3970:
3980:
3990:
31:
476:, who therefore shouted according to their preference. The loudness of the shouts was assessed by a jury confined into a windowless building, who then declared winner the candidate with the loudest shouts. Aristotle considered this system "childish", probably because influential people (such as the kings) could easily manipulate the elections.
563:
had cast his vote against him. Thanks to this judicial power, the gerontes were able to significantly influence foreign policy, although they had no constitutional power in that field, because the fear of prosecution before the
Gerousia compelled Spartan officials to follow the gerontes' opinion. For
526:
notes that when a king was absent, his nearest relative could cast a vote for him in the
Gerousia, which means that at least two gerontes besides the kings were of royal stock (one for each dynasty) and further shows the influence that the kings had on the electoral procedure, as they could engineer
506:
As the kings were by right members of the
Gerousia, they usually entered the chamber well before the age of sixty and served much longer terms than the ordinary gerontes, which they could use to build their influence there. Several shrewd kings, such as
519:
controlled the
Gerousia, therefore Sparta's external and internal policies. This patronage of the gerontes by a king is illustrated by the story reported by Plutarch of Agesilaus II offering an ox and cloak to every new member of the Gerousia.
534:(r.235â222), who made the gerontes elected annually. No longer elected for life, the source of the gerontes' prestige was removed and the Gerousia became a more pliable chamber as a result.
547:
The
Gerousia served as the court in charge of capital cases. A king could even be prosecuted before a special court of 34 members, made of the Gerousia and the five
118:
445:, who were members by right, entering the chamber upon their accession. Unlike the kings, the 28 gerontes had to be at least 60 years oldâthe age when
1117:
1087:
485:. Modern scholars have debated since the 19th century on whether these families had a legal privilege on Gerousia membership, or just a
2717:
4024:
386:
1043:
1026:
932:
912:
429:
The gerontes were elected through peculiar shouting elections, which were open to manipulation, especially from the kings.
503:
monopolised senior magistracies, notably thanks to their patronage networkâa practice likely prevalent in
Spartan politics.
2105:
415:. The Gerousia was a prestigious body, holding extensive judicial and legislative powers, which shaped Sparta's policies.
598:
The name
Gerousia continued to be known in Laconia in the Deep or Mesa Mani known as the "Gerontikoi" until recent times.
1110:
736:
Ellen G. Millender, "Kingship: The
History, Power, and Prerogatives of the Spartans' 'Divine' Dyarchy", in Powell (ed.),
2727:
2417:
2110:
2044:
453:. Membership of the Gerousia was for life, which made the gerontes' position very prestigious within Spartan society.
2115:
2090:
1060:
992:
982:
963:
946:
3924:
2673:
2100:
2095:
2567:
2427:
2422:
1699:
479:
The gerontes were likely drawn from a limited aristocracy composed of only a few families, sometimes called the
3951:
2592:
2006:
1103:
4019:
4014:
3946:
3503:
2996:
2512:
2432:
2130:
1840:
3919:
2448:
1902:
379:
2974:
2582:
2458:
2120:
2074:
2029:
1805:
1494:
551:(the defendant king could not sit in the Gerousia during the trial). A famous case was the trial of king
290:
268:
3513:
3635:
3508:
2641:
2636:
2612:
2522:
2039:
1137:
552:
3993:
3936:
2892:
2695:
2680:
2602:
2537:
1857:
1752:
1226:
1160:
2504:
2484:
1682:
1340:
2690:
2653:
2587:
2253:
2140:
3973:
3097:
2897:
2882:
2685:
2668:
2648:
2617:
2517:
2453:
2069:
2054:
2024:
1985:
1862:
1714:
1216:
775:
Daniel
Stewart, "From Leuktra to Nabis, 371â192", in Powell (ed.), A Companion to Sparta, p. 393.
442:
441:
consisted of thirty members in total. Twenty-eight elected members (called gerontes) and the two
408:
372:
237:
108:
3931:
2934:
2705:
2663:
2597:
2562:
2014:
1998:
1694:
1635:
1484:
1479:
1048:
951:
490:
3983:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3177:
2867:
2607:
2577:
2532:
2527:
2158:
2125:
1927:
1832:
1818:
1474:
1345:
1309:
971:
3455:
3449:
3435:
2919:
2877:
2849:
2734:
2547:
1777:
1573:
461:
298:
53:
8:
3586:
3556:
2944:
2839:
2834:
2271:
1586:
1499:
1469:
1423:
1186:
602:
418:
Ancient Greeks considered that the
Gerousia was created by the mythical Spartan lawgiver
1077:
3803:
3700:
3606:
3250:
3167:
3055:
2557:
2381:
1897:
1877:
1734:
1605:
1489:
1284:
1211:
419:
3979:
3878:
3465:
3014:
2862:
2814:
2658:
2627:
2572:
2489:
2366:
2238:
2059:
1892:
1845:
1785:
1659:
1641:
1617:
1599:
1554:
1509:
1504:
1155:
1056:
1039:
1022:
1015:
978:
959:
942:
928:
908:
515:, developed over the years such a network of supporters among the gerontes that they
135:
3808:
3340:
3305:
3122:
2979:
2857:
2744:
2739:
2064:
2019:
1850:
1757:
1373:
1206:
1191:
1181:
988:
590:
suggests that it had the power to overturn decisions made by the Spartan assembly.
556:
140:
75:
3823:
3581:
3369:
3182:
2924:
2790:
2722:
2049:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1537:
1514:
1388:
1299:
1259:
1196:
263:
3848:
3561:
3705:
3645:
3640:
3596:
3377:
3325:
3315:
3295:
3285:
3029:
3024:
3019:
1872:
1671:
1665:
1653:
1453:
1428:
1201:
1126:
920:
888:
569:
523:
494:
481:
360:
355:
24:
4008:
3941:
3858:
3833:
3523:
3445:
3127:
3070:
2969:
2959:
2929:
2911:
2785:
1937:
1719:
1611:
1567:
1529:
1368:
1289:
1082:
565:
531:
113:
90:
20:
559:, he was nonetheless acquitted by a 19-15 decision, in which the other king
460:, who wrote in the 2nd century AD, but whose source was a lost study on the
3758:
3710:
3576:
3430:
3300:
2939:
2775:
2281:
2243:
1942:
606:
587:
512:
450:
423:
350:
222:
62:
706:, pp. 18, 122 ("so it is probably safest to assert only that in practice,
3778:
3670:
3650:
3478:
2986:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2872:
2829:
2376:
2286:
2276:
2163:
2153:
1917:
1294:
1269:
508:
403:(γΔÏÎżÏ
Ïία) was the council of elders in ancient Sparta. Sometimes called
324:
3483:
1091:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 903.
3715:
3685:
3680:
3665:
3551:
3518:
3187:
3157:
2824:
2552:
2386:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2198:
2183:
2173:
2148:
1524:
1279:
1234:
941:, London and New York, Routledge, 2002 (originally published in 1989).
469:
329:
258:
196:
171:
1002:
3690:
3616:
3601:
3571:
3566:
3498:
3422:
3407:
3392:
3335:
3235:
2887:
2819:
2391:
2371:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2296:
2291:
2261:
2208:
2168:
1947:
1813:
1767:
1747:
1378:
1249:
473:
465:
446:
303:
253:
232:
191:
176:
156:
80:
30:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3695:
3473:
3440:
3402:
3345:
3260:
3245:
3102:
3092:
3009:
3004:
2401:
2396:
2356:
2351:
2326:
2306:
2233:
2188:
2178:
2034:
1932:
1867:
1403:
883:
457:
334:
285:
280:
227:
217:
186:
161:
70:
3493:
3883:
3873:
3818:
3813:
3798:
3788:
3773:
3768:
3655:
3543:
3533:
3412:
3387:
3382:
3355:
3350:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3207:
3197:
3172:
3137:
3132:
3107:
2760:
2542:
2203:
2193:
1952:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1887:
1882:
1762:
1709:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1095:
586:, with the power to prevent any motion from being passed on. The
560:
319:
275:
85:
3828:
3142:
3853:
3783:
3763:
3725:
3591:
3397:
3290:
3227:
3217:
3162:
2780:
2765:
2361:
2346:
2321:
2316:
2301:
1962:
1957:
1724:
1704:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1304:
1264:
1254:
1239:
1076:
583:
181:
166:
46:
3863:
3838:
3735:
3675:
3660:
3528:
3488:
3240:
3152:
3147:
3117:
3112:
3087:
2770:
2311:
2266:
2218:
1790:
1742:
1443:
1413:
1360:
1335:
1274:
1244:
582:
The Gerousia debated motions which were to be put before the
568:
was advised by his friends to energetically wage war against
555:
in 403; accused of betrayal for having restored democracy in
548:
212:
130:
3868:
3843:
3793:
3280:
3270:
1003:
A Supposed Qualification for Election to the Spartan Senate
714:, the Gerontes were drawn from a restricted social group").
499:
19:"Gerusia" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
468:. There were no ballots: the gerontes were elected by
927:, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
1014:
970:
939:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta, A tale of two cities
671:, pp. 122, 123, even hints of a cooptation system.
1068:Die homerischen RĂ€te und die spartanische Gerusie
4006:
1331:
530:The Gerousia was probably reformed by the king
856:
832:
609:was Gerousia between 1844â1864 and 1927â1935.
493:compared the situation in Sparta with that of
472:. The candidates passed one by one before the
411:, plus 28 men over the age of sixty, known as
1111:
407:in the literature, it was made up of the two
380:
456:The electoral procedure is known thanks to
1997:
1118:
1104:
387:
373:
1009:, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Feb., 1906), pp. 23-27.
902:
862:
850:
838:
449:were no longer required to serve in the
29:
1012:
968:
826:
693:Hicks, "Supposed Qualification", p. 23.
4007:
3051:
1065:
3908:
3050:
2479:
1983:
1330:
1150:
1099:
783:
781:
3519:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1151:
1053:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War
956:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War
650:
648:
1074:
13:
2480:
1125:
925:Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta
877:
778:
527:the elections of their relatives.
14:
4036:
973:A history of Sparta, 950-192 B.C.
896:
645:
489:monopoly. Of the latter opinion,
426:, the constitution of Sparta.
3988:
3978:
3969:
3968:
815:Origins of the Peloponnesian War
725:Origins of the Peloponnesian War
542:
4025:Defunct unicameral legislatures
3989:
844:
820:
807:
794:
769:
756:
743:
575:
730:
717:
696:
687:
674:
661:
632:
619:
1:
1590:
1577:
1558:
1541:
905:The Spartans: An Epic History
872:
432:
2718:Funeral and burial practices
1903:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1075:Tod, Marcus Niebuhr (1911).
764:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta
537:
7:
1070:, DĂŒsseldorf: Wellem Verlag
1055:, London, Duckworth, 1972.
958:, London, Duckworth, 1972.
937:ââ & Antony Spawforth,
603:Parliament of modern Greece
10:
4041:
2642:Greek Revival architecture
1984:
23:. For the moth genus, see
18:
3964:
3915:
3909:
3904:
3749:
3626:
3615:
3542:
3464:
3421:
3368:
3226:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3046:
2995:
2910:
2848:
2810:
2803:
2753:
2713:
2704:
2626:
2503:
2499:
2475:
2441:
2410:
2252:
2139:
2083:
2050:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2005:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1858:Antigonid Macedonian army
1831:
1804:
1776:
1733:
1690:
1681:
1523:
1462:
1359:
1355:
1326:
1225:
1174:
1170:
1146:
1133:
593:
564:example, in 371 the king
1038:, Hoboken, Wiley, 2018.
903:Cartledge, Paul (2003),
612:
572:to avoid a later trial.
34:The Spartan Constitution
16:Senate of ancient Sparta
1088:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1066:Schulz, Fabian (2011),
1034:Anton Powell (editor),
969:Forrest, W. G. (1968).
109:List of Kings of Sparta
2084:Artists & scholars
1999:List of ancient Greeks
1636:Second Athenian League
1485:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1310:Ancient Greek colonies
1049:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
952:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
892:(Lycurgus, Agesilaus).
491:G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
35:
3203:Sybaris on the Traeis
1928:Sacred Band of Thebes
1668:(c. 300 BCâc. 300 AD)
1182:Cycladic civilization
1036:A Companion to Sparta
1013:Holland, Tom (2009),
907:, London: Pan Books,
738:A Companion to Sparta
33:
4020:Ancient Greek titles
4015:Government of Sparta
2728:mythological figures
2449:Ancient Greek tribes
1574:Peloponnesian League
1007:The Classical Review
977:. New York: Norton.
462:Spartan constitution
54:Spartan Constitution
2840:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2835:Theatre of Dionysus
2459:Ancient Macedonians
2075:Tyrants of Syracuse
1587:Amphictyonic League
1187:Minoan civilization
41:Part of a series on
3514:Menestheus's Limin
3168:Pandosia (Lucania)
3056:Greek colonisation
2418:Athenian statesmen
2179:Diogenes of Sinope
2040:Kings of Macedonia
2030:Kings of Commagene
1898:Macedonian phalanx
1878:Hellenistic armies
1626:(c. 424âc. 395 BC)
1490:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1212:Hellenistic Greece
1021:, London: Abacus,
684:, pp. 46, 63, 113.
605:, the name of the
36:
4002:
4001:
3960:
3959:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3466:Iberian Peninsula
3398:Lipara/Meligounis
3364:
3363:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3015:Cypriot syllabary
2906:
2905:
2815:Athenian Treasury
2799:
2798:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2060:Ptolemaic dynasty
2020:Archons of Athens
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1846:Athenian military
1827:
1826:
1660:League of Corinth
1642:Thessalian League
1618:Chalcidian League
1600:Acarnanian League
1510:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1044:978-1-4051-8869-2
1028:978-0-349-11717-1
933:978-0-7156-3032-7
914:978-1-4472-3720-4
682:History of Sparta
397:
396:
4032:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3906:
3905:
3624:
3623:
3123:Heraclea Lucania
3076:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3047:
2808:
2807:
2740:Twelve Olympians
2711:
2710:
2501:
2500:
2477:
2476:
2065:Seleucid dynasty
2045:Kings of Paionia
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1851:Scythian archers
1758:Graphe paranomon
1688:
1687:
1595:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1563:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1327:
1207:Classical Greece
1192:Mycenaean Greece
1172:
1171:
1148:
1147:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1080:
1078:"Gerousia"
1071:
1031:
1020:
998:
976:
917:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
811:
805:
798:
792:
785:
776:
773:
767:
760:
754:
747:
741:
734:
728:
721:
715:
700:
694:
691:
685:
678:
672:
665:
659:
652:
643:
636:
630:
623:
584:citizen assembly
474:Spartan citizens
447:Spartan citizens
389:
382:
375:
38:
37:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3956:
3911:
3888:
3751:
3745:
3628:
3619:
3611:
3582:Melaina Korkyra
3538:
3460:
3417:
3370:Aeolian Islands
3360:
3222:
3080:
3061:
3060:
3034:
2991:
2902:
2844:
2795:
2749:
2700:
2622:
2613:Wedding customs
2495:
2494:
2463:
2454:Thracian Greeks
2437:
2428:Olympic victors
2406:
2248:
2135:
2079:
2070:Kings of Sparta
2055:Kings of Pontus
2025:Kings of Athens
2001:
1988:
1967:
1863:Army of Macedon
1823:
1800:
1772:
1729:
1677:
1650:(370âc. 230 BC)
1648:Arcadian League
1632:(c. 400â188 BC)
1630:Aetolian League
1624:Boeotian League
1606:Hellenic League
1593:
1580:
1570:(c. 650â404 BC)
1561:
1555:Italiote League
1548:
1544:
1538:Doric Hexapolis
1528:
1519:
1515:Seleucid Empire
1458:
1351:
1350:
1314:
1221:
1197:Greek Dark Ages
1166:
1165:
1142:
1129:
1124:
1029:
995:
985:
915:
899:
880:
878:Ancient sources
875:
870:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
825:
821:
812:
808:
799:
795:
786:
779:
774:
770:
761:
757:
753:, pp. 109, 122.
748:
744:
735:
731:
727:, pp. 353, 354.
722:
718:
701:
697:
692:
688:
679:
675:
666:
662:
653:
646:
637:
633:
624:
620:
615:
596:
580:
545:
540:
435:
393:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Megara Hyblaea
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Hybla Gereatis
3293:
3288:
3286:Heraclea Minoa
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3030:Attic numerals
3027:
3025:Greek numerals
3022:
3020:Greek alphabet
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:Musical system
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Mathematicians
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Kings of Argos
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Cretan archers
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1672:Achaean League
1669:
1666:Euboean League
1663:
1657:
1654:Epirote League
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1602:(c. 500â31 BC)
1597:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1534:
1532:
1530:Confederations
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1454:Lissus (Crete)
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Archaic Greece
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:Ancient Greece
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:Chisholm, Hugh
1072:
1063:
1046:
1032:
1027:
1010:
1001:R. D. Hicks, "
999:
993:
983:
966:
949:
935:
921:Paul Cartledge
918:
913:
898:
897:Modern sources
895:
894:
893:
889:Parallel Lives
879:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:Cartledge 2003
855:
851:Cartledge 2003
843:
839:Cartledge 2003
831:
819:
817:, pp. 124â126.
806:
793:
777:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
695:
686:
673:
660:
644:
631:
617:
616:
614:
611:
595:
592:
579:
574:
544:
541:
539:
536:
524:Paul Cartledge
497:, where a few
495:Roman Republic
434:
431:
405:Spartan senate
395:
394:
392:
391:
384:
377:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
361:Spartan mirage
358:
353:
345:
344:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
295:
294:
288:
283:
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
248:
247:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
207:
206:
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
122:
121:
116:
103:
102:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
43:
42:
25:Gerusia (moth)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4037:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3907:
3903:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Hemeroscopion
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Magna Graecia
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Arcadocypriot
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2898:Zeus, Olympia
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Hera, Olympia
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Mount Olympus
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:Sacred places
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Olympic Games
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Homosexuality
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Seleucid army
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:Delian League
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:Ionian League
1566:
1556:
1553:
1549: 560 BC
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Magna Graecia
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:0-7156-0640-9
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
984:9780393004816
980:
975:
974:
967:
965:
964:0-7156-0640-9
961:
957:
953:
950:
948:
947:0-415-26277-1
944:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:
916:
910:
906:
901:
900:
891:
890:
885:
882:
881:
864:
859:
852:
847:
840:
835:
828:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
790:
784:
782:
772:
765:
759:
752:
746:
739:
733:
726:
720:
713:
709:
705:
699:
690:
683:
677:
670:
664:
657:
651:
649:
641:
635:
628:
622:
618:
610:
608:
604:
599:
591:
589:
585:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:Supreme court
535:
533:
532:Cleomenes III
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
504:
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
482:kaloi kagatoi
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
430:
427:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
409:Spartan kings
406:
402:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
342:
341:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
311:
310:
305:
302:
300:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:Social groups
148:
147:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
100:
99:
92:
91:Cleomenes III
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
26:
22:
21:Gerusia, Iran
3789:Dionysopolis
3759:Abonoteichos
3711:Pantikapaion
3301:Hybla Heraea
2637:Architecture
2593:Prostitution
2282:Aristophanes
2141:Philosophers
2111:Philosophers
1943:Spartan army
1795:
1674:(280â146 BC)
1662:(338â322 BC)
1656:(370â168 BC)
1644:(374â196 BC)
1638:(378â355 BC)
1620:(430â348 BC)
1614:(478â404 BC)
1608:(499â449 BC)
1295:Peloponnesus
1217:Roman Greece
1086:
1067:
1052:
1035:
1017:Persian Fire
1016:
1006:
972:
955:
938:
924:
904:
887:
865:, p. 60
858:
853:, p. 62
846:
841:, p. 61
834:
829:, p. 81
827:Holland 2009
822:
814:
813:Ste. Croix,
809:
801:
796:
788:
771:
763:
758:
750:
745:
737:
732:
724:
723:Ste. Croix,
719:
711:
710:rather than
707:
703:
698:
689:
681:
676:
668:
663:
655:
639:
634:
626:
621:
600:
597:
588:Great Rhetra
581:
577:Probouleusis
576:
546:
529:
522:
516:
513:Agesilaus II
505:
498:
486:
480:
478:
455:
438:
436:
428:
424:Great Rhetra
417:
412:
404:
400:
398:
351:Laconophilia
223:Spartan army
125:
67:Legislators
63:Great Rhetra
3937:Place names
3849:Salmydessus
3671:Kalos Limen
3651:Chersonesus
3641:Borysthenes
3346:Tauromenion
3158:Metapontion
2920:Proto-Greek
2873:Erechtheion
2868:Athena Nike
2830:Philippeion
2659:Mathematics
2630:and science
2513:Agriculture
2377:Stesichorus
2287:Bacchylides
2277:Archilochus
2164:Antisthenes
2154:Anaximander
2126:Seven Sages
2116:Playwrights
2096:Geographers
2091:Astronomers
1918:Pezhetairos
1545: 1100
1525:Federations
1424:Megalopolis
1361:City states
1336:City states
994:393-00481-3
800:Cartledge,
787:Cartledge,
762:Cartledge,
749:Cartledge,
702:Cartledge,
667:Cartledge,
654:Cartledge,
625:Cartledge,
607:upper house
566:Cleombrotus
509:Cleomenes I
325:Gymnopaedia
119:Eurypontids
4009:Categories
3839:Polemonion
3716:Phanagoria
3686:Kimmerikon
3681:Kerkinitis
3666:Hermonassa
3656:Dioscurias
3552:Aspalathos
3499:Kalathousa
3474:Akra Leuke
3403:Phoenicusa
3188:Scylletium
3173:Poseidonia
3093:Brentesion
2980:Pamphylian
2975:Macedonian
2893:Samothrace
2878:Hephaestus
2825:Long Walls
2804:Structures
2745:Underworld
2691:Technology
2654:Literature
2588:Philosophy
2553:Euergetism
2442:By culture
2387:Thucydides
2229:Pythagoras
2224:Protagoras
2214:Parmenides
2199:Heraclitus
2184:Empedocles
2174:Democritus
2159:Anaximenes
2149:Anaxagoras
2101:Historians
1594: 595
1581: 550
1562: 800
1547: â c.
1475:Cappadocia
1280:Ionian Sea
1270:Hellespont
1235:Aegean Sea
873:References
638:Plutarch,
433:Membership
330:Hyacinthia
259:Ambologera
197:Partheniae
172:Neodamodes
157:Spartiates
101:Government
3925:in Epirus
3874:Trapezous
3819:Mesambria
3804:Eupatoria
3774:Apollonia
3769:Anchialos
3731:Theodosia
3701:Nymphaion
3691:Myrmekion
3661:Gorgippia
3617:Black Sea
3602:Tragurion
3587:Nymphaion
3572:Epidauros
3567:Epidamnos
3557:Apollonia
3534:Zacynthos
3456:Ptolemais
3450:Apollonia
3423:Cyrenaica
3413:TherassĂa
3408:Strongyle
3388:Ereikousa
3311:Leontinoi
3251:Apollonia
3128:Hipponion
2925:Mycenaean
2888:Parthenon
2820:Lion Gate
2723:Mythology
2686:Sculpture
2649:Astronomy
2583:Pederasty
2558:Festivals
2543:Education
2423:Lawgivers
2392:Timocreon
2372:Sophocles
2367:Simonides
2342:Philocles
2337:Panyassis
2332:Mimnermus
2297:Herodotus
2292:Euripides
2262:Aeschylus
2209:Leucippus
2169:Aristotle
1948:Strategos
1814:Synedrion
1768:Ostracism
1748:Areopagus
1700:Free city
1495:Macedonia
1379:Byzantion
1285:Macedonia
1250:Cyrenaica
1227:Geography
1161:Geography
804:, p. 351.
802:Agesilaos
791:, p. 123.
789:Agesilaos
751:Agesilaos
740:, p. 467.
704:Agesilaos
680:Forrest,
669:Agesilaos
658:, p. 122.
656:Agesilaos
629:, p. 121.
627:Agesilaos
553:Pausanias
538:Functions
466:Aristotle
312:Festivals
304:Menelaion
254:Aphrodite
233:Xenelasia
192:Epeunacti
177:Trophimoi
81:Epitadeus
3974:Category
3952:Theatres
3879:Tripolis
3814:Kerasous
3809:Heraclea
3741:Tyritake
3696:Nikonion
3607:Thronion
3529:Salauris
3484:Emporion
3441:Berenice
3431:Balagrae
3383:Euonymos
3356:Tyndaris
3341:Syracuse
3336:Selinous
3306:Kamarina
3261:Casmenae
3246:Akrillai
3163:NeĂĄpolis
3098:Caulonia
3079:Mainland
3010:Linear B
3005:Linear A
2935:Dialects
2912:Language
2706:Religion
2664:Medicine
2598:Religion
2563:Folklore
2548:Emporium
2523:Clothing
2518:Calendar
2402:Xenophon
2397:Tyrtaeus
2382:Theognis
2357:Polybius
2352:Plutarch
2327:Menander
2307:Hipponax
2234:Socrates
2189:Epicurus
2035:Diadochi
1933:Sciritae
1893:Hetairoi
1868:Ballista
1833:Military
1796:Gerousia
1786:Ekklesia
1753:Ecclesia
1735:Athenian
1683:Politics
1596:â279 BC)
1583:â366 BC)
1564:â389 BC)
1500:Pergamon
1470:Bithynia
1463:Kingdoms
1404:Pergamon
1346:Military
1341:Politics
1138:Timeline
884:Plutarch
766:, p. 47.
708:de facto
640:Lycurgus
517:de facto
487:de facto
470:shouting
458:Plutarch
439:Gerousia
420:Lycurgus
413:gerontes
401:Gerousia
356:Laconism
335:Xanthika
299:Hyacinth
281:Caryatis
228:Syssitia
218:Crypteia
187:Sciritae
162:Perioeci
141:Navarchy
136:Ekklesia
131:Ephorate
126:Gerousia
71:Lycurgus
3994:Outline
3947:Temples
3884:Zaliche
3864:ThĂšrmae
3854:Sesamus
3824:Odessos
3799:Cytorus
3794:Cotyora
3544:Illyria
3509:Mainake
3504:Kypsela
3393:Hycesia
3351:Thermae
3331:Segesta
3321:Messana
3276:Helorus
3256:Calacte
3236:Akragas
3198:Sybaris
3183:Rhegion
3138:Krimisa
3088:Alision
2997:Writing
2970:Locrian
2960:Epirote
2930:Homeric
2863:Artemis
2850:Temples
2791:Olympia
2761:Eleusis
2696:Theatre
2681:Pottery
2608:Warfare
2603:Slavery
2538:Economy
2533:Cuisine
2528:Coinage
2505:Society
2490:Culture
2485:Society
2433:Tyrants
2272:Alcaeus
2254:Authors
2204:Hypatia
2194:Gorgias
2131:Writers
1953:Toxotai
1923:Sarissa
1913:Peltast
1908:Phalanx
1888:Hoplite
1883:Hippeis
1806:Macedon
1778:Spartan
1763:Heliaia
1710:Proxeny
1419:Larissa
1414:Kerkyra
1409:Eretria
1399:Miletus
1394:Ephesus
1389:Corinth
1384:Chalcis
1305:Taurica
1175:Periods
1156:History
1085:(ed.).
712:de iure
601:In the
561:Agis II
422:in his
320:Carneia
276:Artemis
205:Society
86:Agis IV
3984:Portal
3932:People
3920:Cities
3859:Sinope
3844:Rhizos
3834:Phasis
3784:Bathus
3779:Athina
3764:Amisos
3726:Tanais
3721:Pityus
3646:Charax
3597:Pharos
3592:Orikon
3489:Helike
3479:Alonis
3446:Cyrene
3378:Didyme
3291:Himera
3266:Catana
3228:Sicily
3218:Thurii
3213:Terina
3178:Pixous
3133:Hydrus
3108:Croton
2940:Aeolic
2858:Aphaea
2781:Dodona
2766:Delphi
2735:Temple
2411:Others
2362:Sappho
2347:Pindar
2322:Lucian
2317:Ibycus
2302:Hesiod
2239:Thales
2007:Rulers
1986:People
1963:Xyston
1958:Xiphos
1819:Koinon
1725:Tyrant
1715:Stasis
1705:Koinon
1505:Pontus
1480:Epirus
1449:Sparta
1439:Rhodes
1434:Megara
1429:Thebes
1374:Athens
1300:Pontus
1265:Epirus
1255:Cyprus
1240:Aeolis
1059:
1042:
1025:
991:
981:
962:
945:
931:
911:
594:Legacy
570:Thebes
557:Athens
549:ephors
500:gentes
343:Legacy
291:Orthia
269:Temple
182:Mothax
167:Helots
114:Agiads
76:Chilon
47:Sparta
3942:Stoae
3910:Lists
3829:OinĂČe
3752:coast
3750:South
3736:Tyras
3706:Olbia
3676:Kepoi
3629:coast
3627:North
3620:basin
3562:Aulon
3524:Rhode
3436:Barca
3326:Naxos
3281:Henna
3241:Akrai
3208:Taras
3193:Siris
3153:Medma
3148:Locri
3113:Cumae
3103:Chone
3081:Italy
2987:Koine
2965:Ionic
2955:Doric
2950:Attic
2771:Delos
2669:Music
2312:Homer
2267:Aesop
2219:Plato
2121:Poets
1791:Ephor
1743:Agora
1720:Tagus
1695:Boule
1444:Samos
1369:Argos
1275:Ionia
1260:Doris
1245:Crete
1081:. In
642:, 26.
613:Notes
443:kings
286:Isora
264:Areia
246:Cults
238:Women
213:Agoge
3869:Tium
3636:Akra
3577:Issa
3271:Gela
3143:LaĂŒs
3118:Elea
2776:Dion
2628:Arts
2618:Wine
2244:Zeno
1841:Wars
1057:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1023:ISBN
979:ISBN
960:ISBN
943:ISBN
929:ISBN
909:ISBN
451:army
437:The
399:The
2573:Law
1005:",
989:SBN
511:or
464:by
4011::
1591:c.
1578:c.
1559:c.
1542:c.
1051:,
987:.
954:,
923:,
886:,
780:^
647:^
3452:)
3448:(
1589:(
1576:(
1557:(
1551:)
1540:(
1527:/
1119:e
1112:t
1105:v
997:.
388:e
381:t
374:v
293:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
