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the
Aksumite royal tombs, and in other cemeteries around the town were plain and rough. Subsequently, they became plain but carefully dressed in granite, eventually carved to emulate multi-storey towers in a distinctive architectural style. The Aksumite architecture is characterized by massive dressed granite blocks, smaller uncut stones for walling, mud mortar to fix them, bricks for vaulting and arches, and an external wooden framework resembling "monkey-heads" or square corner extrusions. The walls tend to incline inwards as they ascend, often featuring several recessed bays for added strength. A comparable architectural style is evident in substantial "palace" structures not only in Aksum but also in other cities like Adulis and Matara. The presence of a large reservoir, now known as May Sum, below the hill called May Qoho, may trace back to Aksumite times, indicating the city's reliable water supply. Aksum likely had a prosperous agricultural vicinity, evident from wheat depicted on Aksumite coins, abundant livestock, local forests supplying firewood for centuries, and various industries such as metalworking, glassware, and pottery. The Aksumites' achievements in architecture and stone-working, along with evidence of ivory and leather-working, are found in Aksumite tombs.
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648:. Describing the church, he wrote: "This church is very large; it has five aisles of good width and great length, vaulted above, and all the vaults closed, the ceiling and sides all painted. Below, the body of the church is well worked with handsome cut stone; it has seven chapels, all with their backs to the east, and their altars well ornamented. It has a choir after our fashion, except that it is low, and they reach the vaulted roof with their heads; and the choir is also over the vault, and they do not use it."
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512:, who visited Aksum in the second decade of the 6th century, described the four-towered palace of the king of Ethiopia, adorned with bronze statues of unicorns. Aksum also housed rows of monumental granite thrones, likely bearing metal statues dedicated to pre-Christian deities such as Astar, Baher, Madr, and Mahram. These thrones incorporated large panels with inscriptions, some attributed to
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2283:‘Theodore Bent’s expedition to Abyssinia for the purpose of investigating the ruins of Aksum has not been so successful as might have been wished, owing to the hostilities which are being carried on between two of the chiefs; indeed, he and Mrs. Bent had a narrow escape from being involved in their hostilities. Still the expedition has not been altogether without interesting results.’ (
528:, chronicling their wars and serving as victory monuments. One inscription mentions Ezana setting up a throne "here in Sado," presumably a place in Aksum. Libraries in Aksum housed essential Christian documents, and Coptic monks translated many of these books in the 5th and 6th century. The Bible was translated into Ge'ez language, and the sole, complete surviving copy of the
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amba 'Beta
Giyorgis above Aksum validate the pre-Aksumite roots of a settlement in Aksum dating back to approximately 7th to 4th centuries B.C. Furthermore, excavations in the Stele Park at the heart of Aksum. substantiate ongoing activity in that area since the beginning of the common era. By the 1st century AD, Aksum was described as a "
1009:) and Emperor Fasilides replaced that structure with the present one. Only men are permitted entry into the Old St. Mary's Cathedral (some say as a result of the destruction of the original church by Gudit). The New Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion stands next to the old one, and was built to fulfil a pledge by Emperor
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damage extended to the surrounding area of Aksum due to increasing demands for foodstuffs and firewood. The region around the town might have eventually become incapable of sustaining the population of a major political center. By the end of the 9th century, Aksum was largely abandoned and lay in ruins.
812:, in the hope of researching possible links between early trading networks and cultures on both sides of the Red Sea. They reached Axum by 24 February 1893, but their work was curtailed by the tensions between the Italian occupiers and local warlords, together with the continuing ramifications of the
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underwent his coronation there in 1436 and continued to reside in Aksum for three years. Subsequently, a few other monarchs also chose Aksum as the site for their coronation ceremonies. This unique ritual involved cutting a cord held by the "daughters of Aksum," symbolizing the king's ascent to "king
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sometime after the 8th century, which was relocated to the south. An inscription, crafted by a certain Hasani 'Dano'el, mentions his success in subjugating the king of Aksum and reducing the city to the status of a tributary to his own kingdom in the 9th century. It is conceivable that the ecological
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to travel to Axum to attend the dedication of the new cathedral and pay personal homage, showing the importance of this church in the
Ethiopian Empire. Queen Elizabeth visited the Cathedral a few days later. Between the two cathedrals is a small chapel known as The Chapel of the Tablet built at the
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The
British journalist Augustus B. Wylde wrote after visiting Aksum in 1897: "after every heavy downpour of rain, old coins are washed out of the soil, the local boys were delighted to accompany a stranger about the place. They were intelligent, sharp-eyed little urchins who took a great interest in
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Several archaeological expeditions have conducted excavations in various parts of Aksum. The early utilization of stelae, or obelisks as grave markers, is documented, evolving over time to encompass some of the world's largest monuments. Initially, the granite stelae in the primary cemetery, housing
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In 1604/05 the city was visited by the Jesuit Fernao
Guerreiro, he reported that the church had a nave, two aisles, and a thatched roof. It is possible that some elements of the internal architecture from the former church endured, including the outer walls, within which the smaller new church was
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had the church restored. Its dedication was celebrated by his daughter, Princess Yodit, who gave "an incalculable quantity of money", so that the church became "marvellous and magnificent". In 1678, rebels under Ras 'Faris, governor of Salawa, burned Aksum, but the church survived to serve at the
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Little information is available regarding the early centuries of Aksum's presumed evolution from a humble regional hub to a dominant power. Archeological findings at
Gobadra (Gobo Dara) and the Anqar Baahti rock-shelters suggest Stone Age remnants in close proximity. R. Fattovich's excavations at
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was established in May 2006 on a greenfield site, 4 km (2.5 mi) from Axum's central area. The inauguration ceremony was held on 16 February 2007 and the current area of the campus is 107 ha (260 acres), with ample room for expansion. The establishment of a university in Axum is
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In April 2005, Italy finally returned the obelisk pieces to Axum amidst much official and public rejoicing; Italy also covered the US$ 4 million costs of the transfer. UNESCO assumed responsibility for the re-installation of this stele in Axum, and by the end of July 2008 the obelisk had been
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to be erected. The obelisk is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of engineering from the height of the
Axumite empire. Despite a 1947 United Nations agreement that the obelisk would be shipped back, Italy balked, resulting in a long-standing diplomatic dispute with the Ethiopian
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who spent eight months in Aksum in the 1520s described it as "a large town with very good houses and very good wells of water of very beautiful worked masonry, and also in most of the houses ancient figures of lions and dogs and birds, all well made in very hard, fine stone" and the
959:. Three more stelae measure 18.2 m (60 ft) high, 15.8 m (52 ft) high, 15.3 m (50 ft) high. The stelae are believed to mark graves and would have had cast metal discs affixed to their sides, which are also carved with architectural designs. The
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779:, in the early 19th century Aksum was economically well off, as it was situated in a "vast fertile plain" which was "richly cultivated". Apart from the ruins, the settlement was made up almost entirely of round huts with thatched roofs.
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also left descriptions of the old town, which in his time consisted, he estimated, of about 600 houses. He believed Aksum to have been mainly the work of the
Ptolemies, crediting most of the monuments to
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was spoken as a first language by 98.68%. The majority of the population practised
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity with 85.08% reported as embracing that religion, while 14.81% were Muslim.
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20.6 m (68 ft) high above the front baseplate, 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) wide, 1.18 m (3 ft 10 in) deep, weighing 160 t (160 long tons; 180 short tons)
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of
Ethiopia (CSA), as of 1 July 2012 the town of Axum's estimated population was 56,576. The census indicated that 30,293 of the population were females and 26,283 were males.
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of Zion." The ancient Aksumite stone thrones served as coronation chairs, although the "coronation" itself comprised an anointing and tonsuring ritual, followed by a mass in the church.
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who destroyed the church that Alvares had described. Before the city was sacked, a document in the Book of Aksum lists 1,705 golden objects as well as many other items from Aksum that
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and other works. This compilation provides numerous insights into the church's possessions and the subsequent history of the town. The city also had its own governor known was the
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distributed to various governors to save them from destruction, and it is recorded by Ahmad's chronicler that a large stone object was removed at this time for safety to "Tabr".
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the search for curiosities, though unless someone is there to reward them for finding the old coins they do not trouble to pick them up, as they are of no value to them."
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confirmed the extent of the ruin that befell Aksum in the 16th century commenting that it then had only about 100 inhabitants where everywhere there are ruins to be seen.
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The 2007 national census showed that the town population was 44,647, of whom 20,741 were males and 23,906 females). The majority of the inhabitants said they practised
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ceased after its eastern provinces were seized by the Arabs and as a consequence, Aksum grew poorer and more isolated. It ceased to be the political capital of the
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24.6 m (81 ft) high, 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) wide, 1.36 m (4 ft 6 in) deep, weighing 170 t (170 long tons; 190 short tons)
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The 1994 national census reported the population for the city as 27,148, of whom 12,536 were men and 14,612 were women. The largest ethnic group reported was
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was removed by the Italian army in 1937, and returned to Ethiopia in 2005 and reinstalled 31 July 2008. The next tallest is the 24 m (79 ft)
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1594:(b. 1969), palaeoanthropologist and was Chair of the Anthropology Department at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, United States
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560:. A collection of Ge'ez documents, encompassing a concise legendary history of Aksum, land charters, and other related material, known as the
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who visited Aksum in around 1620 saw only about 150-200 mud houses, and Manoel Barradas wrote that Aksum was no more than a small village.
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and augmented several times afterwards, was believed to have been massive with an estimated 12 naves. It was burned to the ground by
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2661:(Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania, 1979.
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same time as the new cathedral, and which is believed to house the Ark of the Covenant. Emperor Haile Selassie's consort, Empress
1021:, work on the new cathedral began in 1955, and allows entry to women. Emperor Haile Selassie interrupted the state visit of Queen
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1.47 m (4 ft 10 in) wide, 0.78 m (2 ft 7 in) deep, weighing 43 t (42 long tons; 47 short tons)
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Excavations at Aksum: An account of research at the ancient Ethiopian capital directed in 1972-74 by the late Dr Nevill Chittick
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1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) wide, 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) deep, weighing 56 t (55 long tons; 62 short tons)
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2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) wide, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, weighing 75 t (74 long tons; 83 short tons)
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3.84 m (12.6 ft) wide, 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) deep, weighing 520 t (510 long tons; 570 short tons)
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in Aksum, Mass was conducted at this location. However in 1611, Aksum was sacked by Oromo, who set fire to the church.
2101:
Le" Futuh al-Habasa" : écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle)
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Aksumite remains were investigated in 1906 by an important German archaeological mission led by the renowned scholar
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ETHIOPIA - "Mengistu has Decided to Burn Us like Wood" - Bombing of Civilians and Civilian Targets by the Air Force
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art — "Foundations of Aksumite Civilization and Its Christian Legacy (1st–7th century)"
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expected to contribute much to the ongoing development of the country in general and of the region in particular.
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1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region
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and said to have previously housed the Ark of the Covenant. The original cathedral, said to have been built by
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Bent published three further accounts relating to their Ethiopian trip of 1893: From the Heart of Abyssinia,
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led the conquest of Axum in the sixteenth century. Aksum was sacked and burned in 1535 by the troops of
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866:, Italian troops seized Aksum in October 1936. In 1937, a 24 m (79 ft) tall, 1,700-year-old
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From top to bottom, left to right: skyline of Axum, Northern Stelae Park, Chapel of the Tablet at the
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586:, Aksum is never mentioned in the book. Instead, the "city of the kingdom" is called Dabra Makadda.
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with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015). It is the site of the historic capital of the
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The Sacred City of the Ethiopians: Being a Record of Travel and Research in Abyssinia in 1893
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The sacred city of the Ethiopians: being a record of travel and research in Abyssinia in 1893
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on the west coast of the Red Sea. They then made their way overland to excavate at Axum and
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1984:"Analysis: Axum, Ethiopia's top tourist destination reels from impacts of devastating war"
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to the west of town, unlike the northern area, are interspersed with mostly 4th century
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visited Aksum (which he called "Heleni") in 1700, describing the stelae and the church.
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This article is about the modern town. For the ancient empire named after it, see
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mountains. It has an elevation of 2,131 metres (6,991 feet) and is surrounded by
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2486:
Phillipson, David W. (2003). "Aksum: An archaeological introduction and guide".
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Other attractions in Axum include archaeological and ethnographic museums, the
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2444:"A bid 'to exterminate us': Tigrayans recount massacre by Eritrean troops"
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government, which views the obelisk as a symbol of national identity.
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in 2020, Axum was a leading tourist destination for foreign visitors.
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786:, gave a land grant to the Church of St. Mary in an undated charter.
747:, Aksum fell under the control of the rulers of Tigray. One of whom,
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985:. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion was built in 1665 by Emperor
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2538:"Climate: Aksum - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"
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Yishaq of Aksum, who recognized that Aksum was the place were the
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2077:. Internet Archive. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.
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considered to be one of the earliest structures), the so-called
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Ethiopian Treasures — Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom — Aksum
2465:"Mission accomplished: Aksum Obelisk successfully reinstalled"
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After the decline of imperial authority in the period of the
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
2287:, The Annual Address on the Progress of Geography, 1892-93,
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935
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1041:, engraved from AD 330 to 356, is written in ancient Ge'ez,
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to Our Lady of Zion for the liberation of Ethiopia from the
870:, was broken into five parts by the Italians and shipped to
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and they had to make a hasty retreat by the end of March to
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751:, would grant the church of St. Mary a land grant in 1794.
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due to their historic value. Prior to the beginning of the
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2616:, Tables 2.2, 2.13, 2.16, 2.20 (accessed 30 December 2008)
1573:(b. 1941), among his titles he is the "Archbishop of Axum"
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Dungur, with the Gudit stelae field immediately beyond it
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The other major features of the town are the old and new
2676:
Ancient Ethiopia. Aksum: Its antecedents and successors.
882:, on 30 March 1989, Axum was bombed from the air by the
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The city rose to prominence again after the rise of the
2308:, 6 May 1893; The Ancient Trade Route across Ethiopia,
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who restored the church and held his coronation there.
2104:. l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. p. 336.
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Aksum : an African civilisation of late antiquity
793:
was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in the city of Aksum.
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Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC
2560:"National Statistics-population-2011 by town and sex"
1579:(1953–2021), politician and a founding member of the
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German "Aksum Expedition", February 1906. From left:
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2685:London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 2000.
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574:, who was also a high dignitary of the church. The
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2719:London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989
895:reinstalled. It was unveiled on 4 September 2008.
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1692:Aksumite water-spouts in the shape of lion heads.
840:, Dr. Erich Kaschke, Gebre Selassie (Governor of
470:added Axum's archaeological sites to its list of
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2700:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
2527:
1005:(completed by his brother and successor Emperor
947:, ranging up to the 33-metre-long (108 ft)
2629:. Ethiopian Airports Enterprise. Archived from
2274:, Vol. 2, 2012, Oxford, Archaeopress, page 201.
997:, rebuilt, and then destroyed again during the
2731:Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270
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1101:and about 2 km (1.2 mi) west is the
1001:of the 1500s. It was again rebuilt by Emperor
597:in 1406. It was rumored to house the Biblical
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2272:The Travel Chronicles of Mrs J. Theodore Bent
2119:
2117:
2115:
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939:The major Aksumite monuments in the town are
692:situated. In 1608, during the coronation of
2824:Axum Heritage Site on Aluka digital library
2304:, 8 April 1893; In the North of Abyssinia,
451:of the Tigray Region, near the base of the
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2015:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. p. 30.
910:between 28 November and 15 December 2020.
556:, and became the spiritual capital of the
2829:Aksum World Heritage Site in panographies
2488:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
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1910:"Population Size by Sex, Zone and Woreda"
3295:Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town
3264:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
2750:. London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1894.
2737:African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia
2419:"The Reinstallation of the Axum Obelisk"
2382:"The Reinstallation of the Axum Obelisk"
1825:List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
1529:
1487:
1032:
969:
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796:In February 1893 the British explorers,
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679:The city was rebuilt in 1580 by Emperor
2683:Archaeology at Aksum, Ethiopia, 1993–7.
2262:, London, Longmans, Green and Co, 1894.
1981:
3700:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
3662:
3381:
2890:List of districts in the Tigray Region
2071:Munro-Hay, S. C. (Stuart C. ) (1991).
2010:
1756:Small stelae in the Gudit Stelae Field
3685:Populated places in the Tigray Region
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2782:UNESCO – World Heritage Sites — Aksum
2702:. Edinburgh: University Press. 1991.
913:
672:who visited after the convulsions of
2733:Addis Ababa: United Printers, 1972.
2522:Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World
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2006:
2004:
1126:Köppen-Geiger climate classification
2013:The library: an illustrated history
1680:Model of the Ta'akha Maryam palace.
13:
2641:
2405:Human Rights Watch, 24 July 1991:
2356:"Ethiopia unveils ancient obelisk"
2291:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jul., 1893), 21).
1951:
14:
3716:
2814:Final obelisk section in Ethiopia
2757:
2678:London: The British Museum, 1998.
2627:"Axum Emperor Yohanes IV Airport"
2585:Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region
2123:
2055:
2035:
2001:
1982:Kristos, Mihret G (26 May 2023).
1564:
1128:system classifies its climate as
3690:World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
3339:
2877:
2831:– 360 degree interactive imaging
2778:article from "About Archaeology"
2258:Bent published the trip in his:
1804:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1721:
1709:
1704:Aksumite jar with figural spout.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1581:Tigray People's Liberation Front
902:, around 100–800 civilians were
393:
287:
267:
199:
192:
166:
159:
125:
116:
107:
96:
87:
76:
2809:Axum from Catholic Encyclopedia
2619:
2597:
2594:, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.
2578:
2552:
2514:
2479:
2436:
2411:
2399:
2374:
2330:
2315:
2294:
2277:
2265:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2207:
2182:
2157:
2132:
1952:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1534:Axum Airport terminal building.
1505:Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
1483:
889:
827:
754:
715:
686:
634:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
138:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
16:Town in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
2091:
2064:
2029:
1975:
1945:
1931:
1902:
1780:Axum stele in a farmer's field
1716:Tombs beneath the stele field.
886:and three people were killed.
499:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
144:, farmlands in Axum, ruins of
1:
2126:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
2058:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
2038:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C
1895:
1768:Another stelae field in Axum.
820:for passage back to England.
3705:Cities and towns in Ethiopia
3320:Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela
3280:Bale Mountains National Park
1958:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1552:
1525:
775:According to the missionary
459:, a separately administered
316:2,131 m (6,991 ft)
200:
167:
7:
3290:Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region
2448:Radio France Internationale
2337:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2322:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2244:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2229:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2214:Pankhurst, Richard (1985).
2189:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2164:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
2139:Pankhurst, Richard (1982).
1917:Ethiopian Statistics Agency
1797:
1328:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1188:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1065:in a similar manner to the
547:
461:woreda of the Tigray region
10:
3721:
3675:Capitals of former nations
2651:Paris: Armand Colin, 1991.
2612:November 19, 2008, at the
2590:November 14, 2010, at the
2312:, Vol. 2 (2) (Aug), 140-6.
2191:History Of Ethiopian Towns
2166:History Of Ethiopian Towns
2141:History Of Ethiopian Towns
1598:
1498:Central Statistical Agency
1471:
1138:
1119:
928:
864:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
674:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
660:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
656:Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
532:is in the Ge'ez language.
486:
481:
340:UNESCO World Heritage Site
25:
18:
3389:
3336:
3315:Melka Kunture and Balchit
3305:Lower Valley of the Awash
3270:
3261:
3201:
3143:
3115:
3067:
3034:
2976:
2896:
2887:
2500:10.1080/00672700309480357
2424:. UNESCO. 10 October 2008
2387:. UNESCO. 10 October 2008
2285:Mountstuart E. Grant Duff
1397:
1327:
1257:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
814:First Italo-Ethiopian War
378:
366:
356:
346:
337:
333:
325:
320:
312:
300:
280:
260:
225:
153:
70:
63:
40:
3300:Konso Cultural Landscape
3285:Gedeo Cultural Landscape
2729:Sergew Hable Sellassie.
2310:The Geographical Journal
2289:The Geographical Journal
1830:
1820:List of megalithic sites
1744:The Stelae Park in Axum.
1612:Reconstruction of Dungur
1588:(1599–1692), philosopher
1112:Local legend claims the
974:The Chapel of the Tablet
180:Location within Ethiopia
3310:Lower Valley of the Omo
2797:15 January 2010 at the
2649:Les anciens ethiopiens.
2467:. UNESCO. 1 August 2008
2306:Illustrated London News
2302:Illustrated London News
2011:Murray, Stuart (2009).
804:, travelled by boat to
447:Axum is located in the
1730:Tomb of the False Door
1535:
1493:
1139:Climate data for Axum
1050:
975:
926:
852:
772:
722:Charles-Jacques Poncet
213:Location within Africa
2774:7 August 2011 at the
2741:Yale University Press
2681:David W. Phillipson.
1533:
1492:Axum in February 2022
1491:
1079:Queen of Sheba's Bath
1036:
982:Our Lady Mary of Zion
973:
921:
835:
762:
738:Ptolemy III Euergetes
720:The French traveller
510:Cosmas Indicopleustes
245:14.12083°N 38.72778°E
49:: ኣኽሱም
28:Axum (disambiguation)
3325:Simien National Park
3251:World Heritage Sites
2655:Yuri M. Kobishchanov
2450:. AFP. 3 March 2021.
1130:subtropical highland
1095:Pentalewon Monastery
945:Northern Stelae Park
789:On 12 January 1872,
472:World Heritage Sites
432:), is a town in the
183:Show map of Ethiopia
53:: አክሱም
26:For other uses, see
3173:Shire Inda Selassie
2672:David W. Phillipson
1592:Zeresenay Alemseged
1258:Daily mean °C (°F)
1116:lived in the town.
1085:), the 4th-century
1019:neo-Byzantine style
999:Abyssinian–Adal war
925:, in Axum, Ethiopia
884:Ethiopian Air Force
880:Ethiopian Civil War
798:James Theodore Bent
601:, in which lie the
599:Ark of the Covenant
584:Ark of the Covenant
241: /
3383:Cities of Ethiopia
3145:North Western Zone
3036:South Eastern Zone
2746:J. Theodore Bent.
2715:Stuart Munro-Hay.
2566:on 26 January 2013
2540:. Climate-Data.org
2362:. 4 September 2008
2098:Chekroun, Amélie.
1536:
1494:
1476:(altitude: 2133m)
1107:Lioness of Gobedra
1051:
1015:Fascist occupation
976:
957:King Ezana's Stele
935:King Ezana's Stele
927:
923:King Ezana's Stele
914:Main sites of Axum
853:
773:
326: • Total
250:14.12083; 38.72778
216:Show map of Africa
3657:
3656:
3349:
3348:
3217:
3216:
2633:on 29 April 2012.
2124:Uhlig, Siegbert.
2084:978-0-7486-0106-6
2056:Uhlig, Siegbert.
2036:Uhlig, Siegbert.
1939:"City Population"
1496:According to the
1480:
1479:
1071:King Bazen's Tomb
838:Theodor von Lüpke
784:Wube Haile Maryam
670:Manuel de Almeida
618:Francisco Alvares
554:Solomonic Dynasty
535:Contact with the
382:
381:
3712:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3343:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3021:Saesi Tsaedaemba
2882:
2881:
2880:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2769:Kingdom of Aksum
2696:Stuart Munro-Hay
2647:Francis Anfray.
2635:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2607:, Vol. 1, part 1
2601:
2595:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:. Archived from
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1728:Entrance to the
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1558:Aksum University
1541:, also known as
1518:with 98.54% and
1509:Ethiopian Muslim
1474:Climate-Data.org
1136:
1135:
1089:and 6th-century
730:
607:Ten Commandments
603:Tablets of Stone
593:was restored by
558:Ethiopian Empire
541:Kingdom of Aksum
537:Byzantine Empire
431:
430:
429:
428:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
293:
291:
290:
273:
271:
270:
256:
255:
253:
252:
251:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
217:
203:
202:
196:
184:
170:
169:
163:
129:
120:
111:
100:
91:
80:
58:
38:
37:
35:City in Ethiopia
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3385:
3380:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3218:
3213:
3197:
3158:La'ilay Adiyabo
3139:
3111:
3063:
3054:Hintalo Wajirat
3030:
2972:
2943:La'ilay Maychew
2892:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2863:
2820:, 25 April 2005
2799:Wayback Machine
2776:Wayback Machine
2760:
2644:
2642:Further reading
2639:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2614:Wayback Machine
2602:
2598:
2592:Wayback Machine
2583:
2579:
2569:
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2400:
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2320:
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2299:
2295:
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2278:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:. p. 228.
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:. p. 228.
2162:
2158:
2151:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2054:
2045:
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2023:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1950:
1946:
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1778:
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1733:
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1702:
1693:
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1681:
1678:
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1567:
1555:
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1436:
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1232:
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1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1122:
953:Obelisk of Axum
937:
931:Obelisk of Axum
916:
892:
868:Obelisk of Axum
850:Daniel Krencker
830:
765:Obelisk of Axum
757:
745:Zemene Mesafint
724:
718:
689:
609:are inscribed.
605:upon which the
578:was written by
550:
489:
484:
457:La'ilay Maychew
442:Aksumite Empire
424:
423:
396:
392:
387:, also spelled
352:Cultural: i, iv
342:
288:
286:
268:
266:
249:
247:
243:
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187:
186:
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178:
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176:
175:
171:
149:
142:Abba Pantelewon
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
103:
102:
101:
93:
92:
83:
82:
81:
66:
59:
45:
43:
36:
31:
24:
21:Aksumite Empire
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3232:
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3212:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Tahtay Adiyabo
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Asgede Tsimbla
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
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3051:
3046:
3044:Dogu'a Tembien
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:Kilte Awulaelo
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Atsbi Wenberta
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Tanqua Millash
2960:
2958:Tahtay Maychew
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
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2806:
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2789:
2784:
2779:
2766:
2759:
2758:External links
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:online edition
2744:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2711:online edition
2693:
2679:
2669:
2652:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2596:
2577:
2551:
2526:
2520:Scarre, Chris
2513:
2478:
2453:
2435:
2410:
2398:
2373:
2344:
2329:
2314:
2293:
2276:
2264:
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2236:
2221:
2206:
2199:
2181:
2174:
2156:
2149:
2143:. p. 75.
2131:
2128:. p. 178.
2107:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2060:. p. 177.
2043:
2040:. p. 176.
2028:
2021:
2000:
1988:Addis Standard
1974:
1944:
1930:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1894:
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1832:
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1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:Street in Axum
1791:
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1565:Notable people
1563:
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763:Sketch of the
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749:Wolde Selassie
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3183:Tahtay Koraro
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2874:Tigray Region
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2739:. New Haven:
2738:
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2725:0-500-97008-4
2722:
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2708:0-7486-0106-6
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2691:1-872566-13-8
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2341:. p. 79.
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2326:. p. 79.
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2018:
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1063:Ancient Greek
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862:Early in the
860:
858:
857:Enno Littmann
851:
847:
846:Enno Littmann
843:
839:
834:
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819:
815:
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807:
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800:and his wife
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530:Book of Enoch
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434:Tigray Region
427:
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391:(pronounced:
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226:Coordinates:
224:
195:
162:
152:
147:
143:
139:
128:
119:
110:
99:
90:
79:
69:
62:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
29:
22:
3489:Debre Marqos
3484:Debre Berhan
3459:Bale Hawassa
3438:
3274:
3163:Medebay Zana
3125:Kafta Humera
3117:Western Zone
2978:Eastern Zone
2931:Kola Tembien
2920:
2898:Central Zone
2804:More on Axum
2747:
2736:
2730:
2716:
2699:
2682:
2675:
2658:
2648:
2631:the original
2621:
2604:
2599:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:the original
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2521:
2516:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2413:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2359:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
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2134:
2125:
2100:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2012:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1916:
1904:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1729:
1577:Abay Tsehaye
1556:
1542:
1539:Axum Airport
1537:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1484:Demographics
1473:
1402:mm (inches)
1123:
1111:
1099:Abba Liqanos
1081:(actually a
1061:, Geʽez and
1052:
1023:Elizabeth II
981:
980:churches of
977:
961:Gudit Stelae
938:
897:
893:
890:21st century
877:
861:
854:
828:20th century
822:
795:
788:
782:The warlord
781:
777:Samuel Gobat
774:
755:19th century
742:
719:
716:18th century
702:
690:
687:17th century
681:Sarsa Dengel
678:
668:
664:Lebna Dengel
650:
616:
588:
576:Kebra Nagast
568:Kebra Nagast
563:Book of Axum
561:
551:
534:
508:
504:
497:
490:
465:
449:Central Zone
446:
388:
384:
383:
32:
3680:Holy cities
3670:Axum (city)
3604:Negele Arsi
3584:Kebri Dahar
3494:Debre Tabor
3399:Addis Ababa
2953:Naeder Adet
2494:(1): 1–68.
2428:22 February
2391:22 February
2366:22 February
1545:Yohannes IV
1105:called the
1057:written in
1055:Ezana Stone
1039:Ezana Stone
1028:Menen Asfaw
949:Great Stele
898:During the
878:During the
791:Yohannes IV
733:James Bruce
725: [
591:Aksum Seyon
367:Inscription
248: /
3664:Categories
3629:Shashamane
3419:Arba Minch
3107:Raya Azebo
3087:Endamekoni
2968:Werie Lehe
2948:Mereb Lehe
2570:23 January
2544:9 December
2471:23 January
1896:References
1586:Zera Yacob
1003:Gelawdewos
929:See also:
900:Tigray War
802:Mabel Bent
769:Henry Salt
698:Pedro Páez
694:Susenyos I
625:missionary
622:Portuguese
611:Zara Yaqob
494:metropolis
476:Tigray War
370:1980 (4th
321:Population
236:38°43′40″E
3589:Kombolcha
3524:Dire Dawa
3504:Dembidolo
3499:Degehabur
3444:Bahir Dar
3001:Gulomahda
2936:Abiy Addi
2916:Adwa Town
2508:218602463
1553:Education
1526:Transport
1516:Tigrayans
1093:palaces,
1083:reservoir
987:Fasilides
904:massacred
712:in 1693.
705:Fasilides
703:In 1655,
580:Nebure Id
572:Nebure Id
496:" in the
466:In 1980,
357:Reference
313:Elevation
233:14°7′15″N
3464:Bishoftu
3255:Ethiopia
3188:Tselemti
2906:Abergele
2795:Archived
2772:Archived
2610:Archived
2588:Archived
2360:BBC News
1967:23 April
1798:See also
1543:Emperor
1520:Tigrinya
1472:Source:
1398:Average
1103:rock art
1075:megalith
629:explorer
548:Medieval
438:Ethiopia
348:Criteria
275:Ethiopia
47:Tigrinya
3644:Weldiya
3614:Nekemte
3594:Mekelle
3569:Irgalem
3564:Hosaena
3529:Gambela
3454:Bedessa
3404:Adigrat
3209:Mekelle
3193:Tsimbla
3168:Sheraro
3135:Welkait
3130:Tsegede
3097:Maychew
3082:Alamata
3049:Enderta
2986:Adigrat
2926:Enticho
2872:of the
2870:Woredas
2792:On Axum
2743:, 1993.
1662:Amphora
1599:Gallery
1547:Airport
1467:(25.6)
1393:(50.7)
1388:(44.1)
1383:(46.4)
1378:(49.3)
1373:(52.0)
1368:(54.7)
1363:(53.6)
1358:(54.3)
1353:(55.2)
1348:(54.9)
1343:(51.4)
1338:(47.1)
1333:(45.5)
1323:(64.7)
1318:(61.2)
1313:(63.3)
1308:(64.2)
1303:(64.2)
1298:(63.3)
1293:(63.0)
1288:(67.5)
1283:(69.4)
1278:(69.8)
1273:(63.9)
1268:(64.0)
1263:(62.1)
1253:(79.3)
1248:(78.3)
1243:(80.2)
1238:(79.3)
1233:(76.6)
1228:(72.1)
1223:(72.5)
1218:(80.6)
1213:(83.8)
1208:(84.9)
1203:(83.5)
1198:(81.0)
1193:(78.6)
1132:(Cwb).
1120:Climate
1059:Sabaean
1043:Sabaean
906:by the
806:Massawa
710:Iyasu I
654:leader
642:Kandake
595:Dawit I
514:Ousanas
487:Ancient
482:History
372:Session
307:Central
262:Country
51:Amharic
3634:Tebela
3624:Shanto
3619:Sebeta
3599:Moyale
3574:Jijiga
3554:Gununo
3549:Gondar
3534:Gesuba
3509:Dessie
3474:Boditi
3469:Bitena
3429:Asella
3006:Hawzen
2723:
2706:
2689:
2665:
2506:
2197:
2172:
2147:
2081:
2019:
1993:4 July
1962:UNESCO
1954:"Axum"
1919:. 2022
1666:Asmara
1636:Dungur
1624:Dungur
1462:(0.0)
1457:(0.5)
1452:(0.5)
1447:(2.6)
1442:(7.8)
1437:(8.7)
1432:(2.6)
1427:(1.2)
1422:(1.1)
1417:(0.4)
1412:(0.1)
1407:(0.1)
1144:Month
1091:Dungur
941:steles
842:Tigray
771:, 1809
526:Wazeba
468:UNESCO
329:94,515
295:Tigray
292:
282:Region
272:
146:Dungur
57:: አኵስም
3649:Wukro
3579:Jimma
3559:Harar
3519:Dimtu
3479:Bombe
3434:Awasa
3424:Areka
3394:Adama
3275:Aksum
3092:Korem
3077:Alaje
3026:Wukro
2866:Zones
2504:S2CID
2422:(PDF)
2385:(PDF)
1923:4 May
1913:(PDF)
1831:Notes
1664:from
1183:Year
1047:Greek
1007:Minas
995:Gudit
991:Ezana
965:tombs
729:]
646:Gudit
522:Kaleb
518:Ezana
422:
389:Aksum
55:Ge’ez
3639:Sodo
3544:Gode
3539:Goba
3514:Dila
3449:Batu
3439:Axum
3414:Ambo
3409:Adwa
3330:Tiya
3102:Ofla
3011:Irob
2921:Axum
2911:Adwa
2868:and
2721:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2659:Axum
2572:2013
2546:2013
2524:1999
2473:2013
2430:2014
2393:2014
2368:2014
2195:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1995:2023
1969:2020
1925:2023
1391:10.4
1371:11.1
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1211:28.8
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1196:27.2
1191:25.9
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