395:. He published these experiments in a paper titled "Experimental Studies on the Perception of Movement". The phi phenomenon is apparent movement caused by alternating light positions. Wertheimer illustrated this phenomenon on an apparatus he built that utilized two discrete lights on different locations. Although the lights are stationary, flashing the lights at succeeding time intervals causes the retina to perceive the light as moving. Wertheimer worked with partners Koffka and Köhler to collect data which ultimately led to their launch of the Gestalt movement. Their findings further demonstrated that the quality of the whole is different from the sum of the parts. The explanation of the phi phenomena was that movement is perceived because the eye itself moves in response to the successive flashes of light. The movement an observer experiences is based on feedback from the moving eye. The researchers maintained that human perception is prone to such illusions and they speculated that it is more meaningful to connect close-together events than to keep them artificially separate.
409:(1945). Wertheimer was interested in making a distinction between reproductive thinking and productive thinking. Reproductive thinking is associated with repetition, conditioning, habits or familiar intellectual territory. Productive thinking is the product of new ideas and breakthroughs. Productive thinking is insight-based reasoning. Wertheimer argued that only insightful reasoning could bring true understanding of conceptual problems and relationships. Wertheimer encouraged training in traditional logic. He believed traditional logic stimulated thinking. However, he believed that logic alone did not give rise to productive thinking. He believed creativity was also crucial to engage in productive thinking. In
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perception is a whole. In this sense, perception can shape vision and the other senses. In addition, the theory also maintained that the whole is not only greater than its components but also different from those components. By 1920, Wertheimer added the position that the properties of any parts are governed by the structural laws of the whole. Later efforts to discover such laws had limited success. Wertheimer's work on gestalt psychology with his colleagues at The New School was seen as an opposition and alternative to the
327:'s declarations and he felt his Jewish roots placed him in danger. The Wertheimer family joined other German emigres and moved to the United States. The Wertheimers' emigration was arranged through the U.S. consulate in Prague, and he and his wife and their children arrived in New York harbor on September 13, 1933. The family became citizens as well; that's why Max Wertheimer is referred to as a German-American psychologist. Along with his move to America, Wertheimer accepted a professional position at age fifty-three at the
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Einstein's house. Wertheimer's friendship with
Einstein began at this time, in his visits he attempted to understand the Gestalt-like processes Einstein had used to conceive the theory of relativity. In the war years Wertheimer also became friends with physicist Max Born. After the war, Wertheimer united with Born and Einstein to negotiate the release of the rector and some professors at the University of Berlin who were being held by students and soldiers making socialist demands from the university.
231:. He was born to Wilhelm and Rosa Wertheimer, second to his brother Walter. Wilhelm Wertheimer was an educator and financier. Rosa Wilhelm, born Rosa Zwicker, had a rich classical education. The Wertheimers were active in the Jewish community in which they lived. The Wertheimer household was extremely intellectual, therefore Max received education from both his parents; he engaged in political and educational discussions at home, as well as taking piano and violin lessons. After he received one of
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462:, a collected works by many famous thinkers on the topic of freedom. A synthesis of the ideas that he wrote about in the first three papers, this one was written in the style of an autobiographical parable, like the sort of narrative seen in a pilgrim's progress. It is Wertheimer's "final affirmation of faith in the power of Gestalt, of the will to truth and justice, to lead the world into a post-Hitler era of freedom".
414:"Productive Thinking" that solving a problem by blind obedience to rules prevents real understanding of the problems. He believes that this blind obedience forestalls a person from uncovering the solution. Max Wertheimer's ideas of productive thinking are of continuing relevance in modern ideas of schemas, plans, and knowledge structures today.
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Wertheimer developed his
Gestalt theory in 1910 while he was on board a train from Vienna for a vacation in Germany's Rhineland. Gestalt, in the closest English definition of the term, is translated potentially as configuration, form, holistic, structure, and pattern. According to Gestalt psychology,
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in 1935 he wrote "Some
Problems in the Theory of Ethics. Wertheimer thought poor ethics were primarily a sickness of logic, a result of "piecemeal" thinking, more than it was a result of a person's inner drive toward destruction. The third paper, "On the Concept of Democracy" was published in 1937.
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before World War I, publishing his research on perception in "Experimental
Studies on Motion Vision" in 1912. During World War I Wertheimer was a research psychologist with the Prussian Artillery Testing Commission, the center of which was located in the Bavarian Quarter of Berlin, close to Albert
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of the Roman
Catholic Church. It was not uncommon at this time for Jewish children in central Europe to receive educations from the Catholic Church. Aged ten, he graduated from the Piarist Grammar School and enrolled in the Royal Imperial New City German State High School, where he could expect to
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in New York City. The New School had been founded only fourteen-years before when he gained the opportunity to teach courses there, remaining at the New School for the last decade of his life. From 1934-1940, Wertheimer wrote four major papers, philosophical essays on the topics of truth, ethics,
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After leaving
Germany, Wertheimer was preoccupied with the dilemmas of his time. He wrote four major papers on values he felt were threatened: truth, ethics, democracy and freedom, respectively. In 1934 Wertheimer published "On Truth", in which he made a distinction between Truth (T), which is
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similar to his lectures, Wertheimer used concrete examples to illustrate his principles. Wertheimer used these illustrations to demonstrate the transition from S1, a state where nothing really seems to make sense, to S2, where everything seems clear and the concept grasped. He points out in
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understood within its full situation, and piecemeal truth (t) :"A thing may be true in the piecemeal sense, and false, indeed a lie, as a part in its whole." He believed in the importance of the "will to truth" and the need look at the "total situation" in order to live justly.
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obtain a degree that would qualify him for admittance to a university. Due to the diverse courses offered by the university, he began to contemplate his future, and realized his deep fascination with philosophy. He first began to study law at
363:. Although in declining health, Wertheimer continued to work on his research of problem-solving, what he preferred to call "productive thinking." Max and Anna Wertheimer divorced in 1942. He completed his only book,
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Cherry, K. (n.d.). Perceptual
Organization – Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved February 25, 2012
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Sarris, V. (1987). "Max
Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the beginnings and developmental crisis of Gestalt psychology. II. Structural rules of motion and space perception (1911-1914)".
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As a
Gestalt theorist, Max Wertheimer was interested in perception, but additionally interested in thought. These ideas formed the basis of his posthumously published book,
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Sarris, V. (1987). "Max
Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the beginnings and developmental crisis of Gestalt psychology. Initial studies of motion perception (1910-1912)".
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Sarris, V. (1988). "Max Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the origin and development crisis of gestalt psychology. III. Further studies of motion perception (1929-1933)".
311:, Wertheimer married Anna Caro (called Anni), a physician's daughter, with whom he had four children: Rudolf (who died in infancy, 1924), Valentin (1925–1978),
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Cherry, K. (n.d.). Max Wertheimer Biography. Psychology – Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved February 25, 2012
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democracy, and freedom which are all commonly grounded on gestalt ideas of the whole and its parts, and the importance of looking at the "total situation."
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279:. From 1910 to 1916 he worked there and conducted pioneering experiments in the perception of motion and phi phenomenon. Wertheimer first founded his
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Sills, D. L., & Merton, R. K. (1968). Max Wertheimer. International encyclopedia of the social sciences (pp. 522–527). New York: Macmillan.
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In 1940 the fourth of these papers was published, this one on the topic of freedom, titled "A Story of Three Days." It was published in
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Miller, A. I. (1975). "Albert Einstein and Max Wertheimer: A Gestalt psychologist's view of the genesis of special relativity theory".
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Wertheimer, M.; King, D. B.; Peckler, M. A.; Raney, S.; Schaef, R. W. (1992). "Carl Jung and Max Wertheimer on a priority issue".
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Wertheimer, M. (1922). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt, I: Prinzipielle Bemerkungen . Psychologische Forschung, 1, 47–58.
315:(1927–2022) and Lise (born 1928, Lisbeth Rosa). He returned to Frankfurt in 1929 as a full professor, where he stayed until 1933.
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235:'s books as a gift, he developed an interest in philosophy. He felt that he and Spinoza shared a culture and common traits.
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Wertheimer, M. (1996). A Contemporary Perspective on the Psychology of Productive Thinking. University of Boulder Colorado
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King, B. D., Wertheimer, M. (2005). Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Theory. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ.
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in late September 1943. He died from a heart attack just three weeks after the book's completion at his home in
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where he shifted his study to philosophy. At Berlin, Max was able to work in the company of figures such as
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In America he remained in touch with his European colleagues, many of whom had also emigrated to America.
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Max Wertheimer began his academic career at the Psychological Institute in Frankfurt, later to become the
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Michael Wertheimer, A Brief History of Psychology. 4th edition. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace, 2000
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Wertheimer began his formal education aged five, at a private elementary school maintained by the
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545:(pp. 71–94). London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1923)
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164:(April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of
538:(pp. 1–11). London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1924)
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In 1933, the change in Germany's government convinced Wertheimer to leave Germany; he heard
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Wertheimer, M. (1938c). Laws of organization in perceptual forms. In W. D. Ellis (Ed.),
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King, B. D., Viney, W., Douglas Woody, W. (1993). A history of psychology (4): 356-358.
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Wertheimer, M. (1938a). The general theoretical situation. In W. D. Ellis (Ed.),
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A Study Guide for Psychologists and Their Theories for Students: MAX WERTHEIMER
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Sarris, V. (1989). "Max Wertheimer on seen motion: Theory and evidence".
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Wertheimer, M. (1959). Productive thinking. 2nd ed., New York, NY: Harper
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Zeitschrift für Psychologie mit Zeitschrift für Angewandte Psychologie
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Zeitschrift für Psychologie mit Zeitschrift für Angewandte Psychologie
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Anshen, Ruth N., ed. (1940). "Max Wertheimer: A Story of Three Days".
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Harrington, Anne (1996). "Chapter Four: The Enchantment of Gestalt".
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Hothersall, D. (2003). History of Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
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Wertheimer, M. (1945). Productive thinking. New York, NY: Harper.
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Wertheimer, M. (1938b). Gestalt theory. In W. D. Ellis (Ed.),
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King, D. Brett; Woody, William Douglas; Viney, Wayne (2015).
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Wertheimer became interested in psychology and studied under
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King, B. D., Viney, W., Douglas Woody, W. (1993)pgs 351-352
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years. He left Frankfurt from 1916 to 1929 to work at the
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
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and then began his intellectual career teaching at the
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Sillis, D.L.; Merton R.K. (1968). "Max Wertheimer".
474:"Experimentelle Studien über das Sehen von Bewegung"
978:. 4th edition. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace, 2000.
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651:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
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639:King, B. D., Wertheimer, M. (2005), pg 24-25
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16:Austro-Hungarian psychologist (1880–1943)
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985:. New York: APA and Ehrlbaum, 2000.
983:Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology
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543:A source book of Gestalt psychology
536:A source book of Gestalt psychology
529:A source book of Gestalt psychology
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522:Political and Economic Democracy.
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1248:Documents of Gestalt Psychology
1246:", Essay by Max Wertheimer, in
1237:Documents of Gestalt Psychology
1235:," Essay by Max Wertheimer, in
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307:. In 1923, while teaching in
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176:. He is known for his book,
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518:On the Concept of Democracy
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796:Introduction to Psychology
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472:M. Wertheimer (1912).
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550:A Story of Three Days
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554:Freedom: Its Meaning
460:Freedom: Its Meaning
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700:Productive Thinking
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1053:(2): 43–85. 1989.
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1383:Information
1345:terminology
293:Kurt Koffka
253:Carl Stumpf
189:Carl Stumpf
170:Kurt Koffka
146:Erika Fromm
89:Nationality
1895:Czech Jews
1869:Categories
1836:Wertheimer
1716:Horkheimer
1453:Propaganda
1408:Mass media
1403:Journalism
1343:Topics and
914:"On Truth"
653:: 522–527.
579:References
425:behavioral
150:Kurt Lewin
120:Psychology
70:1943-10-13
45:1880-04-15
1620:Technical
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702:. Harper.
432:cognitive
199:, at the
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504:On Truth
359:and the
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1328:History
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969:Sources
440:atomism
313:Michael
191:at the
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1831:Tannen
1811:Rogers
1791:Peirce
1776:Morgan
1721:Huxley
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1676:Craig
1661:Burke
1418:Media
1163:S2CID
1034:S2CID
926:JSTOR
478:(PDF)
353:Lewin
1771:Mead
1610:Risk
1585:Mass
1478:list
1192:PMID
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952:ISBN
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438:and
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