
568:
3861:Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia
1733:Butzon & Bercker, 1975,
1079:, ARWA Association Lecture,
1075:Akar, Murat, (May 9, 2022).
1062:Akar, Murat, (May 9, 2022).
978:, ARWA Association, Lecture
612:" in "Ammija in the land of
409:Middle and Late Bronze Ages
7:
7981:Geography of Hatay Province
7770:Zephyrium on the Calycadnus
6614:Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing
3128:Panormus near Halicarnassus
1324:, Penguin Books, Baltimore.
1166:Yener, Aslihan K., (2021).
1010:Congress Volume Munich 2013
958:Yener, K. Aslıhan, (2007).
898:
845:
719:The site was reoccupied in
714:
358:Alalakh was founded by the
239:
10:
8022:
5116:Apollonia on the Rhyndacus
1550:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044
1336:"Friendship and Fieldwork"
1307:Woolley, Leonard, (1955).
1129:vol. 12, pp. 124-129, 1958
507:
398:Terminal Early Bronze Age
274:
7778:
7670:Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia
6404:
5916:Neapolis on the Bosphorus
5016:
4943:
4134:
3616:
2123:Bargasa in northern Caria
1838:
1712:, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1992.
1256:Lorenzo d' Alfonso 2007,
1220:vol. 146, pp. 26-34, 1957
1203:Lauinger, Jacob, (2021).
910:Short chronology timeline
529:, to replace the city of
346:
334:
326:
316:
306:
286:
281:
183:
178:
170:
162:
157:
149:
112:
102:
91:
83:
54:
42:
35:
7675:Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia
6879:Hadrianopolis in Pisidia
4464:Hadrianopolis in Phrygia
4121:Zephyrium in Paphlagonia
2898:Magnesia on the Maeander
1493:Hutter, Manfred (2017).
1445:Oriental Institute, 2004
1423:Oriental Institute, 2003
1379:Oriental Institute, 2001
915:
782:Mustafa Kemal University
7805:Apamea on the Euphrates
7390:Philadelphia in Cilicia
6794:Dalisandus in Pamphylia
5366:Chelae on the Black Sea
3568:Tripolis on the Meander
2053:Astyra near Adramyttium
1973:Antioch on the Maeander
945:Riehl, Simone, (2022).
381:region, is as follows:
166:Early 2nd millennium BC
7910:Seleucia at the Zeugma
6529:Aphrodisias of Cilicia
6514:Antioch on the Pyramis
6494:Antioch on the Orontes
5071:Aianteion in the Troad
4061:Sebastopolis in Pontus
949:, Tubingen University.
795:
746:
585:
456:
7795:Antioch in the Taurus
7500:Seleucia in Pamphylia
6789:Dalisandus in Isauria
6509:Antioch on the Cragus
5496:Dascylium in Bithynia
4026:Pteria in Paphlagonia
3313:Sebastopolis in Caria
3178:Philadelphia in Lydia
3123:Panormus near Miletus
2788:Laodicea on the Lycus
2103:Aureliopolis in Lydia
1295:Elena Devecchi 2010,
1282:Elena Devecchi 2007,
790:
770:University of Chicago
738:
576:
541:, centered in modern
451:
134:36.23778°N 36.38472°E
84:Alternative name
7880:Nicopolis in Cilicia
7760:Zenopolis in Isauria
6854:Eudocias (Pamphylia)
6724:Comana in Cappadocia
6361:Tricomia in Bithynia
5646:Helenopolis/Drepanum
4429:Eudocia (Cappadocia)
3756:Comana in the Pontus
3383:Stratonicea in Caria
3378:Stratonicea in Lydia
3063:Nysa on the Maeander
2368:Dios Hieron in Lydia
2363:Dios Hieron in Ionia
2073:Atarneus sub Pitanem
2058:Astyra near Pergamon
1764:C. Leonard Woolley,
1743:Amir Sumaka'i Fink,
1630:; PMCID: PMC8244877.
1543:(5): 1158–1175.e28.
1269:Garth Gilmour 1992,
991:Batiuk, S., (2015).
763:Hammoudi ibn Ibrahim
527:Yarim-Lim of Alalakh
510:Yarim-Lim of Alalakh
480:, with tablets from
7986:Tells (archaeology)
7265:Neapolis in Pisidia
7089:Limnae in Pamphylia
6749:Corycus (Kızkalesi)
5611:Hadriani ad Olympum
5546:Drizipara/Drusipara
5501:Dekaton in Bithynia
5066:Aianteion in Thrace
2948:Metropolis in Lydia
2893:Magnesia ad Sipylum
1678:The Alalakh Tablets
871:, and four carried
387:Archaeological Era
269:Chatal Huyuk (Amuq)
250:Syria–Turkey border
130: /
75:Shown within Turkey
32:
7850:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
7765:Zenopolis in Lycia
6534:Apollonia in Lycia
6499:Antioch of Pisidia
6454:Anabura in Pisidia
6311:Tarsus in Bithynia
5806:Limnae in Bithynia
3746:Colonia in Armenia
3308:Sebaste in Phrygia
2533:Heraclea in Aeolis
2528:Heraclea at Latmus
1993:Apollonia Salbaces
1988:Apollonia in Mysia
1729:Dominique Collon,
1437:2013-11-02 at the
1419:K. Aslihan Yener,
1415:2010-06-16 at the
1393:2010-06-17 at the
1368:2010-06-16 at the
796:
747:
667:Alalakh III and II
586:
457:
434:O (Early-Middle.)
282:Treaty clay tablet
139:36.23778; 36.38472
30:
7953:
7952:
7655:Telmessos (Caria)
7094:Limnae in Pisidia
6954:Isinda in Pisidia
6504:Antiochia Lamotis
5556:Elaea in Bithynia
5506:Dekaton in Thrace
4585:Laodicea Combusta
4469:Heraclea Cybistra
4434:Eudocia (Phrygia)
4021:Prusias ad Hypium
3243:Polichne in Ionia
3238:Polichna in Ionia
2808:Larissa Phrikonis
2538:Heraclea in Lydia
1978:Apamea in Phrygia
1674:Donald J. Wiseman
1653:978-90-04-29289-5
1560:20.500.12154/1254
1508:978-2-36245-083-9
1049:979-12-215-0042-4
869:J2a1a1a2b2a-Z1847
824:Atchana-Nuzi ware
814:Many examples of
685:Mycenaean pottery
557:middle chronology
444:Middle Bronze Age
441:
440:
364:Middle Bronze Age
356:
355:
244:It is located in
216:) in what is now
191:
190:
16:(Redirected from
8013:
7405:Phoenix in Lycia
7144:Malus in Pisidia
6819:Elaiussa Sebaste
5811:Limnae in Thrace
5476:Daphne Mainomene
5341:Cenon Gallicanon
5081:Alexandria Troas
4945:Eastern Anatolia
4620:Malus in Phrygia
4615:Malus in Galatia
4136:Central Anatolia
3926:Laodicea Pontica
3891:Hüseyindede Tepe
3871:Heraclea Pontica
3498:Thebe Hypoplakia
3188:Phoenix in Caria
2908:Maionia in Lydia
2543:Heraclea Salbace
2098:Aurelia Neapolis
2003:Apollonos Hieron
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1631:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1603:www.theytree.com
1595:
1589:
1588:
1562:
1552:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1430:
1424:
1408:
1402:
1386:
1380:
1373:K. Aslihan Yener
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1340:History Workshop
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1182:worldhistory.org
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1023:
1017:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
972:
963:
956:
950:
943:
937:
926:
774:K. Aslihan Yener
740:Statue of Idrimi
384:
383:
335:Present location
291:
279:
278:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
70:
69:
63:
47:
33:
29:
21:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8010:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7781:
7774:
7510:Seleucia Sidera
7505:Seleucia Pieria
6949:Isinda in Lycia
6849:Eudocia (Lycia)
6744:Corycium Antrum
6400:
6261:Serrion Teichos
6021:Pegae in Thrace
5776:Larisa in Troad
5216:Basilica Therma
5186:Astyra in Troad
5012:
4988:Justinianopolis
4939:
4514:Kaman-Kalehöyük
4194:Aquae Saravenae
4130:
3612:
3303:Satala in Lydia
2803:Larisa in Lydia
2798:Larisa in Ionia
2793:Larisa in Caria
2713:Kleros Politike
2643:Isinda in Ionia
1834:
1829:
1775:
1708:Marlies Heinz,
1640:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1439:Wayback Machine
1431:
1427:
1417:Wayback Machine
1409:
1405:
1401:pp. 13–19, 2002
1395:Wayback Machine
1387:
1383:
1370:Wayback Machine
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1241:Eric H. Cline,
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1094:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1024:
1020:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
973:
966:
957:
953:
944:
940:
927:
923:
918:
901:
848:
832:
755:Leonard Woolley
733:
717:
669:
590:written records
571:
566:
564:Late Bronze Age
512:
506:
474:written history
466:
446:
311:
302:
277:
242:
138:
136:
132:
129:
124:
121:
119:
117:
116:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
50:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8019:
8009:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7971:Ancient Levant
7968:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7810:Carcathiocerta
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7445:Pseudokorasion
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6086:Pitheci Portus
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6061:Phidalia Petra
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6016:Pegae in Mysia
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:Hadrianotherae
5618:
5613:
5608:
5606:Germanicopolis
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Artaiouteichos
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5003:Theodosiopolis
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Thouththourbia
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Anastasiopolis
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:Koddinou Petra
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
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1441:Yener et al.,
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811:conjurations.
804:British Museum
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637:Suppiluliuma I
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6181:Pyrrhias Cyon
6179:
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5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Caenophrurium
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
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5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Basilinopolis
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Baradendromia
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
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5177:
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5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Apamea Myrlea
5104:
5102:
5099:
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5086:Alopeconnesus
5084:
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4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Faustinopolis
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Abouadeineita
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Garzoubanthon
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3608:Zingotos Kome
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Tlos in Caria
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Side in Caria
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Meiros Megale
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Maeandropolis
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Kaymakçı Tepe
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Hierocaesarea
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Halicarnassus
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Dionysiopolis
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Achaion Limen
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:1-4073-0661-8
1750:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:3-7666-8896-0
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:3-934628-06-0
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:0-404-18237-2
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Studia Asiana
1027:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
977:
971:
969:
961:
955:
948:
942:
935:
931:
925:
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
896:
894:
890:
889:E1b1b-CTS3346
886:
885:T1a1-CTS11451
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
843:
841:
837:
834:According to
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
801:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:archaeologist
745:
741:
737:
728:
726:
722:
712:
706:
705:
704:
702:
694:
693:
692:
690:
686:
681:
679:
673:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
617:
615:
611:
610:Hapiru people
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
575:
561:
558:
554:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
461:
455:
450:
436:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
407:
403:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:Third Dynasty
365:
361:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
319:
315:
309:
305:
300:
296:
290:
285:
280:
272:
270:
266:
265:Orontes River
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
182:
177:
174:Around 600 BC
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
62:
53:
46:
41:
34:
19:
7845:Göbekli Tepe
7780:Southeastern
7645:Tell Tayinat
7340:Panemotichus
6969:Juliosebaste
6709:Claudiopolis
6704:Cibyra Mikra
6484:Ano Kotradis
6443:
6331:Tesderamoska
6211:Rouphinianai
6041:Pericharaxis
5906:Nausimachion
5721:Katapaspanas
5531:Didymateiche
5231:Bathys Limen
5201:Aureliopolis
4895:Tiberiopolis
4800:Sadagolthina
4479:Hieropotamon
4399:Dometiopolis
4334:Comitanassus
4274:Binbirkilise
4269:Bathys Rhyax
4184:Antoniopolis
4149:Alişar Hüyük
4011:Pompeiopolis
3706:Callistratia
3626:Abonoteichos
3553:Trapezopolis
3548:Traianopolis
2548:Hermocapelia
2088:Augustopolis
2028:Arcadiopolis
1765:
1758:
1744:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1677:
1617:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1593:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1428:
1420:
1406:
1398:
1384:
1376:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1291:
1278:
1273:academia.edu
1265:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1162:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1108:
1100:
1080:
1071:
1058:
1031:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1000:
987:
979:
954:
941:
933:
924:
865:J1a2a1a2-P58
853:Chalcolithic
849:
833:
823:
820:Atchana ware
819:
813:
797:
784:in Antakya.
767:
759:Sidney Smith
748:
718:
710:
698:
682:
674:
670:
634:
630:
618:
587:
550:Hittite king
547:
534:
520:
513:
477:
471:
467:
464:Alalakh VIII
458:
431:Iron Age II
390:Amuq Phases
376:
357:
261:Tell Tayinat
258:
243:
234:
229:
205:
198:Tell Atchana
197:
193:
192:
87:Tell Atchana
7875:Nevalı Çori
7700:Tragalassus
7530:Serraepolis
7455:Rhodiapolis
7375:Perminounda
7365:Pednelissus
7335:Palaeopolis
7225:Moron Hydor
6994:Karakabaklı
6979:Kalelibelen
6859:Flaviopolis
6809:Diocaesarea
6714:Colybrassus
6669:Carmylessus
6519:Antiphellus
6216:Salmydessus
6156:Proconnesus
5926:Neonteichos
5851:Miletopolis
5706:Kalos Agros
5681:Ilieon Kome
5391:Chrysopolis
5151:Argyropolis
5111:Aphrodisias
5056:Aegospotami
4968:Cafer Höyük
4925:Verinopolis
4805:Salamboreia
4760:Pillitokome
4504:Isauropolis
4389:Diocaesarea
4304:Carus Vicus
4239:Aspenzinsos
4219:Ariaramneia
3991:Philocaleia
3951:Naustathmus
3886:Hieron Oros
3661:Anticinolis
3641:Alaca Höyük
3453:Temenothyra
3253:Pordoselene
3113:Palaeopolis
3108:Palaemyndus
3043:Neonteichos
2918:Marathesium
2603:Hypokremnos
2333:Dareioukome
2208:Carmylessus
2138:Beycesultan
1983:Aphrodisias
1878:Adramyttium
731:Archaeology
553:Hattusili I
504:Alalakh VII
420:Iron Age I
246:Amik Valley
137: /
113:Coordinates
7960:Categories
7920:Sultantepe
7815:Carchemish
7720:Tyberissus
7680:Titiopolis
7625:Tardequeia
7540:Sibidounda
7480:Sagalassos
7410:Pisarissos
7230:Moumoustra
7215:Mopsuestia
7210:Mopsucrene
7200:Mezgitkale
7059:Kynosarion
6934:Isaura Nea
6929:Irenopolis
6894:Hierapolis
6764:Cretopolis
6739:Coracesium
6654:Callimache
6336:Tetrakomia
6281:Smintheion
6231:Scamandrus
6226:Scamandria
6161:Proochthoi
6136:Pratomysia
6126:Potamonion
6116:Polymedium
6106:Poleatikon
6101:Poemanenum
6076:Phosphorus
6051:Petrozetoi
6031:Pentephyle
5996:Pantichium
5951:Ophryneion
5901:Nausikleia
5881:Moukaporis
5841:Mantineion
5831:Lysimachia
5701:Kale Peuke
5651:Heracleium
5576:Ergasteria
5566:Elekosmioi
5381:Choiragria
5286:Burtudizon
5266:Blachernae
5146:Argyronion
5046:Ad Statuas
5041:Achilleion
4978:Citharizum
4963:Arsamosata
4790:Purushanda
4660:Moutalaske
4554:Kodylessos
4509:Juliopolis
4499:Irenopolis
4419:Ergobrotis
4354:Coropassus
4309:Çatalhöyük
4224:Ariarathia
4106:Yazılıkaya
4076:Themiscyra
4031:Salatiwara
4006:Polemonium
3931:Libiopolis
3906:Ischopolis
3881:Hermonassa
3876:Heracleium
3483:Teuthrania
3443:Teichiussa
3373:Stectorium
3348:Skolopoeis
3263:Prymnessus
3138:Parthenium
2938:Melampagos
2878:Lysimachia
2843:Leucophrys
2703:Klazomenai
2663:Kalabantia
2628:Ioniapolis
2558:Hieropolis
2553:Hierapolis
2338:Dideiphyta
2258:Chrysaoris
2188:Callipolis
1638:References
1608:2024-02-12
1517:1286359422
1350:2021-11-08
873:J2b2-Z2454
678:Mursili II
626:Saushtatar
606:Barattarna
569:Alalakh IV
415:2000-1150
404:2050-2000
295:Kizzuwatna
226:Bronze Age
212:(historic
179:Site notes
153:Settlement
125:36°23′05″E
122:36°14′16″N
7890:Sakçagözü
7860:Khashshum
7755:Yumuktepe
7705:Trebendae
7685:Tityassus
7665:Termessos
7650:Telmessos
7635:Teimiussa
7595:Sozopolis
7490:Saraganda
7485:Sandalium
7460:Rhoscopus
7450:Ptolemais
7440:Prostanna
7400:Phoenicus
7345:Panhormus
7330:Padyandus
7280:Octapolis
7250:Myriandus
7190:Melanippe
7129:Magastara
7034:Kitanaura
7009:Kastellon
6989:Kanytelis
6974:Kalanthia
6914:Idebessos
6899:Hippucome
6869:Gözlükule
6834:Epiphania
6814:Domuztepe
6694:Charadrus
6679:Castabala
6559:Arnabanda
6539:Arabissus
6489:Antigonia
6479:Anemurium
6459:Anazarbus
6419:Acarassus
6414:Acalissus
6306:Tarpodizo
6291:Strobilos
6251:Selymbria
6206:Rhoiteion
6131:Praenetus
6111:Polychron
6056:Pharmakia
6046:Perinthus
6001:Parabolos
5966:Ostreodes
5946:Ontoraita
5936:Nicomedia
5911:Neandreia
5886:Myrileion
5871:Morzapena
5861:Mochadion
5846:Marpessos
5781:Lasthenes
5771:Lampsacus
5766:Lamponeia
5756:Kyparodes
5696:Kalasyrta
5636:Harpagion
5631:Hamaxitus
5616:Hadriania
5536:Diolkides
5491:Dascylium
5361:Charmidea
5351:Chalcedon
5336:Cenchreae
5296:Byzantium
5261:Bithynium
5196:Aureliane
5051:Adrasteia
4953:Altıntepe
4900:Trocmades
4875:Takourtha
4850:Sidamaria
4775:Pontanena
4725:Pedachtoë
4720:Parnassus
4680:Nazianzus
4610:Malandasa
4590:Laroumada
4580:Lamatorma
4409:Ecdaumava
4404:Dorylaeum
4374:Dadastana
4349:Corniaspa
4339:Congustus
4319:Ciscissus
4294:Camuliana
4214:Ardistama
4189:Anzoulada
4169:Andabalis
4159:Anadynata
4086:Timolaeum
4041:Sandaraca
3981:Pharnacia
3961:Nicopolis
3636:Aiginetes
3618:Black Sea
3578:Tyanollos
3528:Thyssanus
3523:Thymbrara
3493:Theangela
3488:Thasthara
3448:Telandrus
3433:Tateikome
3388:Strobilos
3248:Polybotus
3173:Perperene
3058:Nymphaeum
3028:Naulochus
3023:Naulochon
2993:Myloukome
2943:Meloukome
2848:Limantepe
2763:Labraunda
2593:Hyllarima
2513:Halisarna
2493:Gerriadai
2383:Doroukome
2318:Cyllandus
2248:Chalcetor
2158:Boukolion
2018:Aragokome
1998:Apollonis
1968:Antandrus
1883:Agatheira
1853:Abrostola
1644:Hurrians.
1585:219105572
1569:0092-8674
1311:, Oxford.
1012:, Brill,
980:min. 6:58
816:Nuzi ware
641:Tushratta
594:inscribed
579:Nuzi ware
523:Abba-El I
498:Zimri-Lim
494:Sumu-Epuh
426:1150-900
379:Amuq Lake
338:Room 54,
321:cuneiform
254:Lake Amik
184:Condition
171:Abandoned
8001:Hurrians
7991:Amorites
7900:Samosata
7782:Anatolia
7750:Yanıkhan
7740:Typallia
7730:Tymandus
7710:Trebenna
7695:Toriaeum
7620:Tapureli
7525:Seroiata
7475:Sabandus
7470:Rygmanoi
7425:Platanus
7415:Pisurgia
7380:Phaselis
7315:Orokenda
7270:Nephelis
7180:Mastaura
7169:Marciana
7079:Lebessus
7049:Korasion
7039:Kodroula
7024:Kiphisos
6999:Karatepe
6829:Emirzeli
6824:Elbessos
6754:Corydala
6684:Ceretapa
6664:Carallia
6649:Cadyanda
6639:Cabassus
6629:Bindaios
6589:Aspendos
6584:Arycanda
6579:Artanada
6549:Ariassus
6474:Andriaca
6464:Anchiale
6391:Utsurgae
6381:Tzurulum
6376:Tyrodiza
6370:Hisarlik
6346:Tragasai
6316:Tattaios
6301:Syllanta
6276:Sirkanos
6256:Semystra
6221:Sangarus
6186:Pytheion
6176:Psyllium
6096:Ploketta
6011:Paulines
5956:Orestias
5876:Mossynea
5856:Mocasura
5821:Lupadium
5751:Koubaita
5746:Kosilaos
5671:Iasonion
5656:Hermaion
5641:Hebdomon
5591:Gentinos
5581:Eribolum
5486:Dardanus
5466:Dacibyza
5461:Dadokome
5441:Crithote
5431:Crenides
5426:Cremaste
5411:Cocylium
5346:Chalcaea
5301:Byzapena
5276:Boradion
5251:Bisanthe
5226:Bathonea
5101:Anaplous
5036:Achaiion
4973:Camachus
4915:Tyriaeum
4835:Senzousa
4810:Salarama
4745:Pessinus
4715:Papirion
4710:Orcistus
4675:Nakoleia
4665:Musbanda
4650:Mokissos
4635:Midaeium
4595:Lauzadus
4571:(Kanesh)
4544:Kindyria
4539:Kilistra
4534:Kerkenes
4519:Kanotala
4414:Ecobriga
4379:Dasmenda
4369:Cyzistra
4364:Cybistra
4284:Borissos
4259:Balgatia
4254:Balbissa
4234:Artiknos
4209:Archalla
4096:Tripolis
4066:Stephane
4056:Saurania
4046:Sapinuwa
4001:Pimolisa
3986:Phazemon
3856:Gozalena
3826:Euchaita
3821:Erythini
3791:Cyptasia
3776:Crenides
3731:Chadisia
3711:Carambis
3651:Amastris
3631:Aegialus
3603:Zemmeana
3573:Troketta
3563:Triopium
3518:Thyatira
3393:Syangela
3333:Silandus
3293:Saouenda
3168:Pergamon
3148:Passanda
3118:Panasion
3093:Orthoisa
3073:Oenoanda
3038:Neapolis
2923:Mastaura
2818:Lasnedda
2773:Lalandos
2753:Kymnissa
2708:Kleimaka
2693:Kilaraza
2678:Kaualena
2673:Kasossos
2608:Hyrcanis
2588:Hygassos
2583:Hydissus
2568:Homadena
2503:Gryneium
2488:Gergitha
2478:Gambrium
2468:Euthenae
2458:Eumeneia
2448:Eukarpia
2433:Erythras
2428:Erythrae
2378:Docimium
2373:Dioskome
2313:Cybeleia
2308:Coryphas
2298:Colossae
2293:Colophon
2283:Clannuda
2278:Cisthene
2268:Cidramus
2263:Chytrium
2238:Celaenae
2228:Casystes
2223:Castabus
2218:Caryanda
2178:Bybassus
2163:Boutheia
2148:Blaundus
2128:Bargylia
2068:Atarneus
2048:Astragon
2043:Aspaneus
2023:Araukome
2013:Appolena
1943:Amynanda
1918:Allianoi
1903:Alabanda
1873:Acrassus
1863:Acharaca
1848:Abbassus
1676:, 1953.
1628:34191795
1577:32470401
1435:Archived
1413:Archived
1391:Archived
1366:Archived
1344:Archived
1247:, p. 124
1081:Abstract
899:See also
893:L1b-M349
846:Genetics
822:, or as
808:Akkadian
721:Iron Age
715:Iron Age
622:Niqmepuh
488:(modern
478:Alakhtum
437:900-738
412:K, L, M
393:Date BC
360:Amorites
342:, London
240:Location
187:In ruins
98:, Turkey
92:Location
8006:Mitanni
7930:Tushhan
7905:Sareisa
7885:Nisibis
7870:Matiate
7865:Kussara
7835:Doliche
7825:Dabanas
7745:Xanthos
7660:Tenedos
7580:Siricae
7565:Sillyon
7555:Siderus
7520:Selinus
7430:Podalia
7420:Placoma
7395:Philaea
7385:Phellus
7355:Parlais
7350:Pargais
7320:Otanada
7310:Onobara
7300:Olympus
7255:Nagidos
7195:Meriana
7176:(Mnara)
7174:Marmara
7164:Mandane
7134:Magydus
7124:Magarsa
7119:Lysinia
7084:Legeita
7064:Laertes
7044:Kolbasa
7029:Kirkota
7004:Karkabo
6984:Kandyba
6964:Istlada
6889:Hamaxia
6874:Hacilar
6799:Damasei
6784:Daedala
6779:Cyrrhus
6774:Cyaneae
6689:Cestrus
6659:Calynda
6644:Cadrema
6619:Balbura
6609:Aunesis
6599:Augusta
6574:Arsinoe
6524:Aperlae
6444:Alalakh
6429:Adrasus
6351:Thynias
6271:Sigeion
6241:Scylace
6236:Scepsis
6201:Rhesion
6196:Rhegion
6171:Psarela
6151:Prindea
6146:Priapus
6121:Potamoi
6036:Percote
5986:Palodes
5896:Nassete
5836:Madytus
5801:Libyssa
5786:Leptoia
5741:Kolonai
5731:Kizoura
5691:Kalamos
5666:Hierion
5586:Gargara
5571:Embolos
5551:Eirakla
5516:Delphin
5481:Daphnus
5471:Damalis
5456:Cyzicus
5451:Cypsela
5446:Cypasis
5421:Colonae
5331:Cebrene
5321:Canopus
5291:Bythias
5256:Bitenas
5246:Birytis
5241:Bergule
5236:Beodizo
5191:Athyras
5181:Astacus
5171:Artanes
5141:Argyria
5131:Arbeila
5026:Abarnis
5018:Marmara
4998:Sugunia
4885:Thebasa
4865:Soandos
4855:Skandos
4840:Sereana
4820:Savatra
4705:Olosada
4655:Mourisa
4575:Lageina
4569:Kültepe
4529:Keissia
4524:Karbala
4494:Ilistra
4459:Gordium
4454:Gorbeus
4424:Euaissa
4359:Cotenna
4329:Claneus
4314:Cimiata
4299:Candara
4279:Blucium
4204:Arasaxa
4179:Anniaca
4154:Amblada
4126:Ziporea
4116:Zaliche
4111:Zagorus
4101:Virasia
4081:Thymena
4071:Syderos
3941:Metroon
3936:Lillium
3921:Kimista
3866:Hattusa
3851:Gaziura
3836:Gadilon
3816:Endeira
3806:Diacopa
3796:Cytorus
3766:Cordyle
3761:Coralla
3751:Colussa
3736:Cinolis
3726:Cerasus
3721:Carussa
3716:Carissa
3681:Berissa
3676:Athenae
3666:Argyria
3598:Uranium
3558:Trarium
3513:Thyaira
3478:Termera
3468:Tendeba
3463:Tempsis
3413:Synnada
3338:Sillyos
3328:Sidussa
3268:Pteleum
3233:Plarasa
3228:Pladasa
3213:Pisilis
3198:Phyteia
3193:Physcus
3183:Phocaea
3143:Passala
3133:Parsada
3098:Ortygia
3088:Oroanna
2988:Motella
2983:Mostene
2978:Mossyna
2973:Mokolda
2968:Mobolla
2958:Miletus
2903:Maiboza
2883:Madnasa
2853:Lobolda
2828:Lebedus
2813:Larymna
2783:Lankena
2778:Lamyana
2748:Kyllene
2733:Korakoe
2698:Kildara
2598:Hypaepa
2518:Harpasa
2463:Euromus
2453:Euhippe
2438:Etsyena
2418:Ephesus
2408:Embatum
2393:Eiokome
2353:Dioclea
2243:Ceramus
2233:Cedreae
2153:Bonitai
2143:Birgena
2118:Bargasa
2108:Aurokra
2063:Astyria
1958:Anineta
1933:Amorium
1928:Amnista
1898:Aizanoi
1868:Acmonia
1784:Alalakh
1014:p. 397:
936:, p. 2.
881:L2-L595
742:in the
725:Al Mina
657:Nuhassa
645:Mitanni
401:Late J
351:131447
327:Created
317:Writing
299:Cilicia
275:History
214:Antioch
210:Antakya
202:Hittite
194:Alalakh
163:Founded
158:History
31:Alalakh
7996:Yamhad
7945:Zeugma
7895:Sam'al
7855:Harran
7840:Edessa
7820:Çayönü
7735:Tynada
7725:Tyinda
7630:Tarsus
7615:Takina
7610:Syedra
7590:Solyma
7570:Simena
7560:Sidyma
7545:Sibyla
7495:Sebeda
7465:Rhosus
7360:Patara
7325:Ouerbe
7305:Öküzlü
7290:Olbasa
7260:Nauloi
7240:Mylios
7205:Moatra
7159:Manava
7139:Mallus
7099:Limyra
7019:Kibyra
7014:Keraia
6924:Iotape
6919:Idyros
6844:Etenna
6839:Erymna
6759:Cremna
6734:Conana
6719:Comama
6569:Arsada
6564:Arneae
6469:Andeda
6449:Amelas
6396:Zeleia
6386:Urisio
6356:Traron
6341:Tipaso
6326:Terbos
6266:Sestos
6246:Scylla
6191:Rhebas
6091:Placia
6081:Pionia
6071:Philia
6066:Phiela
6006:Parium
5991:Panion
5981:Paesus
5971:Pactya
5931:Nerola
5711:Kampos
5661:Hieria
5626:Halone
5596:Gergis
5561:Elaeus
5541:Drabus
5511:Delkos
5436:Cressa
5406:Cobrys
5401:Clitae
5386:Chryse
5356:Charax
5326:Cardia
5311:Callum
5281:Brunca
5161:Artace
5156:Arisba
5136:Argiza
5126:Apsoda
5096:Amycus
5031:Abydos
5008:Tushpa
4983:Dadima
4935:Zizima
4920:Vasada
4880:Tavium
4860:Soanda
4845:Sibora
4830:Sedasa
4815:Sasima
4795:Pyrgoi
4785:Pteria
4780:Posala
4770:Pithoi
4765:Pissia
4755:Phlara
4750:Pharax
4730:Pedaia
4700:Ochras
4685:Nitazi
4670:Myrika
4645:Mnizus
4640:Mistea
4605:Lystra
4600:Limnae
4559:Korama
4549:Kobara
4484:Homana
4474:Herpha
4439:Eulepa
4289:Campae
4264:Barate
4249:Atenia
4229:Armaxa
4199:Aralla
4051:Satala
4036:Samuha
4016:Potami
3976:Patara
3971:Oxinas
3946:Mokata
3916:Kelesa
3896:Hyssus
3841:Garius
3831:Eusene
3811:Elaeus
3786:Cromna
3781:Cromen
3771:Cratia
3741:Cizari
3696:Cabira
3686:Bonita
3671:Armene
3646:Amasia
3588:Tymnos
3583:Tymion
3543:Tomara
3503:Thebes
3458:Temnos
3428:Tabala
3408:Syneta
3403:Synaus
3398:Symbra
3368:Stadia
3353:Smyrna
3298:Sardis
3288:Pyrrha
3283:Pyrnus
3278:Pygela
3273:Pydnae
3258:Priene
3223:Pitane
3208:Pinara
3203:Pidasa
3163:Pepuza
3158:Peltae
3153:Pedasa
3083:Olymos
3078:Olaeis
3053:Notion
3048:Nisyra
3003:Myrina
2998:Myndus
2963:Mylasa
2928:Meiros
2913:Malene
2858:Loryma
2838:Leucae
2833:Leimon
2823:Latmus
2768:Lagina
2743:Kouara
2738:Koresa
2728:Koraia
2718:Knidos
2683:Kaunos
2668:Kasara
2653:Kadyie
2648:Iskome
2633:Ioudda
2498:Glauke
2473:Euxine
2423:Erines
2413:Emoddi
2388:Eibeos
2343:Didyma
2328:Daldis
2303:Conium
2288:Claros
2273:Cindye
2253:Choria
2213:Carura
2203:Carene
2173:Bruzus
2168:Briula
2133:Beudos
2113:Bageis
2083:Attuda
2033:Arilla
1963:Annaea
1948:Amyzon
1923:Almura
1913:Alinda
1840:Aegean
1751:
1737:
1702:
1688:
1651:
1626:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1515:
1505:
1046:
1008:, in:
895:each.
877:H2-P96
840:Kubaba
800:Idrimi
689:Ugarit
659:, and
653:Ugarit
614:Canaan
598:Idrimi
543:Aleppo
539:Yamhad
531:Irridu
516:Yamhad
490:Aleppo
486:Yamhad
218:Turkey
206:Alalaḫ
107:Levant
103:Region
37:Alalaḫ
18:Alalah
7940:Urshu
7935:Urima
7925:Tille
7915:Sitai
7790:Amida
7715:Trysa
7575:Sinda
7515:Selge
7435:Pogla
7370:Perga
7295:Olbia
7235:Mylae
7220:Morka
7185:Meloë
7114:Lyrbe
7109:Lycae
7104:Lissa
7074:Lamos
7069:Lagbe
7054:Korma
6959:Issus
6904:Holmi
6884:Halae
6864:Gagae
6729:Comba
6699:Choma
6674:Casae
6634:Bubon
6624:Baris
6604:Aulae
6594:Augai
6554:Arima
6544:Araxa
6439:Agrae
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