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development of the test. Forms D, E, and F are made up of items selected from the Otis Higher, while A and B were developed later and include types of items not found in the Otis." Those findings, seemingly, invalidate the claim that those forms were equivalent or consistent. E. N. Hay made a similar observation as well. Hay found that form F was significantly easier than Form D. Furthermore, Kazmier found Form B to be the most difficult of the five forms and, thus, recommended that it "not be regarded as directly equivalent to any of the forms." Kazmier also found Forms D and F to be significantly different from each other and recommended that these forms be regarded as inequivalent. In a study of the
Wonderlic's test-retest reliability, conducted in 1992, Stuart McKelvie "concluded that conscious repetition of specific responses did not seriously inflate the estimate of test-retest reliability." To put it simply, one's memory of some of the answers does not significantly affect one's score on the Wonderlic.
1121:, where his case was dismissed by Judge Peter C. Dorsey, who noted: "The guarantee of equal protection under the Fifth Amendment is not a source of substantive rights or liberties, but rather a right to be free from invidious discrimination in statutory classifications and other governmental activity. It is well settled that where a statutory classification does not itself impinge on a right or liberty protected by the Constitution, the validity of the classification must be sustained unless the classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of objective.... may have been disqualified unwisely but he was not denied equal protection." The dismissal was upheld on appeal to the
1272:) and listed several examples of successes and failures based on the rule. A 2005 study by McDonald Mirabile found that there is no significant correlation between a quarterback's Wonderlic score and a quarterback's passer rating, and no significant correlation between a quarterback's Wonderlic score and a quarterback's salary. Similarly, a 2009 study by Brian D. Lyons, Brian J. Hoffman, and John W. Michel found that Wonderlic scores failed to positively and significantly predict future NFL performance, draft position, or the number of games started for any position. Lyons said that Wonderlic's "limited return on investment" for the NFL is contrary to
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B, C, D, E, and F) in which
Wonderlic suggests that when two of these versions are to be used, the best combinations are A and B or D and F. However, a study conducted by psychologists Kazmier and Browne (1959) shows that neither of these forms can be regarded as directly equivalent. While there is no lack of tests that could be used in place of the Wonderlic, such as the IQ or the Mechanical Aptitude Test, it is a quick and simple vocational test for personnel recruitment and selection. The Wonderlic test has been peer reviewed by the
1114:. In fall 1996, Jordan requested an interview with Keith Harrigan, New London's Assistant City Manager in charge of personnel. Harrigan informed Jordan that he was ineligible because he scored too high on the written portion of the Wonderlic test intended to evaluate cognitive ability. New London had decided to consider only applicants who scored between 20 and 27 on the written examination. Jordan scored a 33 on the exam, the equivalent of having an IQ of 125.
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error and less practical utility in giving the test to individuals higher in cognitive ability. Partially on this basis, they argued that organizations interested in personnel selection should consider administering measures of established constructs that are grounded in a more theoretical framework, such as fluid intelligence or working memory capacity.
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avoided answering
Wonderlic questions so he would not score too high. McInally speculated that "coaches and front-office guys don't like extremes one way or the other, but particularly not on the high side. I think they think guys who are intelligent will challenge authority too much". Mike Florio of
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Scoring too high can be as much of a problem as scoring too low. Football coaches want to command the locker room. Being smarter than the individual players makes that easier. Having a guy in the locker room who may be smarter than every member of the coaching staff can be viewed as a problem –
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The Lyons study also found that the relationship between
Wonderlic test scores and future NFL performance was negative for a few positions, indicating the higher a player scores on the Wonderlic test, the worse the player will perform in the NFL. For tight ends and defensive backs, it was found that
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The
Wonderlic test is continually updated with repeated evaluations of questions. Also, beginning in the 1970s, Wonderlic began to develop other forms of the Wonderlic Personnel, some of which include: Wonderlic Perceptual Ability Tests, Wonderlic Scholastic Level Exam, or the Wonderlic Contemporary
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in the NFL also includes deviance. A 2016 study found that the
Wonderlic significantly predicted future arrests, referred to as criminal off-duty deviance, with players testing below the league average being almost twice as likely to get arrested in the future as players who scored above the league
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capacity for subjects with low fluid intelligence, but failed to discriminate as well among subjects with high fluid intelligence". These findings suggest that the
Wonderlic is less informative when administered to higher-than-average ability individuals or groups, meaning there is more measurement
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The
Wonderlic test, as a vocational and intelligence test, falls under the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. As a personnel test the Wonderlic is used to gauge an applicant's job potential, educational potential, and training potential. Six forms of this test are made available (A,
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The
Wonderlic company released the Wonderlic Personnel Test in the 1990s, measuring an individual's problem solving and learning capability. The Wonderlic Personnel Test has two different forms: the Wonderlic Personnel Test--Quicktest (30 questions in 8 minutes) and the Wonderlic Personnel Test (50
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Serving as a quantitative measure for employers, scores are collected by the employers and the applicant's score may be compared to a professional standard, as is the case with security guards or, simply, compared to the scores of other applicants who happen to be applying for the same or similar
1066:, and they stated that "the Wonderlic test scores did not clearly show convergent or divergent validity evidence across these two broad domains of cognitive ability." In academic testing, the Wonderlic test has shown high correlations with aptitude tests such as the General Aptitude Test Battery.
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of prospective employees for a range of occupations. The test was created in 1939 by Eldon F. Wonderlic. It consists of 50 multiple choice questions to be answered in 12 minutes. The score is calculated as the number of correct answers given in the allotted time, and a score of 20 is intended to
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that two of the five forms, A and B, that were published at the time were harder than the others which caused scores on those forms to be significantly lower than scores obtained on forms C–F. Concerning these observed differences, Weaver and Boneau state: "This accords with the history of the
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similarly argued that evidence concerning the test's validity was limited. Their research showed "that
Wonderlic has no direct relationship to fluid intelligence once its commonality to working memory capacity is accounted for", and that the Wonderlic "was a significant predictor of
1062:, T. Matthews and Kerry Lassiter report that the Wonderlic test "was most strongly associated with overall intellectual functioning," which is what it is purported to measure. However, Matthews and Lassiter did not find the Wonderlic to be a successful measure of
881:. Regarding the time allotted to take the test, Wonderlic, in an article released in 1939, stated that "the length of the test was made such that only about two to five per cent of average groups complete the test in the twelve-minute time limit."
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assessment providing a score to potential employers. The Wonderlic test was based on the Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Ability with the goal of creating a short form measurement of cognitive ability. It may be termed as a quick
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of the United States and Connecticut constitutions, in a case that was referred to by several media outlets as "Too Smart To Be A Cop", based on the city's application of scores generated by the Wonderlic test.
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positions at that time. Each profession has its own, unique, average; therefore, different professions require different standards. Wonderlic, Inc. claims a minimum score of 10 points suggests a person is
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questions, 12 minutes). The Wonderlic Personnel Test – Quicktest differs from the Wonderlic Personnel Test in that it is not proctored. The Wonderlic Personnel Test is a much more comprehensive test.
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for 125 yards in a game, how many yards will he have at the end of the season if he keeps up with this pace?". Players have four answers to choose from when taking this version of the test.
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979:, similarities, and word definitions. However, the questions may take different angles depending upon the ‘intelligence’ of the question setters. Practice questions will include:
959:, the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test presents its questions in an open response. The types of questions that have appeared in the oldest versions of the Wonderlic test include:
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An average football player usually scores around 20 points. Quarterbacks and offensive linemen usually have higher scores. Most teams want at least 21 for a quarterback.
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or at a minimum as a threat to the egos of the men who hope to be able when necessary to outsmart the players, especially when trying in some way to manipulate them.
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Lyons, Brian D.; Hoffman, Brian J.; Michel, John W. (July 1, 2009). "Not Much More than g? An Examination of the Impact of Intelligence on NFL Performance".
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The Wonderlic SLE is the scholastic version of the Wonderlic Personnel Test and is commonly administered to nursing school and medical program applicants.
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Wonderlic, E. F.; Hovland, C. I. (December 1939). "The Personnel Test: a restandardized abridgment of the Otis S–A test for business and industrial use".
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being a very strong predictor of job performance for most careers; "because it's so physically based, the results point to that really doesn't matter".
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proposed a 26–27–60 rule to predict a quarterback's success in the NFL (at least a 26 on the Wonderlic, at least 27 college starts, and at least 60%
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and has been deemed worthy of field applications to the industrial use of personnel testing. Other sources can be found on the database APA PsycNET.
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Kazmier, L.J. & Browne C.G.(1959). Comparability of Wonderlic test forms in industrial testing. Journal of Applied Psychology. 43(2):129–132.
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Created in 1936 by E. F. Wonderlic, the Wonderlic Personnel Test was the first short-form cognitive abilities test. It was developed to measure
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Weaver, H. B.; Boneau, C. A. (1956). "Equivalence of Forms of the Wonderlic Personnel Test: A Study of Reliability and Interchangeability".
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told him that his perfect score caused him to be selected later than he would have otherwise. NFL reporter Matt Verderame reported that
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Dobrill, Carl; Warner, Holly (February 1988). "Further studies of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a brief measure of intelligence".
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Jordan was born and raised in New London, and had previous experience in law enforcement, working as a part-time officer in near-by
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In 1982, Carl Dodrill conducted a study in which 57 adults were administered the Wonderlic twice over a five-year period. In the
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2305:"Intelligence and Football: Testing for Differentials in Collegiate Quarterback Passing Performance and NFL Compensation"
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Hicks, K. L., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2015). "Wonderlic, working memory capacity, and fluid intelligence".
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1036:, Dodrill reported that the test-retest reliability for the Wonderlic was .94. According to a 1989 article in
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Kazmier, Leonard J.; Browne, C .J. (1959). "Comparability of Wonderlic Test Forms in Industrial Testing".
919:. From 1940–1960 the test was supplied for free as the data was valuable to E. F. Wonderlic. In the 1970s
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A high-speed train travels 25 feet in 1/3 second. In 4 seconds, the train will have traveled __?__ feet.
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2461:"Patriots player avoided Wonderlic questions so he wouldn't 'scare teams off' with his intelligence"
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877:. Wonderlic created and distributed the test as a graduate student in the psychology department at
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Which of the numbers in this group represents the smallest amount? a) 0.3 b) 0.08 c) 1 d) 0.33
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Wonderlic Personnel Test – Quicktest (WPT-Q); Wonderlic Scholastic Level Exam (SLE); WonScore
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A simplified and condensed version of the Wonderlic test appeared in older editions of the
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Matthews, T; Kerry S. Lassiter (2007). "What Does the Wonderlic Personnel Test Measure?".
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McKelvie, Stuart J. (January 1992). "Does memory contaminate test-retest reiliability".
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1280:, whose score was the lowest of the five quarterbacks taken in the first round of the
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A watch lost 1 minute and 12 seconds in 36 days. How many seconds did it lose per day?
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If a piece of rope cost 20 cents per 2 feet, how many feet can you buy for 30 dollars?
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as a form of pre-draft assessment, the NFL stopped administering the test in 2022.
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0–50 (1 point per question; score of 20 intended to represent average intelligence)
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Assessing cognitive ability and problem-solving aptitude of prospective employees
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Dodrill, Carl (1983). "Long-Term Reliability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test".
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Hay, E. N. (1952). "Some research findings with the Wonderlic Personnel Test".
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2018:
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1649:"Without the Wonderlic, the N.F.L. Finds Other Ways to Test Football I.Q."
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2282:"The Rule of 26–27–60 helps predict NFL quarterback success or failure"
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Originally designed to aid in employee selection at companies such as
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1980:
1953:
1708:"Remarks on the use of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a 'pre-test.'"
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in the 1940s, the Wonderlic Personnel Test has been used by both the
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19:"Wonderlic" redirects here. For the Los Angeles-based rock band, see
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introduced the test to the league in the late 1960s. According to
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began using the Wonderlic Personnel Test to select candidates for
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the average score of an NFL player by position as of 1984 was:
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In May 1997, Robert Jordan filed a lawsuit against the city of
874:
2435:"Harvard's Ryan Fitzpatrick gets passing grades for 3–0 Bills"
2196:"NFL's success using Wonderlic Test subject to interpretation"
1632:"How A Multiple-Choice Test Became A Fixture Of The NFL Draft"
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1859:. Northfield, IL: E.F. Wonderlic & Associates, INC. 1983.
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lower scores indicated increased achievements. According to
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United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
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Tests and Examinations: Measuring abilities and performance
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video game series. The questions usually consist of basic
2065:
1802:"Free Wonderlic Practice Test – 50 Questions, 12 Minutes"
1701:
1699:
1507:"Newton Partners With Wonderlic for Pre-Hire Assessments"
2400:"Ryan Fitzpatrick's Wonderlic score: What does it mean?"
2538:"Using data to predict arrest rates of NFL draft picks"
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1143:
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1123:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
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A more recent study by Hicks and colleagues from the
2189:
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2185:
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1523:
60:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1939:
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Application to industrial-organizational psychology
844:The most recent version of the test is WonScore, a
183:Prospective employers; notably administered at the
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1112:Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
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1397:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 293.
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1992:
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1284:, had the longest and most successful career.
967:, direction following, disarranged sentences,
2641:
2480:"McInally continues to perfect the Wonderlic"
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2259:"Notre Dame's Clausen wild card in NFL draft"
2245:The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football.
2034:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1935:
1933:
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1884:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
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1181:The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football,
1033:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
822:Wonderlic Contemporary Cognitive Ability Test
801:
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2229:The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football
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1987:
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1579:
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1020:In 1956, Weaver and Boneau reported in the
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2634:
1928:
1868:
1866:
1512:
1411:
938:
808:
794:
100:
2511:"Greg McElroy gets a 48 on the Wonderlic"
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2193:
1755:"Wonderlic Test – Cognitive Ability Test"
1725:
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1559:personality-and-aptitude-career-tests.com
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3646:Industrial and organizational psychology
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2149:
1996:
1606:
1604:
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1600:
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1348:and English questions. For example, "If
1003:Industrial and organizational psychology
2565:(in English). Electronic Arts, page 11.
2535:
2397:
2372:Gladwell, Malcolm (December 15, 2008).
2194:Ledbetter, D. Orlando (March 6, 2010).
2031:
1863:
1087:
828:) is an assessment used to measure the
3628:
2603:
2586:
2508:
2256:
1827:"Professional Wonderlic Practice Test"
1610:
1509:Newton Software. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
1433:"What is the Wonderlic Personnel Test"
41:contains content that is written like
2629:
2490:from the original on October 24, 2013
2433:Lopresti, Mike (September 26, 2011).
2303:Mirabile, McDonald P. (Spring 2005).
2279:
1757:. All Practice Test. December 6, 2011
1706:Lindzey, Gardner (November 1, 1949).
1597:
1390:
1333:
1794:
1163:Average score in the NFL by position
1144:Central tendency of Wonderlic scores
1110:, and as a seasonal officer for the
25:
2561:EA Sports (2005). "NFL Superstar",
1966:
1647:O'Connell, Robert (March 2, 2022).
1430:
1064:fluid and crystallized intelligence
950:
13:
2587:Merron, Jeff (February 28, 2002).
2509:Florio, Mike (February 28, 2011).
1167:The Wonderlic test is used in the
1010:American Psychological Association
14:
3662:
2571:
2536:Seifert, Kevin (April 12, 2016).
2398:Shipley, Amy (October 25, 2011).
2315:(2). United States Sports Academy
963:, analysis of geometric figures,
2857:
2478:McClellan, Bob (June 15, 2006).
1082:
775:
231:
95:Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT-R)
30:
2604:Reilly, Rick (April 23, 2001).
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2391:
2280:Lopez, John P. (July 8, 2010).
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2123:
2102:
1960:
1910:
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1857:Wonderlic Personnel Test Manual
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1747:
1625:
1258:Predictor of success in the NFL
1071:Georgia Institute of Technology
128:Math, vocabulary, and reasoning
2655:
2257:Pompei, Dan (April 19, 2010).
2150:Yglesias, Matthew (May 2013).
1712:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1500:
1492:"WonScore by Wonderlic Review"
1485:
1015:
1:
2953:Industrial and organizational
2459:Jordan Heck (July 30, 2019).
2011:10.1080/00221309.1992.9921158
1999:Journal of General Psychology
1969:Journal of Applied Psychology
1942:Journal of Applied Psychology
1526:Journal of Applied Psychology
1467:Journal of Applied Psychology
1375:
1023:Journal of Applied Psychology
518:Industrial and organizational
3194:Human factors and ergonomics
2200:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2118:10.1016/j.intell.2015.03.005
1098:, alleging violation of the
673:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
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10:
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2046:10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.316
1896:10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.145
1296:in the fifth round of the
1292:, who was selected by the
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1134:
1049:
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894:United States Armed Forces
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18:
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2883:Applied behavior analysis
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2351:10.1080/08959280902970401
2080:10.2466/pr0.100.3.707-712
1117:Jordan filed suit in the
1056:In an article written in
863:general cognitive ability
448:Applied behavior analysis
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3636:National Football League
2589:"Taking your Wonderlics"
2563:Madden NFL 2006 (manual)
2374:"Most Likely to Succeed"
2225:Zimmerman, Paul (1984).
2152:"Too Smart to be a Cop?"
2131:"Too Smart to be a Cop?"
1777:"What Is the Wonderlic?"
1613:"Taking Your Wonderlics"
1138:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
1130:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
935:Cognitive Ability Test.
898:National Football League
826:Wonderlic Personnel Test
3159:Behavioral neuroscience
2723:Behavioral neuroscience
1637:. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
1497:. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
1100:Equal Protection Clause
1096:New London, Connecticut
939:Current Wonderlic tests
879:Northwestern University
638:Behavioral neuroscience
293:Behavioral neuroscience
3209:Psychology of religion
3149:Behavioral engineering
3086:Human subject research
2742:Cognitive neuroscience
2708:Affective neuroscience
2233:. Simon and Schuster.
2170:"Jordan v. New London"
1324:
1317:agreed with McInally:
1274:general mental ability
688:Psychology of religion
628:Behavioral engineering
312:Cognitive neuroscience
278:Affective neuroscience
175:12 different languages
3585:Wiktionary definition
3121:Self-report inventory
3116:Quantitative research
2139:. September 10, 1999.
2068:Psychological Reports
1611:Merron, Jeff (2007).
1391:Aiken, L. R. (1998).
1365:Intelligence quotient
1319:
1059:Psychological Reports
1052:Validity (statistics)
1039:Psychological Reports
782:Psychology portal
62:neutral point of view
3111:Qualitative research
3066:Behavior epigenetics
2414:on February 24, 2012
2292:on October 18, 2013.
1306:New England Patriots
1169:NFL Scouting Combine
1089:Jordan v. New London
832:and problem-solving
185:NFL Scouting Combine
3590:Wiktionary category
3154:Behavioral genetics
3126:Statistical surveys
2983:Occupational health
2718:Behavioral genetics
2606:"Liccing My Wounds"
2515:Profootballtalk.com
2405:The Washington Post
1370:Personnel selection
1315:Profootballtalk.com
633:Behavioral genetics
548:Occupational health
288:Behavioral genetics
219:Part of a series on
96:
54:promotional content
3641:Intelligence tests
3562:Schools of thought
3465:Richard E. Nisbett
3345:Donald T. Campbell
3023:Sport and exercise
2611:Sports Illustrated
2286:Sports Illustrated
2269:on April 22, 2010.
1806:Beat the Wonderlic
1781:Beat the Wonderlic
1653:The New York Times
1435:. www.wisegeek.com
1431:Pollick, Michael.
1334:In popular culture
1308:offensive lineman
1294:Cincinnati Bengals
1265:Sports Illustrated
957:standardized tests
750:Schools of thought
588:Sport and exercise
434:Applied psychology
94:
56:and inappropriate
3623:
3622:
3600:Wikimedia Commons
3527:Counseling topics
3490:Ronald C. Kessler
3480:Shelley E. Taylor
3405:Lawrence Kohlberg
3380:Stanley Schachter
3179:Consumer behavior
3061:Archival research
2829:Psycholinguistics
2713:Affective science
2339:Human Performance
2309:The Sport Journal
1733:"Ready. Test. Go"
1635:Five Thirty Eight
1404:978-0-4711-9263-3
1262:John P. Lopez of
1108:Groton Long Point
955:Similar to other
837:indicate average
830:cognitive ability
818:
817:
715:Counseling topics
658:Consumer behavior
399:Psycholinguistics
283:Affective science
214:
213:
90:
89:
82:
16:Intelligence test
3658:
3557:Research methods
3500:Richard Davidson
3495:Joseph E. LeDoux
3370:George A. Miller
3360:David McClelland
3355:Herbert A. Simon
3255:Edward Thorndike
3076:Content analysis
2861:
2834:Psychophysiology
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2580:Official website
2566:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2500:
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2468:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2408:. Archived from
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2288:. Archived from
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:. Archived from
2254:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2202:. Archived from
2191:
2178:
2177:
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2147:
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2140:
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2121:
2106:
2100:
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2029:
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1994:
1985:
1984:
1981:10.1037/h0061766
1964:
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1954:10.1037/h0047065
1937:
1926:
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1914:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1873:
1870:
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1860:
1853:
1842:
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1837:
1831:CognitiveMetrics
1823:
1817:
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1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1662:on March 3, 2022
1661:
1656:. Archived from
1644:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
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1541:
1538:10.1037/h0045688
1521:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:10.1037/h0056432
1462:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1188:Offensive tackle
1150:Central tendency
977:proverb matching
951:Sample questions
865:in the areas of
810:
803:
796:
780:
779:
778:
745:Research methods
404:Psychophysiology
264:Basic psychology
235:
216:
215:
210:
207:
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151:
149:
104:
97:
93:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
43:an advertisement
34:
33:
26:
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3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3651:Cognitive tests
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3576:
3552:Psychotherapies
3513:
3470:Martin Seligman
3435:Daniel Kahneman
3375:Richard Lazarus
3325:Raymond Cattell
3229:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3130:
3042:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2814:Neuropsychology
2694:
2687:
2659:
2654:
2616:
2614:
2594:
2592:
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2569:
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2335:
2328:
2318:
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2297:
2278:
2274:
2263:Chicago Tribune
2255:
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2223:
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2209:
2207:
2206:on May 27, 2010
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2107:
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2064:
2053:
2030:
2026:
1995:
1988:
1965:
1961:
1938:
1929:
1922:psycnet.apa.org
1916:
1915:
1911:
1880:
1876:
1871:
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1697:
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1684:. wonderlic.com
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1495:Finances Online
1490:
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1438:
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1429:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1350:Adrian Peterson
1336:
1327:Job performance
1270:pass completion
1260:
1165:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1092:
1085:
1054:
1048:
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1005:
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941:
923:, coach of the
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776:
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764:
740:Psychotherapies
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436:
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384:Neuropsychology
266:
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120:Wonderlic, Inc.
112:Multiple choice
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3510:Roy Baumeister
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3472:
3467:
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3457:
3452:
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3445:Michael Posner
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Elliot Aronson
3427:
3425:Walter Mischel
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Albert Bandura
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Leon Festinger
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Neal E. Miller
3332:
3330:Abraham Maslow
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Ernest Hilgard
3312:
3310:Donald O. Hebb
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:J. P. Guilford
3287:
3285:Gordon Allport
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:John B. Watson
3262:
3257:
3252:
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3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Animal testing
3052:
3050:
3044:
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3010:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Cross-cultural
2756:
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2739:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
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2705:
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2584:
2573:
2572:External links
2570:
2568:
2567:
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2528:
2501:
2470:
2451:
2425:
2390:
2378:The New Yorker
2364:
2326:
2295:
2272:
2249:
2239:
2217:
2179:
2161:
2142:
2122:
2112:, 50, 186–195
2101:
2074:(3): 707–712.
2051:
2040:(2): 316–317.
2024:
1986:
1975:(5): 344–345.
1959:
1948:(2): 127–129.
1927:
1909:
1890:(1): 145–147.
1874:
1862:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1768:
1746:
1724:
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1673:
1639:
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1596:
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1532:(2): 129–132.
1511:
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1473:(6): 685–702.
1446:
1410:
1403:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
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1367:
1360:
1357:
1335:
1332:
1298:1975 NFL draft
1282:1999 NFL draft
1278:Donovan McNabb
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
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1177:Paul Zimmerman
1164:
1161:
1145:
1142:
1135:Main article:
1132:
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1091:
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1084:
1081:
1076:working memory
1047:
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984:
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858:
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824:(formerly the
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3250:Sigmund Freud
3248:
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3240:William James
3238:
3236:
3235:Wilhelm Wundt
3233:
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3228:
3227:Psychologists
3223:
3215:
3214:Psychometrics
3212:
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3174:Consciousness
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3006:
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3003:Psychometrics
3001:
2999:
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3455:Bruce McEwen
3450:Amos Tversky
3420:Jerome Kagan
3410:Noam Chomsky
3350:Hans Eysenck
3320:Harry Harlow
3300:Erik Erikson
3199:Intelligence
3096:Neuroimaging
2839:Quantitative
2804:Mathematical
2799:Intelligence
2789:Experimental
2784:Evolutionary
2774:Differential
2683:Psychologist
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2418:January 21,
2383:January 12,
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1666:January 21,
1200:Quarterback
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890:Oscar Mayer
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593:Suicidology
488:Educational
443:Anomalistic
419:Theoretical
394:Personality
324:Comparative
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3595:Wikisource
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3275:Kurt Lewin
3169:Competence
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1310:Joe Thuney
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3605:Wikiquote
3475:Ed Diener
3260:Carl Jung
3164:Cognition
2993:Political
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2494:April 25,
2439:USA Today
2359:145416436
2319:April 25,
1918:"PsycNET"
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1761:April 12,
1682:"History"
1587:"History"
1439:March 29,
1330:average.
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2868:Applied
2764:Cultural
2703:Abnormal
2542:ESPN.com
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2088:17688083
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1717:March 8,
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