245:. "At a subsequent period, however, as there was no longer men of this stamp (noble character) to carry on the government, and the corruption of manners, caused by the natural fruitfulness of the country, and restrained by no strict laws, was continually on the increase, the state of Tarentum was so entirely changed, that every trace of the ancient Doric character, and particularly of the mother-country, disappeared; hence, although externally powerful and wealthy, it was from its real internal debility, in the end, necessarily overthrown, particularly when the insolent violence of the people became a fresh source of weakness."
159:) forbade them to travel abroad, and go about acquainting themselves with foreign rules of morality, the habits of ill-educated people, and different views of government. Withal he banished from Lacedaemon all strangers who would not give a very good reason for their coming thither; not because he was afraid lest they should inform themselves of and imitate his manner of government (as
253:: "Not to welcome any visitor and never to go out is, besides, something quite impossible and would, at the same time, be seen in the eyes of other men as a savage and unsocial form of behaviour. It would bring upon you the odious name of someone who hunts down foreigners (xenolasiais) and would earn you the reputation of having rough and brutal manners". op cit.
248:
The brief admiration the
Athenians and their allies may have had for Spartan Doric discipline and virtue born of cultural isolation, must be viewed in the context of their early alliance against the Persians, later to be turned to hatred and rebellion in the outcome of the Pelopennesian War and their
234:
were active, industrious and enterprising, good sailors and active merchants, they had entirely lost the stability and noble features of the Doric character. Some said that they exceeded the
Athenians in degradation and that even their dogs excelled in impudence. Argos was also a Doric state. It also
53:
of expelling foreigners deemed injurious to the public welfare. The isolationist customs of Sparta (which included discouraging
Spartan citizens from traveling outside the commonwealth) may also sometimes be referred to as xenelasia. The majority of ancient Greek authors attribute the codification of
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says), or learn anything to their good; but rather lest they should introduce something contrary to good manners. With strange people, strange words must be admitted; these novelties produce novelties in thought; and on these views and feelings whose discordant character destroys the harmony of the
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writes that the Doric ideal of a "certain loftiness and severity of character" was preserved in Sparta only because it succeeded in keeping herself in an isolated situation. He argues these laws were intended to preserve the native character of the Doric tribe from any taint of foreign influence.
266:"The anxiety of the Dorians, and the Spartans in particular, to keep up the pure Doric character and the customs of their ancestors, is strongly shown by the prohibition to travel, and the exclusion of foreigners, an institution common both to Spartans and Cretans,…"
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loss of democracy and autonomy. But well before events turned the other city states against the dominant Sparta, Plato deploys the term "xenelasia" as synonymous with barbarity, an entirely uncivilised condition. He has this to say in the
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exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of an enemy may occasionally profit by our liberality; trusting less in system and policy than to the native spirit of our citizens...
78:. While foreigners were allowed in for religious festivals and missions of state, they were generally not permitted to live in the environs, though special exceptions might be given to friends and allies, (
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There were alien acts in former days, and to live abroad was illegal; and I have no doubt that the purpose of these regulations was to keep the citizens from being demoralized by contact with foreigners;
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However, Müller wrote in the context of a racial, mythographic view of history - they were the invading and occupying force in Lacedæmonia, holding down a population of servile peasants, called
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is most famously associated with Sparta. Lacedæmonian magistrates had the authorization to expel any person who posed a threat to public order and morals, for they considered their
522:(in Russian: Зайков А. В. Спартанские ксенеласии // Античная древность и средние века. Екатеринбург: Уральский государственный университет, 1999. Вып. 30. С. 6–25. ).
508:
Harpers
Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, edited by Harry Thurston Peck, Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1896, 1962. see entry Xenelasia.
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lost its "noble features of the Doric character". "Argos became such an unsettled state of public affairs, sycophancy and violence became prevalent:…"
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If we turn to our military policy, there also we differ from antagonists. We throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts (ξενηλασίαις /
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state. He was as careful to save his city from the infection of foreign bad habits, as men usually are to prevent the introduction of a pestilence.
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believed that Sparta lasted a long time because "she did not permit strangers to establish themselves in the republic" and remarked that the
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took the opposite course of Sparta spelling her doom. The
Spartiate population of Sparta was in decline from the time of its victory in the
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Larcher's notes on
Herodotus, historical and critical comments on the History of Herodotus. From the Fr, Volume 1 1844
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368:. Vol. 2. Translated by Richard Crawley. London / New York: J. M. Dent / E. P. Dutton. chapter 39, section 1
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Huntington Cairns, Bollingen Series LXXI, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1961.
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The
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project
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that "…we
Cretans are not much given to cultivating verse of alien origin."
302:. Translated by Haydn Mason. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Publishing.
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396:, The Modern Library (div of Random House, Inc). Bio on Lycurgus, pg 70.
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520:. Ekaterinburg: The Ural State University, 1999. № 30. Pp. 6–25.
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197:, falling from 9,000 Spartiates in 640 to 1,000 after the
459:, Karl Otfried Müller, 2nd ed. rev. 1839. Vol II, pg 149.
447:, Karl Otfried Müller, 2nd ed. rev. 1839. Vol II, pg 157.
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471:, Karl Otfried Müller, 2nd ed. rev. 1839. Vol II, pg 183
495:, John Murray, London, 2nd ed. rev. 1839. Vol II, pg 4
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Plutarch: The Lives of the Noble
Grecians and Romans
298:de Jaucourt, Louis (2014) . "Xenelasia of Sparta".
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126:as a characteristic of Athens' enemies during the
130:. These opponents included the Lacedæmonians:
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516:. (In Russian + German summary.) Published in:
287:. New York: University of Chicago Press. 2003.
481:The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race
469:The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race
457:The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race
445:The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race
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285:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
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412:, W.W. Norton & Co., NY, 1992. pg 96
201:in 371, due to increasingly unattainable
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326:Legislation against foreign residents.
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338:"Constitution of the Lacedaimonians"
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485:Karl Otfried Müller
362:Thucydides (1910).
187:Niccolò Machiavelli
170:Karl Otfried Müller
536:Politics by region
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195:Peloponnesian Wars
541:Ancient Greek law
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143:Concerning
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566:Xenophobia
530:Categories
514:xenelasiai
406:The Prince
372:2018-03-07
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336:Xenophon.
271:References
232:Corcyreans
161:Thucydides
110:Thucydides
145:xenelasia
124:xenelasia
92:xenelasia
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28:ξενηλασία
20:Xenelasia
433:The Laws
239:Tarentum
203:syssitia
157:Lycurgus
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149:Plutarch
114:Pericles
88:Xenophon
84:Xenophon
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116:in his
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225:Homer
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180:xenoi
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