38:
696:
but in a much more general sense than merely as those within the
Spartan state. In describing the ideal state, Aristotle believed that the actual citizens and members of the state should be the rulers, the warriors (those who are allowed to bear arms), the statesmen, and the priests but that those
705:
are meant to be common to all ideal
Hellenic states, as a sort of middle class whose ranks the slaves may aspire to join, below the citizens but above slavery. They are free men, but they do not own property and are not allowed to vote, hold office, or influence the state or the laws by any other
615:
were responsible for
Spartan manufacturing, including producing weapons and armour, as well as conducting the trade that the Spartan state needed. For instance, the large number of masks and figurines dedicated at the site of the
498:
They had a central role in the
Spartan economy, controlling commerce and business, as well as being responsible for crafts and manufacturing, including producing the weapons and armour of the
506:
were also the only people allowed to freely travel outside the
Spartan state's borders, which the Spartans were not, unless given permission. Like the Spartiates, the perioeci owned
706:
means. When
Aristotle mentions them, he sometimes refers to them as "barbarian" and implies that such non-citizen free men would be non-Hellenic foreigners.
129:
827:
in
Argolis who had been expelled by Argos after the First Messenian War. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese.
813:
Kyparissos: the city was lost by Sparta after
Epaminondas' foundation of Messene in 369, but some scholars suggest it only became a city after
397:
810:
after
Epaminondas' foundation of Messene in 369. Some modern scholars however think that the city did not exist before that date.
849:
cities with
Aithaia to join the Helot Revolt of 464. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese.
454:
only had political rights in their own city, while the course of the Spartan state exclusively belonged to Spartan citizens, or
722:
cities, 23 in Laconia and 10 in Messenia, with various levels of certainty. He notes that many other identified settlements in
502:, as the higher-ranking Spartan citizens considered all commercial and money-making activities to be unworthy of them. The
611:
In the Classical period, the Spartans were not permitted to engage in any economically productive activities, and so the
545:. Those communities already existing in the area which could not be assimilated into the Spartan state, or subjugated as
1454:
1406:
1353:
390:
30:
This article is about the Spartan community. For the hypothetical continent in the Western Hemisphere, see
425:
631:
owned helots, which means that the main division in the Spartan society was between Spartan citizens and
617:
301:
279:
1272:
579:. These cities were under the control of the Spartan state, but were self-governing on domestic issues.
569:
were free, unlike the helots, but were not full Spartan citizens. They lived in their own cities in the
701:, because such professions are ignoble and do not produce virtue, according to him. In that sense, the
586:
were obliged to follow Spartan foreign policy, and supplied men to fight in the Spartan army. Like the
697:
who perform trades, such as mechanics, craftsmen, husbandmen, and farmers should be either slaves or
17:
1449:
383:
248:
119:
965:
557:
like the Spartans, or descended from pre-Dorian populations in the Peloponnese, is unknown.
1372:
755:
691:
309:
64:
1306:
8:
777:
608:
had the right to own land, which would have been necessary to support those in the army.
1051:
Figueira, Thomas J. (1986). "Population Patterns in Late Archaic and Classical Sparta".
901:, distinct group of non-citizens of Sparta occupying a roughly equivalent social stratum
858:
Individual members of the perioeci are referred to directly by primary sources such as
836:
820:
773:
522:
1036:
Hammond, N.G.L. (1982). "The Peloponnese". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L. (eds.).
1402:
1349:
958:
842:
830:
803:
734:, but it is impossible to prove their status with the current state of the evidence.
636:
146:
1079:
867:
833:: The city was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese.
783:
761:
751:
644:
151:
86:
31:
1273:"The Perioikoi: a Social, Economic and Military Study of the Other Lacedaemonians"
37:
542:
538:
274:
1341:
806:: The original name was perhaps Aipeia, but the city was refounded by a Theban
371:
366:
1382:
663:
status; there were specific underclasses for former Spartan citizens, such as
442:
200 BC. They lived in several dozen cities within Spartan territories (mostly
1443:
800:: It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese.
780:. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after Philip II's campaign in the Peloponnese.
124:
101:
1083:
1411:
D. Graham J. Shipley, "'The Other Lakedaimonians': The Dependent Perioikic
1358:
518:
499:
491:
361:
233:
73:
787:
514:
335:
1387:
Sparte : histoire politique et sociale jusqu’à la conquête romaine
859:
656:
635:
on one side, and helots on the other. For instance, in 413, during the
340:
269:
207:
182:
839:: the city was also listed as belonging to Laconia by ancient authors.
1301:
797:
687:
659:
after military service, but Spartan citizens could not be demoted to
455:
314:
264:
243:
202:
187:
167:
91:
1425:, "Sparta and its perioikic neighbours: a century of reassessment",
746:: perhaps founded in the 8th century BC, it was one of the only two
898:
863:
807:
727:
447:
345:
296:
291:
238:
228:
197:
136:
81:
1040:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 333.
824:
791:
769:
743:
723:
601:
554:
443:
330:
286:
96:
1346:
Sparta and Lakonia. A Regional History 1300 to 362 BC, Routledge
1311:. Translated by Jowett, Benjamin. MIT Internet Classics Archive.
1366:
1031:
1029:
546:
534:
507:
435:
192:
177:
57:
1422:
1398:
1391:
Sparta: Political and Social History until the Roman Conquest
1070:
Ridley, R.T. (1974). "Economic Activities of the Perioikoi".
765:
591:
575:
476:
466:
430:
419:
223:
141:
1415:
of Laconia and Messenia", in Mogens Herman Hansen (editor),
1026:
465:
roughly means "those dwelling around/nearby", deriving from
1138:
Shipley, "Sparta and its Perioikic neighbours", pp. 58, 59.
1328:
Greece (Mycenaeans-Pelasgians) Or A Solution To The Enigma
1417:
The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community
1363:
Ancient History, Evidence and Models, Chatto & Windus
647:
with the goal of triggering a helot revolt against the
1324:
Grèce (Mycéniens-Pélasges) ou la solution d'une énigme
1175:
Shipley, "Sparta and its Perioikic neighbours", p. 69.
1150:
Shipley, "Sparta and its Perioikic neighbours", p. 64.
1257:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1244:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1228:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1215:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1197:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1184:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1159:
Shipley, "Messenia", in Hansen & Nielsen (eds.),
1053:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
937:Toynbee, Arnold J. (1913). "The Growth of Sparta".
917:
915:
957:
1441:
912:
651:. Some helots could nevertheless be promoted to
1270:
964:(2 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p.
955:
956:Hammond, N.G.L.; Scullard, H.H., eds. (1970).
517:likewise controlled perioecic cities, such as
1011:
639:, Athens made a raid on the territory of the
573:, which were described by ancient authors as
391:
1377:An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
1116:Shipley, "The Other Lakedaimonians", p. 203.
754:of 464. It was lost by Sparta in 338 after
709:
718:Graham Shipley has identified at least 33
674:
489:and Spartans were collectively called the
398:
384:
1096:
1017:
921:
1050:
36:
1035:
936:
450:), which were dependent on Sparta. The
428:) were the second-tier citizens of the
14:
1442:
1069:
1434:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
1419:, Copenhagen, 1997, pp. 190–281.
1240:
1238:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1171:
1169:
1146:
1144:
1112:
1110:
1108:
823:: founded by exiles from the city of
764:: founded by exiles from the city of
1348:, New York City, 2002 (2nd edition)
786:: the city was lost by Sparta after
541:, controlling the plains around the
1393:), Seuil, coll. "Points Histoire" (
24:
1295:
1235:
1204:
1166:
1141:
1105:
604:, probably in the same units. The
25:
1466:
1316:
872:These named individuals include:
853:
1379:, Oxford University Press, 2004.
993:History of the Peloponnesian War
750:cities with Thouria to join the
45:cities within Spartan territory.
1290:
1264:
1251:
1222:
1191:
1178:
1153:
1132:
1119:
1090:
1063:
939:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
885:Dexippus; a military commander.
758:'s campaign in the Peloponnese.
1044:
998:
985:
972:
949:
930:
596:, full Spartan citizens), the
13:
1:
1099:The Spartans: An Epic History
1038:The Cambridge Ancient History
1020:The Spartans: An Epic History
924:The Spartans: An Epic History
905:
814:
439:
1375:& Thomas Heine Nielsen,
1271:Villafane Silva, C. (2015).
879:Diniades; a fleet commander.
7:
960:Oxford Classical Dictionary
892:
737:
618:Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
533:The polis or city-state of
10:
1471:
620:were probably produced by
592:
513:Other major cities in the
477:
467:
420:
29:
772:who had been expelled by
560:
528:
27:Spartan free non-citizens
1455:Social classes of Sparta
1101:. Macmillan. p. 99.
1097:Cartledge, Paul (2002).
1022:. Macmillan. p. 67.
1018:Cartledge, Paul (2002).
926:. Macmillan. p. 68.
922:Cartledge, Paul (2002).
510:and fought in the army.
1084:10.1163/156852574X00070
627:Like the Spartans, the
120:List of Kings of Sparta
1429:, 181, 2006, pp 51–82.
882:Eudicus; a cavalryman.
845:, one of the only two
600:fought in the army as
537:was formed during the
46:
1436:. Anchor Books, 2009.
1432:Strassler, Robert B.
485:, "dwelling, house".
40:
1373:Mogens Herman Hansen
1336:Mnemosyne Collection
1332:Collection Mnemosyne
553:. Whether they were
65:Spartan Constitution
778:First Messenian War
655:status by becoming
52:Part of a series on
888:Neon; a mercenary.
47:
1395:Points of History
790:'s foundation of
686:are mentioned in
637:Peloponnesian War
408:
407:
16:(Redirected from
1462:
1312:
1284:
1283:
1280:PhD Dissertation
1277:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
969:
963:
953:
947:
946:
934:
928:
927:
919:
868:Diodorus Siculus
816:
645:Epidaurus Limera
595:
594:
480:
479:
475:, "around", and
470:
469:
441:
427:
423:
422:
400:
393:
386:
49:
48:
32:Crates of Mallus
21:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1440:
1439:
1319:
1305:
1298:
1296:Ancient sources
1293:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1163:, pp. 558, 559.
1158:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1068:
1064:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
954:
950:
935:
931:
920:
913:
908:
895:
876:Phrynis; a spy.
856:
740:
716:
680:
675:In Aristotle's
563:
539:Greek Dark Ages
531:
404:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:Ancient Greece
1438:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1409:
1380:
1370:
1356:
1342:Paul Cartledge
1339:
1338:) - Paris 2004
1322:Mathieu Aref,
1318:
1317:Modern sources
1315:
1314:
1313:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1263:
1250:
1234:
1221:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1165:
1152:
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1131:
1118:
1104:
1089:
1062:
1043:
1025:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
948:
929:
910:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
855:
854:Named Perioeci
852:
851:
850:
840:
834:
828:
818:
811:
801:
795:
781:
759:
739:
736:
730:were probably
715:
708:
679:
673:
562:
559:
530:
527:
492:Lakedaimonians
426:/peˈri.oj.koj/
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
377:
376:
375:
374:
372:Spartan mirage
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
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114:
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109:
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105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:2-02-032453-9
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:0-415-26276-3
1351:
1347:
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1162:
1156:
1147:
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1135:
1128:
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1113:
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1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
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1039:
1032:
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1021:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
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962:
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940:
933:
925:
918:
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869:
865:
861:
848:
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826:
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809:
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802:
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779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
707:
704:
700:
695:
694:
689:
685:
678:
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670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
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625:
623:
619:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
589:
585:
580:
578:
577:
572:
568:
558:
556:
552:
549:, became the
548:
544:
543:Eurotas river
540:
536:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:
488:
484:
474:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
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413:
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396:
394:
389:
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382:
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359:
358:
357:
353:
352:
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313:
311:
308:
303:
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209:
206:
204:
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191:
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186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:Social groups
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
102:Cleomenes III
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
41:Locations of
39:
33:
19:
1433:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1362:
1359:Moses Finley
1345:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1307:
1291:Bibliography
1279:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1160:
1155:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1098:
1092:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
991:Thucydides,
987:
979:
974:
959:
951:
942:
938:
932:
923:
871:
857:
846:
752:Helot Revolt
747:
731:
719:
717:
711:
702:
698:
692:
683:
681:
676:
668:
664:
660:
652:
648:
640:
632:
628:
626:
621:
612:
610:
605:
597:
587:
583:
581:
574:
570:
566:
564:
550:
532:
512:
503:
500:Spartan army
497:
490:
486:
482:
472:
462:
460:
451:
429:
415:
411:
409:
362:Laconophilia
234:Spartan army
172:
78:Legislators
74:Great Rhetra
42:
1383:Edmond Lévy
1125:Aristotle,
978:Herodotus,
788:Epaminondas
665:hypomeiones
624:craftsmen.
515:Peloponnese
336:Gymnopaedia
130:Eurypontids
1444:Categories
1427:Hermathena
1078:(3): 188.
1004:Xenophon,
906:References
860:Thucydides
776:after the
657:neodamodes
456:Spartiates
341:Hyacinthia
270:Ambologera
208:Partheniae
183:Neodamodes
168:Spartiates
112:Government
1302:Aristotle
1282:: 98–109.
1261:, p. 566.
1259:Inventory
1248:, p. 565.
1246:Inventory
1232:, p. 564.
1230:Inventory
1219:, p. 561.
1217:Inventory
1201:, p. 560.
1199:Inventory
1188:, p. 559.
1186:Inventory
1161:Inventory
1072:Mnemosyne
1008:, VI.5.21
1006:Hellenica
982:, VII.234
980:Histories
847:perioecic
798:Kardamyli
756:Philip II
748:perioecic
732:perioecic
720:perioecic
712:perioecic
688:Aristotle
669:tresantes
661:perioecic
653:perioecic
641:perioecic
622:perioecic
571:perioecis
461:The name
421:Περίοικοι
416:Perioikoi
323:Festivals
315:Menelaion
265:Aphrodite
244:Xenelasia
203:Epeunacti
188:Trophimoi
92:Epitadeus
43:perioecic
18:Perioikoi
1308:Politics
1129:, VII.IX
1127:Politics
995:, V.54.1
899:Sciritae
893:See also
864:Xenophon
837:Thalamai
738:Messenia
728:Messenia
710:List of
703:perioeci
699:perioeci
693:Politics
684:perioeci
677:Politics
649:perioeci
643:city of
633:perioeci
629:perioeci
613:perioeci
606:perioeci
602:hoplites
598:perioeci
584:perioeci
567:perioeci
551:perioeci
504:perioeci
487:Perioeci
463:perioeci
452:perioeci
448:Messenia
412:Perioeci
367:Laconism
346:Xanthika
310:Hyacinth
292:Caryatis
239:Syssitia
229:Crypteia
198:Sciritae
173:Perioeci
152:Navarchy
147:Ekklesia
142:Ephorate
137:Gerousia
82:Lycurgus
1401:, 2003
843:Thouria
825:Nauplia
821:Mothone
794:in 369.
792:Messene
770:Argolis
744:Aethaea
724:Laconia
671:, etc.
588:hómoioi
555:Dorians
444:Laconia
331:Carneia
287:Artemis
216:Society
97:Agis IV
1413:Poleis
1405:
1369:1985).
1367:London
1352:
1059:: 167.
945:: 247.
866:, and
831:Pharai
808:oecist
804:Korone
714:cities
593:ὅμοιοι
576:poleis
561:Status
547:helots
535:Sparta
529:Origin
508:helots
438:until
436:Sparta
354:Legacy
302:Orthia
280:Temple
193:Mothax
178:Helots
125:Agiads
87:Chilon
58:Sparta
1423:Ibid.
1399:Paris
1276:(PDF)
784:Aulon
774:Argos
766:Asine
762:Asine
523:Argos
483:oîkos
478:οἶκος
431:polis
297:Isora
275:Areia
257:Cults
249:Women
224:Agoge
1403:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1330:) -
817:365.
726:and
682:The
582:The
565:The
521:and
519:Elis
473:peri
468:περί
446:and
410:The
1397:),
1365:, (
1080:doi
1057:116
966:801
768:in
690:'s
434:of
414:or
1446::
1385:,
1361:,
1344:,
1304:,
1278:.
1237:^
1206:^
1168:^
1143:^
1107:^
1076:27
1074:.
1055:.
1028:^
943:33
941:.
914:^
862:,
815:c.
667:,
525:.
495:.
481:,
471:,
458:.
440:c.
424:,
1389:(
1334:(
1326:(
1086:.
1082::
968:.
590:(
418:(
399:e
392:t
385:v
304:)
34:.
20:)
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