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when students are taught using the world religions paradigm, it could be a good means of encouraging them to think critically about category formation. The scholar Steven W. Ramey for instance advocated teaching the paradigm in a manner that makes it clear that it is a "constructed discourse". Similarly, Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano, and
Stoddard suggested that teaching undergraduates about the world religious paradigm helps to explain to students how "classification is a social act". They noted that students could leave such a course not only knowing more about the specific religious traditions included in the world religions category, but that they would also leave "knowing how to better interrogate the world around them". To avoid promoting the paradigm's portrayal of different religious traditions as rigid, homogenous categories, the scholar Teemu Taira suggested introducing
356:, British teachers are instructed to teach about Christianity, while by the end of key Stage 3 they are also supposed to teach about the other "five principal religions": Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism. Similarly, the censuses of many countries for instance reflect the influence of the world religion paradigm by only permitting respondents to describe themselves as adhering to one particular religious tradition, whereas in reality many individuals identify themselves with various different traditions at the same time. This idea of mutually exclusive religious identities is not only a Western phenomenon, but can also be found in other socio-cultural contexts;
131:. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the United Kingdom and other countries. The paradigm's emphasis on viewing these religious movements as distinct and mutually exclusive entities has also had a wider impact on the categorisation of religion—for instance in censuses—in both Western countries and elsewhere.
212:
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thwart it" and represent "important geo-political entities with which we must deal." The framework also includes privileging the literate elites active in particular religious movements by presenting their interpretations of particular traditions as being authoritative, eclipsing alternative interpretations presented by non-literate, marginalised, and localized practitioners. For instance, as noted by the scholar of religion
Suzanne Owen, "Hinduism as a World Religion does not include Hinduism as a village religion".
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was of the view that "as long as it continues to employ the World
Religions paradigm as a default approach (even after deconstructing it), religious studies will fail in its humanistic task" because it will simply be engaging in "knowledge transfer" and not "critically engaging" with "culture and knowledge". One alternative framework that some scholars use to teach about religion is the "
343:, who formed the Shap Working Party on World Religions in Education in 1969. It was introduced with the intent of moving Western education away from its focus on Christianity. However, it took liberal Western Protestantism as its baseline and interpreted these different religious traditions through the framework of liberal Protestant norms and values. This included an emphasis on
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Many scholars who are critical of the world religions paradigm find themselves having to teach it as part of introductory courses for undergraduate students. Some spent much of a course teaching the concept and then several sessions after this deconstructing it. Some scholars have suggested that even
251:
The inclusion of
Judaism in the "Big Five" raises some issues; it is included in the list because of its influence on Christianity and Islam and because of its relevance to traditional Western understandings of Western history. On demographic grounds, it does not fit into the list, for there are far
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Some scholars have argued for the rejection of the world religions paradigm altogether; Cotter and
Robertson presented the argument that "the continued uncritical use of the WRP fosters a breeding ground for relativistic navel-gazing which has no place in the contemporary research university". Owen
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Many scholars of religion have resisted efforts to challenge the paradigm, and as of 2016 was reported as still being widespread in university introductory courses to the study of religion. Many instructors feel that explaining the critique of the world religions paradigm to undergraduate students
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A "world religion" is a tradition that has achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our history to form it, interact with it, or thwart it. We recognise both the unity within and the diversity among the world religions because they correspond to important geopolitical entities with which we
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present in modern society. Smith observed that it was constructed by
Western scholars from a Western perspective. He noted that the only religions that get included in it are those which have "achieved sufficient power and numbers to enter our history, either to form it, interact with it, or to
419:, because this is not typically regarded as a Christian doctrine, and yet there are Christians who profess a belief in reincarnation. A fourth criticism is that in choosing to focus attention on the "major religions", it makes a value judgement as to what constitutes "major" and what does not.
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for instance often endorse the idea that
Hinduism and Buddhism are mutually exclusive categories despite the fact that many people in South Asia mix Hindu and Buddhist practices. The scholars of religion Tara Baldrick-Morrone, Michael Graziano, and Brad Stoddard stated that "the WRP is neither
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as being central to a given religion. It also reflects the post-Enlightenment
Christian approach of treating different religious groups as distinct, mutually exclusive categories. It thus reflects the socio-political concerns of 1960s Britain, the environment in which it was devised.
154:
present in modern society; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgment as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a
171:
Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson described the "World
Religions Paradigm" as "a particular way of thinking about religions which organizes them into a set of discrete traditions with a supposedly 'global' import." It typically consists of the "Big Five" religions:
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The utility of the World
Religions Paradigm has experienced a sustained and rigorous critique from many scholars of religion. The scholar of religion Graham Harvey for instance noted that many scholars "object strongly" to the paradigm. In 1978, the scholar of religion
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would be difficult, as the critique would be too complex for many of them to understand. Its continued use has also been defended by the claim that it is what undergraduate students expect and that it mirrors what they will have been taught at school.
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The paradigm has since gone beyond this academic discipline, and "informs the perception" of many members of different religious groups. The paradigm for instance frames the teaching about religion in the British education system; at all three
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and physical objects. Owen noted that, in her experience, many students display an "initial resistance to alternatives" as they are expecting the world religions paradigm. She cited the example of her introductory course at
1018:
Baldrick-Morrone, Tara; Graziano, Michael; Stoddard, Brad (2016). "'Not a Task for Amateurs': Graduate Instructors and Critical Theory in the World Religions Classroom". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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must deal. All 'primitives,' by way of contrast, may be lumped together, as may the 'minor religions,' because they do not confront our history in any direct fashion. From the point of view of power, they are invisible.
317:
While the World Religions paradigm was brought in to allow the inclusion of non-Christian religions in education, it has instead remodelled them according to liberal Western Protestant Christian values (akin to what the
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model of "religion". It presents each of the "world religions" in an abstracted and essentialised form, failing to take account of hybridization. For instance, in teaching about Christianity it does not refer to
332:
Cotter and Robertson noted that the history of the world religions paradigm is "intimately tied up" with the history of the study of religion as an academic discipline. It emerged from within the
1076:
Cox, James L. (2016). "Foreword: Before the 'After' in 'After World Religions' – Wilfred Cantwell Smith on the Meaning and End of Religion". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
196:—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—before the non-Abrahamic religions Hinduism and Buddhism. The category is sometimes also extended to include other major religious groups, namely the
1057:
Cotter, Christopher; Robertson, David G. (2016b). "Introduction: The World Religions Paradigm in Contemporary Religious Studies". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
303:. That groups that get placed in categories like "Indigenous religions" get treated less seriously than the "world religions" by many scholars was noted by the scholar of religion
1222:
Taira, Teemu (2016). "Doing Things with 'Religion': A Discursive Approach in Rethinking the World Religions Paradigm". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
76:
to demarcate at least five—and in some cases more—religions that are deemed to have been especially large, internationally widespread, or influential in the development of
1203:
Sutcliffe, Steven J. (2016). "The Problem of 'Religions': Teaching Against the Grain with 'New Age Stuff'". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
449:, which was constructed on thematic lines rather than according to the world religions paradigm, and which induced feelings of panic among many undergraduates.
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307:, who maintained that "indigenous religions should receive similarly respectful treatment to that considered appropriate to the larger 'World Religions'."
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Ramey, Steven W. (2016). "The Critical Embrace: Teaching the World Religions Paradigm as Data". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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436:" paradigm, which places emphasis not on distinct religious traditions but on individual experiences and practices. Another alternative is the "
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Searle-Chatterjee, M. (2000). ""World Religions" and "Ethnic Groups": Do these Paradigms lend themselves to the Cause of Hindu Nationalism?".
501:
192:. As noted by Cotter and Robertson, the "Big Five" religions are often listed in an "Abrahamocentric order" which places the largest three
142:, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the
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Symbols commonly associated with six of the religions labelled "world religions": clockwise from the top, these represent
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Cotter, Christopher; Robertson, David G. (2016a). "Preface". In Christopher R. Cotter; David G. Robertson (eds.).
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case studies into the class to better explain the realities of people's lives and uses of religious traditions.
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One of the major criticisms of the framework is that it is based on a model of "religion" that relies on the
287:". The scholar of religion Steven J. Sutcliffe compared the relationship between the three categories to the
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Many scholars have utilised the "world religions" category alongside other "catch-all" categories such as "
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The Invention of World Religions; or, how European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism
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The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism
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A third criticism of the world religions paradigm is that it encourages an uncritical and
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The paradigm was integrated throughout the education system through work of scholars like
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This article is about the paradigm in the academic study of religion. For other uses, see
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104:, are sometimes also added. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as
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as the model for what constitutes "religion"; that it is tied up with discourses of
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as its base example. A second criticism is that it is rooted in the discourses of
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approach which placed an emphasis on description rather than critical analysis.
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neutral nor natural, but its social authority derives from appearing as both."
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James Cox on "The World Religions Paradigm" at The Religious Studies Project
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1431:"After the World Religions Paradigm...?" at The Religious Studies Project
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Owen, Suzanne (2011). "The World Religions Paradigm: Time for a Change".
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116:(NRMs), which are also used by scholars in this field of research.
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Food, Sex and Strangers: Understanding Religion as Everyday Life
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Since the late 20th century, the paradigm has faced critique by
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Fitzgerald, Timothy (1990). "Hinduism as a World Religion".
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Judaism historically has been a non-proselytizing religion
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are always included in the list; other religions, such as
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Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions
440:" framework which focuses on examining religion through
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After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
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After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1167:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1078:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1059:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1040:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
1021:
After World Religions: Reconstructing Religious Studies
840:
838:
1478:
746:
744:
742:
729:
727:
725:
665:
1080:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. xii–xvii.
1042:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. vii–viii.
823:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
655:
653:
651:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
247:, all belief systems classified as "world religions".
835:
464:
1188:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
995:
968:
932:
920:
866:
768:
756:
739:
722:
1226:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 75–91.
1207:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–36.
1169:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 48–60.
1023:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 37–47.
893:
689:
677:
648:
625:
219:in the United Kingdom featuring proponents of the
119:The world religions paradigm was developed in the
1363:
1309:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
1282:
1061:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–20.
6412:
1098:(2000). "Introduction". In Graham Harvey (ed.).
1056:
1037:
962:
950:
914:
887:
860:
817:
798:
716:
619:
604:
588:
1102:. London and New York: Cassell. pp. 1–19.
322:promotes), emphasizing theological categories.
990:Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano & Stoddard 2016
787:Baldrick-Morrone, Graziano & Stoddard 2016
1451:
1393:Segal, Robert (2007). "Review of Masuzawa's
123:during the 1960s, where it was pioneered by
6426:Religious faiths, traditions, and movements
1292:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles, Ca: SAGE Publ.
1458:
1444:
1333:
1312:. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1999.
1261:Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions
1202:
1138:Arts & Humanities in Higher Education
671:
3973:
1354:
396:Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity
327:— Scholar of religion Suzanne Owen, 2011
210:
144:Protestant branch of Nicene Christianity
36:
5265:
1359:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1254:
422:
291:, with the "world" religions forming a
14:
6413:
1116:
1094:
829:
683:
502:Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion
5264:
4422:
3972:
1477:
1439:
1392:
1221:
1183:
1164:
1001:
974:
926:
844:
762:
659:
125:phenomenological scholars of religion
1135:
938:
872:
856:
774:
750:
733:
704:
642:
600:
1075:
899:
24:
5234:Religions and spiritual traditions
1480:Religious groups and denominations
1242:
25:
6452:
1419:
1286:; Roof, Wade Clark, eds. (2012).
1100:Indigenous Religions: A Companion
34:Category in the study of religion
6394:
6385:
6384:
6198:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5340:Democratic Republic of the Congo
512:Christianity and other religions
481:
467:
447:Leeds Trinity University College
391:called it a "dubious category".
295:, the "new" religions forming a
29:World religions (disambiguation)
4805:Evolutionary origin of religion
1289:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
1010:
299:, and "Indigenous" religions a
5156:Separation of church and state
3814:Polytheistic reconstructionism
289:English football league system
13:
1:
2812:Traditional Sabahan religions
571:
539:List of religious populations
162:
157:socially-constructed category
1465:
1348:10.1016/0048-721X(90)90099-R
963:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
951:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
915:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
888:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
861:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
818:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
799:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
717:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
620:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
605:Cotter & Robertson 2016b
589:Cotter & Robertson 2016a
576:
517:Hinduism and other religions
507:Buddhism and other religions
364:
256:in the world than there are
7:
5014:National religiosity levels
4239:Nauruan Indigenous religion
3794:Hellenism (modern religion)
1184:Smith, Jonathan Z. (1978).
527:Judaism and other religions
460:
10:
6457:
4423:
310:
72:is a category used in the
26:
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6088:
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5094:
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3981:
3968:
3893:
3716:
3698:Transcendental Meditation
3591:
3578:
3543:
3291:
3268:
3257:
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3147:
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2127:
2099:
2090:
2040:
1907:
1594:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1473:
1366:Ethnic and Racial Studies
1355:Masuzawa, Tomoko (2005).
522:Islam and other religions
334:phenomenology of religion
5325:Central African Republic
2359:Vietnamese folk religion
1750:Charismatic Christianity
1266:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1150:10.1177/1474022211408038
5219:New religious movements
4857:Theories about religion
4810:Evolutionary psychology
3839:Modern Finnish paganism
1826:Independent Catholicism
1378:10.1080/014198700328962
1117:Harvey, Graham (2013).
566:Three Persian religions
281:new religious movements
114:new religious movements
6436:Social constructionism
5868:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3854:Erzyan native religion
3703:Unitarian Universalism
3092:Native American Church
1870:Oneness Pentecostalism
544:Major religious groups
377:— Scholar of religion
374:
324:
248:
66:
6441:Sociology of religion
6188:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5485:São Tomé and Príncipe
5345:Republic of the Congo
3551:Aboriginal Australian
2222:Chinese folk religion
561:Sociology of religion
369:
315:
214:
40:
6421:Comparative religion
5810:United Arab Emirates
4601:Religious experience
3975:Historical religions
2379:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1711:Schwenkfelder Church
497:Comparative religion
423:Paradigm in pedagogy
285:Indigenous religions
169:scholars of religion
136:scholars of religion
110:Indigenous religions
6203:Trinidad and Tobago
6098:Antigua and Barbuda
5266:Religion by country
4327:Cult of Magna Mater
2849:Philippine Dayawism
2430:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2178:Chinese Manichaeism
1850:Jehovah's Witnesses
1655:Proto-Protestantism
1399:Journal of Religion
1284:Juergensmeyer, Mark
551:Religious pluralism
194:Abrahamic religions
6138:Dominican Republic
5184:Abrahamic prophets
4278:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2822:Aliran Kepercayaan
2025:Non-denominational
1947:Modernist Salafism
1633:Oriental Orthodoxy
1121:. Durham: Acumen.
358:Hindu nationalists
249:
67:
6431:Religious studies
6408:
6407:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6371:
5360:Equatorial Guinea
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
4795:Cognitive science
4414:
4413:
4347:Mysteries of Isis
4121:Frankish paganism
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3708:White Brotherhood
3574:
3573:
3539:
3538:
2883:Sundanese Wiwitan
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2425:Brahma Sampradaya
2387:
2386:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2168:Assianism/Uatsdin
2086:
2085:
1855:British Israelism
1841:Nontrinitarianism
1804:Plymouth Brethren
1799:Nondenominational
1733:Congregationalism
1621:Eastern Orthodoxy
1569:Reconstructionist
1299:978-0-7619-2729-7
1233:978-1-138-91912-9
1214:978-1-138-91912-9
1195:978-0-226-76357-6
1176:978-1-138-91912-9
1128:978-1-84465-693-6
1109:978-0-304-70448-4
1087:978-1-138-91912-9
1068:978-1-138-91912-9
1049:978-1-138-91912-9
1030:978-1-138-91912-9
953:, pp. 12–13.
438:material religion
389:Jonathan Z. Smith
320:Church of England
140:Jonathan Z. Smith
74:study of religion
16:(Redirected from
6448:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6266:Papua New Guinea
6241:Marshall Islands
6068:Northern Ireland
5273:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5146:Secular theology
5141:Secular humanism
4431:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4295:Ancestral Pueblo
3970:
3969:
3589:
3588:
3266:
3265:
2711:
2710:
2467:Shaiva Siddhanta
2398:
2397:
2331:Korean shamanism
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2097:
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2010:Mahdawi movement
1880:Swedenborgianism
1860:Christadelphians
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534:Indian religions
491:
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442:material culture
402:, including the
382:
328:
217:interfaith event
150:, including the
21:
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5829:
5554:
5267:
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5209:Mass gatherings
5177:
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5104:
5099:
5090:
5029:Religiocentrism
5009:National church
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4633:Bodies of water
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4195:Jamaican Maroon
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3509:Trinidad Orisha
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2666:Srilankan Vedda
2617:
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2420:Sri Vaishnavism
2383:
2345:
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1961:Twelver Shi'ism
1903:
1765:Neo-charismatic
1738:Presbyterianism
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1243:Further reading
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863:, pp. 8–9.
859:, p. 255;
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603:, p. 254;
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475:Religion portal
473:
466:
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404:power relations
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152:power relations
78:Western society
70:World religions
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3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Tambor de Mina
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3281:Guanche church
3272:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3186:Tibeto-Burmese
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3102:Nuu-chah-nulth
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Muscogee Creek
3008:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:Sumbese Marapu
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2797:Batak Parmalim
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
2105:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:Bible Students
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1816:Restorationism
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Evangelicalism
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1420:External links
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:10.1086/511373
1405:(1): 146–148.
1390:
1372:(3): 497–515.
1361:
1352:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1280:
1275:978-1593392666
1274:
1258:, ed. (2006).
1256:Doniger, Wendy
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1144:(3): 253–268.
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1096:Harvey, Graham
1092:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
994:
979:
967:
955:
943:
941:, p. 257.
931:
919:
904:
902:, p. xii.
892:
877:
875:, p. 255.
865:
849:
847:, p. 295.
834:
832:, p. 201.
822:
803:
791:
779:
777:, p. 263.
767:
755:
753:, p. 259.
738:
736:, p. 260.
721:
709:
707:, p. 258.
688:
676:
672:Sutcliffe 2016
664:
647:
645:, p. 254.
624:
609:
593:
591:, p. vii.
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
547:
546:
536:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
493:
492:
478:
462:
459:
434:lived religion
424:
421:
368:
366:
363:
314:
312:
309:
301:First Division
293:Premier League
206:Zoroastrianism
164:
161:
121:United Kingdom
106:folk religions
33:
18:World religion
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6453:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6301:South America
6298:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6208:United States
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6090:North America
6087:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Liechtenstein
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Guinea-Bissau
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5259:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Organizations
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Vegetarianism
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Homosexuality
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Neurotheology
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Folk religion
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Imperial cult
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
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3033:Kwakwakaʼwakw
3031:
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2020:Milah Abraham
2018:
2016:
2013:
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1676:Protestantism
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1319:0-87779-044-2
1315:
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1249:encyclopedias
1248:
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1036:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1004:, p. 82.
1003:
998:
992:, p. 39.
991:
986:
984:
977:, p. 48.
976:
971:
965:, p. 13.
964:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
929:, p. 49.
928:
923:
917:, p. 10.
916:
911:
909:
901:
896:
890:, p. 12.
889:
884:
882:
874:
869:
862:
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
831:
826:
819:
814:
812:
810:
808:
800:
795:
789:, p. 38.
788:
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 50.
764:
759:
752:
747:
745:
743:
735:
730:
728:
726:
718:
713:
706:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
685:
680:
674:, p. 26.
673:
668:
662:, p. 80.
661:
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556:Religious war
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418:
417:reincarnation
413:
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373:
362:
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349:
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305:Graham Harvey
302:
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83:
79:
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71:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5805:Turkmenistan
5765:Saudi Arabia
5510:South Africa
5500:Sierra Leone
5305:Burkina Faso
5214:Names of God
5161:Unaffiliated
5116:Antireligion
4977:Universalism
4925:Assimilation
4790:Anthropology
4665:Supernatural
4660:Spirituality
4628:Sacred space
4616:Purification
4489:Denomination
4443: /
4251:Paleo-Balkan
4217:Mesopotamian
4057:Cook Islands
4028:Old Prussian
3941:UFO religion
3880:
3876:Zalmoxianism
3804:Neoshamanism
3661:Spiritualism
3544:Other ethnic
3433:
3259:Traditional
3219:Bongthingism
3117:Acoma Pueblo
3060:Mesoamerican
2789:Austronesian
2610:
2606:Neo-Buddhism
2538:
2534:Neo-Hinduism
2455:Swaminarayan
2293:
2242:Salvationist
2227:Confucianism
2078:Samaritanism
2048:Ali-Illahism
2029:
1896:
1890:Unitarianism
1831:Old Catholic
1638:Nestorianism
1596:Christianity
1583:
1549:Conservative
1402:
1398:
1394:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1339:
1335:
1308:
1288:
1260:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1141:
1137:
1118:
1099:
1077:
1058:
1039:
1020:
1011:Bibliography
997:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
895:
868:
852:
825:
820:, p. 7.
801:, p. 8.
794:
782:
770:
758:
719:, p. 3.
712:
686:, p. 3.
679:
667:
622:, p. 2.
607:, p. 2.
596:
584:
489:World portal
455:ethnographic
451:
430:
426:
411:
409:
393:
385:
375:
370:
350:
341:Ninian Smart
338:
331:
325:
316:
297:Championship
278:
250:
229:Christianity
221:Baháʼí Faith
198:Baháʼí Faith
178:Christianity
166:
133:
129:Ninian Smart
118:
86:Christianity
69:
68:
63:Christianity
6256:New Zealand
6193:Saint Lucia
6143:El Salvador
6048:Switzerland
5983:Netherlands
5755:Philippines
5683:South Korea
5678:North Korea
5568:Afghanistan
5515:South Sudan
5405:Ivory Coast
5189:Deification
5136:Objectivism
5111:Agnosticism
5069:Persecution
5059:Video games
5024:Populations
4935:Proselytism
4903:Monasticism
4894:Clericalism
4884:Agriculture
4875:and society
4840:Soteriology
4800:Comparative
4770:Transtheism
4755:Panentheism
4539:Monasticism
4332:Gallo-Roman
4234:Micronesian
4200:Manichaeism
4148:Hermeticism
4116:Continental
4111:Anglo-Saxon
3991:Paleolithic
3986:Prehistoric
3936:Scientology
3799:Italo-Roman
3654:Radha Soami
3634:New Thought
3474:Espiritismo
3415:Waaqeffanna
3355:Fon and Ewe
3293:Sub-Saharan
3176:Satsana Phi
2972:Ghost Dance
2930:Californian
2908:Anishinaabe
2839:Karo Pemena
2818:Indonesian
2492:Lingayatism
2440:Mahanubhava
2410:Vaishnavism
2341:Jeungsanism
2264:Folk Taoism
2247:Xiantiandao
2101:Zoroastrian
1760:Charismatic
1755:Pentecostal
1718:Anglicanism
1669:Waldensians
1604:Catholicism
1342:: 101–118.
1328:other works
830:Harvey 2013
684:Harvey 2000
412:sui generis
379:J. Z. Smith
6415:Categories
6246:Micronesia
6123:Costa Rica
6018:San Marino
5978:Montenegro
5958:Luxembourg
5815:Uzbekistan
5790:Tajikistan
5695:Kyrgyzstan
5668:Kazakhstan
5618:East Timor
5588:Bangladesh
5578:Azerbaijan
5495:Seychelles
5460:Mozambique
5445:Mauritania
5430:Madagascar
5320:Cape Verde
5102:irreligion
5097:Secularism
5004:Minorities
4972:Toleration
4967:Syncretism
4952:Fanaticism
4942:Disability
4930:Missionary
4920:Conversion
4908:Ordination
4830:Psychology
4825:Philosophy
4765:Polytheism
4745:Monotheism
4740:Henotheism
4581:Orthopraxy
4571:Ordination
4534:Meditation
4529:Indigenous
4494:Entheogens
4479:Conversion
4305:Pueblo III
4222:Babylonian
4212:Melanesian
4138:Gnosticism
4023:Lithuanian
3916:Fourth Way
3770:Circassian
3748:Dievturība
3671:Tensegrity
3604:Falun Gong
3249:Sanamahism
3229:Donyi-Polo
2861:Polynesian
2807:Kaharingan
2732:Burkhanism
2671:Ravidassia
2649:Śvetāmbara
2435:Pushtimarg
2415:Krishnaism
2351:Vietnamese
2336:Cheondoism
2269:Yao Taoism
2205:East Asian
1971:Isma'ilism
1927:Maturidism
1706:Mennonites
1701:Hutterites
1686:Anabaptism
1579:Humanistic
1002:Taira 2016
975:Ramey 2016
927:Ramey 2016
845:Smith 1978
763:Ramey 2016
660:Taira 2016
572:References
354:Key Stages
258:Christians
163:Definition
6364:Venezuela
6309:Argentina
6226:Australia
6178:Nicaragua
6153:Guatemala
5953:Lithuania
5775:Sri Lanka
5770:Singapore
5750:Palestine
5638:Indonesia
5628:Hong Kong
5450:Mauritius
5171:Overviews
5126:Criticism
5074:Terrorism
5049:Theocracy
4994:Happiness
4962:Pluralism
4947:Education
4873:Religion
4845:Salvation
4835:Sociology
4780:Religious
4760:Pantheism
4750:Nontheism
4643:Mountains
4621:Sacrifice
4576:Orthodoxy
4566:Mythology
4561:Mysticism
4450:Behaviour
4359:Canaanite
4342:Mithraism
4310:Pueblo IV
4300:Pueblo II
4205:Mazdakism
4180:Hungarian
4153:Mysteries
4062:Dravidian
3844:Hungarian
3760:Caucasian
3731:Godianism
3691:Agni Yoga
3681:Theosophy
3644:Rastafari
3619:Modekngei
3599:Brahmoism
3592:Syncretic
3584:movements
3582:religious
3494:Quimbanda
3442:Candomblé
3435:Diasporic
3214:Bathouism
3204:Benzhuism
3129:Tsimshian
3080:Purépecha
3001:Longhouse
2976:Sun Dance
2925:Blackfoot
2844:Malaysian
2834:Kapitayan
2644:Digambara
2629:Ayyavazhi
2594:Vajrayana
2559:Theravada
2472:Ganapatya
2445:Ramanandi
2374:Hoahaoism
2252:Yiguandao
2147:Yarsanism
2142:Shabakism
2129:Yazdânism
2119:Zurvanism
2114:Mazdaznan
2073:Rastafari
2068:Mandaeism
1942:Wahhabism
1922:Ash'arism
1885:Tolstoyan
1875:Spiritual
1865:Mormonism
1836:Judaizers
1809:Quakerism
1787:Methodist
1777:Irvingism
1728:Calvinism
1681:Adventism
1664:Moravians
1501:Abrahamic
1386:145681756
1158:143839960
939:Owen 2011
873:Owen 2011
857:Owen 2011
775:Owen 2011
751:Owen 2011
734:Owen 2011
705:Owen 2011
643:Owen 2011
601:Owen 2011
577:Citations
400:modernity
365:Criticism
270:Buddhists
204:, and/or
148:modernity
6390:Category
6354:Suriname
6344:Paraguay
6329:Colombia
6236:Kiribati
6163:Honduras
6133:Dominica
6108:Barbados
6073:Scotland
6033:Slovenia
6028:Slovakia
6003:Portugal
5873:Bulgaria
5795:Thailand
5745:Pakistan
5725:Mongolia
5720:Maldives
5715:Malaysia
5603:Cambodia
5550:Zimbabwe
5525:Tanzania
5375:Ethiopia
5370:Eswatini
5350:Djibouti
5315:Cameroon
5300:Botswana
5244:Timeline
5239:Scholars
5199:Founders
5064:Violence
5019:Politics
4889:Business
4852:Theology
4596:Prophecy
4586:Paganism
4474:Covenant
4441:Apostasy
4376:Scythian
4317:Rapa Nui
4271:Thracian
4266:Illyrian
4256:Albanian
4227:Sumerian
4170:Harappan
4106:Germanic
4101:Georgian
4094:Selk'nam
4079:Etruscan
4067:Egyptian
4045:Druidism
4008:Armenian
3931:Satanism
3911:Eckankar
3834:Estonian
3819:Romanian
3809:Ossetian
3789:Germanic
3738:Armenian
3727:African
3720:paganism
3649:Sant Mat
3639:Rajneesh
3614:Meivazhi
3609:Japanese
3566:Siberian
3499:Santería
3469:Convince
3335:Bushongo
3239:Kiratism
3166:Hmongism
3043:Wocekiye
3028:Jivaroan
2996:Iroquois
2991:Ho-Chunk
2952:Cherokee
2895:American
2866:Hawaiian
2779:Sarnaism
2749:Tungusic
2737:Tengrism
2727:Mongolic
2656:Sarnaism
2587:Nichiren
2564:Mahayana
2551:Buddhism
2529:Sant Mat
2519:Sauraism
2514:Smartism
2509:Shaktism
2502:Balinese
2487:Kaumaram
2482:Kapalika
2477:Kashmiri
2462:Shaivism
2402:Hinduism
2369:Caodaism
2313:Ryukyuan
2308:Tenrikyo
2303:Shugendō
2281:Japanese
2152:Yazidism
2137:Ishikism
2015:Quranism
1988:Khawarij
1937:Salafism
1932:Atharism
1821:Esoteric
1792:Holiness
1782:Lutheran
1743:Reformed
1723:Baptists
1696:Brethren
1660:Hussites
1648:Assyrian
1564:Haymanot
1518:Orthodox
1467:Religion
1336:Religion
900:Cox 2016
461:See also
345:theology
233:Hinduism
225:Buddhism
182:Hinduism
174:Buddhism
138:such as
127:such as
90:Hinduism
82:Buddhism
55:Hinduism
51:Buddhism
6359:Uruguay
6334:Ecuador
6314:Bolivia
6291:Vanuatu
6218:Oceania
6168:Jamaica
6148:Grenada
6103:Bahamas
6063:England
6053:Ukraine
6008:Romania
5968:Moldova
5928:Ireland
5923:Iceland
5918:Hungary
5908:Germany
5898:Finland
5893:Estonia
5888:Denmark
5883:Czechia
5878:Croatia
5863:Belgium
5858:Belarus
5853:Austria
5848:Andorra
5843:Albania
5820:Vietnam
5730:Myanmar
5705:Lebanon
5623:Georgia
5583:Bahrain
5573:Armenia
5535:Tunisia
5505:Somalia
5490:Senegal
5475:Nigeria
5465:Namibia
5455:Morocco
5420:Liberia
5415:Lesotho
5365:Eritrea
5335:Comoros
5310:Burundi
5285:Algeria
5229:Outline
5194:Deities
5121:Atheism
5039:Science
4957:Freedom
4815:History
4782:studies
4735:Dualism
4725:Animism
4690:Worship
4670:Symbols
4611:Liturgy
4524:Goddess
4484:Deities
4465:Laicism
4455:Beliefs
4434:Aspects
4406:Zapotec
4401:Vainakh
4369:Yahwism
4354:Semitic
4283:Iranian
4185:Hurrian
4175:Hittite
4165:Guanche
4158:Orphism
4089:Fuegian
4084:Finnish
4072:Atenism
4018:Latvian
4003:Arabian
3946:Raëlism
3926:Jediism
3921:Goddess
3894:De novo
3782:Druidry
3676:Thelema
3629:New Age
3514:Umbanda
3405:Tumbuka
3390:Odinala
3375:Lugbara
3295:African
3261:African
3209:Bimoism
3199:Burmese
3055:Mapuche
3021:Wyandot
2981:Guarani
2962:Choctaw
2957:Chilote
2903:Abenaki
2854:Tagalog
2827:Kejawèn
2676:Sikhism
2639:Jainism
2599:Tibetan
2582:Amidism
2450:Warkari
2364:Đạo Mẫu
2214:Chinese
2196:Eastern
2173:Roshani
2092:Iranian
2000:Alevism
1993:Ibadism
1966:Zaydism
1643:Ancient
1614:Eastern
1574:Renewal
1559:Karaite
1540:Zionist
1528:Hasidic
1510:Judaism
1492:Western
311:History
283:" and "
262:Muslims
245:Sikhism
241:Judaism
215:A 2013
202:Sikhism
190:Judaism
102:Sikhism
98:Judaism
43:Judaism
6400:Portal
6339:Guyana
6319:Brazil
6286:Tuvalu
6183:Panama
6173:Mexico
6118:Canada
6113:Belize
6043:Sweden
6023:Serbia
6013:Russia
5998:Poland
5993:Norway
5973:Monaco
5943:Latvia
5938:Kosovo
5913:Greece
5903:France
5835:Europe
5800:Turkey
5785:Taiwan
5690:Kuwait
5663:Jordan
5653:Israel
5613:Cyprus
5598:Brunei
5593:Bhutan
5545:Zambia
5540:Uganda
5480:Rwanda
5435:Malawi
5395:Guinea
5385:Gambia
5290:Angola
5277:Africa
5086:Wealth
5034:Schism
4989:Growth
4913:Priest
4898:Clergy
4717:Theism
4700:Nature
4695:Astral
4638:Groves
4606:Ritual
4591:Prayer
4549:Novice
4499:Ethnic
4424:Topics
4396:Urartu
4391:Tongan
4386:Somali
4381:Slavic
4261:Dacian
4040:Celtic
4035:Basque
4013:Baltic
3864:Udmurt
3829:Uralic
3824:Slavic
3777:Celtic
3765:Abkhaz
3753:Romuva
3743:Baltic
3718:Modern
3561:Papuan
3524:Voodoo
3479:Kumina
3420:Yoruba
3410:Urhobo
3380:Maasai
3365:Lotuko
3313:Baluba
3303:Akamba
3276:Berber
3234:Heraka
3224:Dongba
3112:Pueblo
3107:Pawnee
3097:Navajo
3087:Muisca
3050:Lenape
3038:Lakota
3016:Seneca
3006:Mohawk
2940:Ohlone
2920:Apache
2913:Ojibwe
2893:Native
2759:Manchu
2754:Evenki
2715:Altaic
2706:Ethnic
2681:Khalsa
2634:Kalash
2524:Śrauta
2393:Indian
2323:Korean
2289:Shinto
2259:Taoism
2232:Luoism
2058:Baháʼí
2053:Bábism
2005:Ahmadi
1983:Sufism
1976:Alawis
1626:Church
1554:Reform
1535:Modern
1523:Haredi
1384:
1316:
1296:
1272:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1156:
1125:
1106:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1027:
381:, 1998
268:, and
266:Hindus
252:fewer
243:, and
188:, and
112:, and
96:, and
61:, and
59:Taoism
6324:Chile
6281:Tonga
6271:Samoa
6261:Palau
6251:Nauru
6158:Haiti
6078:Wales
6038:Spain
5963:Malta
5933:Italy
5825:Yemen
5780:Syria
5760:Qatar
5735:Nepal
5710:Macau
5673:Korea
5658:Japan
5633:India
5608:China
5520:Sudan
5470:Niger
5425:Libya
5410:Kenya
5390:Ghana
5380:Gabon
5355:Egypt
5295:Benin
5204:Index
5175:lists
5044:State
4862:Women
4730:Deism
4705:Place
4685:Water
4680:Truth
4648:Trees
4504:Faith
4469:Laity
4364:Punic
4322:Roman
4288:Vedic
4246:Olmec
4133:Greek
4126:Norse
4050:Irish
3871:Wicca
3666:Subud
3556:Inuit
3529:Winti
3519:Vodou
3484:Obeah
3464:Comfa
3447:Bantu
3400:Serer
3385:Mbuti
3345:Dogon
3340:Dinka
3323:Kongo
3318:Bantu
3244:Qiang
3075:Olmec
3065:Aztec
2986:Haida
2935:Miwok
2871:Māori
2802:Dayak
2723:Turko
2686:Sects
2622:Other
2577:Thiền
2161:Other
2063:Druze
2041:Other
1917:Sunni
1909:Islam
1691:Amish
1609:Latin
1382:S2CID
1154:S2CID
237:Islam
186:Islam
94:Islam
47:Islam
6349:Peru
6231:Fiji
6128:Cuba
5740:Oman
5700:Laos
5648:Iraq
5643:Iran
5560:Asia
5530:Togo
5440:Mali
5330:Chad
5173:and
5100:and
4675:Text
4655:Soul
4544:Monk
4509:Fire
4190:Inca
3998:Ainu
3882:list
3859:Sámi
3489:Palo
3457:Ketu
3452:Jejé
3370:Lozi
3350:Efik
3328:Zulu
3308:Akan
3161:Ahom
3153:Miao
3151:and
3139:Zuni
3122:Hopi
3070:Maya
2967:Crow
2945:Pomo
2612:list
2569:Chan
2540:list
2497:Nath
2295:list
2031:list
1956:Shia
1898:list
1585:list
1314:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1044:ISBN
1025:ISBN
254:Jews
167:The
5079:War
4554:Nun
4519:God
3580:New
3425:Ifá
3395:San
3194:Bon
3149:Tai
3134:Ute
2573:Zen
2237:Nuo
1407:doi
1397:".
1374:doi
1344:doi
1146:doi
6417::
4896:/
4467:/
3360:Ik
3171:Mo
1403:87
1401:.
1380:.
1370:23
1368:.
1340:20
1338:.
1268:.
1264:.
1152:.
1142:10
1140:.
982:^
907:^
880:^
837:^
806:^
741:^
724:^
691:^
650:^
627:^
612:^
276:.
264:,
260:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
208:.
200:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
159:.
108:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:.
57:,
53:,
49:,
45:,
3437::
2974:/
2725:-
2575:/
2571:/
1848:/
1662:/
1459:e
1452:t
1445:v
1413:.
1409::
1388:.
1376::
1350:.
1346::
1322:.
1302:.
1278:.
1236:.
1217:.
1198:.
1179:.
1160:.
1148::
1131:.
1112:.
1090:.
1071:.
1052:.
1033:.
65:.
31:.
20:)
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