Peloponnesian War - Knowledge

1634: 912:. He states that he began writing his history as soon as the war broke out and took his information from first-hand accounts, including events he witnessed himself. An Athenian who fought in the early part of the war, Thucydides was exiled in 423 BC and settled in the Peloponnese, where he spent the rest of the war collecting sources and writing his history. Scholars regard Thucydides as reliable and neutral between the two sides. A partial exception are the lengthy speeches he reports, which Thucydides admits are not accurate records of what was said, but his interpretation of the general arguments presented. The narrative begins several years before the war, explaining why it began, then reports events year-by-year. The main limitation of Thucydides' work is that it is incomplete: the text ends abruptly in 411 BC, seven years before the conclusion of the war. 1568: 1785: 1268: 1055: 1821: 1496: 1579:, near Athens, and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round. The fortification of Decelea prevented overland supplies to Athens, and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at greater expense. More significantly, the nearby silver mines were totally disrupted, with as many as 20,000 Athenian slaves freed by the Spartan hoplites at Decelea. With the treasury and emergency reserve of 1,000 talents dwindling, the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies, further increasing tensions and the threat of rebellion within the Empire. 250: 873: 52: 1596: 1470:. In the battle, the allied coalition scored early successes, but failed to capitalize on them, which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat them. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. The democratic alliance was broken up, and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League. With its victory at Mantinea, Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat, and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese. 1154: 1247:

and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians. Thucydides reports that the Corinthians condemned Sparta's inactivity until then, warning Sparta that if it remained passive, it would soon be outflanked and without allies. In response, the Athenians reminded the Spartans of Athens's record of military success and opposition to Persia, warned them of confronting such a powerful state, and encouraged Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years' Peace. The Spartan king

1522:(religious statues) of Athens were mutilated by unknown persons, and Alcibiades was charged with religious crimes. Alcibiades demanded that he be put on trial at once, so that he could defend himself before the expedition. However, the Athenians allowed Alcibiades to go on the expedition without being tried (many believed in order to better plot against him). After arriving in Sicily, Alcibiades was recalled to Athens for trial. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and 1210: 126: 364: 324: 312: 295: 1106:), but upon its arrival, this force was dismissed by the Spartans, while those of all the other allies were permitted to remain. According to Thucydides, the Spartans did this out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta. When the rebellious helots were finally forced to surrender and permitted to evacuate the state, the Athenians settled them at the strategic city of 1094:. By mid-century, the Persians had been driven out of the Aegean and had ceded control of vast territories to Athens. Athens had greatly increased its own power; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced, over the course of the century, to the status of tribute-paying subject states of the Delian League. This tribute was used to fund a powerful fleet and, after the middle of the century, massive public works in Athens, causing resentment. 306: 1172:, and Athens faced the prospect of revolts throughout its empire. The Spartans, whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire, called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens. Sparta's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention, and the congress voted against war with Athens. The Athenians crushed the revolt, and peace was maintained. 1314: 1538: 1380:, where the first war turned in Athens's favor. The post off Pylos exploited Sparta's dependence on the helots, slaves who worked the fields while its citizens trained to be soldiers. The Pylos post began attracting helot runaways. In addition, the fear of a revolt of helots emboldened by the nearby Athenians drove the Spartans to attack the post. Demosthenes outmaneuvered the Spartans in the 1559:, delayed withdrawal. The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse. The Athenians were thoroughly defeated. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly, eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet. 1198:, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, to tear down its walls, send hostages to Athens, dismiss the Corinthian magistrates from office, and refuse the magistrates that Corinth would send in the future. Outraged, the Corinthians encouraged Potidaea to revolt and assured them that they would ally with them should they revolt from Athens. During the subsequent 1183:, a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth would invade Corcyra. However, the Athenian ships participated in the battle, and the arrival of additional Athenian 1583:

Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which defeated the Athenian fleet when they tried to withdraw. The Athenian army tried to withdraw overland to friendlier Sicilian cities, but was divided and defeated. The entire Athenian fleet was destroyed, and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold into slavery.

1243:, but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans, and so have considered the sanctions a contributing causing of the war. Historians who attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause. 2544:"He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." in Xenophon, 1546:

instead of attacking, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. With winter approaching, the Athenians withdrew into their quarters and spent the winter gathering allies. The delay allowed Syracuse to request help from Sparta, who sent their general

1286:). The Athenian Empire, although based in the peninsula of Attica, spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid by these islands. Athens maintained its empire through naval power. Thus, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles. 1246:

At the request of Corinth, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens, to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. This debate was also attended by an uninvited delegation from Athens, which also asked to speak,

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The Athenians managed to survive for several reasons. First, their foes lacked initiative. Corinth and Syracuse were slow to bring their fleets into the Aegean, and Sparta's other allies were also slow to furnish troops or ships. The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection, and many rejoined

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Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. Demosthenes was chosen and led another fleet to Sicily, joining his forces with those of Nicias. More battles ensued and again, the Syracusans and their allies defeated the Athenians. Demosthenes argued for a retreat to Athens, but Nicias at

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After the destruction of the Sicilian Expedition, Lacedaemon encouraged the revolt of Athens's tributary allies, and indeed, much of Ionia rose in revolt. The Syracusans sent their fleet to the Peloponnesians, and the Persians decided to support the Spartans with money and ships. Revolt and faction

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Friction between Athens and the Peloponnesian states, including Sparta, began early in the Pentecontaetia. In the wake of the departure of the Persians from Greece, Sparta sent ambassadors to persuade Athens not to reconstruct their walls, but was rebuffed. Without the walls, Athens would have been

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Corinth, Sparta, and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse, to drive off the Athenians; but instead of withdrawing, the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies decisively defeated the

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The Athenian force consisted of over 100 ships and some 5,000 infantry and light-armored troops. Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses, which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry. Upon landing in Sicily, several cities immediately joined the Athenian cause. But

1435:, both zealous war hawks for their nations, the Peace of Nicias was able to last six years. However, it was a time of constant skirmishes in and around the Peloponnese. While the Spartans refrained from action themselves, some of their allies began to talk of revolt. They were supported in this by 1389:. In a shocking turn of events, 300 Spartan hoplites encircled by Athenian forces surrendered. The Spartan image of invincibility took significant damage. The Athenians jailed Sphacterian hostages in Athens and resolved to execute the captured Spartans if a Peloponnesian army invaded Attica again. 1289:

The Spartan strategy during the Archidamian War was to invade the land around Athens. While this invasion deprived Athenians of the productive land around their city, Athens maintained access to the sea, and did not suffer much. Many of the citizens of Attica abandoned their farms and moved inside

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The Peloponnesian War changed the ancient Greek world. Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece, poverty

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manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague. The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy.

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demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved. However, the Spartans announced their refusal to destroy a city that had done a good service at a time of greatest danger to Greece, and took Athens into their own system. Athens was "to have the same friends and

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was dispatched but arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis; Thucydides was exiled for this, and, as a result, had conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history. Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in Athenian efforts to retake Amphipolis (see

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hit Athens. The plague ravaged the densely packed city, and in the long run, was a significant cause of its final defeat. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. Roughly one-third to two-thirds of the Athenian population died. Athenian

1477:, and demanded that Melos ally with them against Sparta, or be destroyed. The Melians rejected this, so the Athenian army laid siege to their city and eventually captured it in the winter. After the city's fall, the Athenians executed all the adult men, and sold the women and children into 1384:

in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. But weeks later he proved unable to finish them off. Instead, the inexperienced Cleon boasted in the Assembly that he could end the affair, and did win a great victory at the

1756:. In him, Cyrus found a man willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the Peloponnesian War. When Cyrus was recalled to 1550:

to Sicily with reinforcements. Upon arriving, he raised a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. He took command of the Syracusan troops, and in a series of battles defeated the Athenian forces, and prevented them from invading the city.

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Unlike some of his predecessors, the new Spartan general, Lysander, was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy; he was an artful diplomat, who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Achaemenid prince

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warfare, the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest. Moreover, Spartan slaves, known as helots, needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for long. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just 40 days.

1090:, in which Athens increasingly became an empire, carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. Athens brought under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies, ushering in a period now called the 1669:

Alcibiades, while condemned as a traitor, still carried weight in Athens. He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens; instead, he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure. He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the

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After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was

1003:. Plutarch's focus was on the character and morality of these men, but he does provide some details on the progress of the war that are not recorded elsewhere. Written in the first century AD, Plutarch based his work on earlier accounts which are now lost. 1141:. But at its end, a massive Spartan invasion of Attica forced Athens to cede the lands it had won on the Greek mainland, and Athens and Sparta recognized each other's right to control their respective alliance systems. The war was officially ended by the 1586:

Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand. Their treasury was nearly empty, its docks were depleted, and many of the Athenian youth were dead or imprisoned in a foreign land.

1179:, a sea power that was not allied to either Sparta or Athens, Corinth began to build an allied naval force. Alarmed, Corcyra sought alliance with Athens. Athens discussed with both Corcyra and Corinth, and made a defensive alliance with Corcyra. At the 1812:

lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships. But, due to bad weather, the Athenians were unable to rescue their stranded crews or finish off the Spartan fleet. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a

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Cyrus the Younger would later obtain the support of the Spartans in return, after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", when he led his own expedition to

1335:, who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. The Athenian fleet, the dominant Greek naval force, went on the offensive, winning at 1098:

defenseless against a land attack and subject to Spartan control. According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action then, they "secretly felt aggrieved". Conflict between the states flared up again in 465 BC, when a

2450:"The winter following Tissaphernes put Iasus in a state of defence, and passing on to Miletus distributed a month's pay to all the ships as he had promised at Lacedaemon, at the rate of an Attic drachma a day for each man." in 2085: 1633: 860:, complete with mass atrocities. Shattering religious and cultural taboos, devastating vast swathes of countryside, and destroying whole cities, the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the 1518:, who ultimately led an expedition, of conquering all of Sicily. Syracuse was not much smaller than Athens, and conquering all of Sicily would bring Athens immense resources. In the final preparations for departure, the 1439:, a powerful Peloponnesian state that had remained independent of Lacedaemon. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives forged a coalition of democratic states in the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of 1085:

in the year 480 BC, Athens led the coalition of Greek city-states that continued the Greco-Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia. What ensued was a period which Thucydides called the

1069:, made war inevitable". The nearly 50 years before the War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. Its empire began as a small group of city-states, called the 1228:

A further provocation was Athens in 433/2 BC imposing trade sanctions on Megarian citizens (once more a Spartan ally after the First Peloponnesian War). It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the

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The Sicilian disaster prompted the third phase of the war (413–404 BC), named the Decelean War, or the Ionian War, when the Persian Empire supported Sparta to recover the suzerainty of the Greek cities of

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the whole position was changed by the appointment of Cyrus the Younger as satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia and Cappadocia. His arrival coincided with the appointment of Lysander (c. Dec. 408) as Spartan

1817:. The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens's top naval commanders. Athens's naval supremacy would now be challenged without several of its most able military leaders and a demoralized navy. 1897:, loyal to the bitter last, held on slightly longer, and were allowed to flee with their lives. The surrender stripped Athens of its walls, its fleet, and all of its overseas possessions. Corinth and 1206:

city to help defend it. This directly violated the Thirty Years' Peace, which stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other's autonomy and internal affairs.

2546: 925:. This directly follows Thucydides' final sentence and provides a similar record, on the topics of the war's conclusion and aftermath. Born in Athens, Xenophon spent his military career as a 681: 2452: 2073: 848:

became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens was devastated and never regained its pre-war prosperity. The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society, the conflict between

1630:. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years. 1466:

was the largest land battle within Greece during the Peloponnesian War. The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and

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revolt broke out in Sparta. The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies, including Athens, to help them suppress the revolt. Athens sent out a sizable contingent (4,000

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was placed in charge of the mission. After his defection, Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of

1914:, Sparta took over the Athenian empire and kept all its tribute revenues for itself; Sparta's allies, who had made greater sacrifices in the war than had Sparta, got nothing. 1677:

Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. All of this was due, in no small part, to Alcibiades.

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in 406 BC. Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city. He would never again lead Athenians in battle. Athens won the naval

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Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. The first phase (431–421 BC) was named the Ten Years War, or the Archidamian War, after the Spartan king

1864:. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the 1575:

The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. On the advice of Alcibiades, they fortified

2094:, page 43, "Even more problematic are the speeches that he put into the mouths of important individuals, while admitting the impossibility of recording them verbatim". 674: 1282:

Sparta and its allies, except for Corinth, were almost exclusively land-based, and able to summon large armies which were nearly unbeatable (thanks to the legendary

475: 667: 828:. With Persian money, Sparta built a massive fleet under the leadership of Lysander, who won a streak of decisive victories in the Aegean Sea, notably at 1622:

occurred in Athens, in which a group of 400 seized power. Peace with Sparta might have been possible, but the Athenian fleet, now based on the island of

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Athens and oligarchic Sparta, each of which supported friendly political factions within other states, made war a common occurrence in the Greek world.

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in 410. In the battle, the Athenians obliterated the Spartan fleet, and succeeded in re-establishing the financial basis of the Athenian Empire.

1360:), the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese. Athens stretched their military activities into 1030:, both in Athens; these provide no information on military activity but do reflect civilian life during the war. Several plays by the Athenian 81: 3654: 2912:

Der oligarchische Umsturz des Jahres 411 v. Chr. und die Herrschaft der Vierhundert in Athen: Quellenkritische und historische Untersuchungen

1125:, which were neighbors of Athens. Athens took advantage of the war to make an alliance with Megara, giving Athens a critical foothold on the 3264: 2139: 2613: 2288: 1940:

in 371 BC. A few decades later, the rivalry between Athens and Sparta ended when Macedonia became the most powerful entity in Greece and

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At the start of the war, the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort.

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was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory, thus sparing much of the routed Corcyrean and Athenian fleet.

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The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians

1259:. A majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace, essentially declaring war. 2714: 2016: 17: 2479:

Harrison, Cynthia (2002). "Numismatic Problems in the Achaemenid West: The Undue Modern Influence of 'Tissaphernes'".

1413:). The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas, and signed a truce. 3161: 3153: 3136: 3095: 3071: 3054: 3046: 3032: 3024: 3010: 3002: 2988: 2980: 2966: 2958: 2934: 2919: 2904: 2896: 2877: 2869: 2847: 1451:

was called into question. Emboldened, the Argives and their allies, with the support of a small Athenian force under

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summarised the situation before the war as: "The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in

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The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to replace the Athenian Empire with a Spartan empire. After the

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The faction hostile to Alcibiades triumphed in Athens following a minor Spartan victory by their skillful general

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These ships were then released, and served as the core of the Athenians' fleet throughout the rest of the war. An

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first refused. After additional setbacks, Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen, in the form of a

1022:, excavated in the 20th century. Some buildings and artworks produced during the war have survived, such as the 3644: 2253:, years ended at midsummer; as a result, some events cannot be dated to a specific year of the modern calendar. 1814: 1784: 1662: 1567: 788:

was signed in 421 BC and lasted until 413 BC. Several proxy battles took place during this period, notably the

958:. Written in the first century BC, these books appear to be based heavily (possibly entirely) upon an earlier 409: 1275:

The first years of the Peloponnesian war are known as the Archidamian War (431–421 BC), after Sparta's king

1137:, and a number of other states. For a time during this conflict, Athens controlled not only Megara but also 2480: 1890: 1336: 1299: 1203: 844:(394–386 BC), which, although it ended inconclusively, helped Athens regain its independence from Sparta. 130:

The Peloponnesian war alliances at 431 BC. Orange: Athenian Empire and Allies; green: Spartan Confederacy.

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Although the hegemony of Athens was broken, the Attic city completed the recovery of its autonomy in the

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The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time; in the tradition of earlier

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The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth. After a defeat by their colony of

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the Athenian side. The Persians were slow to send promised funds and ships, frustrating battle plans.

784:(Athens' alliance) raided the Peloponnesian coast to trigger rebellions within Sparta. The precarious 3659: 3342: 3077: 1883: 1478: 1352:, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Led militarily by a clever new general 1054: 959: 717: 588: 64: 832:, in 405 BC. Athens capitulated the following year and lost all its empire. Lysander imposed puppet 3459: 3231: 2950: 2225: 2210: 1936:

and continued to play an active role in Greek politics. Sparta was later defeated by Thebes at the

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around 40 years after the war had ended. His account is generally considered favourable to Sparta.

447:, the Spartan fleet (built with Persian subsidies) finally defeated Athens which began a period of 68: 60: 3236: 2417: 2344: 2329: 2195: 2180: 1447:. Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed, and the leadership of the Spartan king 3352: 3304: 3191: 2516: 1820: 1619: 1130: 808:, between 415 and 413 BC, during which Athens lost almost all its navy in the attempt to capture 728: 31: 1507:

was under attack from Syracuse, the main city of Sicily. The people of Syracuse were ethnically

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on the former members of the Delian League, including Athens, where the regime was known as the

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In the summer of 416 BC, during a truce with Sparta, Athens invaded the neutral island of

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raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of

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and Greece. Exiled from Athens for these actions, he retired to live in Sparta, where he wrote

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Kirshner, Jonathan. 2018. "Handle Him with Care: The Importance of Getting Thucydides Right".

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Facing the resurgence of Athens, from 408 BC, Darius II decided to continue the war against

3519: 3511: 3446: 3299: 1941: 1410: 1386: 773: 578: 563: 233: 174: 1893:, Athens surrendered in 404 BC, and its allies soon surrendered as well. The democrats at 8: 3347: 3289: 3064:

Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides: The Sicilian Expedition and its Aftermath

2530:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–76, see page 75. 2482:

Numismatic Problems in the Achaemenid West: The Undue Modern Influence of 'Tissapherness'

1949: 1805: 1490: 805: 643: 618: 603: 523: 513: 2561: 2411: 3433: 3332: 1868:, destroying 168 ships. Only 12 Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to 1828:

was assassinated by Persian soldiers, who may have been following the orders of Satrap

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The Athenians felt obliged to help their ally. They also held visions, rallied on by

1511:(as were the Spartans), while the Athenians, and their ally in Sicilia, were Ionian. 1503:

In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in

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A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War

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The Thirty Years' Peace was first tested in 440 BC, when Athens's powerful ally

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and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese. One of these posts was near

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of Athens rendered this strategy ineffective, while the superior navy of the

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several deceptive passages in the Hellenika benefit the Spartans' reputation

30:"Athenian War" redirects here. For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC, see 3549: 3539: 3382: 2940: 2888: 2741: 1698: 1444: 1283: 1252: 1036: 1031: 974: 793: 776:, the alliance network dominated by Sparta (then known as Lacedaemon). The 1980:

Athens After the Peloponnesian War: Class, Faction and Policy 403–386 B.C.

1077:, on which they kept their treasury – that formed to ensure that the 902:

The main historical source for most of the war is the detailed account in

3564: 3494: 3469: 3464: 3413: 1945: 1926: 1857: 1357: 1231: 1133:, ensued, in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta, Corinth, 1023: 1011: 948:

A briefer account of the whole war is provided by the Sicilian historian

3219: 3190: 2515: 1626:, refused the change. In 411 BC, this fleet engaged the Spartans at the 1404:

mines whose that supplied much of the Athenian war fund. A force led by

1046:), but these are works of comedic fiction with little historical value. 885:. Interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by 3441: 3362: 3142:

The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War

2795: 2746: 1835: 1825: 1789: 1745: 1729: 1694: 1600: 1515: 1452: 1405: 1397: 1377: 1291: 1240: 1221: 1195: 1165: 1062: 1042: 1015: 990: 934: 909: 878: 857: 777: 738: 358: 300: 156: 3169:

The Plague of War: Athens, Sparta, and the Struggle for Ancient Greece

1764:, he gave Lysander the revenues from all of his cities of Asia Minor. 3242: 2861: 2812: 2765: 1922: 1874: 1853: 1761: 1686: 1646: 1326: 1007: 926: 921: 849: 833: 797: 2598:. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. pp. I-2–22. 1298:. At the end of the first year of the war, Pericles gave his famous 453: 2929:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, 2819: 2807: 2777: 1856:. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the 1797: 1753: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1547: 1531: 1440: 1432: 1393: 1332: 1318: 1217: 1191: 1103: 1019: 994: 982: 978: 916: 821: 444: 432: 353: 340: 305: 270: 2840:

The Peloponnesian War: Athens, Sparta, And The Struggle For Greece

2788: 1741: 1576: 1508: 1448: 1365: 1361: 1306: 1295: 1184: 1138: 963: 769: 439:. The war remained undecided until the later intervention of the 1313: 1956: 1869: 1861: 1733: 1721: 1717: 1706: 1702: 1680: 1654: 1537: 1523: 1519: 1504: 1401: 1169: 1134: 1118: 1066: 986: 938: 882: 813: 765: 428: 289: 237: 160: 3212:

Audiobooks in the US – 20:57:23 hours, at least 603.7 MB)

981:

wrote biographies of four of the major commanders in the war (

3066:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 (hardcover, 2017:"What History's Biggest Wars Teach Us About Leading in Peace" 1894: 1879: 1737: 1710: 1623: 1527: 1474: 1456: 1428: 1373: 1349: 1162: 1099: 1074: 276: 1251:

spoke against the war, but the opinion of the hawkish ephor

840:. The Peloponnesian War was followed ten years later by the 3225: 1955:

A symbolic peace treaty was signed by the mayors of modern

1769: 1757: 1709:. In 412 BC, this led to the Persian reconquest of most of 414: 1948:

except Sparta, which was later subjugated by Philip's son

3090:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982 (hardcover, 3019:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987 (hardcover, 2997:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981 (hardcover, 2975:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974 (hardcover, 1713:. Tissaphernes also helped fund the Peloponnesian fleet. 1921:, a reactionary regime set up by Sparta. In 403 BC, the 824:, incorporated into the Delian League at the end of the 2437:

A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great

1693:

had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the

792:

in 418 BC, won by Sparta against an ad-hoc alliance of

2927:

Attrition: Aspects of Command in the Peloponnesian War

1168:. The rebels quickly secured the support of a Persian 2644:

New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography

966:, written in the century after the war, which is now 3171:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017 (hardcover, 1963:

2,500 years after the war ended, on March 12, 1996.

1006:

More limited information on the war is derived from

689: 37:

For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides, see

1484: 1356:(not to be confused with the later Athenian orator 919:, a younger contemporary, in the first book of his 877:Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre written by 2686: 1882:, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the 1324:The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the 1216:(432 BC): Athenians against Corinthians. Scene of 1117:In 459 BC, there was a war between Spartan allies 1034:were written and set during the war (particularly 3057:); a one-volume version of his earlier tetralogy. 2842:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006 (hardcover, 1889:Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged 1058:Fragment of the Athenian Tribute List, 425–424 BC 3611: 3106:. In Balzacq, Thierry; Krebs, Ronald R. (eds.). 1925:were overthrown and a democracy was restored by 1400:in Thrace. Amphipolis controlled several nearby 73:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 3201:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 71–76. 2995:The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition 2730: 2602: 1262: 3206:LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War 2592:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1886). 1562: 3258: 675: 469: 2899:); New York: Random House, 2006 (paperback, 2650: 2628:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 1681:Achaemenid's support for Sparta (414–404 BC) 1499:Destruction of the Athenian army at Syracuse 1129:. A 15-year conflict, commonly known as the 3144:, edited by Robert B. Strassler. New York: 3110:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–56. 1416: 209:Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies 3265: 3251: 2687:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). 2433: 1917:For a short time, Athens was ruled by the 1772:in 401 BC in order to topple his brother, 682: 668: 476: 462: 27:War between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BC) 3239:on Lycurgus.org (archived 29 August 2016) 1392:After these battles, the Spartan general 104:Learn how and when to remove this message 3224:(translation of Thukydides's books – in 3188: 2591: 2513: 2478: 1819: 1783: 1632: 1594: 1566: 1536: 1494: 1312: 1294:, which connected Athens to its port of 1266: 1208: 1152: 1053: 871: 3049:); New York: Penguin, 2004 (paperback, 2914:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2001 ( 2440:. London: Macmillan. pp. 397, 540. 14: 3612: 3272: 3101: 2693:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 201. 2454:Perseus Under Philologic: Thuc. 8.29.1 2409: 2091: 2079: 1993:"Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War" 1779: 1166:rebelled from its alliance with Athens 395:(431–404 BC), often called simply the 382:unknown number of civilian casualties. 3246: 3108:The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy 3104:"Thucydides Legacy in Grand Strategy" 3102:Morley, Neville (13 September 2021). 3041:. New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, 2947:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War 2434:Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956). 2429: 2427: 1148: 804:, and Athens. The main event was the 663: 483: 457: 3655:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire 3475:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 3221:The History of the Peloponnesian War 3129:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War 2858:Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War 2735: 1145:, signed in the winter of 446/5 BC. 905:The History of the Peloponnesian War 431:and their respective allies for the 45: 867: 24: 3455:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 2424: 1832:, at the instigation of Lysander. 1590: 1190:Following this, Athens instructed 25: 3671: 3182: 2832: 2828:(Pericles, Alcibiades, Lysander). 2641: 2103: 1720:and give stronger support to the 1083:Second Persian invasion of Greece 714:Second Persian invasion of Greece 2801:History of the Peloponnesian War 2715:"Athens, Sparta sign peace pact" 2690:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 2624: 2397:History of the Peloponnesian War 2383:History of the Peloponnesian War 2357:Origins of the Peloponnesian War 2286:History of the Peloponnesian War 2137:History of the Peloponnesian War 2106:"Review of: Xenophon and Sparta" 1824:In 404 BC, the Athenian General 1541:Sicily and the Peloponnesian War 1485:Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BC) 1235:. These sanctions, known as the 710:First Persian invasion of Greece 691:Greek wars of the 5th century BC 362: 322: 310: 304: 293: 248: 124: 50: 39:History of the Peloponnesian War 3189:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). 3017:The Fall of the Athenian Empire 2707: 2680: 2667: 2635: 2618: 2585: 2574:Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough. " 2568: 2553: 2538: 2514:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). 2507: 2472: 2444: 2416:. W. Tegg and Company. p. 2403: 2388: 2375: 2362: 2349: 2334: 2319: 2306: 2293: 2278: 2269: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2215: 2200: 2185: 2170: 2157: 2144: 2129: 1657:. The encounter was related by 1081:were over. After defeating the 2097: 2060: 2047: 2034: 2009: 1985: 1972: 800:(both former Spartan allies), 13: 1: 3650:Wars involving ancient Greece 2610:Concerning the Team of Horses 1641:(left), Achaemenid satrap of 1608:threatened in Athens itself. 1571:The key actions of each phase 1455:, moved to seize the city of 915:The account was continued by 443:in support of Sparta. Led by 2731:General and cited references 2559:Xenophon. Tr. H. G. Dakyns. 1966: 1905: 1271:The walls surrounding Athens 1263:Archidamian War (431–421 BC) 768:several times with the full 415: 7: 3424:Wars of Alexander the Great 3131:, London, Duckworth, 1972. 1563:The Second War (413–404 BC) 1157:The Delian League in 431 BC 1073: – from the island of 10: 3676: 2720:United Press International 2582:. 1996. Project Gutenberg. 2111:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2070:, Introduction xxiii–xxiv. 1808:. The Spartan fleet under 1488: 1420: 1239:, were largely ignored by 1049: 952:in books 12 and 13 of his 416:Pólemos tō̃n Peloponnēsíōn 404: 36: 29: 3596: 3432: 3343:Wars of the Delian League 3323: 3280: 3192:"Peloponnesian War" 2517:"Peloponnesian War" 2491:10.1163/9789004350908_018 2275:Thucydides, Book I, 49–50 1860:, the source of Athens's 1748:, and general commander ( 1224:. 18th century engraving. 718:Wars of the Delian League 697: 495: 405:Πόλεμος τῶν Πελοποννησίων 374: 261: 217: 134: 123: 118: 3368:Second Peloponnesian War 2951:Cornell University Press 2410:Rollin, Charles (1851). 2314:Aspects of Greek History 1599:The triumphal return of 1417:Peace of Nicias (421 BC) 1376:on a tiny island called 393:Second Peloponnesian War 380:At least 18,070 soldiers 59:This article includes a 3353:First Peloponnesian War 3198:Encyclopædia Britannica 2565:I.I. Project Gutenberg. 2527:Encyclopædia Britannica 1982:, New York 2014, p. 80. 1620:oligarchical revolution 1341:an outbreak of a plague 1131:First Peloponnesian War 1014:, such as the walls of 729:First Peloponnesian War 88:more precise citations. 32:First Peloponnesian War 3560:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 3485:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 3419:Expansion of Macedonia 3125:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix 2883:Hanson, Victor Davis. 1844: 1793: 1666: 1663:Francesco Antonio Grue 1649:, and Spartan general 1604: 1572: 1542: 1500: 1321: 1272: 1225: 1158: 1059: 899: 262:Commanders and leaders 142:431 – April 25, 404 BC 3645:Wars involving Sparta 3167:Roberts, Jennifer T. 3039:The Peloponnesian War 2925:Hutchinson, Godfrey. 2759:Bibliotheca historica 2370:The Peloponnesian War 2342:The Peloponnesian War 2327:The Peloponnesian War 2264:The Peloponnesian War 2238:The Peloponnesian War 2223:The Peloponnesian War 2208:The Peloponnesian War 2193:The Peloponnesian War 2178:The Peloponnesian War 2165:The Peloponnesian War 2068:The Peloponnesian War 2042:The Peloponnesian War 2021:HBS Working Knowledge 1912:battle of Aegospotami 1866:Battle of Aegospotami 1823: 1788:Lysander outside the 1787: 1636: 1598: 1570: 1540: 1498: 1316: 1270: 1212: 1156: 1057: 1028:Grave Stele of Hegeso 955:Bibliotheca historica 889:secretary to ye late 875: 854:Ancient Greek warfare 375:Casualties and losses 3460:Seleucid–Mauryan war 3300:Second Messenian War 3156:); 1998 (paperback, 3088:The Thirty at Athens 3027:); 1991 (paperback, 3005:); 1991 (paperback, 2983:); 1990 (paperback, 2961:); 1989 (paperback, 1942:Philip II of Macedon 1902:enemies" as Sparta. 1760:by his dying father 1697:. He had his satrap 1411:Battle of Amphipolis 1387:Battle of Sphacteria 1194:in the peninsula of 862:golden age of Greece 774:Peloponnesian League 234:Peloponnesian League 175:Peloponnesian League 3348:Third Messenian War 3305:Lydian–Milesian War 3290:First Messenian War 3148:, 1996 (hardcover, 2973:The Archidamian War 2953:, 1969 (hardcover, 2891:, 2005 (hardcover, 2864:, 1997 (hardcover, 2485:. pp. 301–19. 1944:unified all of the 1815:controversial trial 1806:battle of Arginusae 1780:The Athenian defeat 1701:make alliance with 1603:to Athens in 407 BC 1491:Sicilian Expedition 1143:Thirty Years' Peace 891:Earle of Deuonshire 806:Sicilian Expedition 604:Sicilian Expedition 423:war fought between 203:Dissolution of the 186:installed in Athens 3535:Roman–Seleucid War 3394:Theban–Spartan War 3333:Greco-Persian Wars 3274:Ancient Greek wars 2910:Heftner, Herbert. 2301:The Ancient Greeks 2152:The Ancient Greeks 2055:The Ancient Greeks 1845: 1794: 1724:. He sent his son 1667: 1637:Encounter between 1605: 1573: 1543: 1501: 1464:Battle of Mantinea 1427:With the death of 1322: 1273: 1226: 1214:Battle of Potidaea 1200:Battle of Potidaea 1159: 1149:Breakdown of peace 1127:Isthmus of Corinth 1079:Greco-Persian Wars 1060: 933:and for Sparta in 929:, fighting in the 900: 790:battle of Mantinea 702:Greco-Persian Wars 61:list of references 18:Peloponnesian Wars 3640:400s BC conflicts 3635:410s BC conflicts 3630:420s BC conflicts 3625:430s BC conflicts 3620:Peloponnesian War 3607: 3606: 3545:War against Nabis 3358:Second Sacred War 3237:Peloponnesian war 3232:Peloponnesian war 3226:Project Gutenberg 3177:978-0-19-999664-3 3117:978-0-19-257662-0 2736:Classical authors 2723:. March 12, 1996. 2700:978-1-4051-7936-2 2500:978-90-04-35090-8 2251:Hellenic calendar 1938:Battle of Leuctra 1852:, son of Emperor 1850:Cyrus the Younger 1792:; 1899 lithograph 1726:Cyrus the Younger 1691:Achaemenid Empire 1672:battle of Cyzicus 1639:Cyrus the Younger 1370:Mytilenean revolt 1255:prevailed in the 960:universal history 757: 756: 744:Peloponnesian War 733:Second Sacred War 657: 656: 487:Peloponnesian War 413: 397:Peloponnesian War 389: 388: 256:Achaemenid Empire 213: 212: 119:Peloponnesian War 114: 113: 106: 16:(Redirected from 3667: 3660:Sieges of Athens 3600:Military history 3570:Mithridatic Wars 3555:Maccabean Revolt 3503: 3480:Chremonidean War 3409:Third Sacred War 3404: 3310:First Sacred War 3267: 3260: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3202: 3194: 3121: 3080:Security Studies 2854:Cawkwell, George 2838:Bagnall, Nigel. 2754:Diodorus Siculus 2725: 2724: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2616: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2583: 2580:Plutarch's Lives 2572: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2457:. Archived from 2448: 2442: 2441: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2104:Gatto, Martina. 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1802:battle of Notium 1257:Spartan ecclesia 1181:Battle of Sybota 950:Diodorus Siculus 896:Houghton Library 868:Historic sources 724:Greco-Punic Wars 692: 684: 677: 670: 661: 660: 490: 488: 478: 471: 464: 455: 454: 449:Spartan hegemony 418: 408: 406: 366: 349: 326: 314: 308: 297: 285: 273:(died in 429 BC) 254: 252: 251: 190:Spartan hegemony 136: 135: 128: 116: 115: 109: 102: 98: 95: 89: 84:this article by 75:inline citations 54: 53: 46: 21: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3592: 3508:Macedonian Wars 3501: 3428: 3402: 3389:Theban hegemony 3319: 3276: 3271: 3216:Richard Crawley 3185: 3118: 3086:Krentz, Peter. 2835: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2590: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2432: 2425: 2408: 2404: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2220: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2186: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2134: 2130: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1997:academic.mu.edu 1991: 1990: 1986: 1978:Barry Strauss: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1908: 1872:, carrying the 1790:walls of Athens 1782: 1689:, ruler of the 1683: 1593: 1591:Athens recovers 1565: 1493: 1487: 1459:, near Sparta. 1425: 1423:Peace of Nicias 1419: 1382:Battle of Pylos 1300:Funeral Oration 1265: 1237:Megarian decree 1151: 1112:Gulf of Corinth 1092:Athenian Empire 1052: 870: 786:Peace of Nicias 758: 753: 693: 690: 688: 658: 653: 491: 486: 484: 482: 381: 370: 345: 329: 281: 249: 247: 246: 241: 208: 199: 180: 163: 129: 110: 99: 93: 90: 79: 65:related reading 55: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3673: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3505: 3497: 3492: 3490:Cleomenean War 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3385: 3380: 3378:Corinthian War 3375: 3373:Phyle Campaign 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3229: 3213: 3203: 3184: 3183:External links 3181: 3180: 3179: 3165: 3146:The Free Press 3139: 3122: 3116: 3099: 3084: 3075: 3062:Kallet, Lisa. 3060: 3059: 3058: 3036: 3014: 2992: 2970: 2949:. Ithaca, NY: 2938: 2923: 2908: 2881: 2851: 2834: 2833:Modern authors 2831: 2830: 2829: 2825:Parallel Lives 2817: 2805: 2793: 2783:Parallel Lives 2775: 2763: 2751: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2706: 2699: 2679: 2677:, 2.2.20,404/3 2666: 2649: 2634: 2617: 2601: 2584: 2567: 2552: 2537: 2522:Chisholm, Hugh 2506: 2499: 2471: 2443: 2423: 2402: 2387: 2374: 2361: 2348: 2333: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2277: 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2214: 2199: 2184: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2128: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2059: 2046: 2033: 2008: 1984: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1934:Corinthian War 1919:Thirty Tyrants 1907: 1904: 1841:Philippe Chéry 1830:Pharnabazus II 1781: 1778: 1682: 1679: 1628:Battle of Syme 1592: 1589: 1564: 1561: 1489:Main article: 1486: 1483: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1368:, quelled the 1284:Spartan forces 1264: 1261: 1150: 1147: 1088:Pentecontaetia 1051: 1048: 1000:Parallel Lives 931:Persian Empire 869: 866: 842:Corinthian War 838:Thirty Tyrants 764:, who invaded 755: 754: 752: 751: 749:Phyle Campaign 746: 741: 736: 726: 721: 698: 695: 694: 687: 686: 679: 672: 664: 655: 654: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 504: 496: 493: 492: 481: 480: 473: 466: 458: 441:Persian Empire 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 372: 371: 369: 368: 356: 351: 338: 332: 330: 328: 327: 316: 298: 287: 274: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 231: 220: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 201: 195: 194: 193: 192: 187: 184:Thirty Tyrants 179: 178: 171: 169: 165: 164: 150: 148: 144: 143: 140: 132: 131: 121: 120: 112: 111: 69:external links 58: 56: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3672: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3588:War of Actium 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338:Aeginetan War 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3315:Sicilian Wars 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:Lelantine War 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210:Public Domain 3207: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3162:0-684-82790-5 3159: 3155: 3154:0-684-82815-4 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137:0-7156-0640-9 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3096:0-8014-1450-4 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3072:0-520-22984-3 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3055:0-14-200437-5 3052: 3048: 3047:0-670-03211-5 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3033:0-8014-9984-4 3030: 3026: 3025:0-8014-1935-2 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011:0-8014-9940-2 3008: 3004: 3003:0-8014-1367-2 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989:0-8014-9714-0 2986: 2982: 2981:0-8014-0889-X 2978: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967:0-8014-9556-3 2964: 2960: 2959:0-8014-0501-7 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941:Kagan, Donald 2939: 2936: 2935:1-86227-323-5 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920:3-631-37970-6 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2905:0-8129-6970-7 2902: 2898: 2897:1-4000-6095-8 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2878:0-415-16552-0 2875: 2872:; 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In 430 BC, 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277:Archidamus II 1269: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Archidamus II 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Delian League 1068: 1064: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:and grave of 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923: 918: 913: 911: 907: 906: 897: 893: 892: 888: 887:Thomas Hobbes 884: 881:the sonne of 880: 874: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 815: 812:, an ally of 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Delian League 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:Archidamus II 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 734: 730: 727: 725: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:Ionian Revolt 703: 700: 699: 696: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 665: 662: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 509: 505: 503: 502: 498: 497: 494: 489: 479: 474: 472: 467: 465: 460: 459: 456: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:ancient Greek 417: 411: 402: 401:Ancient Greek 398: 394: 384: 379: 378: 373: 365: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 348: 342: 339: 337: 336:Archidamus II 334: 333: 331: 325: 320: 317: 313: 307: 302: 299: 296: 291: 288: 286: 284: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 257: 244: 239: 235: 232: 229: 225: 224:Delian League 222: 221: 216: 206: 205:Delian League 202: 197: 196: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 170: 167: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 146: 145: 141: 138: 137: 133: 127: 122: 117: 108: 105: 97: 87: 83: 77: 76: 70: 66: 62: 57: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3598: 3550:Galatian War 3540:Aetolian War 3502:(220–217 BC) 3448: 3447:Wars of the 3403:(357–355 BC) 3387:Wars of the 3383:Boeotian War 3367: 3220: 3196: 3168: 3141: 3128: 3107: 3087: 3079: 3063: 3038: 3016: 2994: 2972: 2946: 2926: 2911: 2889:Random House 2887:. New York: 2884: 2857: 2839: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2742:Aristophanes 2718: 2709: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2625:Peck, H. T. 2620: 2609: 2604: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2570: 2560: 2555: 2545: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2509: 2481: 2474: 2463:. Retrieved 2459:the original 2453: 2446: 2436: 2412: 2405: 2396: 2394:Thucydides. 2390: 2382: 2381:Thucydides. 2377: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2355:Ste. Croix, 2351: 2341: 2340:Thucydides, 2336: 2326: 2325:Thucydides, 2321: 2313: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2285: 2284:Thucydides, 2280: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2245: 2237: 2232: 2222: 2221:Thucydides, 2217: 2207: 2206:Thucydides, 2202: 2192: 2191:Thucydides, 2187: 2177: 2176:Thucydides, 2172: 2164: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2136: 2135:Thucydides, 2131: 2123: 2109: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2036: 2025:. Retrieved 2023:. 2021-02-24 2020: 2011: 2000:. Retrieved 1996: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1954: 1931: 1916: 1909: 1888: 1873: 1846: 1833: 1795: 1766: 1749: 1715: 1699:Tissaphernes 1684: 1676: 1668: 1665:(1618–1673). 1653:(right), in 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1553: 1544: 1513: 1502: 1472: 1461: 1426: 1391: 1346: 1331:or general, 1325: 1323: 1304: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1253:Sthenelaidas 1245: 1230: 1227: 1189: 1174: 1160: 1116: 1096: 1061: 1041: 1035: 1032:Aristophanes 1005: 998: 972: 953: 947: 942: 920: 914: 903: 901: 876: 846: 830:Aegospotamos 826:Persian Wars 818: 772:army of the 759: 743: 639:2nd Mytilene 534:1st Mytilene 507: 500: 485: 451:over Greece. 396: 392: 390: 346: 282: 243:Supported by 242: 218:Belligerents 100: 91: 80:Please help 72: 43: 3565:Achaean War 3500:Social War 3495:Lyttian War 3470:Syrian Wars 3465:Pyrrhic War 3434:Hellenistic 3414:Foreign War 3401:Social War 2608:Isocrates, 2092:Morley 2021 2080:Morley 2021 1952:in 331 BC. 1946:Greek world 1927:Thrasybulus 1858:Dardanelles 1645:and son of 1358:Demosthenes 1354:Demosthenes 1232:Hiera Orgas 1026:temple and 1024:Erechtheion 1012:archaeology 975:Roman-Greek 858:city-states 834:oligarchies 649:Aegospotami 437:Greek world 319:Demosthenes 198:Territorial 86:introducing 3614:Categories 3530:Cretan War 3442:Lamian War 3363:Samian War 2860:. London: 2796:Thucydides 2747:Lysistrata 2673:Xenophon, 2658:Alcibiades 2656:Plutarch, 2642:Smith, W. 2465:2019-03-08 2027:2023-07-31 2002:2023-07-31 1878:(general) 1834:La mort d' 1826:Alcibiades 1746:Cappadocia 1744:Major and 1730:Asia Minor 1643:Asia Minor 1601:Alcibiades 1516:Alcibiades 1453:Alcibiades 1406:Thucydides 1398:Amphipolis 1378:Sphacteria 1302:(431 BC). 1292:Long Walls 1241:Thucydides 1222:Alcibiades 1196:Chalkidiki 1067:Lacedaemon 1063:Thucydides 1043:Lysistrata 1016:Amphipolis 991:Alcibiades 977:historian 935:Asia Minor 910:Thucydides 879:Thucydides 850:democratic 822:Asia Minor 778:Long Walls 739:Samian War 579:Amphipolis 564:Sphacteria 419:), was an 367:(in exile) 359:Alcibiades 315:(in exile) 301:Alcibiades 157:Asia Minor 3325:Classical 2862:Routledge 2813:Hellenica 2771:Histories 2766:Herodotus 2675:Hellenica 2595:Xenophon; 2547:Hellenica 2359:, p. 201. 2120:1055-7660 2057:, 528–33. 1967:Citations 1950:Alexander 1923:oligarchs 1906:Aftermath 1875:strategos 1854:Darius II 1836:Alcibiade 1687:Darius II 1647:Darius II 1337:Naupactus 1327:strategos 1108:Naupaktos 1008:epigraphy 997:) in his 943:Hellenica 927:mercenary 922:Hellenica 644:Arginusae 619:Cynossema 524:Naupactus 514:Spartolos 410:romanized 151:Mainland 94:June 2022 3449:Diadochi 2820:Plutarch 2808:Xenophon 2778:Plutarch 2576:Lysander 2562:Anabasis 2316:, 319–22 2312:Buckley 2303:, 454–56 1884:Assembly 1798:Lysander 1754:Lysander 1722:Spartans 1705:against 1659:Xenophon 1651:Lysander 1548:Gylippus 1532:Carthage 1441:Mantinea 1433:Brasidas 1394:Brasidas 1333:Pericles 1319:Pericles 1317:Bust of 1218:Socrates 1204:besieged 1192:Potidaea 1185:triremes 1104:hoplites 1020:Brasidas 995:Lysander 983:Pericles 979:Plutarch 917:Xenophon 810:Syracuse 798:Mantinea 716:• 712:• 708:• 584:Mantinea 508:Potidaea 445:Lysander 433:hegemony 354:Lysander 341:Brasidas 271:Pericles 236:(led by 226:(led by 147:Location 3572: ( 3510: ( 3282:Archaic 2789:Moralia 2550:2.1.14. 2533:admiral 2524:(ed.). 2400:, 5.116 2368:Kagan, 2345:1.73–75 2330:1.67–71 2266:, 23–24 2262:Kagan, 2249:In the 2240:, 16–18 2236:Kagan, 2181:1.89–93 2163:Kagan, 2066:Kagan, 2040:Kagan, 1750:Karanos 1742:Phrygia 1577:Decelea 1479:slavery 1468:Arcadia 1366:Aetolia 1362:Boeotia 1307:hoplite 1296:Piraeus 1220:saving 1177:Corcyra 1139:Boeotia 1123:Corinth 1110:on the 1050:Prelude 964:Ephorus 770:hoplite 629:Cyzicus 614:Eretria 554:Idomene 544:Aetolia 539:Tanagra 529:Plataea 435:of the 412:: 385:unknown 347:† 283:† 200:changes 177:victory 82:improve 3578:Second 3524:Fourth 3516:Second 3175: 3160: 3152: 3135: 3114: 3094: 3070: 3053: 3045: 3031: 3023: 3009: 3001: 2987: 2979: 2965: 2957: 2933: 2918: 2903: 2895: 2876: 2868: 2846: 2697: 2497: 2299:Fine, 2196:1.92.1 2150:Fine, 2118: 2053:Fine, 2044:, 488. 1961:Sparta 1957:Athens 1899:Thebes 1870:Cyprus 1843:, 1791 1762:Darius 1734:satrap 1718:Athens 1707:Athens 1703:Sparta 1695:Aegean 1655:Sardis 1524:Nicias 1520:hermai 1509:Dorian 1505:Sicily 1402:silver 1170:satrap 1135:Aegina 1119:Megara 987:Nicias 939:Thrace 883:Olorus 814:Sparta 766:Attica 634:Notium 624:Abydos 594:Orneae 589:Hysiae 574:Delium 569:Megara 501:Sybota 429:Sparta 425:Athens 361: 343: 321: 309: 303: 292: 290:Nicias 279: 253: 238:Sparta 228:Athens 168:Result 161:Sicily 153:Greece 3582:Third 3574:First 3520:Third 3512:First 2614:16.40 2520:. 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