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when students are taught using the world religions paradigm, it could be a good means of encouraging them to think critically about category formation. The scholar Steven W. Ramey for instance advocated teaching the paradigm in a manner that makes it clear that it is a "constructed discourse". Similarly, Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano, and
Stoddard suggested that teaching undergraduates about the world religious paradigm helps to explain to students how "classification is a social act". They noted that students could leave such a course not only knowing more about the specific religious traditions included in the world religions category, but that they would also leave "knowing how to better interrogate the world around them". To avoid promoting the paradigm's portrayal of different religious traditions as rigid, homogenous categories, the scholar Teemu Taira suggested introducing
345:, British teachers are instructed to teach about Christianity, while by the end of key Stage 3 they are also supposed to teach about the other "five principal religions": Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. Similarly, the censuses of many countries for instance reflect the influence of the world religion paradigm by only permitting respondents to describe themselves as adhering to one particular religious tradition, whereas in reality many individuals identify themselves with various different traditions at the same time. This idea of mutually exclusive religious identities is not only a Western phenomenon, but can also be found in other socio-cultural contexts;
120:. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the United Kingdom and other countries. The paradigm's emphasis on viewing these religious movements as distinct and mutually exclusive entities has also had a wider impact on the categorisation of religion—for instance in censuses—in both Western countries and elsewhere.
201:
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thwart it" and represent "important geo-political entities with which we must deal." The framework also includes privileging the literate elites active in particular religious movements by presenting their interpretations of particular traditions as being authoritative, eclipsing alternative interpretations presented by non-literate, marginalised, and localized practitioners. For instance, as noted by the scholar of religion
Suzanne Owen, "Hinduism as a World Religion does not include Hinduism as a village religion".
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was of the view that "as long as it continues to employ the World
Religions paradigm as a default approach (even after deconstructing it), religious studies will fail in its humanistic task" because it will simply be engaging in "knowledge transfer" and not "critically engaging" with "culture and knowledge". One alternative framework that some scholars use to teach about religion is the "
332:, who formed the Shap Working Party on World Religions in Education in 1969. It was introduced with the intent of moving Western education away from its focus on Christianity. However, it took liberal Western Protestantism as its baseline and interpreted these different religious traditions through the framework of liberal Protestant norms and values. This included an emphasis on
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Many scholars who are critical of the world religions paradigm find themselves having to teach it as part of introductory courses for undergraduate students. Some spent much of a course teaching the concept and then several sessions after this deconstructing it. Some scholars have suggested that even
240:
The inclusion of
Judaism in the "Big Five" raises some issues; it is included in the list because of its influence on Christianity and Islam and because of its relevance to traditional Western understandings of Western history. On demographic grounds, it does not fit into the list, for there are far
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Some scholars have argued for the rejection of the world religions paradigm altogether; Cotter and
Robertson presented the argument that "the continued uncritical use of the WRP fosters a breeding ground for relativistic navel-gazing which has no place in the contemporary research university". Owen
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Many scholars of religion have resisted efforts to challenge the paradigm, and as of 2016 was reported as still being widespread in university introductory courses to the study of religion. Many instructors feel that explaining the critique of the world religions paradigm to undergraduate students
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A "world religion" is a tradition that has achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our history to form it, interact with it, or thwart it. We recognise both the unity within and the diversity among the world religions because they correspond to important geopolitical entities with which we
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present in modern society. Smith observed that it was constructed by
Western scholars from a Western perspective. He noted that the only religions that get included in it are those which have "achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our history, either to form it, interact with it, or to
408:, because this is not typically regarded as a Christian doctrine, and yet there are Christians who profess a belief in reincarnation. A fourth criticism is that in choosing to focus attention on the "major religions", it makes a value judgement as to what constitutes "major" and what does not.
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for instance often endorse the idea that
Hinduism and Buddhism are mutually exclusive categories despite the fact that many people in South Asia mix Hindu and Buddhist practices. The scholars of religion Tara Baldrick-Morrone, Michael Graziano, and Brad Stoddard stated that "the WRP is neither
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as being central to a given religion. It also reflects the post-Enlightenment
Christian approach of treating different religious groups as distinct, mutually exclusive categories. It thus reflects the socio-political concerns of 1960s Britain, the environment in which it was devised.
143:
present in modern society; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgment as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a
160:
Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson described the "World
Religions Paradigm" as "a particular way of thinking about religions which organizes them into a set of discrete traditions with a supposedly 'global' import." It typically consists of the "Big Five" religions:
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The utility of the World
Religions Paradigm has experienced a sustained and rigorous critique from many scholars of religion. The scholar of religion Graham Harvey for instance noted that many scholars "object strongly" to the paradigm. In 1978, the scholar of religion
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would be difficult, as the critique would be too complex for many of them to understand. Its continued use has also been defended by the claim that it is what undergraduate students expect and that it mirrors what they will have been taught at school.
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The paradigm has since gone beyond this academic discipline, and "informs the perception" of many members of different religious groups. The paradigm for instance frames the teaching about religion in the British education system; at all three
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and physical objects. Owen noted that, in her experience, many students display an "initial resistance to alternatives" as they are expecting the world religions paradigm. She cited the example of her introductory course at
1007:
Baldrick-Morrone, Tara; Graziano, Michael; Stoddard, Brad (2016). "'Not a Task for Amateurs': Graduate Instructors and Critical Theory in the World Religions Classroom". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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must deal. All 'primitives,' by way of contrast, may be lumped together, as may the 'minor religions,' because they do not confront our history in any direct fashion. From the point of view of power, they are invisible.
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While the World Religions paradigm was brought in to allow the inclusion of non-Christian religions in education, it has instead remodelled them according to liberal Western Protestant Christian values (akin to what the
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model of "religion". It presents each of the "world religions" in an abstracted and essentialised form, failing to take account of hybridization. For instance, in teaching about Christianity it does not refer to
321:
Cotter and Robertson noted that the history of the world religions paradigm is "intimately tied up" with the history of the study of religion as an academic discipline. It emerged from within the
1065:
Cox, James L. (2016). "Foreword: Before the 'After' in 'After World Religions' – Wilfred Cantwell Smith on the Meaning and End of Religion". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
185:—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—before the non-Abrahamic religions Hinduism and Buddhism. The category is sometimes also extended to include other major religious groups, namely the
1046:
Cotter, Christopher; Robertson, David G. (2016b). "Introduction: The World Religions Paradigm in Contemporary Religious Studies". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
292:. That groups that get placed in categories like "Indigenous religions" get treated less seriously than the "world religions" by many scholars was noted by the scholar of religion
1211:
Taira, Teemu (2016). "Doing Things with 'Religion': A Discursive Approach in Rethinking the World Religions Paradigm". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
65:
to demarcate at least five—and in some cases more—religions that are deemed to have been especially large, internationally widespread, or influential in the development of
1192:
Sutcliffe, Steven J. (2016). "The Problem of 'Religions': Teaching Against the Grain with 'New Age Stuff'". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
438:, which was constructed on thematic lines rather than according to the world religions paradigm, and which induced feelings of panic among many undergraduates.
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296:, who maintained that "indigenous religions should receive similarly respectful treatment to that considered appropriate to the larger 'World Religions'."
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Ramey, Steven W. (2016). "The Critical Embrace: Teaching the World Religions Paradigm as Data". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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425:" paradigm, which places emphasis not on distinct religious traditions but on individual experiences and practices. Another alternative is the "
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Searle-Chatterjee, M. (2000). ""World Religions" and "Ethnic Groups": Do these Paradigms lend themselves to the Cause of Hindu Nationalism?".
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181:. As noted by Cotter and Robertson, the "Big Five" religions are often listed in an "Abrahamocentric order" which places the largest three
131:, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the
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Symbols commonly associated with six of the religions labelled "world religions": clockwise from the top, these represent
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Cotter, Christopher; Robertson, David G. (2016a). "Preface". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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case studies into the class to better explain the realities of people's lives and uses of religious traditions.
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One of the major criticisms of the framework is that it is based on a model of "religion" that relies on the
276:". The scholar of religion Steven J. Sutcliffe compared the relationship between the three categories to the
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Many scholars have utilised the "world religions" category alongside other "catch-all" categories such as "
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The Invention of World Religions; or, how European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism
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The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism
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A third criticism of the world religions paradigm is that it encourages an uncritical and
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The paradigm was integrated throughout the education system through work of scholars like
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This article is about the paradigm in the academic study of religion. For other uses, see
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93:, are sometimes also added. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as
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as the model for what constitutes "religion"; that it is tied up with discourses of
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as its base example. A second criticism is that it is rooted in the discourses of
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approach which placed an emphasis on description rather than critical analysis.
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neutral nor natural, but its social authority derives from appearing as both."
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James Cox on "The World Religions Paradigm" at The Religious Studies Project
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1420:"After the World Religions Paradigm...?" at The Religious Studies Project
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Owen, Suzanne (2011). "The World Religions Paradigm: Time for a Change".
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105:(NRMs), which are also used by scholars in this field of research.
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Food, Sex and Strangers: Understanding Religion as Everyday Life
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Since the late 20th century, the paradigm has faced critique by
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Fitzgerald, Timothy (1990). "Hinduism as a World Religion".
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Judaism historically has been a non-proselytizing religion
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are always included in the list; other religions, such as
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Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions
429:" framework which focuses on examining religion through
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After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
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After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
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After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1067:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1048:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1029:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1010:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
829:
827:
1467:
735:
733:
731:
718:
716:
714:
654:
1069:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. xii–xvii.
1031:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. vii–viii.
812:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
644:
642:
640:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
236:, all belief systems classified as "world religions".
824:
453:
1177:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
984:
957:
921:
909:
855:
757:
745:
728:
711:
1215:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 75–91.
1196:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–36.
1158:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 48–60.
1012:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 37–47.
882:
678:
666:
637:
614:
208:in the United Kingdom featuring proponents of the
108:The world religions paradigm was developed in the
1352:
1298:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
1271:
1050:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–20.
6401:
1087:(2000). "Introduction". In Graham Harvey (ed.).
1045:
1026:
951:
939:
903:
876:
849:
806:
787:
705:
608:
593:
577:
1091:. London and New York: Cassell. pp. 1–19.
311:promotes), emphasizing theological categories.
979:Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano & Stoddard 2016
776:Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano & Stoddard 2016
1440:
1382:Segal, Robert (2007). "Review of Masuzawa's
112:during the 1960s, where it was pioneered by
6415:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements
1281:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles, Ca: SAGE Publ.
1447:
1433:
1322:
1301:. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1999.
1250:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
1191:
1127:Arts & Humanities in Higher Education
660:
3962:
1343:
385:Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity
316:— Scholar of religion Suzanne Owen, 2011
199:
133:Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity
25:
5254:
1348:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1243:
411:
280:, with the "world" religions forming a
6402:
1105:
1083:
818:
672:
491:Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion
5253:
4411:
3961:
1466:
1428:
1381:
1210:
1172:
1153:
990:
963:
915:
833:
751:
648:
114:phenomenological scholars of religion
1124:
927:
861:
845:
763:
739:
722:
693:
631:
589:
1064:
888:
13:
5223:Religions and spiritual traditions
1469:Religious groups and denominations
1231:
14:
6441:
1408:
1275:; Roof, Wade Clark, eds. (2012).
1089:Indigenous Religions: A Companion
23:Category in the study of religion
6383:
6374:
6373:
6187:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5329:Democratic Republic of the Congo
501:Christianity and other religions
470:
456:
436:Leeds Trinity University College
380:called it a "dubious category".
284:, the "new" religions forming a
18:World religions (disambiguation)
4794:Evolutionary origin of religion
1278:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
999:
288:, and "Indigenous" religions a
5145:Separation of church and state
3803:Polytheistic reconstructionism
278:English football league system
1:
2801:Traditional Sabahan religions
560:
528:List of religious populations
151:
146:socially-constructed category
1454:
1337:10.1016/0048-721X(90)90099-R
952:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
940:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
904:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
877:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
850:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
807:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
788:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
706:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
609:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
594:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
578:Cotter & Robertson 2016a
565:
506:Hinduism and other religions
496:Buddhism and other religions
353:
245:in the world than there are
7:
5003:National religiosity levels
4228:Nauruan Indigenous religion
3783:Hellenism (modern religion)
1173:Smith, Jonathan Z. (1978).
516:Judaism and other religions
449:
10:
6446:
4412:
299:
61:is a category used in the
15:
6369:
6288:
6205:
6077:
5822:
5547:
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5249:
5158:
5083:
4859:
4767:
4704:
4422:
4418:
4407:
3970:
3957:
3882:
3705:
3687:Transcendental Meditation
3580:
3567:
3532:
3280:
3257:
3246:
3173:
3136:
2880:
2776:
2758:
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2538:
2389:
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2338:
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2268:
2201:
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2183:
2149:
2116:
2088:
2079:
2029:
1896:
1583:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1462:
1355:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1344:Masuzawa, Tomoko (2005).
511:Islam and other religions
323:phenomenology of religion
5314:Central African Republic
2348:Vietnamese folk religion
1739:Charismatic Christianity
1255:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1139:10.1177/1474022211408038
5208:New religious movements
4846:Theories about religion
4799:Evolutionary psychology
3828:Modern Finnish paganism
1815:Independent Catholicism
1367:10.1080/014198700328962
1106:Harvey, Graham (2013).
555:Three Persian religions
270:new religious movements
103:new religious movements
6425:Social constructionism
5857:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3843:Erzyan native religion
3692:Unitarian Universalism
3081:Native American Church
1859:Oneness Pentecostalism
533:Major religious groups
366:— Scholar of religion
363:
313:
237:
55:
6430:Sociology of religion
6177:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5474:São Tomé and Príncipe
5334:Republic of the Congo
3540:Aboriginal Australian
2211:Chinese folk religion
550:Sociology of religion
358:
304:
203:
29:
6410:Comparative religion
5799:United Arab Emirates
4590:Religious experience
3964:Historical religions
2368:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1700:Schwenkfelder Church
486:Comparative religion
412:Paradigm in pedagogy
274:Indigenous religions
158:scholars of religion
125:scholars of religion
99:Indigenous religions
6192:Trinidad and Tobago
6087:Antigua and Barbuda
5255:Religion by country
4316:Cult of Magna Mater
2838:Philippine Dayawism
2419:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2167:Chinese Manichaeism
1839:Jehovah's Witnesses
1644:Proto-Protestantism
1388:Journal of Religion
1273:Juergensmeyer, Mark
540:Religious pluralism
183:Abrahamic religions
6127:Dominican Republic
5173:Abrahamic prophets
4267:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2811:Aliran Kepercayaan
2014:Non-denominational
1936:Modernist Salafism
1622:Oriental Orthodoxy
1110:. Durham: Acumen.
347:Hindu nationalists
238:
56:
6420:Religious studies
6397:
6396:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
5349:Equatorial Guinea
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
4784:Cognitive science
4403:
4402:
4336:Mysteries of Isis
4110:Frankish paganism
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3697:White Brotherhood
3563:
3562:
3528:
3527:
2872:Sundanese Wiwitan
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2414:Brahma Sampradaya
2376:
2375:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2157:Assianism/Uatsdin
2075:
2074:
1844:British Israelism
1830:Nontrinitarianism
1793:Plymouth Brethren
1788:Nondenominational
1722:Congregationalism
1610:Eastern Orthodoxy
1558:Reconstructionist
1288:978-0-7619-2729-7
1222:978-1-138-91912-9
1203:978-1-138-91912-9
1184:978-0-226-76357-6
1165:978-1-138-91912-9
1117:978-1-84465-693-6
1098:978-0-304-70448-4
1076:978-1-138-91912-9
1057:978-1-138-91912-9
1038:978-1-138-91912-9
1019:978-1-138-91912-9
942:, pp. 12–13.
427:material religion
378:Jonathan Z. Smith
309:Church of England
129:Jonathan Z. Smith
63:study of religion
6437:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6255:Papua New Guinea
6230:Marshall Islands
6057:Northern Ireland
5262:
5261:
5251:
5250:
5135:Secular theology
5130:Secular humanism
4420:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4284:Ancestral Pueblo
3959:
3958:
3578:
3577:
3255:
3254:
2700:
2699:
2456:Shaiva Siddhanta
2387:
2386:
2320:Korean shamanism
2199:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2086:
2085:
1999:Mahdawi movement
1869:Swedenborgianism
1849:Christadelphians
1495:
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523:Indian religions
480:
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431:material culture
391:, including the
371:
317:
206:interfaith event
139:, including the
6445:
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6439:
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6436:
6435:
6434:
6400:
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6398:
6393:
6357:
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6265:Solomon Islands
6201:
6073:
5977:North Macedonia
5818:
5543:
5256:
5237:
5198:Mass gatherings
5166:
5161:
5154:
5093:
5088:
5079:
5018:Religiocentrism
4998:National church
4866:
4863:
4855:
4770:
4763:
4700:
4622:Bodies of water
4414:
4399:
4184:Jamaican Maroon
3966:
3941:
3878:
3708:
3701:
3572:
3570:
3559:
3524:
3498:Trinidad Orisha
3283:
3276:
3249:
3242:
3169:
3132:
2883:
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2772:
2754:
2681:
2655:Srilankan Vedda
2606:
2534:
2409:Sri Vaishnavism
2372:
2334:
2306:
2264:
2171:
2145:
2112:
2071:
2025:
1950:Twelver Shi'ism
1892:
1754:Neo-charismatic
1727:Presbyterianism
1579:
1471:
1458:
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1411:
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1309:
1295:
1289:
1265:
1234:
1232:Further reading
1229:
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1204:
1185:
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1118:
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1002:
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895:
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875:
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852:, pp. 8–9.
848:, p. 255;
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592:, p. 254;
588:
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469:
464:Religion portal
462:
455:
452:
414:
393:power relations
373:
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302:
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141:power relations
67:Western society
59:World religions
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4973:Fundamentalism
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4132:Greco-Buddhism
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3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Tambor de Mina
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:Guanche church
3261:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:Tibeto-Burmese
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3091:Nuu-chah-nulth
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Muscogee Creek
2997:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:Sumbese Marapu
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2786:Batak Parmalim
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
2094:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:Bible Students
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Restorationism
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Evangelicalism
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1409:External links
1407:
1405:
1404:
1400:10.1086/511373
1394:(1): 146–148.
1379:
1361:(3): 497–515.
1350:
1341:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1269:
1264:978-1593392666
1263:
1247:, ed. (2006).
1245:Doniger, Wendy
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1151:
1133:(3): 253–268.
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1085:Harvey, Graham
1081:
1075:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
983:
968:
956:
944:
932:
930:, p. 257.
920:
908:
893:
891:, p. xii.
881:
866:
864:, p. 255.
854:
838:
836:, p. 295.
823:
821:, p. 201.
811:
792:
780:
768:
766:, p. 263.
756:
744:
742:, p. 259.
727:
725:, p. 260.
710:
698:
696:, p. 258.
677:
665:
661:Sutcliffe 2016
653:
636:
634:, p. 254.
613:
598:
582:
580:, p. vii.
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
536:
535:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
482:
481:
467:
451:
448:
423:lived religion
413:
410:
357:
355:
352:
303:
301:
298:
290:First Division
282:Premier League
195:Zoroastrianism
153:
150:
110:United Kingdom
95:folk religions
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6442:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6290:South America
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6197:United States
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6079:North America
6076:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Liechtenstein
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Guinea-Bissau
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5248:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Organizations
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5043:Vegetarianism
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Homosexuality
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Neurotheology
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Folk religion
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4326:Imperial cult
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
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3895:Discordianism
3893:
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3890:Anthroposophy
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3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:North African
3256:
3253:
3251:
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3231:
3229:
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3022:Kwakwakaʼwakw
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
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2760:Austroasiatic
2757:
2749:
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2731:Vattisen Yaly
2729:
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2650:Kirat Mundhum
2648:
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2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Milah Abraham
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
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1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:Protestantism
1663:
1659:
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1397:
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1376:
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1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
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1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:0-87779-044-2
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:encyclopedias
1237:
1236:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:, p. 82.
992:
987:
981:, p. 39.
980:
975:
973:
966:, p. 48.
965:
960:
954:, p. 13.
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
918:, p. 49.
917:
912:
906:, p. 10.
905:
900:
898:
890:
885:
879:, p. 12.
878:
873:
871:
863:
858:
851:
847:
842:
835:
830:
828:
820:
815:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
789:
784:
778:, p. 38.
777:
772:
765:
760:
754:, p. 50.
753:
748:
741:
736:
734:
732:
724:
719:
717:
715:
707:
702:
695:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
674:
669:
663:, p. 26.
662:
657:
651:, p. 80.
650:
645:
643:
641:
633:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
610:
605:
603:
595:
591:
586:
579:
574:
570:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Religious war
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
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497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
473:
468:
465:
459:
454:
447:
445:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
418:
409:
407:
406:reincarnation
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
372:
369:
362:
351:
348:
344:
338:
335:
331:
326:
324:
318:
312:
310:
297:
295:
294:Graham Harvey
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
231:
227:
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126:
121:
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111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
19:
5794:Turkmenistan
5754:Saudi Arabia
5499:South Africa
5489:Sierra Leone
5294:Burkina Faso
5203:Names of God
5150:Unaffiliated
5105:Antireligion
4966:Universalism
4914:Assimilation
4779:Anthropology
4654:Supernatural
4649:Spirituality
4617:Sacred space
4605:Purification
4478:Denomination
4432: /
4240:Paleo-Balkan
4206:Mesopotamian
4046:Cook Islands
4017:Old Prussian
3930:UFO religion
3869:
3865:Zalmoxianism
3793:Neoshamanism
3650:Spiritualism
3533:Other ethnic
3422:
3248:Traditional
3208:Bongthingism
3106:Acoma Pueblo
3049:Mesoamerican
2778:Austronesian
2599:
2595:Neo-Buddhism
2527:
2523:Neo-Hinduism
2444:Swaminarayan
2282:
2231:Salvationist
2216:Confucianism
2067:Samaritanism
2037:Ali-Illahism
2018:
1885:
1879:Unitarianism
1820:Old Catholic
1627:Nestorianism
1585:Christianity
1572:
1538:Conservative
1391:
1387:
1383:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1324:
1297:
1277:
1249:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1155:
1130:
1126:
1107:
1088:
1066:
1047:
1028:
1009:
1000:Bibliography
986:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
884:
857:
841:
814:
809:, p. 7.
790:, p. 8.
783:
771:
759:
747:
708:, p. 3.
701:
675:, p. 3.
668:
656:
611:, p. 2.
596:, p. 2.
585:
573:
478:World portal
444:ethnographic
440:
419:
415:
400:
398:
382:
374:
364:
359:
339:
330:Ninian Smart
327:
320:
314:
305:
286:Championship
267:
239:
218:Christianity
210:Baháʼí Faith
187:Baháʼí Faith
167:Christianity
155:
122:
118:Ninian Smart
107:
75:Christianity
58:
57:
52:Christianity
6245:New Zealand
6182:Saint Lucia
6132:El Salvador
6037:Switzerland
5972:Netherlands
5744:Philippines
5672:South Korea
5667:North Korea
5557:Afghanistan
5504:South Sudan
5394:Ivory Coast
5178:Deification
5125:Objectivism
5100:Agnosticism
5058:Persecution
5048:Video games
5013:Populations
4924:Proselytism
4892:Monasticism
4883:Clericalism
4873:Agriculture
4864:and society
4829:Soteriology
4789:Comparative
4759:Transtheism
4744:Panentheism
4528:Monasticism
4321:Gallo-Roman
4223:Micronesian
4189:Manichaeism
4137:Hermeticism
4105:Continental
4100:Anglo-Saxon
3980:Paleolithic
3975:Prehistoric
3925:Scientology
3788:Italo-Roman
3643:Radha Soami
3623:New Thought
3463:Espiritismo
3404:Waaqeffanna
3344:Fon and Ewe
3282:Sub-Saharan
3165:Satsana Phi
2961:Ghost Dance
2919:Californian
2897:Anishinaabe
2828:Karo Pemena
2807:Indonesian
2481:Lingayatism
2429:Mahanubhava
2399:Vaishnavism
2330:Jeungsanism
2253:Folk Taoism
2236:Xiantiandao
2090:Zoroastrian
1749:Charismatic
1744:Pentecostal
1707:Anglicanism
1658:Waldensians
1593:Catholicism
1331:: 101–118.
1317:other works
819:Harvey 2013
673:Harvey 2000
401:sui generis
368:J. Z. Smith
6404:Categories
6235:Micronesia
6112:Costa Rica
6007:San Marino
5967:Montenegro
5947:Luxembourg
5804:Uzbekistan
5779:Tajikistan
5684:Kyrgyzstan
5657:Kazakhstan
5607:East Timor
5577:Bangladesh
5567:Azerbaijan
5484:Seychelles
5449:Mozambique
5434:Mauritania
5419:Madagascar
5309:Cape Verde
5091:irreligion
5086:Secularism
4993:Minorities
4961:Toleration
4956:Syncretism
4941:Fanaticism
4931:Disability
4919:Missionary
4909:Conversion
4897:Ordination
4819:Psychology
4814:Philosophy
4754:Polytheism
4734:Monotheism
4729:Henotheism
4570:Orthopraxy
4560:Ordination
4523:Meditation
4518:Indigenous
4483:Entheogens
4468:Conversion
4294:Pueblo III
4211:Babylonian
4201:Melanesian
4127:Gnosticism
4012:Lithuanian
3905:Fourth Way
3759:Circassian
3737:Dievturība
3660:Tensegrity
3593:Falun Gong
3238:Sanamahism
3218:Donyi-Polo
2850:Polynesian
2796:Kaharingan
2721:Burkhanism
2660:Ravidassia
2638:Śvetāmbara
2424:Pushtimarg
2404:Krishnaism
2340:Vietnamese
2325:Cheondoism
2258:Yao Taoism
2194:East Asian
1960:Isma'ilism
1916:Maturidism
1695:Mennonites
1690:Hutterites
1675:Anabaptism
1568:Humanistic
991:Taira 2016
964:Ramey 2016
916:Ramey 2016
834:Smith 1978
752:Ramey 2016
649:Taira 2016
561:References
343:Key Stages
247:Christians
152:Definition
6353:Venezuela
6298:Argentina
6215:Australia
6167:Nicaragua
6142:Guatemala
5942:Lithuania
5764:Sri Lanka
5759:Singapore
5739:Palestine
5627:Indonesia
5617:Hong Kong
5439:Mauritius
5160:Overviews
5115:Criticism
5063:Terrorism
5038:Theocracy
4983:Happiness
4951:Pluralism
4936:Education
4862:Religion
4834:Salvation
4824:Sociology
4769:Religious
4749:Pantheism
4739:Nontheism
4632:Mountains
4610:Sacrifice
4565:Orthodoxy
4555:Mythology
4550:Mysticism
4439:Behaviour
4348:Canaanite
4331:Mithraism
4299:Pueblo IV
4289:Pueblo II
4194:Mazdakism
4169:Hungarian
4142:Mysteries
4051:Dravidian
3833:Hungarian
3749:Caucasian
3720:Godianism
3680:Agni Yoga
3670:Theosophy
3633:Rastafari
3608:Modekngei
3588:Brahmoism
3581:Syncretic
3573:movements
3571:religious
3483:Quimbanda
3431:Candomblé
3424:Diasporic
3203:Bathouism
3193:Benzhuism
3118:Tsimshian
3069:Purépecha
2990:Longhouse
2965:Sun Dance
2914:Blackfoot
2833:Malaysian
2823:Kapitayan
2633:Digambara
2618:Ayyavazhi
2583:Vajrayana
2548:Theravada
2461:Ganapatya
2434:Ramanandi
2363:Hoahaoism
2241:Yiguandao
2136:Yarsanism
2131:Shabakism
2118:Yazdânism
2108:Zurvanism
2103:Mazdaznan
2062:Rastafari
2057:Mandaeism
1931:Wahhabism
1911:Ash'arism
1874:Tolstoyan
1864:Spiritual
1854:Mormonism
1825:Judaizers
1798:Quakerism
1776:Methodist
1766:Irvingism
1717:Calvinism
1670:Adventism
1653:Moravians
1490:Abrahamic
1375:145681756
1147:143839960
928:Owen 2011
862:Owen 2011
846:Owen 2011
764:Owen 2011
740:Owen 2011
723:Owen 2011
694:Owen 2011
632:Owen 2011
590:Owen 2011
566:Citations
389:modernity
354:Criticism
259:Buddhists
193:, and/or
137:modernity
6379:Category
6343:Suriname
6333:Paraguay
6318:Colombia
6225:Kiribati
6152:Honduras
6122:Dominica
6097:Barbados
6062:Scotland
6022:Slovenia
6017:Slovakia
5992:Portugal
5862:Bulgaria
5784:Thailand
5734:Pakistan
5714:Mongolia
5709:Maldives
5704:Malaysia
5592:Cambodia
5539:Zimbabwe
5514:Tanzania
5364:Ethiopia
5359:Eswatini
5339:Djibouti
5304:Cameroon
5289:Botswana
5233:Timeline
5228:Scholars
5188:Founders
5053:Violence
5008:Politics
4878:Business
4841:Theology
4585:Prophecy
4575:Paganism
4463:Covenant
4430:Apostasy
4365:Scythian
4306:Rapa Nui
4260:Thracian
4255:Illyrian
4245:Albanian
4216:Sumerian
4159:Harappan
4095:Germanic
4090:Georgian
4083:Selk'nam
4068:Etruscan
4056:Egyptian
4034:Druidism
3997:Armenian
3920:Satanism
3900:Eckankar
3823:Estonian
3808:Romanian
3798:Ossetian
3778:Germanic
3727:Armenian
3716:African
3709:paganism
3638:Sant Mat
3628:Rajneesh
3603:Meivazhi
3598:Japanese
3555:Siberian
3488:Santería
3458:Convince
3324:Bushongo
3228:Kiratism
3155:Hmongism
3032:Wocekiye
3017:Jivaroan
2985:Iroquois
2980:Ho-Chunk
2941:Cherokee
2884:American
2855:Hawaiian
2768:Sarnaism
2738:Tungusic
2726:Tengrism
2716:Mongolic
2645:Sarnaism
2576:Nichiren
2553:Mahayana
2540:Buddhism
2518:Sant Mat
2508:Sauraism
2503:Smartism
2498:Shaktism
2491:Balinese
2476:Kaumaram
2471:Kapalika
2466:Kashmiri
2451:Shaivism
2391:Hinduism
2358:Caodaism
2302:Ryukyuan
2297:Tenrikyo
2292:Shugendō
2270:Japanese
2141:Yazidism
2126:Ishikism
2004:Quranism
1977:Khawarij
1926:Salafism
1921:Atharism
1810:Esoteric
1781:Holiness
1771:Lutheran
1732:Reformed
1712:Baptists
1685:Brethren
1649:Hussites
1637:Assyrian
1553:Haymanot
1507:Orthodox
1456:Religion
1325:Religion
889:Cox 2016
450:See also
334:theology
222:Hinduism
214:Buddhism
171:Hinduism
163:Buddhism
127:such as
116:such as
79:Hinduism
71:Buddhism
44:Hinduism
40:Buddhism
6348:Uruguay
6323:Ecuador
6303:Bolivia
6280:Vanuatu
6207:Oceania
6157:Jamaica
6137:Grenada
6092:Bahamas
6052:England
6042:Ukraine
5997:Romania
5957:Moldova
5917:Ireland
5912:Iceland
5907:Hungary
5897:Germany
5887:Finland
5882:Estonia
5877:Denmark
5872:Czechia
5867:Croatia
5852:Belgium
5847:Belarus
5842:Austria
5837:Andorra
5832:Albania
5809:Vietnam
5719:Myanmar
5694:Lebanon
5612:Georgia
5572:Bahrain
5562:Armenia
5524:Tunisia
5494:Somalia
5479:Senegal
5464:Nigeria
5454:Namibia
5444:Morocco
5409:Liberia
5404:Lesotho
5354:Eritrea
5324:Comoros
5299:Burundi
5274:Algeria
5218:Outline
5183:Deities
5110:Atheism
5028:Science
4946:Freedom
4804:History
4771:studies
4724:Dualism
4714:Animism
4679:Worship
4659:Symbols
4600:Liturgy
4513:Goddess
4473:Deities
4454:Laicism
4444:Beliefs
4423:Aspects
4395:Zapotec
4390:Vainakh
4358:Yahwism
4343:Semitic
4272:Iranian
4174:Hurrian
4164:Hittite
4154:Guanche
4147:Orphism
4078:Fuegian
4073:Finnish
4061:Atenism
4007:Latvian
3992:Arabian
3935:Raëlism
3915:Jediism
3910:Goddess
3883:De novo
3771:Druidry
3665:Thelema
3618:New Age
3503:Umbanda
3394:Tumbuka
3379:Odinala
3364:Lugbara
3284:African
3250:African
3198:Bimoism
3188:Burmese
3044:Mapuche
3010:Wyandot
2970:Guarani
2951:Choctaw
2946:Chilote
2892:Abenaki
2843:Tagalog
2816:Kejawèn
2665:Sikhism
2628:Jainism
2588:Tibetan
2571:Amidism
2439:Warkari
2353:Đạo Mẫu
2203:Chinese
2185:Eastern
2162:Roshani
2081:Iranian
1989:Alevism
1982:Ibadism
1955:Zaydism
1632:Ancient
1603:Eastern
1563:Renewal
1548:Karaite
1529:Zionist
1517:Hasidic
1499:Judaism
1481:Western
300:History
272:" and "
251:Muslims
234:Sikhism
230:Judaism
204:A 2013
191:Sikhism
179:Judaism
91:Sikhism
87:Judaism
32:Judaism
6389:Portal
6328:Guyana
6308:Brazil
6275:Tuvalu
6172:Panama
6162:Mexico
6107:Canada
6102:Belize
6032:Sweden
6012:Serbia
6002:Russia
5987:Poland
5982:Norway
5962:Monaco
5932:Latvia
5927:Kosovo
5902:Greece
5892:France
5824:Europe
5789:Turkey
5774:Taiwan
5679:Kuwait
5652:Jordan
5642:Israel
5602:Cyprus
5587:Brunei
5582:Bhutan
5534:Zambia
5529:Uganda
5469:Rwanda
5424:Malawi
5384:Guinea
5374:Gambia
5279:Angola
5266:Africa
5075:Wealth
5023:Schism
4978:Growth
4902:Priest
4887:Clergy
4706:Theism
4689:Nature
4684:Astral
4627:Groves
4595:Ritual
4580:Prayer
4538:Novice
4488:Ethnic
4413:Topics
4385:Urartu
4380:Tongan
4375:Somali
4370:Slavic
4250:Dacian
4029:Celtic
4024:Basque
4002:Baltic
3853:Udmurt
3818:Uralic
3813:Slavic
3766:Celtic
3754:Abkhaz
3742:Romuva
3732:Baltic
3707:Modern
3550:Papuan
3513:Voodoo
3468:Kumina
3409:Yoruba
3399:Urhobo
3369:Maasai
3354:Lotuko
3302:Baluba
3292:Akamba
3265:Berber
3223:Heraka
3213:Dongba
3101:Pueblo
3096:Pawnee
3086:Navajo
3076:Muisca
3039:Lenape
3027:Lakota
3005:Seneca
2995:Mohawk
2929:Ohlone
2909:Apache
2902:Ojibwe
2882:Native
2748:Manchu
2743:Evenki
2704:Altaic
2695:Ethnic
2670:Khalsa
2623:Kalash
2513:Śrauta
2382:Indian
2312:Korean
2278:Shinto
2248:Taoism
2221:Luoism
2047:Baháʼí
2042:Bábism
1994:Ahmadi
1972:Sufism
1965:Alawis
1615:Church
1543:Reform
1524:Modern
1512:Haredi
1373:
1305:
1285:
1261:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1145:
1114:
1095:
1073:
1054:
1035:
1016:
370:, 1998
257:, and
255:Hindus
241:fewer
232:, and
177:, and
101:, and
85:, and
50:, and
48:Taoism
6313:Chile
6270:Tonga
6260:Samoa
6250:Palau
6240:Nauru
6147:Haiti
6067:Wales
6027:Spain
5952:Malta
5922:Italy
5814:Yemen
5769:Syria
5749:Qatar
5724:Nepal
5699:Macau
5662:Korea
5647:Japan
5622:India
5597:China
5509:Sudan
5459:Niger
5414:Libya
5399:Kenya
5379:Ghana
5369:Gabon
5344:Egypt
5284:Benin
5193:Index
5164:lists
5033:State
4851:Women
4719:Deism
4694:Place
4674:Water
4669:Truth
4637:Trees
4493:Faith
4458:Laity
4353:Punic
4311:Roman
4277:Vedic
4235:Olmec
4122:Greek
4115:Norse
4039:Irish
3860:Wicca
3655:Subud
3545:Inuit
3518:Winti
3508:Vodou
3473:Obeah
3453:Comfa
3436:Bantu
3389:Serer
3374:Mbuti
3334:Dogon
3329:Dinka
3312:Kongo
3307:Bantu
3233:Qiang
3064:Olmec
3054:Aztec
2975:Haida
2924:Miwok
2860:Māori
2791:Dayak
2712:Turko
2675:Sects
2611:Other
2566:Thiền
2150:Other
2052:Druze
2030:Other
1906:Sunni
1898:Islam
1680:Amish
1598:Latin
1371:S2CID
1143:S2CID
226:Islam
175:Islam
83:Islam
36:Islam
6338:Peru
6220:Fiji
6117:Cuba
5729:Oman
5689:Laos
5637:Iraq
5632:Iran
5549:Asia
5519:Togo
5429:Mali
5319:Chad
5162:and
5089:and
4664:Text
4644:Soul
4533:Monk
4498:Fire
4179:Inca
3987:Ainu
3871:list
3848:Sámi
3478:Palo
3446:Ketu
3441:Jejé
3359:Lozi
3339:Efik
3317:Zulu
3297:Akan
3150:Ahom
3142:Miao
3140:and
3128:Zuni
3111:Hopi
3059:Maya
2956:Crow
2934:Pomo
2601:list
2558:Chan
2529:list
2486:Nath
2284:list
2020:list
1945:Shia
1887:list
1574:list
1303:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:ISBN
243:Jews
156:The
5068:War
4543:Nun
4508:God
3569:New
3414:Ifá
3384:San
3183:Bon
3138:Tai
3123:Ute
2562:Zen
2226:Nuo
1396:doi
1386:".
1363:doi
1333:doi
1135:doi
6406::
4885:/
4456:/
3349:Ik
3160:Mo
1392:87
1390:.
1369:.
1359:23
1357:.
1329:20
1327:.
1257:.
1253:.
1141:.
1131:10
1129:.
971:^
896:^
869:^
826:^
795:^
730:^
713:^
680:^
639:^
616:^
601:^
265:.
253:,
249:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
197:.
189:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
148:.
97:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:.
46:,
42:,
38:,
34:,
3426::
2963:/
2714:-
2564:/
2560:/
1837:/
1651:/
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
1402:.
1398::
1377:.
1365::
1339:.
1335::
1311:.
1291:.
1267:.
1225:.
1206:.
1187:.
1168:.
1149:.
1137::
1120:.
1101:.
1079:.
1060:.
1041:.
1022:.
54:.
20:.
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