392:. It appeared from the letter that several persons were mentioned in it, but three only survived, whom he says he saw. The rest had died chiefly in consequence of the length of the journey. The letter was written in Greek upon a skin; the import of it was, that Porus was the writer, that although he was sovereign of six hundred kings, yet that he highly esteemed the friendship of CƦsar; that he was willing to allow him a passage through his country, in whatever part he pleased, and to assist him in any undertaking that was just. Eight naked servants, with girdles round their waists, and fragrant with perfumes, presented the gifts which were brought. The presents were a Hermes (i. e. a man) born without arms, whom I have seen, large snakes, a serpent ten cubits in length, a river tortoise of three cubits in length, and a partridge larger than a vulture. They were accompanied by the person, it is said, who burnt himself to death at Athens. This is the practice with persons in distress, who seek escape from existing calamities, and with others in prosperous circumstances, as was the case with this man. For as everything hitherto had succeeded with him, he thought it necessary to depart, lest some unexpected calamity should happen to him by continuing to live; with a smile, therefore, naked, anointed, and with the girdle round his waist, he leaped upon the pyre. On his tomb was this inscription:
313:
268:) who lived there. Dio Cassius (Roman History, 54.9.10) mentions that Sramana threw himself into fire "either because, being of the caste of sages, he was on this account moved by ambition, or, in accordance with the traditional custom of the Indians, because of old age, or because he wished to make a display for the benefit of Augustus and the Athenians (for Augustus had reached Athens)." According to Dio Cassius (54.9.8) Augustus met an Indian delegation while staying for winter at Samos (20/19 BC). Priaulx notes that the poet
134:
410:
wished to die, ā either because, being of the caste of sages, he was on this account moved by ambition, or, in accordance with the traditional custom of the
Indians, because of old age, or because he wished to make a display for the benefit of Augustus and the Athenians (for Augustus had reached Athens);ā he was therefore initiated into the mysteries of the two goddesses, which were held out of season on account, they say, of Augustus, who also was an initiate, and he then threw himself alive into the fire.
3478:
3489:
887:
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864:
25:
409:
For a great many embassies came to him, and the people of India, who had already made overtures, now made a treaty of friendship, sending among other gifts tigers, which were then for the first time seen by the Romans, as also, I think by the Greeks ... One of the
Indians, Zarmarus, for some reason
414:
Based on the different ways Strabo and Dio Cassio render the name (Zarmanochegas, Zarmarus), modern scholars attempted at interpreting Strabo's version as a combination of two words carrying additional information (see below under "Interpretation of the inscription in regard to religious
824:"The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic world." Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, Vol. VIII, 2015: 163-186.
825:
360:
From one place in India, and from one king, namely, Pandian, or, according to others, Porus, presents and embassies were sent to
Augustus Caesar. With the ambassadors came the Indian
689:
Plutarch. 'Life of
Alexander' in The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. (trans John Dryden and revised Arthur Hugh Clough) The Modern Library (Random House Inc). New York. p850
663:
Plutarch. 'Life of
Alexander' in The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. (trans John Dryden and revised Arthur Hugh Clough) The Modern Library (Random House Inc). New York.p850
1628:
3579:
2543:
1018:
495:("teacher of Shamans") and adds "which points him out as of the Buddhist faith and a priest, and, as his death proves, a priest earnest in his faith.
312:
2547:
304:, 31) notes that "Šµmbassies were often sent to me from the kings of India, a thing never seen before in the camp of any general of the Romans."
3564:
2771:
3524:
590:
561:
988:
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1096:
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The same thing was done long after by another Indian who came with Caesar to Athens, where they still show you "the Indian's
Monument."
328:(died AD 125), which bore the mention "ĪĪĪ”ĪĪĪĪĪ§ĪĪĪĪ£ ĪĪĪĪĪ£ ĪĪ Ī ĪĪĪ”ĪĪĪ£ĪĪ£" (ZarmanochÄgas indos apo BargosÄs ā Zarmanochegas, Indian from
831:
498:
Halkias (2015) situates
Zarmanochegas within a lineage of Buddhist sramanas who had adopted the custom of setting themselves on fire.
853:
472:
The
Sramana master, an Indian, a native of Bargosa, having immortalized himself according to the custom of his country, lies here.
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ZARMANOCHEGAS, AN INDIAN, A NATIVE OF BARGOSA, HAVING IMMORTALIZED HIMSELF ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOM OF HIS COUNTRY, HERE LIES.
468:
HL Jones (2006) interprets the inscription as mentioned by Strabo and sees two words at the beginning, instead of one name:
3549:
3539:
3519:
1181:
1023:
3358:
645:
Osmond de
Beauvoir Priaulx. The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana and the Indian Embassies, London 1873, pp67 et seq.
3255:
2805:
900:
422:(į¼Ī»ĪµĻ
ĻĪÆĪ½Ī¹Ī± ĪĻ
ĻĻĪ®ĻĪ¹Ī±) were initiation ceremonies of pre-historic antiquity focused on immortality and held in honour of
1101:
794:
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1244:
35:
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1234:
815:
Osmond de
Beauvoir Priaulx. The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana and the Indian Embassies London 1873 p78.
728:
536:
415:
affiliation"), thus raising the question of the state of the tomb inscription at different times in the past.
3340:
3038:
2721:
1013:
846:
434:
in ancient Greece. Augustus became an initiate in 31 BC and again in 19 BC (Cassius Dio 51.4.1 and 54.9.10).
711:
606:
577:
3554:
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Charles Eliot. Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch vol 1. Curzon Press, Richmond 1990. p 431 fn 4.
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2614:
2523:
1993:
1638:
1151:
1046:
2158:
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2943:
2419:
1905:
1028:
861:
749:
McCrindle JW. The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great. Kessinger Publishing. Montana 2004. p 389.
2353:
3529:
3353:
3166:
3156:
3028:
2011:
1591:
1352:
1327:
316:
Keramikos cemetery, Athens- the tomb of Zarmanochegas was well known in Athens according to Plutarch.
1377:
3458:
2810:
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1412:
1033:
839:
442:
3395:
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2443:
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1417:
723:
KW Arafat. Pausanius' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers. Cambridge University Press. 1996
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2153:
1974:
1871:
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1618:
1367:
1735:
3514:
3410:
3380:
2961:
2893:
2726:
2641:
2636:
2560:
2555:
2473:
1003:
2026:
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3400:
3385:
2903:
2800:
2746:
2631:
2570:
2538:
2533:
2518:
2503:
2493:
2458:
2371:
2063:
1986:
1289:
1229:
978:
945:
895:
419:
173:
106:
3273:
1888:
1757:
1683:
1559:
1297:
465:." McCrindle (2004) infers from this that Zarmanochegas was a Buddhist priest or ascetic.
8:
3240:
3119:
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2918:
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2855:
2738:
2711:
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2590:
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2435:
1866:
1723:
1504:
1482:
1434:
1254:
1054:
910:
890:
369:
1214:
1141:
3303:
3208:
3050:
3013:
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2888:
2835:
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1959:
1883:
1761:
1703:
1544:
1444:
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1347:
993:
923:
507:
437:
380:
To these accounts may be added that of Nicolaus Damascenus. This writer states that at
185:
42:
3102:
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770:
724:
673:
626:
2425:
1219:
1119:
806:
Christoph Gottlieb Groskurd. Strabons Erdbeschreibung. Berlin und Stettin. 1833 p470
3129:
3082:
3077:
2933:
2898:
2873:
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1819:
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337:
146:
2208:
133:
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1947:
1932:
1910:
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1332:
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229:
189:
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https://books.google.com/books?id=ncDFRgtSysIC&dq=zarmanochegas&pg=PA389
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1937:
1915:
1851:
1522:
1317:
1312:
1204:
873:
257:
197:
94:
1676:
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1038:
789:
Elledge CD. Life After Death in Early Judaism. Mohr Siebeck Tilbringen 2006
672:
Elledge CD. Life After Death in Early Judaism. Mohr Siebeck Tilbringen 2006
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1834:
1829:
1656:
1527:
1402:
863:
361:
166:
137:
The inscription on the tomb of Zarmanochegas in Athens states he came from
118:
105:) who, according to ancient historians such as Strabo and Dio Cassius, met
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2076:
2036:
1733:
1397:
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2016:
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1111:
983:
707:
602:
573:
237:
225:
90:
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1728:
125:
where he burnt himself to death. He is estimated to have died in 19 BC.
3223:
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3057:
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2402:
2386:
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2021:
1767:
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1422:
1357:
1307:
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955:
928:
427:
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1239:
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2213:
1925:
1841:
1718:
1608:
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1494:
1457:
1224:
1189:
1156:
1131:
1086:
285:
193:
2971:
1807:
1661:
1427:
1209:
1078:
1070:
438:
Interpretation of the inscription in regard to religious affiliation
3488:
3328:
3283:
3228:
3193:
3097:
2756:
2323:
2318:
2268:
2203:
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1742:
1613:
1601:
1512:
1171:
868:
325:
245:
138:
114:
102:
2313:
2303:
2288:
2111:
1981:
1249:
537:"LacusCurtius ā¢ Strabo's Geography ā Book XV Chapter 1 (Ā§Ā§ 39ā73)"
208:
to demonstrate his faith. Nicholas of Damascus met the embassy at
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1920:
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1772:
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1302:
1269:
1259:
388:, he met with ambassadors from the Indians, who were sent to
300:
C21) refer to this Indian mission as well. Augustus himself (
177:
154:
284:
12, L. i, 22 BC)). Priaulx notes that later writers such as
3323:
2116:
1782:
1279:
162:
150:
2981:
1517:
591:
on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73)
562:
on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73)
50:
46:
654:
Evelyn Schuckburgh. Augustus. London 1903 Appendix 31.
368:, who exhibited the same spectacle in the presence of
364:, who committed himself to the flames at Athens, like
307:
192:. The embassy traveled with a diplomatic letter on
766:Ancient India As Described in Classical Literature
622:Ancient India As Described in Classical Literature
491:Priaulx (1873) translates the name in Sanskrit as
260:; the name being derived from one of the ancient
3506:
405:Dio Cassio's (died AD 235) later account reads:
847:
45:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1629:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
476:Groskurd (1833) refers to Zarmanochegas as
447:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch
101:tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a
854:
840:
531:
529:
527:
336:, after discussing the self-immolation of
16:1st century BC Indian philosopher and monk
762:
618:
311:
132:
2816:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
524:
244:54.9). His tomb indicated he came from
3580:Ancient GreeceāAncient India relations
3507:
3019:List of Buddhist architecture in China
161:and the sea-land trade routes via the
121:, and shortly thereafter proceeded to
3565:Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean
835:
763:McCrindle, John Watson (1999-01-01).
619:McCrindle, John Watson (1999-01-01).
36:too many or overly lengthy quotations
3525:Suicides by self-immolation in India
18:
272:also alludes to an Indian mission (
232:made a sensation and was quoted by
97:(naked philosopher), a monk of the
13:
2806:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
308:Self-immolation and tomb in Athens
128:
14:
3591:
3570:Monuments and memorials in Greece
352:Strabo's (died AD 24) account at
176:describes an embassy sent by the
141:. This port, named on the map as
3487:
3477:
3476:
3034:Thai temple art and architecture
2779:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1019:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
885:
872:
862:
453:"perhaps contains the two words
23:
886:
818:
809:
800:
783:
756:
743:
734:
717:
701:
692:
683:
666:
449:(1921) considers that the name
324:, still visible in the time of
149:facilitated trade with ancient
3024:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2826:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1906:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1097:Places where the Buddha stayed
657:
648:
639:
612:
596:
583:
567:
554:
1:
3535:1st-century BC Buddhist monks
3039:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
518:
256:, near the north bank of the
2796:Buddhism and the Roman world
2772:Decline of Buddhism in India
2767:History of Buddhism in India
867: Topics in
204:who burned himself alive in
7:
3550:Ancient Indian philosophers
3540:1st-century BC Indian monks
3520:1st-century BC philosophers
1994:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1734:
753:(accessed 12 December 2012)
501:
376:Strabo adds (at xv, i, 73)
200:. One of its members was a
10:
3596:
2944:The unanswerable questions
3472:
3424:
3339:
3254:
3029:Buddhist temples in Korea
2952:
2854:
2737:
2434:
2362:
2189:
2062:
2002:
1637:
1592:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1503:
1495:Three planes of existence
1443:
1288:
1180:
1110:
1102:Buddha in world religions
964:
909:
881:
220:) and this is related by
78:
2811:Persecution of Buddhists
2032:Four stages of awakening
1413:Three marks of existence
999:Physical characteristics
180:king Porus (or Pandion,
43:summarize the quotations
2174:Ten principal disciples
1057:(aunt, adoptive mother)
320:A tomb was made to the
302:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
276:55, 56, written 17 BC;
3575:Roman-Indian relations
2884:Buddhism and democracy
2397:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2392:Chinese Buddhist canon
1624:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1619:Early Buddhist schools
769:. Adegi Graphics LLC.
625:. Adegi Graphics LLC.
474:
412:
403:
374:
356:xv,i,4 is as follows:
350:
317:
170:
113:in the first years of
3545:Indian Buddhist monks
2894:Eight Consciousnesses
1004:Life of Buddha in art
541:penelope.uchicago.edu
470:
407:
378:
358:
346:
332:"). Plutarch, in his
315:
280:14, L.iv, 13 BC; and
228:(liv, 9). The monk's
136:
3371:East Asian religions
2801:Buddhism in the West
2372:Early Buddhist texts
1987:Four Right Exertions
1453:Ten spiritual realms
946:Noble Eightfold Path
420:Eleusinian Mysteries
174:Nicolaus of Damascus
107:Nicholas of Damascus
3555:People from Bharuch
3494:Religion portal
3241:Temple of the Tooth
3120:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2159:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
1652:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
1435:Two truths doctrine
1255:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1055:Mahapajapati Gotamī
3560:History of Gujarat
3416:Western philosophy
3014:Dzong architecture
2836:Vipassana movement
2831:Buddhist modernism
2259:Emperor Wen of Sui
2027:PratyekabuddhayÄna
1960:Threefold Training
1762:Vipassana movement
1478:Hungry Ghost realm
1298:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
1245:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
994:Great Renunciation
989:Eight Great Events
871:
508:Peregrinus Proteus
318:
212:(near present-day
186:Pandita (Buddhism)
171:
3502:
3501:
3140:Om mani padme hum
2846:Women in Buddhism
2762:Buddhist councils
2632:Western countries
2420:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
2181:Shaolin Monastery
1758:Samatha-vipassanÄ
1368:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
1172:Metteyya/Maitreya
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
919:Four Noble Truths
776:978-1-4021-6154-4
698:Strabo, xv, 1.73.
632:978-1-4021-6154-4
334:Life of Alexander
68:
67:
3587:
3530:Ancient suicides
3492:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3319:Sacred languages
3167:Maya Devi Temple
3130:Mahabodhi Temple
2934:Secular Buddhism
2899:Engaged Buddhism
1739:
1587:Tibetan Buddhism
1538:Vietnamese Thiį»n
1137:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
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889:
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594:
587:
581:
571:
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558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
533:
486:indischer Weiser
338:Calanus of India
163:Tigris-Euphrates
147:Gulf of Khambhat
117:' rule over the
80:
63:
60:
54:
27:
26:
19:
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3486:
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3335:
3250:
2987:Ordination hall
2948:
2850:
2821:Buddhist crisis
2733:
2430:
2382:Mahayana sutras
2358:
2354:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
2185:
2058:
1998:
1948:Bodhisattva vow
1633:
1499:
1439:
1398:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
1333:Five hindrances
1284:
1176:
1106:
960:
905:
877:
860:
830:
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589:Strabo, xv, 1,
588:
584:
572:
568:
560:Strabo, xv, 1,
559:
555:
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543:
535:
534:
525:
521:
504:
478:Zarmanos Chanes
440:
390:Augustus Caesar
310:
274:Carmen Seculare
230:self-immolation
224:(XV,1,73 ) and
190:Caesar Augustus
131:
129:Pandion mission
81:; according to
64:
58:
55:
49:or excerpts to
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3051:Greco-Buddhist
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:Burmese pagoda
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2784:Greco-Buddhism
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:United Kingdom
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Czech Republic
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2426:Abhidharmadīpa
2423:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:B. R. Ambedkar
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Songtsen Gampo
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Eight precepts
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1714:Five Strengths
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Mental factors
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:MahamoggallÄna
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:AvalokiteÅvara
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
970:
968:
962:
961:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
942:
941:
936:
931:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
882:
879:
878:
859:
858:
851:
844:
836:
829:
828:
817:
808:
799:
782:
775:
755:
742:
733:
716:
700:
691:
682:
665:
656:
647:
638:
631:
611:
595:
582:
566:
553:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
510:
503:
500:
482:Indian wiseman
439:
436:
402:
401:
400:
399:
309:
306:
130:
127:
89:(according to
66:
65:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3592:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3256:Miscellaneous
3253:
3247:
3246:Vegetarianism
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:Buddha in art
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:United States
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Padmasambhava
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:Major figures
2188:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:Western tulku
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Five precepts
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Dhamma vicaya
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Enlightenment
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Dhamma theory
1316:
1314:
1313:Buddha-nature
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Samantabhadra
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3515:19 BC deaths
3434:Bodhisattvas
3354:Christianity
3349:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
3214:Dharmachakra
3204:Prayer wheel
3194:Prayer beads
2962:Architecture
2841:969 Movement
2625:Saudi Arabia
2603:Central Asia
2596:South Africa
2418:
2401:
2334:Panchen Lama
2239:BuddhapÄlita
1835:Satipatthana
1830:Mindful Yoga
1743:Recollection
1657:Brahmavihara
1528:Japanese Zen
1523:Chinese Chan
1483:Animal realm
1290:Key concepts
1112:Bodhisattvas
924:Three Jewels
820:
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167:Ancient Rome
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119:Roman Empire
95:gymnosophist
86:
79:ĪĪ±ĻĪ¼Ī±Ī½ĪæĻĪ·Ī³Ī¬Ļ
70:
69:
59:January 2023
56:
41:Please help
33:
3279:Dharma talk
3108:Asalha Puja
2904:Eschatology
2707:Switzerland
2687:New Zealand
2615:Middle East
2524:Philippines
2444:Afghanistan
2249:Bodhidharma
2234:Buddhaghosa
2154:Householder
2064:Monasticism
2017:Bodhisattva
1872:Prostration
1825:Mindfulness
1753:Anapanasati
1736:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
1533:Korean Seon
1473:Asura realm
1468:Human realm
1408:Ten Fetters
1363:Parinirvana
1265:Uppalavanna
1230:MahÄkaccana
1215:MahÄkassapa
1147:Kį¹£itigarbha
1142:ÄkÄÅagarbha
1039:SuddhodÄna
984:Four sights
911:Foundations
708:Dio Cassius
603:Dio Cassius
574:Dio Cassius
238:Dio Cassius
226:Dio Cassius
165:valley and
91:Dio Cassius
3509:Categories
3396:Psychology
3376:Gnosticism
3364:Comparison
3359:Influences
3341:Comparison
3224:Bhavacakra
3182:Kushinagar
3157:Pilgrimage
3103:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
3058:Bodhi Tree
2874:Buddhology
2864:Abhidharma
2856:Philosophy
2789:Menander I
2657:Costa Rica
2608:Uzbekistan
2449:Bangladesh
2403:Dhammapada
2387:Pali Canon
2349:Ajahn Chah
2329:Dalai Lama
2229:KumÄrajÄ«va
2224:Vasubandhu
2199:The Buddha
2107:Zen master
2042:Sakadagami
2022:Buddhahood
1953:Pratimokį¹£a
1768:Shikantaza
1724:Meditation
1699:Deity yoga
1570:Madhyamaka
1463:Deva realm
1358:Mindstream
1308:Bodhicitta
1220:Aį¹
gulimÄla
1087:Devadatta
1063:YaÅodharÄ
966:The Buddha
956:Middle Way
729:0521553407
519:References
480:and as an
428:Persephone
354:Geographia
344:) writes:
296:(AD 120) (
290:Hist. Rome
288:(AD 110) (
51:Wikisource
3464:Festivals
3444:Buddhists
3406:Theosophy
3209:Symbolism
3199:Hama yumi
3172:Bodh Gaya
2939:Socialism
2914:Evolution
2889:Economics
2727:Venezuela
2642:Australia
2637:Argentina
2561:Sri Lanka
2556:Singapore
2474:Indonesia
2436:Countries
2377:Tripiį¹aka
2339:Ajahn Mun
2214:Nagarjuna
2209:AÅvaghoį¹£a
2092:AnagÄrika
2087:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
2082:ÅrÄmaį¹era
2077:Bhikkhunī
2037:SotÄpanna
1926:Passaddhi
1867:Offerings
1842:Nekkhamma
1719:Iddhipada
1639:Practices
1609:Theravada
1582:Vajrayana
1575:Yogachara
1545:Pure Land
1458:Six Paths
1445:Cosmology
1225:Anuruddha
1200:SÄriputta
1190:Kaundinya
1182:Disciples
1157:VajrapÄį¹i
1009:Footprint
974:TathÄgata
680:pp122-125
430:based at
370:Alexander
286:Suetonius
194:parchment
47:Wikiquote
34:contains
3482:Category
3411:Violence
3381:Hinduism
3329:Sanskrit
3284:Hinayana
3269:AmitÄbha
3229:Swastika
3098:Uposatha
3088:Holidays
3073:Calendar
2919:Humanism
2757:Kanishka
2747:Timeline
2571:Thailand
2539:Kalmykia
2534:Buryatia
2519:Pakistan
2504:Mongolia
2499:Maldives
2494:Malaysia
2459:Cambodia
2324:Shamarpa
2319:Nichiren
2269:Xuanzang
2204:Nagasena
2122:Rinpoche
1852:PÄramitÄ
1694:Devotion
1614:Navayana
1602:Dzogchen
1565:Nichiren
1513:Mahayana
1505:Branches
1383:Saį¹
khÄra
1132:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
1089:(cousin)
1081:(cousin)
1049:(mother)
1041:(father)
1029:Miracles
979:Birthday
896:Glossary
869:Buddhism
546:18 April
502:See also
326:Plutarch
298:Augustus
252:city of
246:Barygaza
143:Barigaza
139:Barygaza
115:Augustus
103:Buddhist
93:) was a
87:Zarmarus
3459:Temples
3439:Buddhas
3401:Science
3391:Judaism
3386:Jainism
3304:Lineage
3264:AbhijƱÄ
3234:Thangka
3177:Sarnath
3162:Lumbini
3083:Funeral
3078:Cuisine
2954:Culture
2929:Reality
2879:Creator
2869:Atomism
2739:History
2712:Ukraine
2672:Germany
2591:Senegal
2581:Vietnam
2509:Myanmar
2309:Shinran
2299:Karmapa
2274:Shandao
2244:DignÄga
2169:ÅrÄvaka
2149:Donchee
2144:Kappiya
2102:Sayadaw
2072:Bhikkhu
2047:AnÄgÄmi
2004:Nirvana
1970:Samadhi
1857:Paritta
1798:Tonglen
1793:Mandala
1748:Smarana
1729:Mantras
1677:Upekkha
1647:Bhavana
1597:Shingon
1550:Tiantai
1403:TathÄtÄ
1393:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
1388:Skandha
1378:Saį¹sÄra
1373:Rebirth
1348:Kleshas
1338:Indriya
1240:Subhūti
1125:Guanyin
1079:Änanda
1071:RÄhula
951:Nirvana
891:Outline
513:Kalanos
456:sramana
445:in his
432:Eleusis
424:Demeter
384:, near
382:Antioch
366:Calanus
342:Kalanos
330:Bargosa
322:sramana
254:Gujarat
250:Bharuch
214:Antakya
210:Antioch
202:sramana
145:on the
111:Antioch
99:Sramana
3454:Sutras
3449:Suttas
3314:Siddhi
3299:Koliya
3274:BrahmÄ
3189:Poetry
3135:Mantra
3125:Kasaya
2997:Pagoda
2977:Kyaung
2972:VihÄra
2967:Temple
2909:Ethics
2752:Ashoka
2702:Sweden
2697:Poland
2692:Norway
2682:Mexico
2667:France
2652:Canada
2647:Brazil
2586:Africa
2566:Taiwan
2529:Russia
2454:Bhutan
2414:Vinaya
2294:Naropa
2284:Saraha
2219:Asanga
1975:PrajƱÄ
1884:Refuge
1847:Nianfo
1808:Tertƶn
1803:Tantra
1788:Ganana
1778:Tukdam
1704:DhyÄna
1672:Mudita
1667:Karuį¹Ä
1560:Risshū
1555:Huayan
1488:Naraka
1428:AnattÄ
1423:Dukkha
1418:Anicca
1323:Dharma
1275:Channa
1210:Änanda
1195:Assaji
1162:Skanda
1065:(wife)
1034:Family
1014:Relics
939:Sangha
934:Dharma
929:Buddha
793:
773:
731:p 122.
727:
712:liv, 9
676:
629:
607:liv, 9
578:liv, 9
462:acarya
386:Daphne
294:Florus
270:Horace
266:Bhrigu
262:Rishis
234:Strabo
222:Strabo
218:Turkey
206:Athens
182:Pandya
178:Indian
159:Arabia
123:Athens
83:Strabo
3426:Lists
3294:Kalpa
3289:Iddhi
3152:Music
3147:Mudra
3113:Vassa
3093:Vesak
3063:Budai
3009:Candi
2992:Stupa
2924:Logic
2677:Italy
2576:Tibet
2514:Nepal
2484:Korea
2479:Japan
2469:India
2464:China
2409:Sutra
2364:Texts
2314:DÅgen
2304:HÅnen
2289:AtiÅa
2254:Zhiyi
2164:Achar
2132:Tulku
2127:Geshe
2112:RÅshi
2097:Ajahn
2052:Arhat
2012:Bodhi
1982:VÄ«rya
1899:Sacca
1894:Satya
1889:SÄdhu
1877:Music
1820:Merit
1813:Terma
1773:Zazen
1709:Faith
1662:MettÄ
1343:Karma
1303:Bardo
1270:Asita
1260:Khema
1250:UpÄli
1235:Nanda
1073:(son)
1047:MÄyÄ
1024:Films
901:Index
198:Greek
188:) to
155:Egypt
85:) or
75:Greek
3324:PÄįø·i
3309:MÄra
3219:Flag
2620:Iran
2544:Tuva
2489:Laos
2117:Lama
1965:ÅÄ«la
1933:ÅÄ«la
1921:PÄ«ti
1911:Sati
1862:Puja
1783:Koan
1689:DÄna
1280:Yasa
1167:TÄrÄ
797:p125
791:ISBN
771:ISBN
725:ISBN
674:ISBN
627:ISBN
548:2020
459:and
426:and
418:The
242:Hist
236:and
151:Axum
3046:Art
2982:Wat
1518:Zen
488:).
282:Ode
278:Ode
216:in
196:in
184:or
109:in
3511::
2548:ru
710:,
605:,
576:,
539:.
526:^
157:,
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779:.
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