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515:(the Athenian Assembly) and told them that the Assembly was haughty and had great ambitions. He urged them to renounce their diplomatic authority to represent Sparta, and instead allow him to assist them through his influence in Athenian politics. The representatives agreed and, impressed with Alcibiades, they distanced themselves from Nicias, despite him being sincere in wanting to reach an agreement with the Spartans. The next day, during the Assembly, Alcibiades asked them what powers Sparta had granted them to negotiate and they replied, as agreed, that they had not come with full and independent powers. This was in direct contradiction to what they had said the day before, and Alcibiades seized on this opportunity to denounce their character, cast suspicion on their aims, and destroy their credibility. This ploy increased Alcibiades' standing while embarrassing Nicias, and Alcibiades was subsequently appointed General. He took advantage of his increasing power to orchestrate the creation of an alliance between
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593:. During the subsequent debates, Nicias vehemently opposed an Athenian intervention, using the argument that the campaign would be excessively costly if it was to be successful. He attacked the character and motives of Alcibiades, who was a strong supporter of the expedition. Alcibiades argued that a Sicilian campaign would bring riches to the city and expand the empire, just as the
275:. Xenophon wrote that Nicias had over 1,000 slaves working in the mines. Plutarch states that Nicias was generous with his wealth and that he spent his money on charitable activities in Athens and funding many religious festivals. Plutarch wrote that Nicias paid for a statue of Athena and a shrine to Dionysus.
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in both 427 BC and 425 BC. During these years, Nicias was a very cautious general. He avoided engaging in any important military enterprise during his time as commander. According to
Plutarch this was to his benefit, as Nicias was able to avoid the worst of Athens' misfortunes, both military and
633:
Following this defeat in battle, Demosthenes suggested that the
Athenians immediately give up the siege of Syracuse and return to Athens, where they were needed to defend against an Alcibiades’ inspired Spartan invasion of Attica. Nicias refused. According to Plutarch, Nicias explained that he
629:
The
Athenian army moved to capture Syracuse while the larger fleet of Athenian ships blocked the approach to the city from the sea. After some initial success, the Athenian troops became disorganized in the chaotic night operation and were thoroughly routed by Gylippus. The Athenian commanders
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on one side and Nicias and
Alcibiades on the other. Hyperbolos tried to bring about the ostracism of one of this pair, but Nicias and Alcibiades combined their influence to induce the people to expel Hyperbolos instead. This incident reveals that Nicias and Alcibiades each commanded a personal
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Disputes over the interpretation of the treaty led the
Spartans to dispatch ambassadors to Athens with full powers to arrange all unsettled matters. The Athenians initially received these ambassadors well, but Alcibiades met with them in secret before they were to speak to the
608:, and about 1,300 archers, slingers, and light armed men". It would seem that Nicias' intention was to shock the assembly with his high estimate of the forces required, but, instead of dissuading his fellow citizens, his analysis made them all the more eager.
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states that "Nicias declined all difficult and lengthy enterprises; if he took a command, he was for doing what was safe." Plutarch also noted that on the battlefield, Nicias was recognized as a fair combatant, fighting as courageously as any other soldier.
650:’ orders to the contrary. Most of the surviving Athenian soldiers were kept in the stone quarries near Syracuse (as there was no other room for them) where many died slowly of disease and starvation. Few survivors returned to Athens.
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was at the head of the
Athenian government. After Pericles' death in 429 BC, Nicias became an important Athenian politician with the aristocratic (conservative) party looking to him as their leader. As such, Nicias became the rival of
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and the democrats in the struggle for the political leadership of the
Athenian state. He was a moderate in his political views and opposed the aggressive imperialism of the democrats. His principal aim was to conclude a peace with
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The essence of the Peace of Nicias was a return to the pre-war situation: most wartime gains were to be returned. Most notably, Amphipolis would be returned to Athens, and the
Athenians would release the prisoners taken at
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became more influential in Athens. Alcibiades opposed the Peace and argued strongly for Athens to continue its war against Sparta and its allies. His first move was convincing
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646:. Demosthenes was ambushed by the Syracusans and was forced to surrender. Nicias was soon captured as well, and both were executed by allied forces despite
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In 414 BCE, Athens responded to appeals from Nicias by sending out 73 vessels and 5,000 soldiers to Sicily under the command of the
Athenian generals,
527:, and other states in the Peloponnese, threatening Sparta's dominance in the region. This alliance, however, was ultimately defeated in 418 BC at the
248:. He led several expeditions which achieved little. Nevertheless, he was largely responsible for the successful negotiations which led to the
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fund to the
Delians so they would continue this event into the future, praying on his behalf. Such instructions were engraved onto a pillar.
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The Syracusans and Spartans under Hermocrates were able to trap the Athenians in the harbor and the Athenians sustained heavy losses in the
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307:. He funded and organized choruses for Athenian dramas, sporting events, public exhibitions, and new or restored statues and temples.
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212:. Nicias was a member of the Athenian aristocracy and had inherited a large fortune from his father, which was invested in the
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preferred to be killed by the enemy, rather than being killed by the Athenians, who would condemn him if they were defeated.
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in the hope of reaching Athens and freeing Spartan prisoners. Athens sent reinforcements under Nicias, who recaptured Mende.
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https://www.academia.edu/38573412/The_risk_of_open_voting._Army_assembly_and_fake_news_at_the_end_of_the_Sicilian_Expedition
615:, all three of whom were given full powers to do whatever was in the best interests (like what?) of Athens while in Sicily.
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would regain its autonomy. Athens could continue to collect tribute from the states as it had done so since the time of
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391:. However, the "Truce of Laches" had little impact on Brasidas and collapsed within a year. Brasidas proceeded to take
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Nicias inherited from his father, Niceratus, a considerable fortune, which was invested mainly in the silver mines of
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Alcibiades first rose to prominence when he began advocating aggressive Athenian action after the signing of the
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Lamachus and Eurymedon were killed. Nicias, although ill, was left in sole charge of the siege of Syracuse.
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It was at Nicias’ suggestion that the size of the fleet was significantly increased from 60 ships to "140
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reports, that Alcibiades was offended that the Spartans had negotiated that treaty through Nicias and
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then effectively ended the truce between Athens and Sparta after he resolved to rescue the town of
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Plutarch was of the view that the Athenians were so angered by this cynical manoeuvring that the
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Plutarch specifically refers to an example of Nicias' generosity—his funding of the festival of
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After the battle, Nicias decided to seek peace between all the warring states. Nicias, and
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Nicias gained popularity through the use of his wealth, according to the later historian
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between Athens and Sparta, which brought a temporary end to the Peloponnesian War.
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and others discuss the nature of courage without reaching any firm conclusions.
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Against his wishes Nicias was appointed General along with Alcibiades and
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During the years 416 BC and 415 BC, a complex struggle took place between
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revolted. All of Sparta's allies agreed to sign the peace, except for the
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940:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 658.
314:. Nicias funded the building of a bridge of boats between Delos and the
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following, whose votes were determined by the wishes of the leaders.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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would be open to worshippers from all cities, and the oracle at
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as soon as it could be obtained on terms favourable to Athens.
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Following the Peace, he objected to the ambitious plans of
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Thucydides, "The History of the Peloponnesian Wars", 5.43.
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to check the progress of Sparta's most effective general,
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xii. 83; also the general authorities on the history of
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walked across the boats. Nicias then provided a 10,000
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16:5th-century BC Athenian politician and general
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263:. He died at the Athenian siege of Syracuse.
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577:Destruction of the Athenian army at Syracuse
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228:in 429 BC, he became the principal rival of
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424:, King of Sparta, negotiated in 421 BC the
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543:Ostracon against Hyperbolus (c. 417 BCE).
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775:A Historical Commentary on Thucydides
563:The Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE)
240:He was regularly elected to serve as
535:Nicias and Hyperbolos (416-415 BCE)
372:After fighting for a decade in the
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1707:Athenians of the Peloponnesian War
791:A History of the Greek City States
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559:was never to be used again.
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666:Xenophon of Athens (1925).
201:Nikias Nikēratou Kydantidēs
190:Νικίας Νικηράτου Κυδαντίδης
49:Νικίας Νικηράτου Κυδαντίδης
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362:Peace of Nicias (421 BCE)
330:. Then a richly dressed
224:. Following the death of
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204:; c. 470–413 BC) was an
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944:Besides Thucydides see
937:Encyclopædia Britannica
21:Nicias (disambiguation)
874:The Lives, "Aristides"
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379:The Athenian general,
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279:Nicias' political rise
74:c. 413 BC (aged 56-57)
1521:Demetrius of Phalerum
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484:to form an alliance.
472:Nicias and Alcibiades
436:. Temples throughout
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415:Battle of Amphipolis
19:For other uses, see
1108:Alexander the Great
887:"Lives. Alcibiades"
729:The Lives, "Nicias"
569:Sicilian Expedition
342:Military activities
127:Sicilian Expedition
1345:Arthur Hugh Clough
932:Nicias (statesman)
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1372:Comparison extant
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1461:Aristogeiton
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1320:Themistocles
1271:Gaius Marius
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115:Battles/wars
1646:Thrasybulus
1626:Pisistratus
1536:Demosthenes
1496:Cleisthenes
1486:Chremonides
1421:politicians
1350:John Dryden
1231:Philopoemen
1168:Demosthenes
969:, in which
789:R. Sealey,
620:Demosthenes
422:Pleistoanax
351:political.
346:Nicias was
326:, and rich
252:in 421 BC.
45:Native name
1681:Categories
1666:Xanthippus
1651:Thucydides
1641:Theramenes
1576:Hypereides
1571:Hyperbolus
1526:Demochares
1466:Aristophon
1441:Alcibiades
1235:Flamininus
1128:Artaxerxes
1103:Coriolanus
1099:Alcibiades
907:References
896:2024-06-09
854:Alcibiades
852:Plutarch,
837:Alcibiades
835:Plutarch,
807:Alcibiades
805:Plutarch,
751:2024-06-09
702:2024-06-09
677:2024-06-09
549:Hyperbolos
501:Thucydides
478:Alcibiades
434:Sphacteria
407:Amphipolis
267:Early life
257:Alcibiades
110:Politician
87:Allegiance
1661:Timotheus
1601:Moerocles
1596:Miltiades
1551:Ephialtes
1546:Echedemos
1481:Charmides
1456:Aristides
1446:Andocides
1436:Agyrrhius
1431:Aeschines
1298:Cleomenes
1285:Sertorius
1258:Poplicola
1253:Agesilaus
1226:Marcellus
1222:Pelopidas
1159:Demetrius
1141:Aristides
1037:Works of
624:Eurymedon
557:ostracism
454:Boeotians
446:Aristides
411:Macedonia
348:Strategos
242:strategos
195:romanized
101:Strategos
58:c. 470 BC
1656:Timoleon
1616:Philinus
1611:Pericles
1591:Lysicles
1586:Lycurgus
1531:Democles
1501:Cleophon
1471:Autocles
1451:Archinus
1324:Camillus
1311:Timoleon
1217:Lycurgus
1204:Lysander
1195:Lucullus
1190:Pericles
1039:Plutarch
978:Xenophon
971:Socrates
946:Plutarch
870:Plutarch
725:Plutarch
648:Gylippus
613:Lamachus
606:hoplites
604:, 5,100
602:triremes
521:Mantinea
513:ecclesia
389:Brasidas
355:Plutarch
328:tapestry
320:garlands
305:Plutarch
293:Pericles
226:Pericles
206:Athenian
77:Syracuse
1621:Phocion
1561:Eubulus
1516:Demades
1511:Critias
1289:Eumenes
1280:Theseus
1276:Romulus
1267:Pyrrhus
1240:Phocion
1150:Crassus
1061:Moralia
925::
591:Selinus
583:Segesta
458:Corinth
336:drachma
324:gilding
316:Rhenean
273:Laurium
222:Laurium
220:'s Mt.
216:around
197::
1606:Nicias
1581:Laches
1566:Hagnon
1249:Pompey
1186:Fabius
1181:Brutus
1172:Cicero
1163:Antony
1154:Nicias
996:Nicias
992:Livius
966:Laches
954:Greece
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793:, 353.
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505:Laches
466:Megara
464:, and
450:Helots
442:Delphi
438:Greece
393:Scione
385:Sparta
381:Laches
332:chorus
261:Sicily
235:Sparta
218:Attica
150:Nicias
91:Athens
81:Sicily
65:Greece
61:Athens
30:Nicias
1631:Solon
1541:Draco
1506:Cleon
1491:Cimon
1377:Lives
1262:Solon
1208:Sulla
1199:Cimon
1132:Galba
1092:Lives
1046:Works
961:Plato
654:Notes
597:had.
587:Greek
517:Argos
482:Argos
403:Cleon
397:Mende
312:Delos
298:Cleon
230:Cleon
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