Sparta - Knowledge

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re-enslaved if they tried to return. This agreement ended the most serious incursion into Spartan territory since their expansion in the seventh and eighth centuries BC. Thucydides remarked that "Spartan policy is always mainly governed by the necessity of taking precautions against the helots." On the other hand, the Spartans trusted their helots enough in 479 BC to take a force of 35,000 with them to Plataea, something they could not have risked if they feared the helots would attack them or run away. Slave revolts occurred elsewhere in the Greek world, and in 413 BC 20,000 Athenian slaves ran away to join the Spartan forces occupying Attica. What made Sparta's relations with her slave population unique was that the helots, precisely because they enjoyed privileges such as family and property, retained their identity as a conquered people (the Messenians) and also had effective kinship groups that could be used to organize rebellion.

1110: 2647: 1163: 1213: 2287:. Plutarch is the sole historical source for the Spartan practice of systemic infanticide motivated by eugenics. Sparta is often viewed as being unique in this regard, however, anthropologist Laila Williamson notes: "Infanticide has been practiced on every continent and by people on every level of cultural complexity, from hunter gatherers to high civilizations. Rather than being an exception, then, it has been the rule." There is controversy about the matter in Sparta, since excavations in the chasm only uncovered adult remains, likely belonging to criminals and Greek sources contemporary to Sparta does not mention systemic infanticide motivated solely by eugenics. 2684: 2680:(The Spartan Mirage) warned that a major scholarly problem is that all surviving accounts of Sparta were by non-Spartans who often excessively idealized their subject. The term "Spartan Mirage" has come to refer to "idealized distortions and inventions regarding the character of Spartan society in the works of non-Spartan writers," beginning in Greek and Roman antiquity and continuing through the medieval and modern eras. These accounts of Sparta are typically associated with the social or political concerns of the writer. No accounts survive by the Spartans themselves, if such were ever written. 95: 914: 5579: 5711: 1564: 1183:, built in successive stages from the 4th to the 2nd century, was traced for a great part of its circuit, which measured 48 stades or nearly 10 km (6 miles) (Polyb. 1X. 21). The late Roman wall enclosing the acropolis, part of which probably dates from the years following the Gothic raid of 262 AD, was also investigated. Besides the actual buildings discovered, a number of points were situated and mapped in a general study of Spartan topography, based upon the description of 1392:, Sparta established itself as a local power in the Peloponnesus and the rest of Greece. During the following centuries, Sparta's reputation as a land-fighting force was unequalled. At its peak around 500 BC, Sparta had some 20,000–35,000 citizens, plus numerous helots and perioikoi. The likely total of 40,000–50,000 made Sparta one of the larger Greek city-states; however, according to Thucydides, the population of Athens in 431 BC was 360,000–610,000, making it much larger. 1053: 2420: 9599: 2554:

father's house and prevented from exercising or getting fresh air as in Athens, but exercised and even competed in sports. Most important, rather than being married off at the age of 12 or 13, Spartan law forbade the marriage of a girl until she was in her late teens or early 20s. The reasons for delaying marriage were to ensure the birth of healthy children, but the effect was to spare Spartan women the hazards and lasting health damage associated with

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subordinate position in society more comparable to serfs in medieval Europe than chattel slaves in the rest of Greece. The Spartan helots were not only agricultural workers, but were also household servants, both male and female would be assigned domestic duties, such as wool-working. However, the helots were not the private property of individual Spartan citizens, regardless of their household duties, and were instead owned by the state through the

9609: 2503:"sayings" of "Spartan women", all of which paraphrase or elaborate on the theme that Spartan mothers rejected their own offspring if they showed any kind of cowardice. In some of these sayings, mothers revile their sons in insulting language merely for surviving a battle. These sayings purporting to be from Spartan women were far more likely to be of Athenian origin and designed to portray Spartan women as unnatural and so undeserving of pity. 2441:(dining messes or clubs), composed of about fifteen members each, of which every citizen was required to be a member. Here each group learned how to bond and rely on one another. The Spartans were not eligible for election for public office until the age of 30. Only native Spartans were considered full citizens and were obliged to undergo the training as prescribed by law, as well as participate in and contribute financially to one of the 9619: 3696: 1835: 2335: 2368:, the boys were fed "just the right amount for them never to become sluggish through being too full, while also giving them a taste of what it is not to have enough." In addition, they were trained to survive in times of privation, even if it meant stealing. Besides physical and weapons training, boys studied reading, writing, music and dancing. Special punishments were imposed if boys failed to answer questions sufficiently " 1439: 6675: 2176: 439: 2485:), meaning that true Spartans could only return to Sparta either victorious (with their shield in hand) or dead (carried upon it). This is almost certainly propaganda. Spartans buried their battle dead on or near the battle field; corpses were not brought back on their shield. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that it was less of a disgrace for a soldier to lose his helmet, breastplate or 689: 2230:, which removed the legal prohibition on the gift or bequest of land. By the mid-5th century, land had become concentrated in the hands of a tiny elite, and the notion that all Spartan citizens were equals had become an empty pretence. By Aristotle's day (384–322 BC) citizenship had been reduced from 9,000 to less than 1,000, then further decreased to 700 at the accession of 1270:). Built around the early 8th century BC, the Spartans believed it had been the former residence of Menelaus. In 1970, the British School in Athens started excavations around the Menelaion in an attempt to locate Mycenaean remains in the area. Among other findings, they uncovered the remains of two Mycenaean mansions and found the first offerings dedicated to 2106:) and receive a stipulated number of beatings every year regardless of any wrongdoing, so that they would never forget they were slaves. Moreover, if any exceeded the vigour proper to a slave's condition, they made death the penalty; and they allotted a punishment to those controlling them if they failed to rebuke those who were growing fat. 2672:. In ancient times "Many of the noblest and best of the Athenians always considered the Spartan state nearly as an ideal theory realised in practice." Many Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, would often describe Sparta as an ideal state, strong, brave, and free from the corruptions of commerce and money. The French classicist 784:, in contrast to the lower town of Sparta. This term could be used synonymously with Sparta, but typically it denoted the terrain in which the city was located. In Homer it is typically combined with epithets of the countryside: wide, lovely, shining and most often hollow and broken (full of ravines), suggesting the 2401:. This included music, dancing, singing and poetry. Choral dancing was taught so Spartan girls could participate in ritual activities, including the cults of Helen and Artemis. In this respect, classical Sparta was unique in ancient Greece. In no other city-state did women receive any kind of formal education. 2592:

Most importantly, Spartan women had economic power because they controlled their own properties, and those of their husbands. It is estimated that in later Classical Sparta, when the male population was in serious decline, women were the sole owners of at least 35% of all land and property in Sparta.

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Spartan women were also literate and numerate, a rarity in the ancient world. Furthermore, as a result of their education and the fact that they moved freely in society engaging with their fellow (male) citizens, they were notorious for speaking their minds even in public. Plato, in the middle of the

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Full citizen Spartiates were barred by law from trade or manufacture, which consequently rested in the hands of the Perioikoi. This lucrative monopoly, in a fertile territory with a good harbors, ensured the loyalty of the perioikoi. Despite the prohibition on menial labor or trade, there is evidence

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The Perioikoi came from similar origins as the helots but occupied a significantly different position in Spartan society. Although they did not enjoy full citizen-rights, they were free and not subjected to the same restrictions as the helots. The exact nature of their subjection to the Spartans is

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The duties of the kings were primarily religious, judicial, and military. As chief priests of the state, they maintained communication with the Delphian sanctuary, whose pronouncements exercised great authority in Spartan politics. In the time of Herodotus c. 450 BC, their judicial functions had been

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Between the 8th and 7th centuries BC the Spartans experienced a period of lawlessness and civil strife, later attested by both Herodotus and Thucydides. As a result, they carried out a series of political and social reforms of their own society which they later attributed to a semi-mythical lawgiver,

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praised the Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting "the number allowed to live". He added that "The Spartans were once capable of such a wise measure... The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the

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Suppose the city of Sparta to be deserted, and nothing left but the temples and the ground-plan, distant ages would be very unwilling to believe that the power of the Lacedaemonians was at all equal to their fame. Their city is not built continuously, and has no splendid temples or other edifices;

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Sparta's agriculture consisted mainly of barley, wine, cheese, grain, and figs. These items were grown locally on each Spartan citizen's kleros and were tended to by helots. Spartan citizens were required to donate a certain amount of what they yielded from their kleros to their syssitia, or mess.

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marched to its relief and defeated the Spartan-led force in a pitched battle. More than 5,300 of the Spartans and their allies were killed in battle, and 3,500 of Antipater's troops. Agis, now wounded and unable to stand, ordered his men to leave him behind to face the advancing Macedonian army so

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Spartan women, of the citizenry class, enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. The higher status of females in Spartan society started at birth; unlike Athens, Spartan girls were fed the same food as their brothers. Nor were they confined to their

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than his shield, since the former were designed to protect one man, whereas the shield also protected the man on his left. Thus, the shield was symbolic of the individual soldier's subordination to his unit, his integral part in its success, and his solemn responsibility to his comrades in arms –

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Sparta is thought to be the first city to practice athletic nudity, and some scholars claim that it was also the first to formalize pederasty. According to these sources, the Spartans believed that the love of an older, accomplished aristocrat for an adolescent was essential to his formation as a

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When Spartans died, marked headstones would only be granted to soldiers who died in combat during a victorious campaign or women who died either in service of a divine office or in childbirth. These headstones likely acted as memorials, rather than as grave markers. Evidence of Spartan burials is

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Allegedly, Spartans were prohibited from possessing gold and silver coins, and according to legend Spartan currency consisted of iron bars to discourage hoarding. It was not until the 260s or 250s BC that Sparta began to mint its own coins. Though the conspicuous display of wealth appears to have

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The helots were invited by a proclamation to pick out those of their number who claimed to have most distinguished themselves against the enemy, in order that they might receive their freedom; the object being to test them, as it was thought that the first to claim their freedom would be the most

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would return to Persian control, and Persia's Asian border would be free of the Spartan threat. The effects of the war were to reaffirm Persia's ability to interfere successfully in Greek politics and to affirm Sparta's weakened hegemonic position in the Greek political system. Sparta entered its

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According to Thucydides, the Athenian citizens at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC) numbered 40,000, making a total of 140,000 people when including their families. The metics, i.e. those who did not have citizen rights and paid for the right to reside in Athens, numbered a

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The custom was to capture women for marriage... The so-called 'bridesmaid' took charge of the captured girl. She first shaved her head to the scalp, then dressed her in a man's cloak and sandals, and laid her down alone on a mattress in the dark. The bridegroom – who was not drunk and thus not

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whom the Spartans had defeated in battle and subsequently enslaved. In contrast to populations conquered by other Greek cities (e.g. the Athenian treatment of Melos), the male population was not exterminated and the women and children turned into chattel slaves. Instead, the helots were given a

2638:, sister of the Eurypontid king Agesilaos II, became the first woman in Greece to win an Olympic chariot race. She won again in 392, and dedicated two monuments to commemorate her victory, these being an inscription in Sparta and a set of bronze equestrian statues at the Olympic temple of Zeus. 2576:

Another practice that was mentioned by many visitors to Sparta was the practice of "wife-sharing". In accordance with the Spartan belief that breeding should be between the most physically fit parents, many older men allowed younger, more fit men, to impregnate their wives. Other unmarried or

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It is the standards of civilized men not of beasts that must be kept in mind, for it is good men not beasts who are capable of real courage. Those like the Spartans who concentrate on the one and ignore the other in their education turn men into machines and in devoting themselves to one single

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There was at least one helot revolt (c. 465–460 BC) that led to prolonged conflict. By the tenth year of this war the Spartans and Messenians had reached an agreement in which Messenian rebels were allowed to leave the Peloponnese. They were given safe passage under the terms that they would be

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The husband continued to visit his wife in secret for some time after the marriage. These customs, unique to the Spartans, have been interpreted in various ways. One of them decidedly supports the need to disguise the bride as a man in order to help the bridegroom consummate the marriage, so

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One of the most persistent myths about Sparta that has no basis in fact is the notion that Spartan mothers were without feelings toward their off-spring and helped enforce a militaristic lifestyle on their sons and husbands. The myth can be traced back to Plutarch, who includes no less than 17

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Spartan boys were expected to take an older male mentor, usually an unmarried young man. According to some sources, the older man was expected to function as a kind of substitute father and role model to his junior partner; however, others believe it was reasonably certain that they had sexual

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Sparta was above all a militarist state, and emphasis on military fitness began virtually at birth. According to Plutarch after birth, a mother would bathe her child in wine to see whether the child was strong. If the child survived it was brought before the Gerousia by the child's father. The

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Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: through the reality, and through the myth.... The reality enabled the Spartans to defeat Athens in war; the myth influenced Plato's political theory, and that of countless subsequent writers.... ideals that it favors had a great part in framing the

2753:, Hitler viewed citizens of the USSR as like the helots under the Spartans: "They came as conquerors, and they took everything", and so should the Germans. A Nazi officer specified that "the Germans would have to assume the position of the Spartiates, while... the Russians were the Helots." 2221:

fees for his children. However, nothing is known of matters of wealth such as how land was bought, sold, and inherited, or whether daughters received dowries. However, from early on there were marked differences of wealth within the state, and these became more serious after the law of

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Nothing distinctive in the archaeology of the Eurotas River Valley identifies the Dorians or the Dorian Spartan state. The prehistory of the Neolithic, the Bronze Age and the Dark Age (the Early Iron Age) at this moment must be treated apart from the stream of Dorian Spartan history.

1753:. Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport notes that the relationship between the Jews and the Spartans expressed in this correspondence has "intrigued many scholars, and various explanations have been suggested for the problems raised ... including the historicity of the Jewish leader and 2042:

refers to Helots being allowed to marry and retaining 50% of the fruits of their labor. They also seem to have been allowed to practice religious rites and, according to Thucydides, own a limited amount of personal property. Initially, helots couldn't be freed but during the middle

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high spirited and the most apt to rebel. As many as two thousand were selected accordingly, who crowned themselves and went round the temples, rejoicing in their new freedom. The Spartans, however, soon afterwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished.

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Especially the Diamastigosis at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, Limnai outside Sparta. There an amphitheatre was built in the 3rd century AD to observe the ritual whipping of Spartan youths. Visiting Romans came to see Sparta as having degraded to a disgusting cult of fetish

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to resist a bribe. She was later said to be responsible for decoding a warning that the Persian forces were about to invade Greece; after Spartan generals could not decode a wooden tablet covered in wax, she ordered them to clear the wax, revealing the warning. Plutarch's

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Less information is available about the education of Spartan girls, but they seem to have gone through a fairly extensive formal educational cycle, broadly similar to that of the boys but with less emphasis on military training. Spartan girls received an education known as

4048:, p. 273 "Philip laid Lakonia waste as far south as Gytheion and formally deprived Sparta of Dentheliatis (and apparently the territory on the Messenian Gulf as far as the Little Pamisos river), Belminatis, the territory of Karyai and the east Parnon foreland." 1625:

that he could buy them time to retreat. On his knees, the Spartan king slew several enemy soldiers before being finally killed by a javelin. Alexander was merciful, and he only forced the Spartans to join the League of Corinth, which they had previously refused.

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and was accompanied in the field by two ephors. He was supplanted by the ephors also in the control of foreign policy. Over time, the kings became mere figureheads except in their capacity as generals. Political power was transferred to the ephors and Gerousia.

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along with Persian ambitions to expand into Europe. Even though this war was won by a pan-Greek army, credit was given to Sparta, who besides providing the leading forces at Thermopylae and Plataea, had been the de facto leader of the entire Greek expedition.

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by those they conquered) marched into the Peloponnese and, subjugating the local tribes, settled there. The Dorians seem to have set about expanding the frontiers of Spartan territory almost before they had established their own state. They fought against the

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The prehistory of Sparta is difficult to reconstruct because the literary evidence was written far later than the events it describes and is distorted by oral tradition. The earliest certain evidence of human settlement in the region of Sparta consists of

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Tsouli, M. (2016). Testimonia on Funerary Banquets in Ancient Sparta. In: Draycott, C. M., Stamatopoulou, M., & Peeters, U. (eds.), Dining and Death: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the 'Funerary Banquet' in Ancient Art, Burial and Belief, Peeters,

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These donations to the syssitia were a requirement for every Spartan citizen. All the donated food was then redistributed to feed the Spartan population of that syssitia. The helots who tended to the lands were fed using a portion of what they harvested.

2585:. This practice was encouraged in order that women bear as many strong-bodied children as they could. The Spartan population was hard to maintain due to the constant absence and loss of the men in battle and the intense physical inspection of newborns. 1178:

immediately above the theatre. Though the actual temple is almost completely destroyed, the site has produced the longest extant archaic inscription in Laconia, numerous bronze nails and plates, and a considerable number of votive offerings. The

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In other Greek city-states, free citizens were part-time soldiers who, when not at war, carried on other trades. Since Spartan men were full-time soldiers, they were not available to carry out manual labour. The helots were used as unskilled

2558:. Spartan women, better fed from childhood and fit from exercise, stood a far better chance of reaching old age than their sisters in other Greek cities, where the median age for death was 34.6 years or roughly 10 years below that of men. 1369:, offering a view of the occupation of the Peloponnesus that contains both fantastic and possibly historical elements. The subsequent proto-historic period, combining both legend and historical fragments, offers the first credible history. 1154:). The temple, which can be dated to the 2nd century BC, rests on the foundation of an older temple of the 6th century, and close beside it were found the remains of a yet earlier temple, dating from the 9th or even the 10th century. The 2569:) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots. Girls as well as boys exercised, possibly in the nude, and young women as well as young men may have participated in the 5277:

Christesen, P. (2018). The typology and topography of Spartan burials from the Protogeometric to the Hellenistic period: rethinking Spartan exceptionalism and the ostensible cessation of adult intramural burials in the Greek world.

1605:, Alexander the Great sent to Athens 300 suits of Persian armour with the following inscription: "Alexander, son of Philip, and all the Greeks except the Spartans, give these offerings taken from the foreigners who live in Asia". 1892:. The Gerousia consisted of 28 elders over the age of 60, elected for life and usually part of the royal households, and the two kings. High state decisions were discussed by this council, who could then propose policies to the 1088:, a quadrangular building, perhaps a temple, constructed of immense blocks of stone and containing two chambers; the foundation of an ancient bridge over the Eurotas; the ruins of a circular structure; some remains of late Roman 2167:, and although they may also have fulfilled functions such as the manufacture and repair of armour and weapons, they were increasingly integrated into the combat units of the Spartan army as the Spartiate population declined. 2163:

not clear, but they seem to have served partly as a kind of military reserve, partly as skilled craftsmen and partly as agents of foreign trade. Perioikoic hoplites served increasingly with the Spartan army, explicitly at the

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usually being cut with water) "...and to lead them in that condition into their public halls, that the children might see what a sight a drunken man is; they made them to dance low dances, and sing ridiculous songs..." during

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on the pretext of unifying Greece against Persia, the Spartans chose not to join, since they had no interest in joining a pan-Greek expedition unless it were under Spartan leadership. Thus, upon defeating the Persians at the

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These laws meant that Sparta could not readily replace citizens lost in battle or otherwise, which eventually proved near fatal as citizens became greatly outnumbered by non-citizens, and even more dangerously by helots.

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Spartan men remained in the active reserve until age 60. Men were encouraged to marry at age 20 but could not live with their families until they left their active military service at age 30. They called themselves

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27.2–3. However this may be conflating later practice with that of the classical period. See Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art ed. Beth Cohen, p. 263, note 33, 2000,

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Langridge-Noti, Elizabeth (2015). "Unchanging Tastes: First Steps Towards Correlation of the Evidence for Food Preparation and Consumption in Ancient Laconia". In Spataro, Michela; Villing, Alexandra (eds.).

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invaded and devastated much of Laconia, turning the Spartans out, though he did not seize Sparta itself. Even during its decline, Sparta never forgot its claim to be the "defender of Hellenism" and its

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in clay, amber, bronze, ivory and lead dating from the 9th to the 4th centuries BC, which were found in great profusion within the precinct range, supply invaluable information about early Spartan art.

1485:. At the peak of its power in the early 4th century BC, Sparta had subdued many of the main Greek states and even invaded the Persian provinces in Anatolia (modern day Turkey), a period known as the 1960:

if a Spartiate formally adopted him and paid his way; if he did exceptionally well in training, he might be sponsored to become a Spartiate. Spartans who could not afford to pay the expenses of the

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around their city, believing they made the city's men soft in terms of their warrior abilities. A wall was finally erected after 184 BCE, after the peak of the city-state's power had come and gone.

830:"Lacedaemonia" was not in general use during the classical period and before. It does occur in Greek as an equivalent of Laconia and Messenia during the Roman and early Byzantine periods, mostly in 1458:

occurred along the Sparta faultline destroying much of what was Sparta and many other city-states in ancient Greece. This earthquake is marked by scholars as one of the key events that led to the

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proclaimed that either one of the kings of Sparta had to die or Sparta would be destroyed. This prophecy was fulfilled after king Leonidas died in the battle. The superior weaponry, strategy, and

1736:: Now therefore, since this is come to our knowledge, ye shall do well to write unto us of your prosperity. We do write back again to you, that your cattle and goods are ours, and ours are yours. 2593:

The laws regarding a divorce were the same for both men and women. Unlike women in Athens, if a Spartan woman became the heiress of her father because she had no living brothers to inherit (an

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fourth century, described women's curriculum in Sparta as consisting of gymnastics and mousike (music and arts). Plato praised Spartan women's ability when it came to philosophical discussion.

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by a Greek-Phoenician mercenary fleet that Persia had provided to Athens. The event severely damaged Sparta's naval power but did not end its aspirations of invading further into Persia, until

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Each year when the Ephors took office, they ritually declared war on the helots, allowing Spartans to kill them without risk of ritual pollution. This fight seems to have been carried out by

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As Spartan citizenship was inherited by blood, Sparta increasingly faced a helot population that vastly outnumbered its citizens. The alarming decline of Spartan citizens was commented on by

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sent a force to Crete in 333 BC to secure the island for the Persian interest. Agis next took command of allied Greek forces against Macedon, gaining early successes, before laying siege to

880:, but Isidore defines Lacedaemonia as founded by Lacedaemon, son of Semele, which is consistent with Eusebius' explanation. There is a rare use, perhaps the earliest of "Lacedaemonia", in 9678: 2737:, who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of the Dorians, the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged. In the 20th century, this developed into 2726:, arguing that its austere constitution was preferable to the more sophisticated Athenian life. Sparta was also used as a model of austere purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. 1344:

Achaeans to the northwest. The evidence suggests that Sparta, relatively inaccessible because of the topography of the Taygetan plain, was secure from early on: it was never fortified.

1512:. The alliance was initially backed by Persia, which feared further Spartan expansion into Asia. Sparta achieved a series of land victories, but many of her ships were destroyed at the 1098:

The remaining archaeological wealth consisted of inscriptions, sculptures, and other objects collected in the local museum, founded by Stamatakis in 1872 and enlarged in 1907. Partial

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strikeforce, prescribed that education for warfare "should begin from the nursery", that children should from kindergarten be taken to "spend nights in the mountains and valleys".

1377:. Several writers throughout antiquity, including Herodotus, Xenophon, and Plutarch have attempted to explain Spartan exceptionalism as a result of the so-called Lycurgan Reforms. 728:), referred to the immediate area around the town of Sparta, the plateau east of the Taygetos mountains, and sometimes to all the regions under direct Spartan control, including 3513: 2393:. The immediate objective of this unit was to seek out and kill vulnerable helot Laconians as part of the larger program of terrorising and intimidating the helot population. 1348: 2202:

been discouraged, this did not preclude the production of very fine decorated bronze, ivory and wooden works of art as well as exquisite jewellery, attested in archaeology.

1590:. An anecdote has it that when Philip II sent a message to Sparta saying "If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out.", the Spartans responded with the single, terse reply: 2577:

childless men might even request another man's wife to bear his children if she had previously been a strong child bearer. For this reason many considered Spartan women

1288:. The Mycenaean settlement was roughly triangular in shape, with its apex pointed towards the north. Its area was approximately equal to that of the "newer" Sparta, but 2213:, which was expected to provide his living. The land was worked by helots who retained half the yield. From the other half, the Spartiate was expected to pay his mess ( 2455:, the education of the ruling class, was, they claim, founded on pederastic relationships required of each citizen, with the lover responsible for the boy's training. 400: 375: 700:

used one of three words to refer to the Spartan city-state and its location. First, "Sparta" refers primarily to the main cluster of settlements in the valley of the

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Gerousia then decided whether it was to be reared or not. It is commonly stated that if they considered it "puny and deformed", the baby was thrown into a chasm on

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Sparta continued to be one of the Peloponesian powers until its eventual loss of independence in 192 BC. During Alexander's campaigns in the east, the Spartan king

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made from the early 1990s to the present suggest that the area around the Menelaion in the southern part of the Eurotas valley seems to have been the center of

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to the Spartan republic, stating that "Lacedemonia the noblest and best city governed that ever was". He commended it as a model for England. The philosopher

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In terms of domestic archaeology, little is known about Spartan houses and villages before the Archaic period, but the best evidence comes from excavations at

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fighting formation again proved their worth one year later when Sparta assembled its full strength and led a Greek alliance against the Persians at the

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Laconophilia is love or admiration of Sparta and its culture or constitution. Sparta was subject of considerable admiration in its day, even in rival

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Plutarch also states that Spartans treated the helots "harshly and cruelly": they compelled them to drink pure wine (which was considered dangerous –

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why Spartan women were the only women in the world who could rule men, she replied "Because we are the only women who are mothers of men". In 396,

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Thucydides reports that when a Spartan man went to war, his wife (or another woman of some significance) would customarily present him with his

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As the Spartiate population declined and the helot population continued to grow, the imbalance of power caused increasing tension. According to

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where postholes have been found. These villages were open and consisted of small and simple houses built with stone foundations and clay walls.

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Hollow Lacedaemon. Site of the Menelaion, the ancient shrine to Helen and Menelaus constructed in the Bronze Age city that stood on the hill of

6356: 3756: 1103: 1242: 1106:. The structure has been since found to be a semicircular retaining wall of Hellenic origin that was partly restored during the Roman period. 1869:), adoptions and the public roads (the meaning of the last term is unclear in Herodotus' text and has been interpreted in a number of ways). 1148:. It is believed that musical and gymnastic contests took place here, as well as the famous flogging ordeal administered to Spartan boys ( 2525:

impotent, but was sober as always – first had dinner in the messes, then would slip in, undo her belt, lift her and carry her to the bed.

2360:

was designed to encourage discipline and physical toughness and to emphasize the importance of the Spartan state. Boys lived in communal

1399:(about 300 full Spartiates, 700 Thespians, and 400 Thebans, although these numbers were lessened by earlier casualties) made a legendary 1002:, and Asine. As king, he named his country after himself and the city after his wife. He was believed to have built the sanctuary of the 4275: 3717: 9653: 8346: 5824: 1481:, Sparta, a traditional land power, acquired a navy which managed to overpower the previously dominant flotilla of Athens, ending the 3708: 2086:

They assign to the Helots every shameful task leading to disgrace. For they ordained that each one of them must wear a dogskin cap (

945:

by hilly uplands reaching 1000 m in altitude. These natural defenses worked to Sparta's advantage and protected it from sacking and

3898: 2787: 2320:

In the Hellenistic Period, grander, two-storey monumental tombs are found at Sparta. Ten of these have been found for this period.

1732:

the high priest, greeting: It is found in writing, that the Lacedemonians and Jews are brethren, and that they are of the stock of

118: 2313:

provided by the Tomb of the Lacedaimonians in Athens. Excavations at the cemetery of classical Sparta, uncovered ritually pierced

791:

The residents of Sparta were often called Lacedaemonians. This epithet utilized the plural of the adjective Lacedaemonius (Greek:

480: 4433: 2709: 6004: 2530:

unaccustomed were men to women's looks at the time of their first intercourse. The "abduction" may have served to ward off the

2234:

in 244 BC. Attempts were made to remedy this by imposing legal penalties upon bachelors, but this could not reverse the trend.

2630:

contains a collection of "Sayings of Spartan Women", including a laconic quip attributed to Gorgo: when asked by a woman from

1032:, an archaic era Spartan writer, is the earliest source to connect the origin myth of the Spartans to the lineage of the hero 9668: 6421: 6287: 6225: 6140: 5959: 5631: 5139: 5083: 4972: 4733: 4121: 4105: 3448: 3347: 3200: 4134: 4062: 9673: 7734: 4536: 1292:

has wreaked havoc with its buildings and nothing is left of its original structures save for ruined foundations and broken

6702: 3464: 6739: 5190: 4406: 3180: 846:(5th century AD) defines Agiadae as a "place in Lacedaemonia" named after Agis. The actual transition may be captured by 430: 4023:"The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World" p. 141, John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, Oswyn Murray 1664:

were restored, and the city became a tourist attraction for the Roman elite who came to observe exotic Spartan customs.

8356: 8046: 7739: 7673: 5609: 5473: 3580: 3153: 2722: 2534:, and the cutting of the wife's hair was perhaps part of a rite of passage that signaled her entrance into a new life. 1361:

The legendary period of Spartan history is believed to fall into the Dark Age. It treats the mythic heroes such as the

1150: 1109: 2198:

of Spartan sculptors, and Spartans were certainly poets, magistrates, ambassadors, and governors as well as soldiers.

7744: 7719: 6623: 6600: 6574: 6556: 6523: 6471: 6451: 6400: 6382: 6345:, Translated from the Greek by several hands. Corrected and revised by. William W. Goodwin, PH. D., Boston, Cambridge 6328: 6305: 6255: 6204: 6183: 6162: 6113: 5605: 5079: 4999: 4968: 4443: 4416: 4357: 4247: 3957: 3926: 3372: 1162: 510:

Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the leading force of the unified Greek military during the

9553: 8302: 7729: 7724: 2839: 5786:

Maria Dettenhofer, "Die Frauen von Sparta", Reine Männer Sache, Munich, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1994, p. 25.

3397: 8196: 8056: 8051: 7328: 6639: 5413:

Scanlon, Thomas F. (2005). "The Dispersion of Pederasty and the Athletic Revolution in Sixth-Century BC Greece".

2428: 1657: 606: 2646: 2619:, was an influential and well-documented figure. Herodotus records that as a small girl she advised her father 2377: 1706:. Despite this, a gravestone of a fallen legionary named Marcus Aurelius Alexys shows him lightly armed, with a 1072:

it rather resembles a group of villages, like the ancient towns of Hellas, and would therefore make a poor show.

9580: 8221: 7635: 6732: 6090: 5397: 4172: 3429: 2954:

Fq 229, TH Fq 258, TH Fq 275, TH Fq 253, TH Fq 284, TH Fq 325, TH Fq 339, TH Fq 382. There are also words like

2006:

The Spartans were a minority of the Lakonian population. The largest class of inhabitants were the helots (in

1861:

and equal in authority, so that one could not act against the power and political enactments of his colleague.

1144:) proved to be a theatre-like building constructed soon after 200 AD around the altar and in front of the 4377: 2493:

According to Aristotle, the Spartan military culture was actually short-sighted and ineffective. He observed:

9575: 9132: 8625: 8141: 8061: 7759: 7469: 5058:, The Classical Press of Wales, Swansea, 2000. See also Paul Cartledge's discussion of property in Sparta in 2964:– found on the TH Gp 227 tablet – that could perhaps mean "son of the Spartan". Moreover, the attested words 2599:), the woman was not required to divorce her current spouse in order to marry her nearest paternal relative. 1903:

Royal prerogatives were curtailed over time. From the period of the Persian wars, the king lost the right to

1873:

describes the kingship at Sparta as "a kind of unlimited and perpetual generalship" (Pol. iii. 1285a), while

562:, as its antiquarian customs attracted many Roman tourists. However, Sparta was sacked in 396 AD by the 1212: 9548: 8077: 7531: 6213: 2996:

form of the former which is found on the MY Ge 603 tablet. It is considered much more probable though that

2927: 1885: 1236: 9663: 8603: 8211: 8087: 7749: 7703: 7658: 7434: 7123: 3527: 2063:, the Greek dead included not just the legendary three hundred Spartan soldiers but also several hundred 1956:, for example, sent his two sons to Sparta as trophimoi. Also, the son of a helot could be enrolled as a 1145: 321: 9142: 3631: 1324:

period, found in the vicinity of Kouphovouno some two kilometres (1.2 miles) south-southwest of Sparta.

9658: 9264: 9137: 8270: 8265: 8241: 8151: 7668: 6766: 6689: 2565:

who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore dresses (

2458:

However, other scholars question this interpretation. Xenophon explicitly denies it, but not Plutarch.

2380:

is not entirely clear). Xenophon, an admirer of the Spartan educational system whose sons attended the

1803:. In the Middle Ages, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to the nearby settlement of 555: 163: 5310:

Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven; Frank, Turner; Frank, Alison (2013). "The Rise of Greek Civilization".

3085: 3066: 2771:

In modern times, the adjective "Spartan" means simple, frugal, avoiding luxury and comfort. The term "

582:

is the capital of the southern Greek region of Laconia and a center for processing citrus and olives.

9622: 9565: 8521: 8324: 8309: 8231: 8166: 7486: 7381: 6855: 6789: 3949: 3943: 3741:

Cavanagh, William (2018). "An Archaeology of Ancient Sparta with Reference to Laconia and Messenia".

2890: 2799: 2779: 2688: 2562: 2023: 1675: 1281: 1195: 1077: 729: 8133: 8113: 7311: 6969: 5535: 2683: 2111: 1477:

were the main powers fighting for supremacy in the northeastern Mediterranean. In the course of the

8319: 8282: 8216: 7882: 7769: 4279: 1710:

cap and a wooden club. The unit was presumably discharged in 217 after Caracalla was assassinated.

1455: 1341: 1118: 788:. "Sparta" on the other hand is described as "the country of lovely women", an epithet for people. 42: 6663: 1877:

refers to the Spartans as "subject to an oligarchy at home, to a kingship on campaign" (iii. 24).

1644:

by a coalition of other Greek city-states and Rome, and the resultant overthrow of its final king

9602: 8726: 8526: 8511: 8314: 8297: 8277: 8246: 8146: 8082: 7698: 7683: 7653: 7614: 7491: 7343: 6845: 6679: 6243: 3565:. Vol. III: Tacitus' Germania & Other Forgeries. Philadelphia: Innes & Sones. p. 20. 2651: 2543: 2059:. Helots also travelled with the Spartan army as non-combatant serfs. At the last stand of the 1851: 1717: 1653: 1617: 1459: 1293: 942: 855: 839: 636: 551: 426: 420: 183: 35: 17: 4425: 9560: 8563: 8334: 8292: 8226: 8191: 7643: 7627: 7323: 7264: 7113: 7108: 6583:

Rabinowitz, Adam. 2009. "Drinking from the Same Cup: Sparta and Late Archaic Commensality". In

6409: 6314: 2914: 2863: 2612: 2246: 2007: 1683: 1602: 1184: 995: 965: 450:

overlooking the future site of Dorian Sparta. Across the valley the successive ridges of Mount

77: 53: 6653: 6543:. Edited by Stephen Hodkinson and Anton Powell, 85–109. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales. 6483:(2004), "What have the Spartans Done for us?: Sparta's Contribution to Western Civilization", 6323:. with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. 3419: 3335: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 2734: 9612: 8841: 8831: 8821: 8806: 8496: 8236: 8206: 8161: 8156: 7787: 7754: 7556: 7461: 7447: 7103: 6974: 6938: 6492: 5155:

Williamson, Laila (1978). "Infanticide: an anthropological analysis". In Kohl, Marvin (ed.).

5131: 3916: 2879: 2783: 2717: 2206: 2060: 1754: 1404: 1041: 898: 527: 295: 5448:

Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West

3769:

The Mycenaean presence in the southeastern Eurotas valley: Vouno Panagias and Ayios Georgios

3701:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

3367:. Vol. 2. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 1528. 2047:, some 6,000 helots accumulated enough wealth to buy their freedom, for example, in 227 BC. 9084: 9078: 9064: 8548: 8506: 8478: 8363: 8176: 7406: 7202: 6218:

From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilisation between the 6th and 5th centuries BC

5828: 4985: 3080: 3061: 2747: 2424: 1829: 1582: 1389: 1141: 872: 867: 590: 282: 1636:. Spartan political independence was put to an end when it was eventually forced into the 913: 8: 9215: 9185: 8573: 8468: 8463: 7900: 7215: 7128: 7098: 7052: 6815: 3889: 3418:

Jasanoff, Jay H.; Nussbaum, Alan (1996). Lefkowitz, Mary R.; Rogers Maclean, Guy (eds.).

2835: 2656: 1613: 1569: 1528: 991: 894: 644: 256: 6318: 4610: 1411:. The Spartans received advance warning of the Persian invasion from their deposed king 1044:, also made mention of Spartans understanding themselves to be descendants of Heracles. 9648: 9432: 9329: 9235: 8879: 8796: 8684: 8186: 8010: 7526: 7506: 7363: 7234: 7118: 6913: 6840: 6461: 6102: 5929:

edited by Mogens Herman Hansen, Copenhagen: Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2005 p. 222.

5664: 5438: 5224: 4197: 3469: 3320: 2044: 1904: 1792: 1703: 1661: 1509: 1374: 1351: 1126: 987: 917:

Antique Map of Classical City of Sparta (based on ancient sources and not archaeology).

847: 676: 594: 511: 5997: 3229: 9608: 9507: 9094: 8643: 8491: 8443: 8287: 8256: 8201: 8118: 7995: 7867: 7688: 7521: 7474: 7414: 7288: 7270: 7246: 7228: 7183: 7138: 7133: 6784: 6619: 6613: 6596: 6570: 6552: 6519: 6467: 6447: 6417: 6396: 6378: 6350: 6324: 6301: 6283: 6251: 6221: 6200: 6179: 6158: 6136: 6109: 6086: 6052: 5975: 5955: 5627: 5601: 5547: 5469: 5430: 5393: 5228: 5135: 5075: 4995: 4964: 4729: 4460: 4439: 4412: 4353: 4243: 4168: 3953: 3922: 3487: 3425: 3368: 3343: 3159: 3149: 2829: 2608: 2555: 2467: 2227: 2164: 1912: 1714: 1641: 1597: 1577:

Sparta never fully recovered from its losses at Leuctra in 371 BC and the subsequent

1541: 1478: 1447: 1432: 1428: 1305: 999: 640: 632: 531: 523: 519: 308: 5442: 4325:

Legion versus Phalanx: The Epic Struggle for Infantry Supremacy in the Ancient World

2209:

had divided property into 9,000 equal portions. Each citizen received one estate, a

1935:

was essential for full citizenship. However, usually the only boys eligible for the

1278:

and fire, and archaeologists consider them the possible palace of Menelaus himself.

929:, the largest river of Laconia, which provided it with a source of fresh water. The 9437: 8969: 8934: 8751: 8608: 8486: 8373: 8368: 7693: 7648: 7479: 7386: 7002: 6835: 6820: 6810: 6273: 5947: 5656: 5468:(The Doric pederasty: their ethics and their ideas), Sauerländer, 1907, 441, 444. 5422: 5216: 5160: 5127: 4721: 4575: 3537: 2823: 2761: 1513: 1486: 1285: 1037: 881: 777: 659: 539: 515: 4713: 4142: 2760:

movement in Israel, were influenced by Spartan ideals, particularly in education.

1520:

the Athenian ravaged the Spartan coastline and provoked the old Spartan fear of a

654:

following the revival of classical learning. The admiration of Sparta is known as

9643: 9452: 9210: 8998: 8811: 8553: 8419: 8351: 7678: 7276: 7258: 7252: 7166: 7143: 7017: 6928: 6888: 6825: 6277: 5850: 4725: 4381: 3548: 3491: 3474: 2908: 2520:

Plutarch reports the peculiar customs associated with the Spartan wedding night:

2079: 1808: 1757: 1679: 1645: 1505: 1482: 1415:, which prompted them to consult the Delphic oracle. According to Herodotus, the 1155: 975: 785: 736: 651: 579: 492: 447: 380: 221: 112: 31: 9477: 9190: 4310:

Thomas J. Figueira, "Population Patterns in Late Archaic and Classical Sparta",

1943:, those who could trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of the city. 813:. As most words for "country" were feminine, the adjective was in the feminine: 625:(state-owned enslaved non-Spartan locals). Spartiate men underwent the rigorous 9334: 9274: 9269: 9225: 9006: 8954: 8944: 8924: 8914: 8658: 8653: 8648: 7501: 7300: 7294: 7282: 7082: 7057: 6830: 6755: 6710: 6480: 6439: 6192: 6171: 6150: 5220: 4920:"Population Patterns in Late Archaic and Classical Sparta" by Thomas Figueira, 4499:

By Philip De Souza, Waldemar Heckel, Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Victor Davis Hanson

4394:

What were the Spartans like? Note to Lego Masters: they didn’t build city walls

2951: 2772: 2669: 2387:

Some Spartan youth apparently became members of an irregular unit known as the

2369: 2205:

Allegedly as part of the Lycurgan Reforms in the mid-8th century BC, a massive

2068: 1812: 1764: 1637: 1633: 1587: 1563: 1497: 1493: 1470: 1081: 930: 806: 697: 547: 535: 496: 470: 393: 338: 6587:. Edited by Stephen Hodkinson, 113–191. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales. 6510:. Edited by Stephen Hodkinson, 193–229. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales. 6298:

Athens and Sparta: Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 BC

5998:"Hitler, Pol Pot, and Hutu Power: Distinguishing Themes of Genocidal Ideology" 2350:

When male Spartans began military training at age seven, they would enter the

1952:

or "foster sons" were foreign students invited to study. The Athenian general

9637: 9570: 9487: 9462: 9152: 9074: 8756: 8699: 8598: 8588: 8558: 8540: 8414: 7566: 7348: 7240: 7196: 7158: 6997: 6918: 6658: 5551: 4991: 3712: 3702: 3163: 2869: 2851: 2775:" describes the very terse and direct speech characteristic of the Spartans. 2254: 2183: 1668: 1578: 1271: 1257: 1244: 1089: 1076:

Until the early 20th century, the chief ancient buildings at Sparta were the

954: 926: 753: 710:), was often used as an adjective and is the name referenced in the works of 701: 650:

Sparta was frequently a subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in

586: 491:), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the 269: 133: 120: 6685: 4408:

A History of the Laws of War: Volume 2: The Customs and Laws of War with ...

3721:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 609–14. 3144:

Russell, Bertrand (27 August 2015). "Chapter XII: The Influence of Sparta".

1174:"of the Brazen House" (Χαλκίοικος, Chalkioikos) was determined to be on the 9387: 9339: 9205: 9059: 8929: 8568: 8404: 7910: 7872: 7571: 5434: 5209:

Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens

3342:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 223. 3031:

further 70,000, whilst slaves were estimated at between 150,000 to 400,000.

2805: 2746:

Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state". Following

2742: 2713: 2663: 2410: 2187: 1897: 1880:

Civil and criminal cases were decided by a group of officials known as the

1707: 1545: 655: 559: 543: 5426: 2470:, which demanded that no soldier be superior to his comrades. Insofar as 9407: 9299: 9279: 9107: 8615: 8593: 8583: 8578: 8501: 8458: 8005: 7915: 7905: 7792: 7782: 7546: 6923: 6898: 5951: 5647:

Figueira, Thomas (1984). "Mess Contributions and Subsistence at Sparta".

5461: 4884: 4883:

Classical historian Anton Powell has recorded a similar story from 1980s

3005: 2993: 2947: 2845: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2620: 2570: 2466:" (equals), pointing to their common lifestyle and the discipline of the 2343: 2190: 1800: 1742: 1649: 1537: 1331:, when, according to Herodotus, Macedonian tribes from the north (called 1099: 1052: 922: 831: 602: 571: 500: 153: 30:

This article is about the ancient city-state. For modern-day Sparta, see

9112: 6264:

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). Jones, Henry Stuart (ed.).

5979: 2419: 876:(early 5th century AD), as did Orosius. The latter defines Sparta to be 9344: 9314: 9309: 9294: 9180: 9147: 8816: 8786: 8453: 8181: 8015: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7827: 7812: 7802: 7777: 7153: 6908: 6863: 6609: 4201: 2875: 2616: 1940: 1629: 1400: 1396: 1328: 1289: 1275: 1134: 1130: 1080:, of which, however, little showed above ground except portions of the 1064: 719: 609:

and physical development. The inhabitants of Sparta were stratified as

462: 334: 5668: 4011:"Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare". Matthew Bennett, p. 86 1310: 9319: 9245: 9230: 9200: 9195: 9127: 9051: 9036: 9021: 8964: 8864: 8516: 8448: 8020: 8000: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7925: 7920: 7890: 7837: 7797: 7576: 7442: 7396: 7376: 7007: 6878: 4646:

Figueira, Thomas, "Helotage and the Spartan Economy," p. 566-574. In

4558: 2730: 2595: 2582: 2414: 2314: 2223: 2179: 2056: 1948: 1924: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1843: 1776: 1702:, implying it fought like the old Spartans as hoplites, or even as a 1671: 1621: 1552: 1412: 1366: 1362: 1321: 1224: 1217: 1207: 1180: 1175: 715: 672: 610: 563: 443: 4374: 1834: 1652:

in 146 BC when the Achaean League was defeated by the Roman general

9369: 9359: 9349: 9324: 9102: 9069: 9031: 8974: 8889: 8874: 8731: 8721: 8638: 8633: 8030: 8025: 7985: 7980: 7955: 7935: 7862: 7817: 7807: 7663: 7561: 7496: 7424: 7032: 6338: 5660: 4058: 2902: 2896: 2884: 2578: 2531: 2437: 2389: 2334: 2291: 2290:

Spartan burial customs changed over time. The Archaic Spartan poet

2284: 2272: 2258: 2157: 2138: 2117: 2064: 2039: 1977: 1953: 1889: 1858: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1750: 1693: 1609: 1408: 1232: 1228: 1191: 1085: 1057: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1003: 946: 934: 781: 749: 668: 618: 593:, which were supposedly introduced by the semi-mythical legislator 567: 550:

in 192 BC. The city nevertheless recovered much autonomy after the

504: 451: 243: 176: 100: 9122: 4314:, Vol. 116 (1986), The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 165-213 2435:

At age 20, the Spartan citizen began his membership in one of the

9512: 9502: 9447: 9442: 9427: 9417: 9402: 9397: 9284: 9172: 9162: 9041: 9016: 9011: 8984: 8979: 8959: 8949: 8939: 8904: 8894: 8884: 8836: 8826: 8801: 8766: 8761: 8736: 8389: 8171: 7832: 7822: 7581: 7551: 7541: 7536: 7516: 7511: 7391: 7338: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7022: 7012: 6724: 6463:

From Myth to Reason?: Studies in the Development of Greek Thought

5390:

Aristophanes and Athenian Society of the Early Fourth Century B.C

4330: 4312:

Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-2014)

3878:"A Historical Commentary on Thucydides". David Cartwright, p. 176 2989: 2857: 2817: 2765: 2757: 2738: 2635: 2626: 2471: 2339: 2231: 2038:

Helots did not have voting or political rights. The Spartan poet

2027: 1847: 1804: 1784: 1733: 1729: 1698: 1438: 1424: 1332: 1317: 1122: 1015: 1007: 983: 950: 921:

Sparta is located in the region of Laconia, in the south-eastern

902: 859: 835: 598: 575: 466: 173: 46: 9457: 8771: 6502:

Flower, Michael A. 2009. "Spartan 'Religion' and Greek 'Religion

5812:

Goddess, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity

5704: 5702: 5296: 5294: 5292: 4252: 2498:

aspect of city's life, end up making them inferior even in that.

1327:

This civilization seems to have fallen into decline by the late

635:

brigades were widely considered to be among the best in battle.

9482: 9412: 9392: 9354: 9220: 9026: 8919: 8856: 8846: 8791: 8409: 8394: 7990: 7975: 7950: 7945: 7930: 7591: 7586: 7353: 7333: 7067: 7062: 6933: 6893: 6883: 6868: 6674: 6395:, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 4271: 3017:, though the latter is thought to be related etymologically to 2811: 2631: 2566: 2486: 2001: 1981: 1881: 1854: 1688: 1501: 1474: 1466: 1420: 1416: 1337: 1171: 1093: 1019: 938: 622: 614: 238: 209: 5207:

Sneed (2021). "Disability and Infanticide in Ancient Greece".

4902: 4578:, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts 2481:(shield) and say: "With this, or upon this" (Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς, 2175: 9492: 9467: 9364: 9304: 9289: 9157: 9117: 8869: 8781: 8776: 8746: 8741: 8716: 8399: 7940: 7895: 7847: 7419: 7371: 7072: 7042: 6989: 6964: 6903: 6873: 5699: 5289: 4890: 4537: 3449: 3201: 3181: 3008: 2478: 2451: 2352: 2329: 2097: 2087: 2010: 1985: 1931: 1591: 1532: 1521: 1517: 1102:

of the round building was undertaken in 1892 and 1893 by the

1011: 969: 885: 818: 792: 766: 756: 723: 711: 705: 627: 69: 6700: 5330: 1807:, and Sparta fell further in even local importance. Modern 1231:, located east of Sparta, by the river Eurotas, on the hill 601:

to maximize military proficiency at all costs, focusing all

570:, and underwent a long period of decline, especially in the 438: 9679:

States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC

9497: 9472: 9422: 8909: 8899: 6539:

Low, Polly. 2006. "Commemorating the Spartan War-Dead". In

6030:, By Uri Ben-Eliezer, Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 63 5369: 5183:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie

5093: 5091: 4720:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–161, 4350:

Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition

2750: 2704:, Laconophilia re-appeared, for example in the writings of 2548: 2384:, explicitly denies the sexual nature of the relationship. 2361: 2338:

Bronze appliqué of Spartan manufacture, possibly depicting

2306:

and his tomb and children are pointed out among the people,

2052: 1915:

was responsible for electing men to the Gerousia for life.

1721: 1347: 979: 486: 6250:(2nd ed.), Berkeley: University of California Press, 5122:

Bayliss, Andrew J. (26 May 2022). "4. Raising a Spartan".

3891:

The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC. v.1

3803: 3801: 735:

The earliest attested term referring to Lacedaemon is the

688: 9684:

States and territories established in the 11th century BC

6695: 6532:

Hodkinson, Stephen, and Ian MacGregor Morris, eds. 2010.

3222: 3093: 3074: 2756:

Certain early Zionists, and particularly the founders of

2136:

who took part in the mysterious institution known as the

2022:

The helots were originally free Greeks from the areas of

1988:. Descendants of non-Spartan citizens were forbidden the 1818: 526:(431–404 BC), from which it emerged victorious after the 6567:

The hero cults of Sparta: local religion in a Greek city

6549:

Death-Ritual and Social Structure in Classical Antiquity

5915: 5864: 5756: 5512: 5342: 5318: 5088: 4771: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4165:

Hellenistic and Roman Sparta : a tale of two cities

3779: 3777: 3745:. Vol. 1. Hoboken USA: Wiley Blackwell. p. 62. 3563:

Contributions toward a History of Arabico-Gothic Culture

2283:, "Deposits"). This was, in effect, a primitive form of 2055:, tilling Spartan land. Helot women were often used as 1531:

was established, according to which all Greek cities of

1496:, Sparta faced a coalition of the leading Greek states: 1446:

The decisive Greek victory at Plataea put an end to the

1166:

Remaining section of wall that surrounded ancient Sparta

6042:, By Anita Shapira, Stanford University Press 1999, 300 5729:

Guttentag and Secord, 1983; Finley, 1982; Pomeroy, 1975

5103: 4478: 3825: 3813: 3798: 3786: 3424:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 193. 3125: 3113: 2300:

But even though he is beneath the earth he is immortal,

1379:

Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaimonians, chapter 1

6040:

Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948

5768: 5744: 5732: 5687: 5567: 5500: 4856: 3101: 1896:, the collective body of Spartan citizenry, who would 1047: 6514:

Hodkinson, Stephen; Gallou, Chrysanthi, eds. (2021).

6155:

Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC

5789: 5649:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

5309: 4922:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

4083: 3774: 3210: 2975: 2965: 2955: 1125:, and in the following year excavations were made at 1010:, and to have given to those divinities the names of 739: 617:(free non-Spartiate people descended from Spartans), 5891:

Millender, Ellen G., "Spartan Women" p. 500-525. In

5540:ΣPARTA: Journal of Ancient Spartan and Greek History 5529: 5527: 5176:"Ancient Sparta – Research Program of Keadas Cavern" 5173: 4950:, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1996, pp. 111–27 2764:, a founding father of the Kibbutz movement and the 2490:

messmates and friends, often close blood relations.

2364:

and, according to Xenophon, whose sons attended the

2308:

and his children’s children and his line after them.

1536:

long-term decline after a severe military defeat to

827:). Eventually, the adjective came to be used alone. 45:. For the mythical people associated with Ares, see 5466:

Die Dorische Knabenliebe: ihre Ethik und ihre Ideen

4714:"Third year of the war, 429–28 [II 71–103]" 4404: 4078:ἂν ἐμβάλω εἰς τὴν Λακωνικήν, ἀναστάτους ὑμᾶς ποιήσω 3975: 3591: 3589: 3234:

Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of Ancient languages

941:(1,935 m). To the north, Laconia is separated from 478: 6364:Plutarch (1891), Bernardakis, Gregorius N. (ed.), 6191: 6101: 5927:The Imaginary Polis: Symposium, January 7–10, 2004 5533: 4657: 4336: 4258: 4162: 3458: 1980:, free inhabitants who were non-citizens, and the 1770: 1527:After a few more years of fighting, in 387 BC the 949:. Though landlocked, Sparta had a vassal harbor, 5937: 5935: 5524: 5361:Millender, Ellen G. (2018). Powell, Anton (ed.). 3897:, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, 2474:warfare could be perfected, the Spartans did so. 1648:, in 192 BC. Sparta played no active part in the 9635: 5942:Hodkinson S (31 December 2002). "Introduction". 5626:. United Kingdom: Oxbow Books. pp. 148–55. 4711: 4057: 3586: 3417: 2720:contrasted Sparta favourably with Athens in his 1799:is the only surviving descendant of the ancient 1749:The letters are reproduced in a variant form by 1340:Dorians to the east and southeast, and also the 503:. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant 99:Territory of ancient Sparta before 371 BC, with 6960: 6516:Luxury and wealth in Sparta and the Peloponnese 6513: 5848: 5806: 5804: 5045:, Basel Blackwell and Mott Ltd.,1967, pp. 40–43 4977: 4167:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 21. 3411: 2304:All the city is distressed by the painful loss, 1558: 1544:. This was the first time that a full strength 1274:and Menelaus. These mansions were destroyed by 1137:. In 1906, excavations began in Sparta itself. 933:was a natural fortress, bounded to the west by 925:. Ancient Sparta was built on the banks of the 52:"Lacedaemon" redirects here. For the king, see 5932: 5620: 5497:Readers Companion Military Hist p. 438. Cowley 3918:Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis 3486: 2506: 1660:under Roman rule, some of the institutions of 41:"Spartan" redirects here. For other uses, see 6740: 6373:Plutarch (2005), Richard J.A. Talbert (ed.), 6124:A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges 1763:Spartans long spurned the idea of building a 752:syllabic script, the equivalent of the later 6701:Papakyriakou-Anagnostou, Ellen (2000–2011). 6487:, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 164–179 6263: 6108:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 5801: 4532: 4435:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 3444: 3196: 3176: 2887:(quasi-mythical, century unclear) — lawgiver 2708:. The Elizabethan English constitutionalist 2607:Many women played a significant role in the 1865:restricted to cases dealing with heiresses ( 1811:was re-founded in 1834, by a decree of King 1465:In later Classical times, Sparta along with 884:' The Library of History, but probably with 776:Herodotus seems to use "Lacedaemon" for the 585:Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its 514:, in rivalry with the rising naval power of 473:. In antiquity, the city-state was known as 6391:Plutarch (2004), Frank Cole Babbitt (ed.), 5941: 4768:Thucydides (IV, 80); the Greek is ambiguous 4650:edited by Anton Powell, 565-589. Vol. 1 of 4188:Badian, E. (29 December 1967). "Agis III". 4163:Cartledge, Paul; Spawforth, Antony (2002). 4019: 4017: 2793: 2778:Sparta also features prominently in modern 2237: 1929:The Spartan education process known as the 7626: 6747: 6733: 6608: 6593:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Slavery 6355:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6121: 5991: 5989: 5921:Hodkinson, Stephen "The Imaginary Spartan 5814:. New York: Schocken Books, 1995 pp. 60–62 5154: 4565: 4511:, Thomas Alan Sinclair, Trevor J. Saunders 4300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. 3915:Nielsen, Thomas Heine (29 December 2017). 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3509: 3247: 3245: 3243: 2917:– Spartan mercenary in the First Punic War 2700:With the revival of classical learning in 2294:spoke of the Spartan war-dead as follows: 1170:In 1907, the location of the sanctuary of 1022:was erected to him in the neighborhood of 93: 6551:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6479: 6313: 6212: 6170: 6149: 5375: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5097: 5013: 4908: 4896: 4777: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4484: 4461:"Tsakonian Studies: The State-of-the-Art" 4045: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3792: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3595: 3340:A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language 3216: 3131: 3119: 3107: 2878:(c. 520–480 BC) – king, commander at the 1407:against the massive Persian army, led by 1311:Prehistory, "dark age" and archaic period 893:Lakedaimona was until 2006 the name of a 809:, referring to the land of Lacedaemon as 542:, although the city-state maintained its 6590: 6564: 6536:. Swansea, UK: Classical Press of Wales. 6438: 6390: 6372: 6363: 6337: 6130: 5870: 5762: 5717: 5646: 5518: 5314:. Pearson. pp. 44, Spartan Society. 5109: 5032:, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1996 4633:Kennell, Nigel M. "Helots and Perioeci" 4431: 4117: 4101: 4014: 3740: 3394:Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B 3333: 3327: 2893:(3rd century BC) — abolished the diarchy 2788:Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture 2733:strain of Laconophilia was initiated by 2682: 2645: 2615:, heiress to the throne and the wife of 2549:Political, social, and economic equality 2418: 2333: 2298:Never do his name and good fame perish, 2241: 2174: 1833: 1562: 1437: 1346: 1211: 1161: 1108: 1051: 912: 687: 437: 6612:(1974), M.I. Finley, Rex Warner (ed.), 6377:(2nd ed.), London: Penguin Books, 6368:, Plutarch (in Greek), Leipzig: Teubner 6272: 6233: 5986: 5795: 5738: 5693: 5585: 5573: 5491: 5412: 5124:The Spartans: A Very Short Introduction 5121: 5056:Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta 5016:Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta 4753: 4373:in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), 4295: 3914: 3525: 3467:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 3240: 3143: 2992:Ge 604 tablet, is considered to be the 2860:(4th century BC) – princess and athlete 431:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 9636: 8680: 6546: 6459: 6295: 6099: 6080: 5774: 5750: 5506: 5280:Annual of the British School at Athens 5273: 5271: 5132:10.1093/actrade/9780198787600.003.0004 4983: 4862: 4405:Alexander Gillespie (7 October 2011). 4270: 4187: 4089: 3941: 3887: 3658: 3560: 3362: 3356: 1898:select one of the alternatives by vote 1819:Structure of Classical Spartan society 1791:until well into the 10th century. The 1567:Medieval depiction of Sparta from the 546:until its forced integration into the 9537: 8679: 8108: 7612: 6959: 6779: 6728: 6518:. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales. 6242: 5387: 5206: 4937:, Routledge, London, 1979, pp. 154–59 4811:106 F 2. Trans. by Cartledge, p. 305. 4552: 3981: 3230:"The Linear B word ra-ke-da-mi-ni-jo" 1838:Structure of the Spartan Constitution 1395:In 480 BC, a small force led by King 1113:Ruins of the Temple of Artemis Orthia 574:, when many of its citizens moved to 9148:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6780: 6444:Thermopylae: The Battle for the West 6408: 5968: 4663: 3387: 3363:Beekes, R.S.P. (2010). "s.v. υἱός". 2984:could possibly be Linear B forms of 1724:claim to kinship with the Spartans: 518:. Sparta was the principal enemy of 6416:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6300:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 6282:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 6220:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge, 6199:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Routledge, 6157:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Routledge, 6104:The Greek and Macedonian Art of War 5995: 5899:Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2018. 5851:"Sparta Reconsidered—Spartan Women" 5268: 4712:Thucydides; Mynott, Jeremy (2013), 4654:Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Balckwell, 2018. 4467:. Institute of Modern Greek Studies 3706: 3317:DĀMOS Database of Mycenaean at Oslo 2251:The Selection of Children in Sparta 2182:of the Spartan artist known as the 1911:An assembly of citizens called the 1728:Areus king of the Lacedemonians to 1383: 1056:The theater of ancient Sparta with 1048:Archaeology of the classical period 890:(‘’chōra’’, "country") suppressed. 24: 8109: 6754: 6431: 6238:, New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 5895:edited by Anton Powell, Vol. 1 of 4458: 4432:Howatson, M. C. (22 August 2013). 3845:Constitution of the Lacedaemonians 3629: 3496:A Dictionary of Ancient Geography 2723:Discourse on the Arts and Sciences 2265: 1783:. According to Byzantine sources, 1140:A "small circus" (as described by 994:, by whom he became the father of 597:. His laws configured the Spartan 25: 9695: 9654:Former populated places in Greece 6633: 6236:A History of Sparta, 950–192 B.C. 5974: 5827:. 27 October 2009. Archived from 5157:Infanticide and the Value of Life 5072:Social Conflict in Ancient Greece 4830:Constitution of the Lacedemonians 3632:"Spartans: A New History | Wiley" 3534:(in Greek). Jena: Frederick Mauk. 2988:itself; the latter, found on the 2712:compared the mixed government of 2602: 1857:, both supposedly descendants of 1640:after its defeat in the decisive 1006:, which stood between Sparta and 805:). The ancients sometimes used a 704:. The second word, "Lacedaemon" ( 9617: 9607: 9598: 9597: 6673: 6615:History of the Peloponnesian War 6135:. London: British Museum Press. 6126:. New York: Harper and Brothers. 6045: 6033: 6028:The Making of Israeli Militarism 6021: 5946:. The Classical Press of Wales. 5902: 5885: 5876: 5849:Helena Schrader (11 July 2010). 5842: 5817: 5780: 5723: 5675: 5640: 5614: 5591: 5478: 5455: 5406: 5381: 5354: 5303: 5258: 5244: 5235: 5200: 5167: 5148: 5115: 5065: 5048: 5035: 5022: 5007: 4953: 4940: 4927: 4914: 4877: 4868: 4843: 4814: 4801: 4240:Alexander the Great and his time 3694: 3396:. Deaditerranean. Archived from 3365:Etymological Dictionary of Greek 2537: 2404: 1787:of the Laconian region remained 1775:In 396 AD, Sparta was sacked by 1656:. Subsequently, Sparta became a 1596:, "if". When Philip created the 1121:began a thorough exploration of 398: 373: 9618: 6569:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 6565:Pavlides, Nicolette A. (2023). 6010:from the original on 2022-10-09 5546:(4). Markoulakis Publications. 5365:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 504. 4792: 4783: 4762: 4758:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 122. 4747: 4705: 4640: 4627: 4603: 4590: 4581: 4546: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4452: 4387: 4363: 4342: 4317: 4304: 4289: 4264: 4233: 4230:, 17.62.1–63.4; tr. C.B. Welles 4220: 4208: 4181: 4156: 4127: 4111: 4095: 4051: 4039: 4026: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3966: 3942:Wilson, Nigel Guy, ed. (2006). 3935: 3908: 3904:from the original on 2022-10-09 3881: 3872: 3859: 3850: 3837: 3762: 3749: 3734: 3725: 3649: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3569: 3554: 3542: 3519: 3503: 3480: 3438: 3381: 3034: 3024: 2940: 2838:– mercenary in the army of the 2641: 2429:Archaeological Museum of Sparta 2376:relations (the exact nature of 2071:troops and a number of helots. 1971: 1823: 1771:Postclassical and modern Sparta 6585:Sparta: Comparative Approaches 6508:Sparta: Comparative Approaches 6057:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 4337:Cartledge & Spawforth 2001 4259:Cartledge & Spawforth 2001 3945:Encyclopedia Of Ancient Greece 3755:The British School at Athens, 3526:Schmidt, Maurice, ed. (1863). 3465:Lacedaemonius, s.v. Lacedaemon 3451:Λακεδαιμόνιος, s.v. Λακεδαίμων 3338:. In Bakker, Egbert J. (ed.). 3190: 3170: 3137: 3054: 2899:(5th–4th century BC) – general 2741:admiration of Spartan ideals. 2372:" (i.e. briefly and wittily). 2302:Young and old alike mourn him, 2082:of the middle 3rd century BC: 1964:could lose their citizenship. 1918: 1741:Authorized King James Version 1713:An exchange of letters in the 1682:, recruited a 500-man Spartan 1092:; several brick buildings and 748:, "Lakedaimonian", written in 722:. The third term, "Laconice" ( 631:training regimen, and Spartan 13: 1: 7219: 7206: 7187: 7170: 5624:Ceramics, Cuisine and Culture 5174:Theodoros K. Pitsios (2010). 4637:Wiley-Blackwell pp. 136. 2010 4284:(in Latin). Leipzig: Teubner. 4002:Britannica ed. 2006, "Sparta" 3888:Morris, Ian (December 2005), 3707:Tod, Marcus Niebuhr (1911). " 3146:History of western philosophy 3048: 2573:("Festival of Nude Youths"). 2275:known euphemistically as the 2096:) and wrap himself in skins ( 1846:. The state was ruled by two 937:(2,407 m) and to the east by 838:of place names. For example, 613:(citizens with full rights), 499:of Laconia, in south-eastern 199: 9669:Locations in Greek mythology 8347:Funeral and burial practices 7532:Military of Mycenaean Greece 6664:Resources in other libraries 6197:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 6195:; Spawforth, Antony (2001), 5708:Xenophon, Spartan Society, 1 5300:Xenophon, Spartan Society, 2 5189:(1–2): 13–22. Archived from 4726:10.1017/cbo9781139050371.014 4521:A companion to Greek studies 3532:Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon 3094: 3075: 2928:List of ancient Greek cities 2905:– king during the Trojan War 2872:– princess in the Trojan War 2427:sculpture (5th century BC), 2323: 2151: 1632:, Sparta was an ally of the 1559:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 1227:is a shrine associated with 1201: 978:king of Laconia. The son of 960: 908: 864:Historiarum Adversum Paganos 858:. Isidore relied heavily on 487: 27:City-state in ancient Greece 7: 9674:Populated places in Laconia 6466:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 6446:, New York: Da Capo Press, 5534:Helena P. Schrader (2011). 5241:Tyrtaeus, fr.12 lines 27-32 5014:Hodkinson, Stephen (2000), 4807:Apud Athenaeus, 14, 647d = 4448:– via Google Książki. 4421:– via Google Książki. 4375:The Oxford Bible Commentary 3948:. Routledge (UK). pp. 2921: 2556:pregnancy among adolescents 2515: 2507:Agriculture, food, and diet 1976:The other classes were the 1946:There were two exceptions. 621:(free non-Spartiates), and 10: 9700: 8271:Greek Revival architecture 7613: 6591:Thompson, F. Hugh (2002), 6493:"Dress in Spartan Society" 6268:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6122:Autenrieth, Georg (1891). 6073: 5221:10.2972/hesperia.90.4.0747 4887:. Cf. Powell, 2001, p. 256 4874:Thucydides (Book IV 80.4). 4754:Kennell, Nigel M. (2010). 4538: 3490:; Johnson, Samuel (1773). 3450: 3202: 3182: 3084: 3065: 3009: 2976: 2966: 2956: 2832:(7th century BC) – athlete 2797: 2661: 2541: 2408: 2327: 2170: 2155: 2098: 2088: 2011: 1999: 1922: 1884:, as well as a council of 1827: 1592: 1303: 1299: 1205: 970: 886: 819: 793: 757: 740: 724: 706: 639:enjoyed considerably more 479: 70: 51: 40: 29: 9593: 9544: 9538: 9533: 9378: 9255: 9244: 9171: 9093: 9050: 8997: 8855: 8707: 8698: 8694: 8675: 8624: 8539: 8477: 8439: 8432: 8382: 8342: 8333: 8255: 8132: 8128: 8104: 8070: 8039: 7881: 7768: 7712: 7679:Attalid kings of Pergamon 7634: 7625: 7621: 7608: 7487:Antigonid Macedonian army 7460: 7433: 7405: 7362: 7319: 7310: 7152: 7091: 6988: 6984: 6955: 6854: 6803: 6799: 6775: 6762: 6659:Resources in your library 6618:, London: Penguin Books, 5980:"The True Hollywood Left" 5944:Sparta: Beyond the Mirage 5825:"Gorgo and Spartan Women" 4509:The Politics By Aristotle 4327:, Osprey Publishing, 2018 4296:Michell, Humfrey (1964). 4242:. By Agnes Savill. p. 44 3931:– via Google Books. 3598:, Description of Greece, 3334:Thompson, Rupert (2010). 2891:Lycurgus (king of Sparta) 2800:Category:Ancient Spartans 2689:Young Spartans Exercising 1995: 1696:described this unit as a 1674:, in his preparation for 1104:American School at Athens 1036:; later authors, such as 558:and prospered during the 538:in 371 BC ended the 352: 348: 331: 318: 305: 292: 279: 266: 262: 252: 231: 227: 215: 196: 192: 182: 169: 159: 149: 108: 92: 87: 63: 6534:Sparta in Modern Thought 6460:Buxton, Richard (1999), 6081:Davies, Norman (1997) . 4533:Liddell & Scott 1940 4281:Tusculanae Disputationes 4278:. In Pohlenz, M. (ed.). 3921:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 3611:Diodorus Siculus, 4.57-8 3445:Liddell & Scott 1940 3307:"MY 603 Ge + frr. (58a)" 3197:Liddell & Scott 1940 3177:Liddell & Scott 1940 2933: 2794:Notable ancient Spartans 2238:Life in Classical Sparta 1146:Temple of Artemis Orthia 1119:British School at Athens 1084:; the so-called Tomb of 683: 552:Roman conquest of Greece 446:on the left bank of the 43:Spartan (disambiguation) 6266:A Greek-English Lexicon 6234:Forrest, W. G. (1968), 6133:Women in Ancient Greece 5563:(subscription required) 4984:Greene, Robert (2000), 4924:116 (1986), pp. 165–213 4838:De Commmunibus Notitiis 4756:Spartans: A New History 4286:At the Perseus Project. 4067:Perseus Digital Library 3972:Herodotus, 7.202, 7.228 3718:Encyclopædia Britannica 2946:Found on the following 2652:Leonidas at Thermopylae 2544:Women in ancient Sparta 2121:(obligatory banquets). 1718:First Book of Maccabees 1460:First Peloponnesian War 1320:dating from the Middle 856:etymological dictionary 840:Hesychius of Alexandria 36:Sparta (disambiguation) 7713:Artists & scholars 7628:List of ancient Greeks 7265:Second Athenian League 7114:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6939:Ancient Greek colonies 6491:David, Ephraim. 1989. 6296:Powell, Anton (2001), 6248:The Greco-Persian Wars 6131:Blundell, Sue (1999). 6100:Adcock, F. E. (1957), 5897:A Companion to Sparta. 5893:A Companion to Sparta, 4652:A Companion to Sparta. 4648:A Companion to Sparta, 4635:Sparta: A New History. 3993:Herodotus, 7.220-7.225 3421:Black Athena Revisited 2962:ra-ke-da-mo-ni-jo-u-jo 2915:Xanthippus of Carthage 2866:– queen and politician 2697: 2659: 2527: 2500: 2432: 2347: 2310: 2262: 2247:Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours 2194: 2149: 2108: 1839: 1747: 1603:Battle of the Granicus 1574: 1443: 1354: 1220: 1167: 1114: 1074: 1061: 918: 693: 681: 544:political independence 455: 419:This article contains 54:Lacedaemon (mythology) 34:. For other uses, see 8832:Sybaris on the Traeis 7557:Sacred Band of Thebes 7297:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6811:Cycladic civilization 6595:, London: Duckworth, 6320:Description of Greece 6178:, London: Duckworth, 5427:10.1300/j082v49n03_03 5363:A Companion to Sparta 4587:Herodotus (IX, 28–29) 4553:Powel, Anton (1987). 3783:Herodot, Book I, 56.3 3743:A COMPANION TO SPARTA 2880:Battle of Thermopylae 2784:Battle of Thermopylae 2718:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2686: 2649: 2522: 2495: 2422: 2337: 2296: 2245: 2178: 2144: 2142:. Thucydides states: 2084: 2061:Battle of Thermopylae 1837: 1726: 1566: 1454:In 464 BC, a violent 1441: 1405:Battle of Thermopylae 1350: 1215: 1165: 1112: 1069: 1055: 916: 866:(5th century AD) and 854:(7th century AD), an 811:Lacedaemonian country 691: 664: 528:Battle of Aegospotami 441: 296:Battle of Thermopylae 150:Common languages 134:37.08194°N 22.42361°E 8357:mythological figures 8078:Ancient Greek tribes 7203:Peloponnesian League 6707:Ancient Greek Cities 6682:at Wikimedia Commons 6547:Morris, Ian (1992), 5952:10.2307/j.ctv1n357hd 5683:The Life of Lycurgus 4987:The 48 Laws of Power 4911:, pp. 158, 178. 4824:28, 8–10. See also, 4789:Thucydides (VII, 27) 3620:Apollodorus, 2.8.2-4 3561:Wiener, Leo (1920). 3498:London: G. Robinson 2782:, most famously the 2226:some time after the 2132:), graduates of the 1852:Agiad and Eurypontid 1830:Spartan Constitution 1548:lost a land battle. 1423:armour of the Greek 1390:Second Messenian War 1133:, and Angelona near 897:in the modern Greek 878:Lacedaemonia Civitas 868:Eusebius of Caesarea 8469:Tunnel of Eupalinos 8464:Theatre of Dionysus 8088:Ancient Macedonians 7704:Tyrants of Syracuse 7216:Amphictyonic League 6816:Minoan civilization 6703:"History of Sparta" 6176:Spartan Reflections 5074:By Alexander Fuks, 5054:Stephen Hodkinson, 4899:, pp. 153–155. 4135:"Agis III – Livius" 2854:– king and reformer 2836:Clearchus of Sparta 2748:the invasion of the 2735:Karl Otfried Müller 2678:Le mirage spartiate 2657:Jacques-Louis David 2655:, 1814 painting by 1616:in 331 BC. A large 1570:Nuremberg Chronicle 1529:Peace of Antalcidas 1258:37.0659°N 22.4536°E 1254: / 714:and the historians 645:classical antiquity 603:social institutions 507:in ancient Greece. 505:military land-power 257:Classical antiquity 130: / 9664:Hellenistic states 9143:Menestheus's Limin 8797:Pandosia (Lucania) 8685:Greek colonisation 8047:Athenian statesmen 7808:Diogenes of Sinope 7669:Kings of Macedonia 7659:Kings of Commagene 7527:Macedonian phalanx 7507:Hellenistic armies 7255:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 7119:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6841:Hellenistic Greece 6414:Greek Lyric Poetry 5853:. Elysiumgates.com 5810:Pomeroy, Sarah B. 5600:, H. D. F. Kitto, 5536:"Sons and Mothers" 5388:David, E. (1984). 5339:, pp. 91–105. 5163:. pp. 61–75 . 5060:Sparta and Lakonia 4963:By Peter Roberts, 4935:Sparta and Lakonia 4523:By Leonard Whibley 4380:2017-11-22 at the 4120:, De garrulitate, 4104:, De garrulitate, 4069:. Tufts University 4034:The Ancient Greeks 3856:Herodotus, 1.65-66 3771:, by Emilia Banou. 3575:Diodorus Siculus, 3488:MacBean, Alexander 3470:A Latin Dictionary 3321:University of Oslo 3004:correspond to the 2702:Renaissance Europe 2698: 2660: 2449:free citizen. The 2433: 2348: 2263: 2195: 2045:Hellenistic period 1840: 1793:Tsakonian language 1704:Macedonian phalanx 1575: 1444: 1355: 1221: 1168: 1115: 1062: 1060:in the background. 990:, the daughter of 919: 848:Isidore of Seville 694: 677:National Socialism 643:than elsewhere in 512:Greco-Persian Wars 456: 421:special characters 322:Battle of Mantinea 217:• 207–192 BC 139:37.08194; 22.42361 9659:Greek city-states 9631: 9630: 9589: 9588: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9095:Iberian Peninsula 9027:Lipara/Meligounis 8993: 8992: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8644:Cypriot syllabary 8535: 8534: 8444:Athenian Treasury 8428: 8427: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8095: 7689:Ptolemaic dynasty 7649:Archons of Athens 7604: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7475:Athenian military 7456: 7455: 7289:League of Corinth 7271:Thessalian League 7247:Chalcidian League 7229:Acarnanian League 7139:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6678:Media related to 6640:Library resources 6485:Greece & Rome 6423:978-0-19-954039-6 6343:Plutarch's Morals 6289:978-0-19-513067-6 6274:Pomeroy, Sarah B. 6227:978-0-415-04024-2 6214:Ehrenberg, Victor 6142:978-0-7141-2219-9 6083:Europe: A History 6059:. Merriam-Webster 5961:978-1-914535-20-8 5925:" pp. 22–81 from 5633:978-1-78297-947-0 5392:. Brill Archive. 5378:, pp. 83–84. 5141:978-0-19-878760-0 5084:978-965-223-466-7 5030:Das Andere Sparta 4973:978-1-74125-178-4 4948:Das Andere Sparta 4826:Life of Demetrios 4735:978-1-139-05037-1 4497:The Greeks at War 3731:Thucydides, i. 10 3349:978-1-4051-5326-3 3336:"Mycenaean Greek" 3313:"MY 604 Ge (58a)" 3301:"TH 227 Gp (306)" 3295:"TH 382 Fq (305)" 3289:"TH 339 Fq (305)" 3283:"TH 325 Fq (305)" 3277:"TH 284 Fq (305)" 3271:"TH 253 Fq (305)" 3265:"TH 275 Fq (305)" 3259:"TH Fq 258 (305)" 3253:"TH 229 Fq (305)" 3092: 3073: 2676:in his 1933 book 2609:history of Sparta 2483:Èi tàn èi èpì tàs 2378:Spartan pederasty 2228:Peloponnesian War 2165:Battle of Plataea 1743:1 Maccabees 12.20 1715:deutero-canonical 1598:League of Corinth 1542:Battle of Leuctra 1540:of Thebes at the 1479:Peloponnesian War 1448:Greco-Persian War 1433:Battle of Plataea 1306:History of Sparta 1286:Mycenaean Laconia 1094:mosaic pavements. 1040:, Herodotus, and 746:ra-ke-da-mi-ni-jo 607:military training 532:Battle of Leuctra 524:Peloponnesian War 427:rendering support 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 386: 385: 309:Peloponnesian War 16:(Redirected from 9691: 9621: 9620: 9611: 9601: 9600: 9535: 9534: 9253: 9252: 8752:Heraclea Lucania 8705: 8704: 8696: 8695: 8677: 8676: 8437: 8436: 8369:Twelve Olympians 8340: 8339: 8130: 8129: 8106: 8105: 7694:Seleucid dynasty 7674:Kings of Paionia 7623: 7622: 7610: 7609: 7480:Scythian archers 7387:Graphe paranomon 7317: 7316: 7224: 7221: 7211: 7208: 7192: 7189: 7179: 7175: 7172: 6986: 6985: 6957: 6956: 6836:Classical Greece 6821:Mycenaean Greece 6801: 6800: 6777: 6776: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6709:. 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Random House. 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5982:. www.lacan.com. 5972: 5966: 5965: 5939: 5930: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5889: 5883: 5882:Pausanias, 6.1.6 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5618: 5612: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5486:Life of Lycurgus 5482: 5476: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5312:Western Heritage 5307: 5301: 5298: 5287: 5275: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252:Life of Lycurgus 5248: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5161:Prometheus Books 5152: 5146: 5145: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5086: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4981: 4975: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4933:Paul Cartledge, 4931: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4851:Life of Lycurgus 4847: 4841: 4834:De Cohibenda Ira 4822:Life of Lycurgus 4818: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576:Sarah B. Pomeroy 4569: 4563: 4562: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4402: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4367: 4361: 4352:, 1998, p. 254, 4348:Erich S. Gruen, 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4141:. Archived from 4131: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4063:"De Garrulitate" 4061:; W.C.Helmbold. 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867:Life of Lycurgus 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638:. pp. 37–39 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3593: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3549:Orosius, 1.21.12 3546: 3540: 3538:Internet Archive 3535: 3523: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3484: 3478: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3238: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3091:romanized: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3072:romanized: 3071: 3069: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3012: 3011: 2979: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2959: 2958: 2957:𐀨𐀐𐀅𐀖𐀛𐀍𐀄𐀍 2944: 2257:imaging of what 2217:) fees, and the 2193:, c. 550–530 BC) 2101: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2014: 2013: 1848:hereditary kings 1795:still spoken in 1745: 1595: 1594: 1514:Battle of Cnidus 1487:Spartan hegemony 1384:Classical Sparta 1269: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263:37.0659; 22.4536 1259: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1156:votive offerings 1038:Diodorus Siculus 973: 972: 889: 888: 882:Diodorus Siculus 822: 821: 796: 795: 760: 759: 743: 742: 727: 726: 709: 708: 660:Bertrand Russell 540:Spartan hegemony 490: 484: 483: 461:was a prominent 454:are in evidence. 402: 401: 390: 389: 377: 376: 370: 369: 354: 353: 204: 201: 164:Greek polytheism 145: 144: 142: 141: 140: 135: 131: 128: 127: 126: 123: 97: 82: 81: 73: 72: 61: 60: 21: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9585: 9540: 9517: 9380: 9374: 9257: 9248: 9240: 9211:Melaina Korkyra 9167: 9089: 9046: 8999:Aeolian Islands 8989: 8851: 8709: 8690: 8689: 8663: 8620: 8531: 8473: 8424: 8378: 8329: 8251: 8242:Wedding customs 8124: 8123: 8092: 8083:Thracian Greeks 8066: 8057:Olympic victors 8035: 7877: 7764: 7708: 7699:Kings of Sparta 7684:Kings of Pontus 7654:Kings of Athens 7630: 7617: 7596: 7492:Army of Macedon 7452: 7429: 7401: 7358: 7306: 7279:(370–c. 230 BC) 7277:Arcadian League 7261:(c. 400–188 BC) 7259:Aetolian League 7253:Boeotian League 7235:Hellenic League 7222: 7209: 7199:(c. 650–404 BC) 7190: 7184:Italiote League 7177: 7173: 7167:Doric Hexapolis 7157: 7148: 7144:Seleucid Empire 7087: 6980: 6979: 6943: 6850: 6826:Greek Dark Ages 6795: 6794: 6771: 6758: 6753: 6716: 6714: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6603: 6577: 6559: 6526: 6503: 6481:Cartledge, Paul 6474: 6454: 6440:Bradford, Ernle 6434: 6432:Further reading 6429: 6424: 6403: 6385: 6348: 6347: 6331: 6308: 6290: 6258: 6228: 6207: 6193:Cartledge, Paul 6186: 6172:Cartledge, Paul 6165: 6151:Cartledge, Paul 6143: 6116: 6093: 6076: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5940: 5933: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5903: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5856: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5619: 5615: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5554: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5509:, pp. 8–9. 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5460: 5456: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5290: 5276: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5089: 5070: 5066: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5028:Conrad Stibbe, 5027: 5023: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994:, p. 420, 4982: 4978: 4961:Ancient History 4958: 4954: 4946:Conrad Stibbe, 4945: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4844: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4798:Talbert, p. 26. 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4570: 4566: 4555:The Greek World 4551: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4459:Liosis, Nikos. 4457: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4382:Wayback Machine 4371:47. 1 Maccabees 4369:Rappaport, U., 4368: 4364: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4116: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4072: 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The decisive 436: 435: 434: 425:Without proper 399: 381:Greek Dark Ages 374: 341: 324: 311: 298: 285: 272: 248: 218: 206: 202: 138: 136: 132: 129: 124: 121: 119: 117: 116: 115: 104: 83: 75: 68: 66: 57: 50: 39: 32:Sparta, Laconia 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9697: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9615: 9605: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9250: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 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8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8303:Musical system 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8262: 8260: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7735:Mathematicians 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7644:Kings of Argos 7640: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7619: 7618: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7502:Cretan archers 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7301:Achaean League 7298: 7295:Euboean League 7292: 7286: 7283:Epirote League 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7231:(c. 500–31 BC) 7226: 7213: 7200: 7194: 7181: 7163: 7161: 7159:Confederations 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7083:Lissus (Crete) 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831:Archaic Greece 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756:Ancient Greece 6752: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6698: 6683: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634:External links 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6606: 6601: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6562: 6557: 6544: 6541:Sparta and War 6537: 6530: 6524: 6511: 6500: 6489: 6477: 6472: 6457: 6452: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6406: 6401: 6388: 6383: 6370: 6361: 6335: 6329: 6311: 6306: 6293: 6288: 6270: 6261: 6256: 6240: 6231: 6226: 6210: 6205: 6189: 6184: 6168: 6163: 6147: 6141: 6128: 6119: 6114: 6097: 6091: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6003:. p. 19. 5996:Kiernan, Ben. 5985: 5967: 5960: 5931: 5914: 5901: 5884: 5875: 5873:, p. 457. 5863: 5841: 5816: 5800: 5788: 5779: 5777:, p. 246. 5767: 5765:, p. 154. 5755: 5753:, p. 248. 5743: 5731: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5674: 5661:10.2307/284141 5639: 5632: 5613: 5610:978-0202309101 5590: 5578: 5566: 5523: 5521:, p. 465. 5511: 5499: 5490: 5477: 5474:978-3921495773 5454: 5421:(3–4): 63–85. 5405: 5398: 5380: 5376:Cartledge 2001 5368: 5353: 5349:Cartledge 2001 5341: 5337:Cartledge 2001 5329: 5325:Cartledge 2001 5317: 5302: 5288: 5267: 5257: 5243: 5234: 5199: 5196:on 2013-10-02. 5166: 5147: 5140: 5114: 5102: 5098:Cartledge 2001 5087: 5064: 5047: 5041:A.H.M. Jones, 5034: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4976: 4952: 4939: 4926: 4913: 4909:Cartledge 2002 4901: 4897:Cartledge 2002 4889: 4876: 4867: 4865:, p. 254. 4855: 4842: 4813: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4780:, p. 211. 4778:Cartledge 2002 4770: 4761: 4746: 4734: 4704: 4702:, p. 159. 4700:Ehrenberg 2002 4692: 4690:, p. 140. 4688:Cartledge 2002 4680: 4678:, p. 141. 4676:Cartledge 2002 4668: 4656: 4639: 4626: 4602: 4589: 4580: 4572:Ancient Greece 4564: 4545: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4485:Cartledge 2002 4477: 4451: 4444: 4438:. OUP Oxford. 4424: 4417: 4397: 4386: 4362: 4341: 4339:, p. 108. 4329: 4316: 4303: 4288: 4263: 4251: 4232: 4219: 4207: 4180: 4173: 4155: 4139:www.livius.org 4126: 4110: 4094: 4092:, p. 133. 4082: 4050: 4046:Cartledge 2002 4038: 4025: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3974: 3965: 3958: 3934: 3927: 3907: 3880: 3871: 3858: 3849: 3836: 3832:Ehrenberg 2002 3824: 3820:Ehrenberg 2002 3812: 3808:Ehrenberg 2002 3797: 3793:Cartledge 2002 3785: 3773: 3761: 3748: 3733: 3724: 3713:Chisholm, Hugh 3657: 3648: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3596:Pausanias 1918 3585: 3568: 3553: 3541: 3528:"s.v. Ἀγιάδαι" 3518: 3502: 3479: 3457: 3437: 3430: 3410: 3380: 3373: 3355: 3348: 3326: 3239: 3221: 3217:Cartledge 2002 3209: 3189: 3169: 3155:978-1138127043 3154: 3136: 3134:, p. 192. 3132:Cartledge 2002 3124: 3122:, p. 174. 3120:Cartledge 2002 3112: 3108:Cartledge 2002 3100: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3033: 3023: 3002:ra-ke-da-no-re 2982:ra-ke-da-no-re 2938: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2795: 2792: 2773:laconic phrase 2662:Main article: 2643: 2640: 2604: 2603:Historic women 2601: 2563:Athenian women 2550: 2547: 2542:Main article: 2539: 2536: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2423:The so-called 2406: 2403: 2342:, 550–525 BC ( 2328:Main article: 2325: 2322: 2273:Mount Taygetos 2267: 2264: 2239: 2236: 2172: 2169: 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2000:Main article: 1997: 1994: 1984:, state-owned 1973: 1970: 1923:Main article: 1920: 1917: 1842:Sparta was an 1828:Main article: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1813:Otto of Greece 1801:Doric language 1772: 1769: 1765:defensive wall 1738: 1654:Lucius Mummius 1638:Achaean League 1634:Roman Republic 1620:under general 1560: 1557: 1494:Corinthian War 1385: 1382: 1312: 1309: 1304:Main article: 1301: 1298: 1233:Profitis Ilias 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1090:fortifications 1049: 1046: 986:, he married 962: 959: 931:Eurotas valley 910: 907: 807:back-formation 786:Eurotas Valley 698:ancient Greeks 685: 682: 548:Achaean League 497:Eurotas valley 471:ancient Greece 429:, you may see 417: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 396: 394:Achaean League 387: 384: 383: 378: 366: 365: 360: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 332: 329: 328: 325: 319: 316: 315: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 253:Historical era 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 235: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 180: 179: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 110: 106: 105: 103:cities in blue 98: 90: 89: 85: 84: 67: 64: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9696: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9624: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9536: 9532: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9123:Hemeroscopion 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8700:Magna Graecia 8697: 8693: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:Arcadocypriot 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8527:Zeus, Olympia 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8512:Hera, Olympia 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:Mount Olympus 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383:Sacred places 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8207:Olympic Games 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8197:Homosexuality 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567:Seleucid army 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7241:Delian League 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7217: 7214: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7197:Ionian League 7195: 7185: 7182: 7178: 560 BC 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:Magna Graecia 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6713:on 2001-03-05 6712: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6627: 6625:0-14-044039-9 6621: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6602:0-7156-3195-0 6598: 6594: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6576:9781788313001 6572: 6568: 6563: 6560: 6558:0-521-37611-4 6554: 6550: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6525:9781910589830 6521: 6517: 6512: 6509: 6501: 6498: 6497:Ancient World 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473:0-7534-5110-7 6469: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453:0-306-81360-2 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402:0-674-99270-9 6398: 6394: 6389: 6386: 6384:0-14-044943-4 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6330:9780674992078 6326: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307:0-415-26280-1 6303: 6299: 6294: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6279:Spartan Women 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6259: 6257:0-520-20313-5 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6206:0-415-26277-1 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185:0-7156-2966-2 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164:0-415-26276-3 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6117: 6115:0-520-00005-6 6111: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5976:Žižek, Slavoj 5971: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5879: 5872: 5871:Plutarch 2004 5867: 5852: 5845: 5831:on 2009-10-27 5830: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5764: 5763:Blundell 1999 5759: 5752: 5747: 5741:, p. 34. 5740: 5735: 5726: 5719: 5718:Blundell 1999 5714: 5705: 5703: 5696:, p. 42. 5695: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5606:0-202-30910-X 5603: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5576:, p. 53. 5575: 5570: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5519:Plutarch 2004 5515: 5508: 5503: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5357: 5351:, p. 88. 5350: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5327:, p. 85. 5326: 5321: 5313: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5112:, p. 20. 5111: 5110:Plutarch 2005 5106: 5100:, p. 84. 5099: 5094: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5080:965-223-466-4 5077: 5073: 5068: 5062:, pp. 142–44. 5061: 5057: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5018:, p. 154 5017: 5010: 5003: 5001:0-14-028019-7 4997: 4993: 4992:Penguin Books 4989: 4988: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969:1-74125-178-8 4966: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4666:, p. 24. 4665: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4487:, p. 89. 4486: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4445:9780199548552 4441: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4418:9781847318626 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4358:0-520-23506-1 4355: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4261:, p. 82. 4260: 4255: 4249: 4248:0-88029-591-0 4245: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4228:World History 4223: 4217: 4216:World History 4211: 4203: 4199: 4196:(2): 170–92. 4195: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4145:on 2013-05-08 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4118:Plutarch 1891 4114: 4107: 4103: 4102:Plutarch 1874 4098: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3984:, p. 10. 3983: 3978: 3969: 3961: 3959:0-415-97334-1 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3928:9783515084383 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3900: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3834:, p. 33. 3833: 3828: 3822:, p. 36. 3821: 3816: 3810:, p. 31. 3809: 3804: 3802: 3795:, p. 28. 3794: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3703:public domain 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3400:on 2013-10-12 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390:"ra-ke-da-no" 3384: 3376: 3374:9789004174184 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148:. Routledge. 3147: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3110:, p. 91. 3109: 3104: 3096: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3037: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852:Cleomenes III 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2826:– philosopher 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2714:Tudor England 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2545: 2538:Role of women 2535: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2405:Military life 2402: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2309: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2188:black-figured 2185: 2184:Rider Painter 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2095: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888:known as the 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1831: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669:Roman emperor 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1579:helot revolts 1572: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1151:diamastigosis 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117:In 1904, the 1111: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 982:by the nymph 981: 977: 967: 958: 956: 955:Laconian Gulf 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 915: 906: 904: 900: 896: 891: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:ethnographers 828: 826: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 794:Λακεδαιμόνιοι 789: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 771:Lacedaemonius 768: 764: 763:Lakedaimonios 758:Λακεδαιμόνιος 755: 751: 747: 738: 733: 731: 721: 717: 713: 703: 702:Eurotas River 699: 692:Eurotas River 690: 680: 678: 674: 670: 667:doctrines of 663: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 637:Spartan women 634: 630: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587:social system 583: 581: 580:Modern Sparta 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493:Eurotas River 489: 482: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 453: 449: 448:Eurotas River 445: 440: 432: 428: 424: 422: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388: 382: 379: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 347: 343: 340: 336: 330: 326: 323: 317: 313: 310: 304: 300: 297: 291: 287: 284: 283:Messenian War 278: 274: 271: 265: 261: 258: 255: 251: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 234: 230: 226: 223: 220: 214: 211: 208: 195: 191: 187: 185: 181: 178: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 143: 114: 111: 107: 102: 96: 91: 86: 79: 78:Ancient Greek 62: 59: 55: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 9418:Dionysopolis 9388:Abonoteichos 9340:Pantikapaion 8930:Hybla Heraea 8266:Architecture 8222:Prostitution 7911:Aristophanes 7770:Philosophers 7740:Philosophers 7572:Spartan army 7303:(280–146 BC) 7291:(338–322 BC) 7285:(370–168 BC) 7273:(374–196 BC) 7267:(378–355 BC) 7249:(430–348 BC) 7243:(478–404 BC) 7237:(499–449 BC) 7077: 6924:Peloponnesus 6846:Roman Greece 6715:. 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The 2351: 2349: 2319: 2311: 2297: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2255:Neoclassical 2250: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2161: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2049: 2037: 2032: 2021: 2016: 2005: 1989: 1975: 1972:Non citizens 1966: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1910: 1902: 1893: 1879: 1863: 1841: 1824:Constitution 1774: 1762: 1748: 1727: 1720:expresses a 1712: 1697: 1687: 1676:his campaign 1666: 1642:Laconian War 1627: 1607: 1576: 1568: 1550: 1546:Spartan army 1526: 1491: 1464: 1453: 1445: 1394: 1387: 1371: 1360: 1356: 1326: 1314: 1280: 1222: 1189: 1169: 1149: 1139: 1116: 1097: 1075: 1070: 1063: 1058:Mt. Taygetus 1028: 964: 935:Mt. Taygetus 920: 892: 877: 871: 863: 851: 843: 829: 825:Lakedaimonia 824: 820:Λακεδαιμονία 815:Lacedaemonia 814: 810: 803:Lacedaemones 802: 799:Lacedaemonii 798: 790: 775: 770: 762: 745: 741:𐀨𐀐𐀅𐀖𐀛𐀍 734: 695: 665: 656:Laconophilia 649: 626: 591:constitution 584: 560:Roman Empire 509: 474: 458: 457: 418: 363:Succeeded by 362: 357: 58: 9566:Place names 9478:Salmydessus 9300:Kalos Limen 9280:Chersonesus 9270:Borysthenes 8975:Tauromenion 8787:Metapontion 8549:Proto-Greek 8502:Erechtheion 8497:Athena Nike 8459:Philippeion 8288:Mathematics 8259:and science 8142:Agriculture 8006:Stesichorus 7916:Bacchylides 7906:Archilochus 7793:Antisthenes 7783:Anaximander 7755:Seven Sages 7745:Playwrights 7725:Geographers 7720:Astronomers 7547:Pezhetairos 7174: 1100 7154:Federations 7053:Megalopolis 6990:City states 6965:City states 6691:In Our Time 6410:West, M. L. 5775:Powell 2001 5751:Powell 2001 5720:, p. . 5588:, p. . 5507:Adcock 1957 5462:Erich Bethe 4885:El Salvador 4863:Powell 2001 4600:, III, 3, 5 4323:Myke Cole, 4124:; in Greek. 4090:Davies 1997 3081:Attic Greek 3062:Doric Greek 3006:anthroponym 2998:ra-ke-da-no 2994:dative case 2972:ra-ke-da-no 2846:Cleomenes I 2798:Main page: 2710:John Aylmer 2706:Machiavelli 2696:(1834–1917) 2694:Edgar Degas 2613:Queen Gorgo 2583:polyandrous 2571:Gymnopaedia 2370:laconically 2344:Getty Villa 2207:land reform 1919:Citizenship 1905:declare war 1755:high priest 1667:In 214 AD, 1650:Achaean War 1628:During the 1614:Megalopolis 1588:Laconic wit 1538:Epaminondas 1492:During the 1435:in 479 BC. 1282:Excavations 1261: / 1237:Coordinates 1042:Apollodorus 923:Peloponnese 852:Etymologiae 801:, but also 780:citadel at 572:Middle Ages 522:during the 501:Peloponnese 358:Preceded by 232:Legislature 154:Doric Greek 137: / 88:900s–192 BC 9638:Categories 9468:Polemonion 9345:Phanagoria 9315:Kimmerikon 9310:Kerkinitis 9295:Hermonassa 9285:Dioscurias 9181:Aspalathos 9128:Kalathousa 9103:Akra Leuke 9032:Phoenicusa 8817:Scylletium 8802:Poseidonia 8722:Brentesion 8609:Pamphylian 8604:Macedonian 8522:Samothrace 8507:Hephaestus 8454:Long Walls 8433:Structures 8374:Underworld 8320:Technology 8283:Literature 8217:Philosophy 8182:Euergetism 8071:By culture 8016:Thucydides 7858:Pythagoras 7853:Protagoras 7843:Parmenides 7828:Heraclitus 7813:Empedocles 7803:Democritus 7788:Anaximenes 7778:Anaxagoras 7730:Historians 7223: 595 7210: 550 7191: 800 7176: – c. 7104:Cappadocia 6909:Ionian Sea 6899:Hellespont 6864:Aegean Sea 6717:2007-12-04 6610:Thucydides 6092:0712666338 6063:2021-10-05 6014:2021-04-28 5857:2011-08-10 5835:2011-08-10 5681:Plutarch, 5655:: 87–109. 5598:The Greeks 5557:2013-09-14 5484:Plutarch, 5399:9004070621 5286:, 307-363. 5250:Plutarch, 5215:(4): 747. 4959:Excel HSC 4849:Plutarch, 4820:Plutarch, 4741:2021-02-24 4718:Thucydides 4620:2021-08-03 4596:Xenophon, 4471:2022-07-04 4226:Diodorus, 4214:Diodorus, 4174:0415262771 4149:2020-03-26 4073:2021-05-05 3982:Green 1998 3865:Plutarch, 3843:Xenophon, 3642:2021-02-03 3514:Λακεδαίμων 3431:0807845558 3404:2014-03-23 3203:Λακεδαίμων 3049:References 3041:brutality. 3019:Lacedaemon 2986:Lacedaemon 2977:𐀨𐀐𐀅𐀜𐀩 2876:Leonidas I 2617:Leonidas I 2579:polygamous 2315:kantharoid 2261:describes. 2253:, 1785. A 2186:(Laconian 2057:wet nurses 1958:syntrophos 1941:Spartiates 1785:some parts 1708:pilos-like 1630:Punic Wars 1581:. In 338, 1456:earthquake 1427:and their 1401:last stand 1329:Bronze Age 1290:denudation 1276:earthquake 1249:22°27′13″E 1246:37°03′57″N 1135:Monemvasia 1131:Geronthrae 1100:excavation 1065:Thucydides 971:Λακεδαίμων 966:Lacedaemon 939:Mt. 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