594:(an instrument that detects and measures electric current) and making inferences based on the information it provides. According to Köhler, behaviourists act in a similar way when observing behaviours. One behaviourist will observe a behaviour and share results, leading to an extension of these findings by others in the field. While behaviourism denies direct experience, Köhler suggests that behaviourists are unknowingly accepting it in this regard. Just as the galvanometer is independent of the physicist, so is the subject from the behaviourist. Direct experience results in the observation of phenomena and leads to results. In this regard, he felt that the standpoint of the behaviourists appears somewhat paradoxical.
511:
and the development of the brain is confirmed". Köhler points out that a downfall of educational psychology at the time of the experiments with apes was that it had yet to create a test that was capable of assessing how far mentally healthy and mentally-ill children could go in particular situations. Köhler believed that studies of this type could be performed on young children, and that future research should focus on these possibilities. He stated that: "where the lack of human standards makes itself so much felt, I should like to emphasize particularly the importance and- if the anthropoids do not deceive us- the fruitfulness of further work in this direction".
32:
680:, complaining that an unannounced raid had occurred. After much disagreement and several more unannounced inspections of his students, Köhler took the situation further since his wishes were not being considered nor respected. He requested retirement from the institution in May 1934. This drew the attention of the Ministry and they would finally intervene in July 1934 by running an investigation of the interactions between Köhler and the rector as well as the personal attacks he received from the German student organizations.
539:
of another. Where the introspectionists failed was their inability to adequately replicate particular findings. If one person was tested for sensations regarding the colour red, these descriptions were simply shared among followers of the discipline. These descriptions were automatically taken as valid, and no further testing of a particular sensation took place. In addition to this, Köhler claimed that introspection did not focus on immediate problems regarding direct human experience. He believed that an important goal of
676:. Köhler thought this was a violation of his own beliefs and told his students that he was unable to engage in such an act. His explanation was met with applause, from both Nazi sympathizers and rebels alike. His situation at the institute began to deteriorate more quickly after this statement. In December 1933, Nazi officials stood outside Köhler's seminar room. As students left, the officials stopped them and examined their student cards. Although Köhler did not interfere, he later contacted the institute rector,
269:
495:, Köhler explains that he was inspired to work with the chimpanzees for two main reasons. The first was because the "structure of their brains is more closely related to the chemistry of the human body and brain-structure than to the chemical nature of the lower apes and their brain development". He was intrigued that human traits could be observed in the everyday behaviours of this animal. Secondly, he wanted to study the chimps to gain knowledge of the nature of intelligent acts.
100:
586:, Köhler describes advancements made in physiological research and the tools created to measure covert behaviours. Covert behaviours such as increased heart rate could provide additional insight into how people interact with particular stimuli. The behaviourists, according to Köhler, never adequately utilized these new instruments to make sound inferences on human behaviour.
471:, such as that of retrieving bananas when positioned out of reach. He found that they stacked wooden crates to use as makeshift ladders, in order to retrieve the food. If the bananas were placed on the ground outside of the cage, they used sticks to lengthen the reach of their arms. Köhler concluded that the chimps had not arrived at these methods through
647:, the well-known physicist, petitioned Hitler to stop the dismissal of Jewish professors, stressing their importance regarding scientific contributions. Hitler has been quoted as responding to Planck, "if the dismissal of Jewish scientists means the annihilation of contemporary German science, then we shall do without science for a few years".
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After the article was published, Köhler expected immediate arrest. But, the Nazis did not come for him. Even four months after the article was originally published, reprints were still being distributed. Köhler received numerous letters from Jews and non-Jews, expressing their gratitude and admiring
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Köhler did not make a public stand against the Nazi regime until the end of April 1933. During the beginning of that month, he still expressed ambivalence as to how serious a threat was posed by the regime. He was wary, but did not become more active against the Nazis until they forced the dismissal
555:, another competing school of thought in North America. At the time, behaviourism focused solely on overt acts that were easily observable and measurable. Inner thoughts, feelings, and processes that occurred between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of behaviour were considered part of a
538:
Köhler was quick to dismiss this train of thought. He claimed that the introspectionists were too subjective in their methodologies and did not test for reliability in their findings. For example, the description of sensing the colour red made by one individual may not be the same as the description
602:
Köhler returned to
Germany in 1920, and soon after was appointed the acting director, and then (as Carl Stumpf's successor) professor and director of the Psychological Institute at the University of Berlin, where he remained until 1935. In those fifteen years, his accomplishments were considerable,
510:
The conclusions drawn from the experiments with apes were that these animals exhibit insight and that they demonstrate intelligent behaviour that is common in humans. Köhler states that these findings hold true for every member of the species. He describes that "the correlation between intelligence
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In the early stages of observing chimps, it was clear that the examinations should not be considered characteristic for each member of this species. Köhler recognized that, as in humans, chimpanzees demonstrated considerable differences in the intellectual field. Chimps demonstrated that they were
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Köhler married the painter and sculptor Thekla
Achenbach in 1912. They had two children in Germany (Claus, born 1912 and Marianne, born 1913) and two more when they lived in Tenerife (Peter, born 1915 and Martin, born 1918). This marriage ended in divorce and in 1927 he married Lili Harlemann by
428:
Carroll Pratt emphasizes Köhler's irritation at misinterpretation of his famous quote, "The whole is different from the sum of its parts". Though perhaps a simple error made in translation, many lectures in textbooks of modern-day psychology refer to
Gestalt theory by saying "the whole is greater
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After being left out of important decision making of the
Psychological Institute of the University of Berlin and losing important assistants, who represented new points of view, Köhler found it impossible to continue his work. Köhler officially resigned from the Psychological Institute of the
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This is one of the prominent findings from the research done on apes. Köhler's work on the mentality of apes was seen as a turning point in the psychology of thinking. He believed that people underestimated the influence of a number of external conditions on such higher animals. In his book,
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a significant part of the whole, something that is not present in the other parts if simply summed up. Example: if all the parts of a car are laid out on the floor of a garage, they do not make up a car. Only when the factor of assembly is added to the parts, do they become a car.
623:, whose work revolved around problem solving and induced movement. Von Lauenstein, another assistant of Köhler, is known mainly for his investigation of time errors and memory. Finally, von Restorff is best known for her collaboration efforts with Köhler on both the
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than the sum of its parts". When the word 'different' is used, as Köhler originally stated, it implies that the whole bears no resemblance to the parts creating it. Most psychologists, however, understand "greater" to mean that the relationship between the parts is
503:, Köhler describes how the apes use their hands, saying "large, powerful and flexible hands are natural links between himself and the world of things, and he attains the necessary amount of muscular force and co-ordination at an earlier age than the human child".
669:. Some suggested the Nazis would not be able to take over the large and complex German political system. In addition, some colleagues argued that Köhler's resistance fell outside their particular spheres of influence. In turn, they could contribute nothing.
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able to grasp the objects around them in a variety of fashions. This is incorporated in their everyday playing behaviours. For this reason, it was not necessary to use experimental tests to introduce chimps to handle matter. In his book,
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not easily understood. This black box, which could be described as cognition today, was not accessible and therefore should be discarded from psychology as being something unimportant. Köhler criticized the behaviourists' dismissal of
712:. Here, he acted as an adviser for the faculty. He kept the psychologists in touch with American psychology by collaborating with them in research and enthusiastically engaging in discussions with them. He died in 1967 in
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
589:
Köhler argued against the idea that direct experience was not measurable or usable. Drawing upon his personal experience and interest in the field of physics, Köhler posed the example of two physicists observing a
1273:
574:. He argued that the behaviourists focused solely on overt behaviours in order to make inferences concerning human functioning. Using his background in physiology, Köhler suggested that covert behaviours (such as
506:
Köhler made most of his observations during the first six months of 1914, while working with Mr. Teuber. They provided the animals with problems that would be difficult but not impossible for the chimps to solve.
307:, he protested against the dismissal of Jewish professors from universities, as well as the requirement that professors give a Nazi salute at the beginning of their classes. In 1935 he left the country for the
611:(1929), written especially for an American audience. During the 1920s and early 1930s psychology reached a high point at the institute. Aside from Köhler, many other influential minds were at work.
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his courage. To strengthen his stance against the Nazis, Köhler also sought assistance from his colleagues. To his disappointment, many of his colleagues refused to become involved in the
643:, rose to power on January 30, 1933. The regime started practicing discriminatory policies against Jews, and dismissed any professors with a Jewish background from German universities.
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including, for example, the directorship of the school's prestigious graduate program in psychology; the co-founding of an influential journal about perceptual psychology, titled
413:
attitude toward psychology called
Gestalt theory (from the German word for "shape" or "form"), aspects of which are indebted to the earlier work of Stumpf (Köhler's teacher) and
543:
was to obtain objective results that apply to almost everyone. The introspectionists, according to Köhler, did not consider objective experience a key point in their science.
369:(1907–09). While a student at the latter, he focused on the link between physics and psychology, in the course of which he studied with two leading scholars in those fields,
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655:, another well-known experimental physicist. On April 28, 1933, Köhler wrote an article titled "Gespräche in Deutschland" (Conversations in Germany). It was written for the
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remained at the institute until 1933 (the year of his resignation). Köhler also had many well-known assistants at the institute, including
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1409:
Müller, M. (1987). Wolfgang Köhler in
Germany: His life, word and influence until the beginning of the 1930s. Gestalt Theory, 9, 288–298.
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527:, a sub-discipline in psychology that was dominant in Germany throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s. Stemming from the ideas of the
487:, in which, having realized the answer, they proceeded to carry it out in a way that was, in Köhler's words, "unwaveringly purposeful."
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Henle, M. (1993). Man's place in nature in the thinking of
Wolfgang Köhler. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 29, 3–7.
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409:), which led them in turn to conclusions about the inherent nature of vision. They collaborated on the founding of a new
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607:(Psychological Research: Journal of Psychology and its Neighboring Fields); and the authorship of an early book titled
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Comprehensive
Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
564:. They said that it was not measurable, and therefore did not contribute to the furthering of human understanding.
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531:, introspection was defined as the self-reporting of conscious thoughts and sensations. It was believed that
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was part of the institute from 1916 to 1929, until he left to take a position in
Frankfurt. In addition,
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405:. He and Koffka functioned as subjects for Wertheimer's now-famous studies of apparent movement (or the
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Henle, M. (1978). One man against the Nazis: Wolfgang Köhler. American
Psychologist, 33(10), 939–944.
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and is officially the last published article that openly attacked the Nazi Regime during their reign.
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On November 3, 1933, the Nazi government demanded that professors begin their lectures by giving the
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offered him a professorship. He taught with its faculty for 20 years, and did continuing research. A
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In 1967 the Association planned to give him its gold medal, but he died before it could be awarded.
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Köhler as the 50th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
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1956, Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award of the American Psychological Association.
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
582:) could offer additional insight into how we function and interact with the environment. In
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Gestalt Psychology in German Culture, 1890–1967: Holism and the Quest for Objectivity.
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research station. He worked there for six years, during which he wrote a book on
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871:. New York: Liveright. A revised edition of the 1929 book. Norton 1992 reprint:
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Benjafield, J. G. "Revisiting Wittgenstein on Köhler and Gestalt psychology,"
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1416:. vol 3. Ed., Stanley S. Seidner. Springfield, Il.: State Board of Education.
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Memoir Wolfgang Köhler - Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center, Leipzig
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Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin, 1990.
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Gestalt psychology: an introduction to new concepts in modern psychology
708:. He lectured freely in the United States and made yearly visits to the
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Henle, Mary. (1978). One man against the Nazis — Wolfgang Kohler.
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could be understood by breaking its elements down into basic parts.
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In 1910–13, he was an assistant at the Psychological Institute in
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In the course of his university education, Köhler studied at the
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Cambridge: Cambridge Studies in the History of Psychology, 1996.
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had claimed to be the basis of all animal learning, through his
1127:"The Founding of the Primate Station, Tenerife, Canary Islands"
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182:
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Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Gestaltpsychologie : Wolfgang Köhler und seine Zeit.
381:) in 1909. His dissertation addressed certain aspects of
969:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
377:, respectively. He completed his Ph.D. thesis (titled
349:, and shortly after his birth, they moved to Germany.
704:. Soon after, he also served as the president of the
2447:
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
1412:Seidner, Stanley S. (1989). "Köhler's Dilemma", In
734:1928, elected International Honorary Member of the
697:, where he served on the faculty for twenty years.
280:(21 January 1887 – 11 June 1967) was a German
189:
Akustische Untersuchungen (Acoustic investigations)
1221:
768:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
597:
567:Köhler analyzed the difference between overt and
442:In 1913, Köhler left Frankfurt for the island of
2427:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
2393:
1488:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1178:. Frey, Kevin, Goodall, Jane, 1934-. New Haven.
16:German-American psychologist and phenomenologist
1483:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
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467:(1917). In this research, Köhler observed how
450:, where he had been named the director of the
2472:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1508:
813:, Berlin 1917. 2nd German edition was titled
514:
397:in which he worked with fellow psychologists
2442:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
1084:"Köhler, Wolfgang (1887-1967), psychologist"
839:, was published in 1933 by Springer, Berlin.
551:Köhler was also vocal in his stance against
1053:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.10.939
725:whom he had a daughter, Karin (born 1928).
700:In 1956, he became a research professor at
693:in 1935. He was offered a professorship at
1515:
1501:
1206:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
746:1947, elected member of the United States
689:University of Berlin and emigrated to the
546:
98:
1437:, vol. 7, no. 28, (1927), pp. 83–89.
1398:King, D. Brett, and Michael Wertheimer.
1361:, vol. 44, no. 2 (2008), pp. 99–118.
1322:"Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center"
1096:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400856
1047:
1045:
797:, transl. from the 2nd German edition by
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1021:
922:Berlin School of experimental psychology
172:Berlin School of experimental psychology
39:This article includes a list of general
1253:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
760:Wolfgang Köhler Primate Research Center
2394:
1124:
1042:
897:The selected papers of Wolfgang Köhler
844:The place of value in a world of facts
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1175:The great apes : a short history
1081:
815:Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen
736:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
388:
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811:Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden
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385:; Köhler had Stumpf as his advisor.
333:Köhler was born in the port city of
25:
2467:20th-century American psychologists
1366:A source book of Gestalt psychology
787:These are the editions in English:
13:
2457:People from Enfield, New Hampshire
1525:American Psychological Association
1131:The American Journal of Psychology
782:
706:American Psychological Association
523:Köhler criticized the concepts of
437:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2488:
1453:Short biography on Köhler, et al.
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1400:Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Theory
1072:
1066:Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind:
999:
296:, contributed to the creation of
1425:, Munich and Vienna: Philosophia
1172:Herzfeld, Chris (January 2017).
424:In an introduction to the book,
267:
30:
2422:People of Baltic German descent
1314:
1290:
1266:
1241:
630:
483:), but rather that they had an
426:The Task of Gestalt Psychology,
1458:Köhler Biography at Swarthmore
1359:Journal of Historical Behavior
1214:
1165:
1118:
1057:
1015:
959:
885:. Princeton University Press.
883:The task of gestalt psychology
742:American Philosophical Society
719:
598:Berlin Psychological Institute
1:
1422:Foundations of Gestalt Theory
1414:Issues of Language Assessment
952:
683:
475:(which American psychologist
328:
1125:Teuber, Marianne L. (1994).
973:Review of General Psychology
748:National Academy of Sciences
740:1939, elected member of the
452:Prussian Academy of Sciences
352:
322:Review of General Psychology
209:Other academic advisors
7:
1431:"The unity of the senses,"
1088:American National Biography
1028:. Oxford University Press.
910:
658:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
529:structuralist psychologists
176:Phenomenological psychology
10:
2493:
1475:Biography and bibliography
1344:
1022:Macrakis, Kristie (1993).
515:Criticism of introspection
469:chimpanzees solve problems
421:Wertheimer had attended).
303:During the Nazi regime in
18:
2452:University of Bonn alumni
2417:People from Kreis Harrien
2240:
2079:
1918:
1757:
1596:
1531:
985:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
817:, Berlin: Springer 1921.
807:Harcourt, Brace and World
710:Free University of Berlin
379:Akustische Untersuchungen
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21:Wolfgang Köhler (pianist)
2350:Jessica Henderson Daniel
1429:Von Hornbostel, Erich M.
895:1971. Henle, Mary (ed).
605:Psychologische Forschung
2314:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
1926:Robert Richardson Sears
1771:Harry Levi Hollingworth
1658:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
1563:George Stuart Fullerton
1064:University of Waterloo
899:. New York: Liveright.
846:. New York: Liveright.
837:Psychologische Probleme
547:Opinions on behaviorism
417:(whose lectures at the
415:Christian von Ehrenfels
60:more precise citations.
2034:George Armitage Miller
1724:Margaret Floy Washburn
1640:Henry Rutgers Marshall
1404:Transaction Publishers
864:. New York: Liveright.
862:Dynamics in psychology
714:Enfield, New Hampshire
627:and theory of recall.
359:University of Tübingen
339:Governorate of Estonia
140:Enfield, New Hampshire
118:Governorate of Estonia
2437:Gestalt psychologists
1419:Smith, Barry (1988).
1378:American Psychologist
794:The mentality of apes
501:The Mentality of Apes
493:The Mentality of Apes
464:The Mentality of Apes
19:For the pianist, see
2432:German psychologists
2356:Rosie Phillips Davis
2087:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1867:John Edward Anderson
1807:Louis Leon Thurstone
1801:Walter Richard Miles
1795:Walter Samuel Hunter
1718:Shepherd Ivory Franz
1652:Charles Hubbard Judd
1634:James Rowland Angell
1557:James McKeen Cattell
1545:George Trumbull Ladd
1278:search.amphilsoc.org
1274:"APS Member History"
1082:Henle, Mary (2000).
766:as a project of the
419:University of Prague
367:University of Berlin
2412:People from Tallinn
2308:Melba J. T. Vasquez
2177:Charles Spielberger
2135:Janet Taylor Spence
1944:Orval Hobart Mowrer
1938:Laurance F. Shaffer
1819:Albert Poffenberger
1682:Robert S. Woodworth
1628:Mary Whiton Calkins
1391:Jaeger, Siegfried.
1328:on 14 February 2021
942:Pál Schiller Harkai
762:was established at
521:Gestalt Psychology,
519:In his book titled
335:Reval (now Tallinn)
114:Reval (now Tallinn)
2302:Carol D. Goodheart
2070:Donald T. Campbell
1861:Calvin Perry Stone
1849:Leonard Carmichael
1748:I. Madison Bentley
1706:John Wallace Baird
1646:George M. Stratton
1616:William Lowe Bryan
1569:James Mark Baldwin
1523:Presidents of the
1479:Virtual Laboratory
1468:2021-02-14 at the
833:Gestalt psychology
695:Swarthmore College
667:anti-Nazi movement
609:Gestalt Psychology
584:Gestalt Psychology
389:Gestalt psychology
365:(1906–07) and the
363:University of Bonn
313:Swarthmore College
298:Gestalt psychology
223:Carl Gustav Hempel
168:Gestalt psychology
152:University of Bonn
2389:
2388:
2368:Jennifer F. Kelly
2338:Susan H. McDaniel
2320:Donald N. Bersoff
2248:Norine G. Johnson
2231:Patrick H. DeLeon
2201:Robert J. Resnick
2159:Raymond D. Fowler
2153:Bonnie Strickland
2105:Nicholas Cummings
2099:M. Brewster Smith
1998:Charles E. Osgood
1879:Edwin Ray Guthrie
1712:Walter Dill Scott
1364:Ellis, Willis D.
1350:Ash, Mitchell G.
1302:www.nasonline.org
1298:"Wolfgang Kohler"
1255:. 9 February 2023
1249:"Wolfgang Köhler"
1185:978-0-300-22137-4
1105:978-0-19-860669-7
1035:978-0-19-507010-1
917:Bouba/kiki effect
772:Michael Tomasello
729:Legacy and honors
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345:. His family was
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2040:George Albee
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1962:Lee Cronbach
1783:Karl Lashley
1777:Edwin Boring
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621:Karl Duncker
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134:(1967-06-11)
132:11 June 1967
72:
66:January 2022
63:
44:
2407:1967 deaths
2402:1887 births
1891:Carl Rogers
932:Kurt Koffka
799:Ella Winter
764:Leipzig Zoo
720:Family life
674:Nazi salute
653:Karl Planck
553:behaviorism
403:Kurt Koffka
375:Carl Stumpf
294:Kurt Koffka
227:Karl Popper
203:Carl Stumpf
58:introducing
2396:Categories
2129:Max Siegel
1581:John Dewey
1385:, 939–944.
1307:2023-05-09
1283:2023-05-09
1259:2023-05-09
1223:"Ancestry"
1111:2020-11-16
953:References
937:Kurt Lewin
801:. London:
776:Josep Call
684:Later life
645:Max Planck
637:Nazi party
617:Kurt Lewin
576:heart rate
572:behaviours
455:anthropoid
371:Max Planck
329:Early life
288:who, like
239:Psychology
213:Max Planck
41:references
2080:1976–2000
1919:1951–1975
1758:1926–1950
1597:1901–1925
1532:1892–1900
1370:Routledge
1332:17 August
1202:cite book
1194:982651819
1151:0002-9556
993:145668721
819:Liveright
639:, led by
557:black box
395:Frankfurt
353:Education
262:Signature
1466:Archived
1233:21 March
911:See also
444:Tenerife
411:holistic
311:, where
1481:of the
1477:in the
1406:, 2007.
1372:, 1999.
1345:Sources
1159:1423000
485:insight
461:titled
446:in the
305:Germany
54:improve
2382:(2023)
2376:(2022)
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2018:(1966)
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989:S2CID
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