2351:(nature already created; literally, 'nature natured'). Jaspers believed that Spinoza, in his philosophical system, did not mean to say that God and Nature are interchangeable terms, but rather that God's transcendence was attested by his infinitely many attributes, and that two attributes known by humans, namely Thought and Extension, signified God's immanence. Even God under the attributes of thought and extension cannot be identified strictly with our world. That world is of course "divisible"; it has parts. But Spinoza said, "no attribute of a substance can be truly conceived from which it follows that the substance can be divided", meaning that one cannot conceive an attribute in a way that leads to division of substance. He also said, "a substance which is absolutely infinite is indivisible" (Ethics, Part I, Propositions 12 and 13). Following this logic, our world should be considered as a mode under two attributes of thought and extension. Therefore, according to Jaspers, the pantheist formula "One and All" would apply to Spinoza only if the "One" preserves its transcendence and the "All" were not interpreted as the totality of finite things.
979:
558:
2456:
1947:
606:
1999:: "the infant believes that it is by free will that it seeks the breast; the angry boy believes that by free will he wishes vengeance; the timid man thinks it is with free will he seeks flight; the drunkard believes that by a free command of his mind he speaks the things which when sober he wishes he had left unsaid. … All believe that they speak by a free command of the mind, whilst, in truth, they have no power to restrain the impulse which they have to speak." In his letter to G. H. Schuller (Letter 58), he wrote: "men are conscious of their desire and unaware of the causes by which are determined." He also held that knowledge of true causes of passive emotion can transform it into an active emotion, thus anticipating one of the key ideas of
639:
2832:
775:, which he completed in two weeks, communicating and interpreting Descartes' arguments and testing the water for his metaphysical and ethical ideas. Spinoza's explanations of essential elements of the Cartesian system helped many interested people study the system, enhancing his philosophical reputation. This work was published in 1663 and was one of the two works published in his lifetime under his name. Spinoza led a modest and frugal lifestyle, earning income by polishing lenses and crafting telescopes and microscopes. He also relied on the generous contributions of his friends to support himself.
2707:
1040:
826:
2140:
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witnesses "in the presence of the said
Espinoza". Even though the Amsterdam municipal authorities were not directly involved in Spinoza's censure, the town council expressly ordered the Portuguese-Jewish community to regulate their conduct and ensure that the community kept strict observance of Jewish law. Other evidence indicates a concern about upsetting civil authorities, such as the synagogue's bans on public weddings, funeral processions, and discussing religious matters with Christians, lest such activity might "disturb the liberty we enjoy".
2076:
541:, who stirred controversy in Amsterdam's Portuguese Jewish community. Da Costa questioned traditional Christian and Jewish beliefs, asserting that, for example, their origins were based on human inventions instead of God's revelation. His clashes with the religious establishment led to his excommunication twice by rabbinic authorities, who imposed humiliation and social exclusion. In 1639, as part of an agreement to be readmitted, da Costa had to prostrate himself for worshippers to step over him. He died in 1640, reportedly committing suicide.
263:
1770:
2026:, Spinoza employs it in a more systematic manner. In Spinoza's philosophical framework, questions concerning why a particular phenomenon exists are always answerable, and these answers are provided in terms of the relevant cause. Spinoza's approach involves first providing an account of a phenomenon, such as goodness or consciousness, to explain it, and then further explaining the phenomenon in terms of itself. For instance, he might argue that consciousness is the degree of power of a mental state.
744:
1843:. However, his actual project does not end there: from his first work to his last one, there runs a thread of "attending to the highest good" (which also is the highest truth) and thereby achieving a state of peace and harmony, either metaphysically or politically. In this light, the Principles of Philosophy might be viewed as an "exercise in geometric method and philosophy", paving the way for numerous concepts and conclusions that would define his philosophy (see Cogitata Metaphysica).
2387:(the intellectual love of God) as the supreme good for man (5p33). However, the matter is complex. Spinoza's God does not have free will (1p32c1), he does not have purposes or intentions (1 appendix), and Spinoza insists that "neither intellect nor will pertain to the nature of God" (1p17s1). Moreover, while we may love God, we need to remember that God is not a being who could ever love us back. "He who loves God cannot strive that God should love him in return", says Spinoza (5p19).
593:
leading the Jewish mourning rituals, and in a business partnership with his brother of their inherited firm. As
Spinoza's father had poor health for some years before his death, he was significantly involved in the business, putting his intellectual curiosity on hold. Until 1656, he continued financially supporting the synagogue and attending services in compliance with synagogue conventions and practice. By 1655, the family's wealth had evaporated and the business effectively ended.
891:
1015:
of the churchyard's soil. Spinoza's friends rescued his personal belongings, papers, and unpublished manuscripts. His supporters took them away for safekeeping from seizure by those wishing to suppress his writings, and they do not appear in the inventory of his possessions at death. Within a year of his death, his supporters translated his Latin manuscripts into Dutch and other languages. Secular authorities and later the Roman
Catholic Church banned his works.
10723:
9699:
435:
527:
8450:
8438:
8186:
2611:) in erecting complex philosophical arguments upon basic logical propositions and principles. In propositions 6.4311 and 6.45 he alludes to a Spinozian understanding of eternity and interpretation of the religious concept of eternal life, contending, "If by eternity is understood not eternal temporal duration, but timelessness, then he lives eternally who lives in the present." (6.4311) "The contemplation of the world
8426:
1938:). A mode is something which cannot exist independently but rather must do so as part of something else on which it depends, including properties (for example color), relations (such as size) and individual things. Modes can be further divided into 'finite' and 'infinite' ones, with the latter being evident in every finite mode (he gives examples of "motion" and "rest"). The traditional understanding of an
1983:
stating that substances do not share attributes or essences and then demonstrating that God is a "substance" with an infinite number of attributes, thus the attributes possessed by any other substances must also be possessed by God. Therefore, God is just the sum of all the substances of the universe. God is the only substance in the universe, and everything is a part of God. This view was described by
1979:. Though there are many more of them, God can be known by humans either through the attribute of extension or the attribute of thought. Thought and extension represent giving complete accounts of the world in mental or physical terms. To this end, he says that "the mind and the body are one and the same thing, which is conceived now under the attribute of thought, now under the attribute of extension".
842:, reworking part Three into parts Four and Five, and composed a Hebrew grammar for proper interpretation of scripture and for clearing up confusion and problems when studying the Bible, with part One presenting etymology, the alphabet, and principles governing nouns, verbs, and more. Part Two, unfinished before he died, would have presented syntax rules. Another unfinished work from 1676 was
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10734:
5507:"I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings." These words were spoken by Albert Einstein, upon being asked if he believed in God by Rabbi Herbert Goldstein of the Institutional Synagogue, New York, April 24, 1921, published in the New York Times, April 25, 1929; from
621:
Jewish authorities until his father died in 1654 when he became public and defiant, resulting from lengthy and stressful religious, financial, and legal clashes involving his business and synagogue, such as when
Spinoza violated synagogue regulations by going to city authorities rather than resolving his disputes within the community to free himself from paying his father's debt.
40:
13334:
5891:
490:. He married his cousin Rachael d’Espinosa, daughter of his uncle Abraham d’Espinosa, who was also a community leader and Michael's business partner. Marrying cousins was common in the Portuguese Jewish community then, giving Michael access to his father-in-law's commercial network and capital. Rachel's children died in infancy, and she died in 1627.
597:
his father's indebtedness would remove the obligation to repay his debts and retrospectively renounce his inheritance. Though he was released of all debts and legally in the right, his reputation as a merchant was permanently damaged in addition to violating a synagogue regulation that business matters are to be arbitrated within the community.
2104:
reserved solely for
Substance. Nevertheless, modes can attain a lesser form of blessedness, namely, that of pure understanding of oneself as one really is, i.e., as a definite modification of Substance in a certain set of relationships with everything else in the universe. That this is what Spinoza has in mind can be seen at the end of the
5552:"The Pantheism of Spinoza Dr. Smith regarded as the most dangerous enemy of Christianity, and as he announced his conviction that it had gained the control of the schools, press and pulpit of the Old World , and was rapidly gaining the same control of the New , his alarm and indignation sometimes rose to the eloquence of genuine passion."
1967:, which is claimed to prove the existence of God, but Spinoza went further in stating that it showed that only God exists. Accordingly, he stated that "Whatever is, is in God, and nothing can exist or be conceived without God". This means that God is identical with the universe, an idea which he encapsulated in the phrase "
2192:
highly sceptical and innovative, for his time uniquely subversive, de-legtimizing general principle likewise to men's tyrannizing over women." One scholar has attempted to rationalize
Spinoza's views excluding women from full citizenship. But the topic has not attracted major consideration in Spinoza studies.
816:
criticized his conception of God and saw the book as dangerous and subversive. Spinoza's work was safer than
Koerbagh's because it was written in Latin, a language not widely understood by the general public, and Spinoza explicitly forbade its translation. The secular authorities varied enforcing the
803:
published a book that criticized organized religion, denied the divine authorship of the Bible, and asserted that miracles were impossible—ideas similar to those of
Spinoza. His work attracted the attention of the authorities, leading to his imprisonment and eventual death in prison. Anticipating the
513:
but died shortly after childbirth. According to Jewish practice, Samuel had to marry his former sister-in-law
Rebecca. Following his brother's death, Spinoza's place as head of the family and its business meant scholarly ambitions were pushed aside. Spinoza's mother, Hannah Deborah, died when Spinoza
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tradition of India, writing that
Spinoza's thought was "... so exact a representation of the ideas of the Vedanta, that we might have suspected its founder to have borrowed the fundamental principles of his system from the Hindus, did his biography not satisfy us that he was wholly unacquainted with
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says that Spinoza's views are “hugely disappointing to the modern reader” and that most that can be said in his defense is that “in his age rampant tyrannizing over women was indeed universal.” He goes on to say, "one may legitimately wonder why did Spinoza, if he was to be consistent, not apply his
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After the death of Rachel, Michael married Hannah Deborah, with whom he had five children. His second wife brought a dowry to the marriage that was absorbed into Michael's business capital instead of being set aside for her children, which may have caused a grudge between Spinoza and his father. The
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baggage) and that "perfection" refers not to (moral) value, but to completeness. Given that individuals are identified as mere modifications of the infinite Substance, it follows that no individual can ever be fully complete, i.e., perfect, or blessed. Absolute perfection, is, in Spinoza's thought,
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four days after his death, with six others in the same vault. At the time, there was no memorial plaque for Spinoza. In the 18th century, the vault was emptied, and the remnants scattered over the earth of the churchyard. The memorial plaque is outside the church, where some of his remains are part
660:
in Spanish defending his views, but it is now lost. Spinoza's expulsion did not lead him to convert to Christianity or belong to a confessional religion or sect. From 1656-61, Spinoza found lodgings elsewhere in Amsterdam and Leiden, supporting himself with teaching while learning lens grinding and
2729:
whether he believed in God. Einstein responded by telegram: "I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with the fates and actions of human beings." Einstein wrote the preface to a biography of Spinoza, published in 1946.
1942:
in philosophy is similar to Spinoza's modes, though he uses that word differently. To him, an attribute is "that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance", and there are possibly an infinite number of them. It is the essential nature that is "attributed" to reality by
596:
In March 1656, Spinoza went to the city authorities for protection against debts in the Portuguese Jewish community. To free himself from the responsibility of paying debts owed by his late father, Spinoza appealed to the city to declare him an orphan; since he was a legal minor, not understanding
548:
explains that, although da Costa died when Spinoza was eight, his ideas shaped Spinoza's intellectual development. Amsterdam's Jewish communities long remembered and discussed da Costa's skepticism about organized religion, denial of the soul's immortality, and the idea that Moses didn't write the
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in his doctoral thesis (1968) to name him "the prince of philosophers". Deleuze's interpretation of Spinoza's philosophy was highly influential among French philosophers, especially in restoring to prominence the political dimension of Spinoza's thought. Deleuze published two books on Spinoza and
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Spinoza's ideas have had a major impact on intellectual debates from the seventeenth century to the current era. How Spinoza is viewed has gone from the atheistic author of treatises that undermine Judaism and organized religion, to a cultural hero, the first secular Jew. One writer contends that
1982:
After stating his proof for God's existence, Spinoza addresses who "God" is. Spinoza believed that God is "the sum of the natural and physical laws of the universe and certainly not an individual entity or creator". Spinoza attempts to prove that God is just the substance of the universe by first
921:
theologian, who sought Spinoza's view on the nature of evil and sin. Whereas Blijenbergh deferred to the authority of scripture for theology and philosophy, Spinoza told him not solely to look at scripture for truth or anthropomorphize God. Also, Spinoza told him their views were incommensurable.
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and atheist, who likely introduced Spinoza to scholastic and modern philosophy, including Descartes, who had a dominant influence on Spinoza's philosophy. While boarding with Van den Enden, Spinoza studied in his school, where he learned the arts and sciences and likely taught others. Many of his
620:
Amsterdam was tolerant of religious diversity so long as it was practiced discreetly. The community was concerned with protecting its reputation and not associating with Spinoza lest his controversial views provide the basis for possible persecution or expulsion. Spinoza did not openly break with
2393:
suggests that settling the question of Spinoza's atheism or pantheism depends on an analysis of attitudes. If pantheism is associated with religiosity, then Spinoza is not a pantheist, since Spinoza believes that the proper stance to take towards God is not one of reverence or religious awe, but
592:
ships, severely affecting the firm's financial viability. The firm was saddled with debt by the war's end in 1654 due to its merchant voyages being intercepted by the English, leading to its decline. Spinoza's father died in 1654, making him the head of the family, responsible for organizing and
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view of God and explores the place of human freedom in a world devoid of theological, cosmological, and political moorings. Rejecting messianism and the emphasis on the afterlife, Spinoza emphasized appreciating and valuing life for oneself and others. By advocating for individual liberty in its
2178:
Although Spinoza's political and theological thought was radical on many ways, he held traditional views on the place of women. In the TP, he writes briefly on the last page of the TP that women were “naturally” subordinate to men, stating bluntly his women are “by nature” not by “institutional
1003:
brought on by grinding glass lenses. Although Spinoza had been becoming sicker for weeks, his death was sudden, and he died without leaving a will. Reports circulated that he repented his philosophical stances on his deathbed, but these tales petered out in the 18th century. Lutheran preacher
2206:
Spinoza was considered to be an atheist because he used the word "God" to signify a concept that was different from that of traditional Judeo–Christian monotheism. "Spinoza expressly denies personality and consciousness to God; he has neither intelligence, feeling, nor will; he does not act
2110:, in E5P24 and E5P25, where Spinoza makes two final key moves, unifying the metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical propositions he has developed over the course of the work. In E5P24, he links the understanding of particular things to the understanding of God, or Substance; in E5P25, the
634:
against the 23-year-old Spinoza. Spinoza's censure was the harshest ever pronounced in the community, carrying tremendous emotional and spiritual impact. The exact reason for expelling Spinoza is not stated, only referring to his "abominable heresies", "monstrous deeds", and the testimony of
2062:
claims that "Spinoza mainly saw emotions as caused by cognitions. he did not say this clearly enough and sometimes lost sight of it entirely." Spinoza provides several demonstrations which purport to show truths about how human emotions work. The picture presented is, according to Bennett,
2033:
materialist", specifically in reference to his opposition to Cartesian mind-body dualism. This view was held by Epicureans before him, as they believed that atoms with their probabilistic paths were the only substance that existed fundamentally. Spinoza, however, deviated significantly from
358:
from the Jewish community in 1656. Following his excommunication, he distanced himself from all religious affiliations and devoted himself to philosophical inquiry and lens grinding. Spinoza attracted a dedicated circle of followers who gathered to discuss his writings and joined him in the
2823:, inviting scholars from around the world to form an advisory committee at the meeting. However, the rabbi of the congregation ruled that it should hold, on the basis that he had no greater wisdom than his predecessors, and that Spinoza's views had not become less problematic over time.
514:
was six years old. Michael's third wife, Esther, raised Spinoza from age nine; she lacked formal Jewish knowledge due to growing up a New Christian and only spoke Portuguese at home. The marriage was childless. Spinoza's sister Rebecca, brother Gabriel, and nephew eventually migrated to
886:
merchant, who was a patron of Spinoza after his expulsion from the Jewish community. He acted as an intermediary for Spinoza's correspondence, sending and receiving letters of the philosopher to and from third parties. They maintained their relationship until Serrarius died in 1669.
1894:
It cannot be overemphasized how the rest of Spinoza's philosophy—his philosophy of mind, his epistemology, his psychology, his moral philosophy, his political philosophy, and his philosophy of religion—flows more or less directly from the metaphysical underpinnings in Part I of the
2361:, rather than pantheism to describe Spinoza's view of the relation between God and the world. The world is not God, but in a strong sense, "in" God. Not only do finite things have God as their cause; they cannot be conceived without God. However, American panentheist philosopher
2382:
2p11c) — all-knowing (2p3), and capable of loving both himself—and us, insofar as we are part of his perfection (5p35c). And if the mark of a personal being is that it is one towards which we can entertain personal attitudes, then we should note too that Spinoza recommends
2744:
argued that, from 1650 to 1750, Spinoza was "the chief challenger of the fundamentals of revealed religion, received ideas, tradition, morality, and what was everywhere regarded, in absolutist and non-absolutist states alike, as divinely constituted political authority."
506:. Miriam was their first child, followed by Isaac who was expected to take over as head of the family and the commercial enterprise but died in 1649. Baruch Espinosa, the third child, was born on 24 November 1632 and named as per tradition for his maternal grandfather.
661:
constructing microscopes and telescopes. Spinoza did not maintain a sense of Jewish identity; he argued that without adherence to Jewish law, the Jewish people lacked a sustaining source of difference and identity, rendering the notion of a secular Jew incoherent.
725:. Though a few prominent people in Amsterdam discussed the teachings of the secretive but marginal group, it was mainly a testing ground for Spinoza's philosophy to extend his challenge to the status quo. Their public reputation in Amsterdam was negative, with
2799:
to be reversed. A conference was organized at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York entitled "From Heretic to Hero: A Symposium on the Impact of Baruch Spinoza on the 350th Anniversary of His Excommunication, 1656-2006". Presenters included
1994:
Spinoza argues that "things could not have been produced by God in any other way or in any other order than is the case". Therefore, concepts such as 'freedom' and 'chance' have little meaning. This picture of Spinoza's determinism is illuminated in
2740:, to an examination of his ideas. Strauss identified Spinoza as part of the tradition of Enlightenment rationalism that eventually produced Modernity. Moreover, he identifies Spinoza and his works as the beginning of Jewish Modernity. More recently
795:, which addresses theological and political issues such as the interpretation of scripture, the origins of the state, and the bounds of political and religious authority while arguing for a secular, democratic state. Before the publication of the
878:—a collection of his works published posthumously—Lodewijk Meyer, Georg Hermann Schuller, and Johannes Bouwmeester, excluded personal matters and letters due to the political and ecclesiastical persecution of the time. Spinoza corresponded with
2304:. More specifically, in a letter to Henry Oldenburg he states, "as to the view of certain people that I identify God with Nature (taken as a kind of mass or corporeal matter), they are quite mistaken". For Spinoza, the universe (cosmos) is a
481:
commercial family, and his maternal grandfather was a foremost merchant who drifted between Judaism and Christianity. Spinoza was raised by his grandmother from ages six to nine and probably learned much about his family history from her.
2088:
interprets this as Spinoza wanting "'blessedness' to stand for the most elevated and desirable state one could possibly be in." Understanding what is meant by "most elevated and desirable state" requires understanding Spinoza's notion of
942:
and tried to persuade Spinoza to embrace Catholicism. In response, Spinoza, at the request of Burgh's family, who hoped to restore his reason, wrote an angry letter mocking the Catholic Church and condemning all religious superstition.
656:, then there can be no wonder that he was severely punished. Unlike most censures issued by the Amsterdam congregation, it was never rescinded since the censure did not lead to repentance. After the censure, Spinoza may have written an
2412:(1697) pointed out a link between Spinoza's alleged atheism with "the theology of a Chinese sect", supposedly called "Foe Kiao", of which had learned thanks to the testimonies of the Jesuit missions in Eastern Asia. A century later,
2083:
Spinoza's notion of blessedness figures centrally in his ethical philosophy. Spinoza writes that blessedness (or salvation or freedom), "consists, namely, in a constant and eternal love of God, or in God's love for men. Philosopher
930:. In 1676, Leibniz traveled to The Hague to meet Spinoza, remaining with him for three days to converse about current events and philosophy. Leibniz's work bears some striking resemblances to parts of Spinoza's philosophy, like in
2476:, argues that "No leading figure of the post-1750 later Enlightenment, for example, or the nineteenth century, was engaged with the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Bayle, Locke, or Leibniz, to the degree leading figures such as
5278:, Pt. I, Prop. XXXVI, Appendix: "en think themselves free inasmuch as they are conscious of their volitions and desires, and never even dream, in their ignorance, of the causes which have disposed of them so to wish and desire."
1788:
Despite being published in Latin rather than a vernacular language, this 1670 treatise published in Spinoza's lifetime caused a huge reaction described as "one of the most significant events in European intellectual history."
485:
Spinoza's father Michael was a prominent and wealthy merchant in Amsterdam with a business that had wide geographical reach. In 1649, he was elected to serve as an administrative officer of the recently united congregation
837:
to have easier access to the city's intellectual life and to be closer to his friends and followers. As he became more famous, Spinoza spent time receiving visitors and responding to letters. He returned to the manuscript
2207:
according to purpose, but everything follows necessarily from his nature, according to law...." Thus, Spinoza's cool, indifferent God differs from the concept of an anthropomorphic, fatherly God who cares about humanity.
2819:, declined to do so, citing Spinoza's "preposterous ideas, where he was tearing apart the very fundamentals of our religion", the Amsterdam Jewish community organised a symposium in December 2015 to discuss lifting the
958:, was unfavorable, Spinoza told supporters not to translate his works and abstained from publishing further. Following his death, his supporters published his works posthumously in Latin and Dutch. His posthumous works–
6146:"Einstein believes in "Spinoza's God"; Scientist Defines His Faith in Reply, to Cablegram From Rabbi Here. Sees a Divine Order But Says Its Ruler Is Not Concerned "Wit [sic] Fates and Actions of Human Beings.""
3279:. His boyhood and early adult business name was "Bento", and his synagogue name was "Baruch", the Hebrew translation of "Bento", which means "blessed". As a correspondent, he primarily signed his name as "Benedictus".
2519:
were influenced by Spinoza. The changing conception of Spinoza as "the First Modern Jew" has been explicitly explored by various authors. His expulsion has been revisited in the 21st century, with Jewish writers such
994:
Spinoza's health began to fail in 1676, and he died in The Hague on 21 February 1677 at age 44, attended by a physician friend, Georg Herman Schuller. Spinoza had been ill with some form of lung affliction, probably
938:. In 1675, Albert Burgh, a friend and possibly former pupil of Spinoza, wrote to him repudiating his teachings and announcing his conversion to the Catholic Church. Burgh attacked Spinoza's views as expressed in the
1962:
as "a substance consisting of infinite attributes, each of which expresses eternal and infinite essence", and since "no cause or reason" can prevent such a being from existing, it must exist. This is a form of the
729:
disparaging them as "atheists". Throughout his life, Spinoza's general approach was to avoid intellectual battles, clashes, and public controversies, viewing them as a waste of energy that served no real purpose.
353:
and studying sacred texts within the Portuguese Jewish community, where his father was a prominent merchant. As a young man, Spinoza challenged rabbinic authority and questioned Jewish doctrines, leading to his
694:, a collaborator of Spinoza's friend and publisher Rieuwertsz, who could not have mentored Spinoza but was in a unique position to introduce Spinoza to Cartesian philosophy, mathematics, and lens grinding.
678:
friends were either secularized freethinkers or belonged to dissident Christian groups that rejected the authority of established churches and traditional dogmas. Spinoza was acquainted with members of the
1929:
as "that which is in itself and is conceived through itself", meaning that it can be understood without any reference to anything external. Being conceptually independent also means that the same thing is
2034:
Epicureans by adhering to strict determinism, much like the Stoics before him, in contrast to the Epicurean belief in the probabilistic path of atoms, which is more in line with contemporary thought on
701:
around 1658, where he audited classes in Cartesian philosophy. From 1656-61, Spinoza's main discussion partners who formed his circle and played a formative part in Spinoza's life were Van den Enden,
2161:
In quo demonstratur, quomodo Societas, ubi Imperium Monarchicum locum habet, sicut et ea, ubi Optimi imperant, debet institui, ne in Tyrannidem labatur, et ut Pax, Libertasque civium inviolata maneat
8200:
1825:
contains many unresolved obscurities and is written with a forbidding mathematical structure modeled on Euclid's geometry and has been described as a "superbly cryptic masterwork". The writings of
3131:
Shirley, Samuel (2002). Morgan, Michael L. (ed.). Spinoza Complete Works, with the Translations by Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-620-5. OCLC 49775415.
2237:
The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late 18th-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them:
422:. His friends posthumously published his works, captivating philosophers for the next two centuries. Celebrated as one of the most original and influential thinkers of the seventeenth century,
8224:
6538:
See G. Licata, "Spinoza e la cognitio universalis dell'ebraico. Demistificazione e speculazione grammaticale nel Compendio di grammatica ebraica", Giornale di Metafisica, 3 (2009), pp. 625–61.
2862:
The Spinoza Foundation Monument has a statute of Spinoza located in front of the Amsterdam City Hall (at Zwanenburgwal) It was created by Dutch sculptor Nicolas Dings and was erected in 2008.
1909:
Spinoza sets forth a vision of Being, illuminated by his awareness of God. They may seem strange at first sight. To the question "What is?" he replies: "Substance, its attributes, and modes".
2488:(1770-1831) asserts that "The fact is that Spinoza is made a testing-point in modern philosophy, so that it may really be said: You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."
1821:
school of thought, which includes the assumption that ideas correspond to reality perfectly, in the same way that mathematics is supposed to be an exact representation of the world. The
2912:(lit. "The loves of Baruj Spinoza", 1932), recreating a supposed affair or romantic interest with Clara Maria van den Enden, daughter of his Latin teacher and philosophical preceptor,
2566:
celebrating the tricentennial of Spinoza's birth. In Santayana's autobiography, he characterized Spinoza as his "master and model" in understanding the naturalistic basis of morality.
6248:
2904:, 1976), and several direct references to Spinoza's philosophy can be found in this writer's work. Also in Argentina and previously to Borges, the Ukrainian-born Jewish intellectual
2642:, saw in Spinoza a philosophy which could lead Marxism out of what they considered to be flaws in its original formulation, particularly its reliance upon Hegel's conception of the
1839:. Following Descartes, Spinoza aimed to understand truth through logical deductions from 'clear and distinct ideas', a process which always begins from the 'self-evident truths' of
978:
2987:
2491:
His expulsion from the Portuguese synagogue in 1656 has stirred debate over the years on whether he is the "first modern Jew". Spinoza influenced discussions of the so-called
2010:
According to Eric Schliesser, Spinoza was skeptical regarding the possibility of knowledge of nature and as a consequence at odds with scientists such as Galileo and Huygens.
10598:
9383:
2622:. Many of these philosophers "used Spinoza to erect a bulwark against the nominally irrationalist tendencies of phenomenology", which was associated with the dominance of
686:
and other dissenting Reformed sects that shunned official theology and must have played some role in Spinoza's developing views on religion and directed him to Van Enden.
767:
in 1862. While lodging with Herman Homan in Rijnsburg, Spinoza produced lenses and instruments to support himself and out of scientific interest. He began working on his
8095:
5511:
Ronald W. Clark, New York: World Publishing Co., 1971, p. 413; also cited as a telegram to a Jewish newspaper, 1929, Einstein Archive 33–272, from Alice Calaprice, ed.,
804:
reaction to his ideas, Spinoza published his treatise in 1670 under a false publisher and a fictitious place of publication. The work did not remain anonymous for long.
2885:
2472:, but rather Spinoza says that "blessedness is nothing else but the contentment of spirit, which arises from the intuitive knowledge of God." One of his biographers,
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2300:
It is a widespread belief that Spinoza equated God with the material universe. He has therefore been called the "prophet" and "prince" and most eminent expounder of
2848:
Spinoza Lyceum, a high school in Amsterdam South was named after Spinoza. There is also a 3 metre tall marble statue of him on the grounds of the school carved by
2183:
is clearly disappointed by Spinoza's only statement on women. “It is unfortunate that the very last words we have by him, at the end of the extant chapters of the
848:, which concerns how states can function well and intended to show that democratic states are best. Spinoza refused an offer to be the chair of philosophy at the
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5871:
2725:). Spinoza equated God (infinite substance) with Nature, consistent with Einstein's belief in an impersonal deity. In 1929, Einstein was asked in a telegram by
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During his childhood, Spinoza was likely unaware of his family connection with Uriel da Costa; still, as a teenager, he certainly heard discussions about him.
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Spinoza's life and work have been the subject of interest for several writers. For example, this influence was considerably early in German literature, where
2795:
There has been a renewed debate in modern times about Spinoza's excommunication among Israeli politicians, rabbis and Jewish press, with many calling for the
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what draws readers to Spinoza today and "makes him perhaps the most beloved philosopher since Socrates, is his confident equanimity". He is not a despairing
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canal. The Jewish quarter was not formally divided. The family lived close to the Bet Ya'acov synagogue, and nearby were Christians, including the artist
755:, allowing for a quiet retreat in the country and access to the university town, Leiden, where he still had many friends. Around this time, he wrote his
13461:
3109:. (Amsterdam: Jan Rieuwertsz, 1677; both publisher and place were purposely omitted). Simultaneously, Rieuwertsz also published a Dutch translation by
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Many authors have discussed similarities between Spinoza's philosophy and Eastern philosophical traditions. Few decades after the philosopher's death,
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581:
and Morteira. Spinoza possibly went to work around fourteen and almost certainly was needed in his father's business after his brother died in 1649.
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5676:
Genevieve Lloyd, Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Spinoza and The Ethics (Routledge Philosophy Guidebooks), Routledge; 1 edition (2 October 1996),
2427:
purported to establish that the main source of Spinoza's ontology is Kabbalah. The most recent research in the field seems to vindicate that claim.
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Few of Spinoza's letters are extant, and none before 1661. Nearly all the contents are philosophical and technical because the original editors of
702:
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Matheron, Alexandre, “Femmes et serviteurs dans lad démocratie spinoziste.” Revue philosophique de la la France et de l’étranger 2 (1977) 181-200
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instead one of objective study and reason, since taking the religious stance would leave one open to the possibility of error and superstition.
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Through his pursuits in lens grinding, mathematics, optics, and philosophy, Spinoza forged connections with prominent figures such as scientist
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2420:(a "monstrous system" in his words), grouping both under the name of pantheists, criticizing what he described as mystical tendencies in them.
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569:. Instructed in Spanish, the language of learning and literature, students in the elementary school learned to read the prayerbook and the
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Spinoza attended the Talmud Torah school adjoining the Bet Ya'acov synagogue, a few doors down from his home, headed by the senior Rabbi
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_____. 2002. “Philosophy, Commerce and the Synagogue: Spinoza's Expulsion from the Amsterdam Portuguese Jewish Community in 1656.” In
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states that if Spinoza was voicing his criticism of Judaism that later appeared through his philosophical works, such as Part I of
2770:. Spinoza was included in a 50 theme canon that attempts to summarise the history of the Netherlands. In 2014 a copy of Spinoza's
577:'s commentary. Spinoza's name does not appear on the registry after age fourteen, and he likely never studied with rabbis such as
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2678:, which has been described as "a monument of Spinoza commentary". His philosophical accomplishments and moral character prompted
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have been described as "Spinoza's starting point". Spinoza's first publication was his 1663 geometric exposition of proofs using
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Disguised and Overt Spinozism Around 1700: Papers Presented at the International Colloquium held at Rotterdam, 5-8 October 1994
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Miquel Beltran, The Influence of Abraham Cohen de Herrera's Kabbalah on Spinoza's Metaphysics, Brill, 2016, ISBN 9789004315679
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869:
2222:. Jacobi claimed that Spinoza's doctrine was pure materialism, because all Nature and God are said to be nothing but extended
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was thought to have confessed on his deathbed to being a "Spinozist", which was the equivalent in his time of being called an
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outwardly described Spinoza's work negatively but privately wrote letters to him and desired to examine the manuscript of the
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5558:, Consisting of Addresses on Occasion of the Anniversary of the Seminary, 8 May 1879, Together with Commemorative Resolutions
5254:, trans. by Samuel Shirley and ed. by Michael L. Morgan (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2002), see Part I, Proposition 33.
2931:(2012; a parallel story between the philosopher's formative years, and the fascination that his work had on the Nazi leader
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until the euro was introduced in 2002. The highest and most prestigious scientific award of the Netherlands is named the
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3100:, translated by Samuel Shirley, with an Introduction and Notes by S. Barbone, L. Rice and J. Adler, Indianapolis, 1995).
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759:, which he never published in his lifetime, thinking it would enrage the theologians, synods, and city magistrates. The
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By 1879, Spinoza's pantheism was praised by many, but was considered by some to be alarming and dangerously inimical.
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That is not the only work of fiction where the philosopher appears as the main character. In 1837 the German writer
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to be rescinded, but it can only be done by the congregation that issued it, and the chief rabbi of that community,
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302:, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the
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5598:"Spinoza, "God-Intoxicated Man"; Three Books Which Mark the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Philosopher's Birth"
3033:; translated by Samuel Shirley, with an Introduction and Notes by Steven Barbone and Lee Rice, Indianapolis, 1998).
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Spinoza published little in his lifetime, and most formal writings were in Latin, reaching few readers. Apart from
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and pantheism. The issue became a major intellectual and religious concern for European civilization at the time.
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moral, psychological, and metaphysical dimensions, Spinoza helped establish the genre of political writing called
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_____ "Preface to the English Translation" reprinted as "Preface to Spinoza's Critique of Religion", in Strauss,
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2703:(1968) as a "revolutionary work for its discovery of expression as a central concept in Spinoza's philosophy."
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2019:
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364:
184:
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6459:, vol. 2. Transl. by John Oxenford. The Anthological Society. London-Chicago, 1901, Chapters 14-16, p.178-248
2226:. This, for Jacobi, was the result of Enlightenment rationalism and it would finally end in absolute atheism.
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Johannes Colerus wrote the first biography of Spinoza for the original reason of researching his final days.
962:–were edited by his friends in secrecy to prevent the confiscation and destruction of manuscripts. He wore a
913:. Huygens and others notably praised the quality of Spinoza's lenses. Spinoza engaged in correspondence with
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8216:– Amsterdam 1677. Complete photographic reproduction, ed. by F. Mignini (Quodlibet publishing house website)
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practice” subordinate to men. Both his major biographers in English remark on his view of women. Biographer
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New Jerusalem; The Interrogation of Baruch de Spinoza at Talmud Torah Congregation: Amsterdam, 27 July 1656
2159:, this work was published posthumously by his circle of supporters in Latin and in Dutch. The subtitle is "
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6275:"The Jewish philosopher Spinoza was one of the great Enlightenment thinkers. So why was he 'cancelled'?"
5992:, eds. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz (New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936) 280–97.
2562:. In 1932, Santayana was invited to present an essay (published as "Ultimate Religion") at a meeting at
2434:
was one of the early figures to notice the similarities between Spinoza's religious conceptions and the
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Engraving of Spinoza, captioned in Latin, "A Jew and an atheist"; he vehemently denied being an atheist.
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6487:. Borges Studies Online. J. L. Borges Center for Studies & Documentation. Internet: 14/04/01
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Spinoza's younger brother Gabriel was born in 1634, followed by another sister Rebecca. Miriam married
465:, enduring torture and public displays of humiliation. In 1597, his paternal grandfather's family left
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4965:"Spinoza stymies 'God's attorney' / Stewart argues the secular world was at stake in Leibniz face off"
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makes a glowing mention of the philosopher in his memoirs, highlighting the positive influence of the
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Memorial of the Rev. Henry Smith, D.D., LL D., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology in
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as "one of the most important books of Western thought", Spinoza questioned the divine origin of the
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Last four were originally collected and published by Spinoza's friends briefly later his death, in:
2650:, in exile in France for much of this period, also wrote a number of books on Spinoza, most notably
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dedicated to him the first novel in his series on Jewish history, translated into English in 1882 (
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and corresponded with scientists and philosophers throughout Europe. In 1665, he began writing the
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This unfinished treatise in Latin expounds Spinoza's ideas about forms of government. As with the
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Newlands, Samuel (2017). "Spinoza on Universals". In Di Bella, Stefano; Schmaltz, Tad M. (eds.).
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135:
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7765:, trans., University of Minnesota Press. Preface, in French, by Gilles Deleuze, available here:
5769:. Transl. and edited by Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni. Cambridge University Press, p.228
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Cannon, J. A. (2009, May 17). World in time of upheaval: Sources of enlightenment. Deseret News.
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2674:, the last of whom published a widely read and influential five-volume commentary on Spinoza's
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One thing which seems, on the surface, to distinguish Spinoza's view of the emotions from both
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Printing Spinoza: A Descriptive Bibliography of the Works Published in the Seventeenth Century
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5836:"Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": "Spinoza, the First Secular Jew?" by Yirmiyahu Yovel"
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while arguing that ecclesiastic authority should have no role in a secular, democratic state.
282:(24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name
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Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God", Humanity Books, 1953 ch. 4
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also noted the striking similarities between Vedanta and the system of Spinoza, equating the
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consists of one substance, God, or, what is the same, Nature, and its modifications (modes).
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Totaro, Pina (2015). "The Young Spinoza and the Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethics". In
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Fraser, Alexander Campbell "Philosophy of Theism", William Blackwood and Sons, 1895, p. 163.
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called him the "God-intoxicated man". Spinoza inspired the poet Shelley to write his essay "
2187:, are a short digression … on the unsuitability of women to hold political power.” Likewise
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The Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza, translated by George Eliot, transcribed by Thomas Deegan
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The vital roots of European enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's influence on modern Western thought
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Yovel, Yirmiyahu. "Spinoza, the First Secular Jew?" Tikkun, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 40-42, 94-96.
5825:
Three Lectures on the Vedanta Philosophy. F. Max Muller. Kessinger Publishing, 2003. p. 123
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2687:. His own work was deeply influenced by Spinoza's philosophy, particularly the concepts of
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Adler, Jacob (2014). "Mortality of the soul from Alexander of Aphrodisias to Spinoza". In
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speculates that Spinoza Latinized his name at Leiden because all instruction was in Latin.
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independent, depending on nothing else for its existence and being the 'cause of itself' (
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family lived on the artificial island on the south side of the River Amstel, known as the
8:
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Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1952. Reprint. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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into Hebrew and saw Spinoza as a new Maimonides, penning "a new guide to the perplexed";
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763:, a long-forgotten text that only survived in Dutch translation, was first published by
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The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World
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3153:, discovered in the Vatican archive and published in a bilingual Latin-English edition.
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Reformed Church in Amsterdam's orders to ban the distribution of the blasphemous book.
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7685:. Trans. "Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza" Martin Joughin (New York: Zone Books).
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Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstucker, W. H. Allen, 1879. p. 32.
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in his personal life. The same thing happened in the case of his compatriot, the poet
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Sometime between 1654 and 1657, Spinoza started studying Latin with political radical
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Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata et in quinque partes distincta, in quibus agetur
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Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752
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A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza's Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age
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2484:, and Nietzsche, remained preoccupied throughout their creative lives with Spinoza."
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Leprozengracht with a view on the houses at Houtgracht by Reinier Nooms, 1657 - 1662
6474:. Edited by Paul L. Rose. James Cook University of North Queensland, 1982, p. 56-57
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8833:
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7618:
7529:
7208:
7040:
6963:
6954:
Garber, Daniel (2015). "Spinoza's Cartesian Dualism in the Korte Verhandeling". In
6889:
6780:
6572:
6110:
5370:
3207:
2962:
2932:
2816:
2663:
2627:
2547:
2496:
2223:
1926:
1662:
1610:
1305:
1247:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1159:
800:
714:
398:
Spinoza's philosophy spans nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including
392:
327:
12832:
11104:
9367:
7805:. Edited by Jonathan Israel and Reinier Salverda, pp. 125–140. Leiden: Brill.
7108:
6722:
6339:
5420:
3044:
2416:
also established a parallel between the philosophy of Spinoza and the thinking of
986:. When he was buried, no tombstone or plaque was prepared. His vault was close to
934:. Leibniz was concerned when his name was not redacted in a letter printed in the
717:. Spinoza's following, or philosophical sect, scrutinized the propositions of the
616:(1907), the second of his two modern paintings imagining scenes of Spinoza's life.
13285:
12958:
12877:
12837:
12807:
12792:
12757:
12752:
12722:
12697:
12682:
12657:
12642:
12577:
12554:
12539:
12524:
12509:
12380:
12335:
12320:
12310:
12132:
12127:
11984:
11979:
11959:
11947:
11006:
10866:
10826:
10478:
10409:
10394:
10314:
10294:
10269:
10079:
9889:
9824:
9457:
9342:
9218:
9180:
8999:
8843:
8838:
8640:
8546:
8122:
8111:
8007:
7907:
7851:
7834:
7551:"The Excommunication of Spinoza: Trouble and Toleration in the "Dutch Jerusalem""
7473:
7443:
7411:
7295:
7160:
7071:
7032:
6955:
6873:
6847:
6825:
6701:
6576:
6470:
6441:
6419:
6396:
6373:
5727:
5699:
5338:
3567:
3428:
3379:
3354:
3272:
3105:
2948:
2927:). Some other novels of biographical nature have appeared more recently, such as
2741:
2714:
2671:
2635:
2492:
2345:
2335:
1620:
1469:
1361:
1277:
1267:
910:
879:
805:
687:
630:
355:
350:
194:
9506:
8151:
Wolfson, Henry A. "The Philosophy of Spinoza". 2 vols. Harvard University Press.
6018:
Spinoza contra phenomenology : French rationalism from Cavaillès to Deleuze
5695:
3048:), TTP, published anonymously in his lifetime with a false place of publication.
2774:
was presented to the Chair of the Dutch Parliament, and shares a shelf with the
646:
Before the expulsion, Spinoza had not published anything or written a treatise;
13275:
13183:
13173:
12902:
12777:
12762:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12672:
12647:
12602:
12582:
12444:
12415:
12390:
12345:
12325:
12242:
12122:
12112:
11969:
11800:
11613:
11266:
11116:
10921:
10886:
10856:
10841:
10811:
10608:
10389:
10379:
10219:
10164:
9935:
9794:
9629:
9579:
9437:
9314:
9299:
9195:
9121:
9030:
9025:
8848:
8823:
8803:
8788:
8773:
8758:
7678:
7265:
7231:
7005:
6877:
6590:
5334:
4866:
3261:
3021:
2936:
2880:
2808:, Steven B. Smith, and Daniel B. Schwartz. There have been calls for Spinoza's
2679:
2631:
2536:
2500:
2316:. God has infinitely many other attributes which are not present in the world.
2004:
1687:
1555:
1525:
1505:
1495:
1459:
1439:
1257:
903:
883:
706:
538:
510:
474:
458:
346:
262:
189:
70:
8211:
8167:
8090:
and Spinoza: A Study of the Spiritual Conflicts in Seventeenth-Century Holland
7518:
Lin, Martin (September 2007). "Spinoza's Arguments for the Existence of God".
7499:
7435:
7399:
6651:
5723:
2667:
13360:
13208:
13038:
12948:
12897:
12867:
12857:
12787:
12782:
12772:
12632:
12622:
12612:
12587:
12454:
12432:
12350:
12257:
12230:
12215:
12157:
11840:
11346:
11271:
11224:
11141:
11131:
11036:
10991:
10986:
10961:
10936:
10926:
10906:
10831:
10678:
10404:
10354:
10319:
10299:
10279:
9844:
9657:
9614:
9584:
9564:
9228:
9154:
9081:
8984:
8914:
8828:
8783:
8768:
8665:
8614:
8411:
8191:
8036:
7989:
7971:
7762:
7599:
7566:
7541:
7291:
7137:
7129:
7103:
7062:
6985:
6728:
6560:
6484:
6036:
5719:
5426:
3509:
3288:
2836:
2801:
2764:
2753:
2647:
2516:
2504:
2413:
2390:
2272:
2180:
2000:
1783:
1677:
1560:
1535:
987:
809:
743:
647:
545:
369:
311:
179:
8466:
7465:
7257:
7095:
7023:
6052:"Spinoza Contra Phenomenology: French Rationalism from Cavaillès to Deleuze"
5641:
Correspondence of Benedict de Spinoza, Wilder Publications (26 March 2009),
2440:
890:
690:
conjectures that another possible influential figure was atheist translator
362:
Spinoza published little to avoid persecution and bans on his books. In his
13188:
12872:
12862:
12852:
12717:
12712:
12652:
12627:
12597:
12592:
12499:
12494:
12340:
12220:
11954:
11890:
11760:
11750:
11745:
11664:
11654:
11598:
11488:
11301:
11291:
11286:
11249:
11199:
10996:
10976:
10966:
10896:
10816:
10658:
10424:
10359:
10249:
10159:
10009:
9879:
9789:
9769:
9667:
9662:
9609:
9599:
9574:
9554:
9274:
9243:
9190:
9185:
8969:
8879:
8818:
8798:
8685:
8609:
8195:
8068:
New York: Schocken Books, 1965. Reprint. University of Chicago Press, 1996.
6907:
4998:
2760:
2481:
2403:
2320:
2259:
2118:). From here, it is a short step to the connection of Blessedness with the
2030:
1951:
1914:
1615:
1464:
1197:
1149:
996:
403:
373:
237:
227:
174:
6771:
Koistinen, Olli (2018). "Spinoza on Mind". In Della Rocca, Michael (ed.).
6016:
5807:
3149:, Leiden: Brill. This is the only known surviving manuscript of Spinoza's
1855:
consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications (modes). Early in
12887:
12882:
12817:
12812:
12662:
12534:
12489:
12479:
12272:
12267:
12205:
12142:
11925:
11900:
11825:
11785:
11755:
11730:
11710:
11689:
11669:
11649:
11639:
11608:
11473:
11367:
11341:
11151:
11064:
11041:
11016:
11001:
10901:
10876:
10851:
10846:
10414:
10334:
10264:
10214:
9992:
9920:
9899:
9854:
9819:
9774:
9745:
9619:
9404:
9200:
8974:
8813:
8692:
8675:
8670:
8368:
5786:, Puyméras: éditions localement transcendantes, 2024, ISBN 9782383660378
5301:""Spinoza and the Philosophy of Science: Mathematics, Motion, and Being""
3087:, unfinished; translated with introduction by M. J. Bloom, London, 1963).
2749:
2733:
2577:) of the English translation of his first definitive philosophical work,
2574:
2358:
2230:
disagreed with Jacobi, saying that there is no actual difference between
2175:, and so that the peace and liberty of the citizens remain unviolated").
2168:
1852:
1818:
1565:
1530:
1343:
1328:
1262:
1222:
1080:
963:
679:
495:
399:
387:
299:
242:
204:
10971:
8634:
7885:, 1936. "Plenitude and Sufficient Reason in Leibniz and Spinoza" in his
7574:
7550:
6854:
Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750
5300:
2683:
gave numerous lectures on Spinoza in his capacity as a professor at the
13270:
13078:
12978:
12827:
12747:
12519:
12410:
12252:
12195:
12172:
12137:
12086:
12076:
12044:
11989:
11815:
11795:
11720:
11684:
11588:
11573:
11498:
11423:
11204:
11126:
11026:
10946:
10916:
10871:
10548:
10274:
10239:
10189:
10074:
9972:
9859:
9784:
9624:
9604:
9589:
9559:
8808:
8719:
8576:
8551:
8541:
8479:
8373:
7809:
6881:
6659:
5877:
5528:
History of Materialism and Criticism of its Present Importance, Vol. II
3076:, finished 1674, but published posthumously, title added posthumously).
2849:
2718:
2717:
named Spinoza as the philosopher who exerted the most influence on his
2051:
1922:
1872:
1590:
1376:
1366:
1272:
1242:
1217:
1139:
1065:
931:
499:
466:
434:
323:
319:
7617:(American ed.). New York: Leonard Scott & Co.: 245–263 1862.
6115:
2947:. Spinoza also appears in the first novel of the Argentinian activist
2495:, the examination of the idea of Judaism and the modern, secular Jew.
526:
12968:
12907:
12464:
12107:
12034:
12019:
11940:
11860:
11855:
11780:
11735:
11715:
11694:
11679:
11659:
11644:
11508:
11468:
11276:
11209:
11173:
10836:
10801:
10749:
10708:
10673:
10653:
10199:
10084:
10014:
9967:
9930:
9869:
9799:
8650:
8571:
8363:
8357:
8339:
8087:
6932:
Reason in the World: Hegel's Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal
6753:
2688:
2643:
2563:
2508:
2301:
2100:
2055:
1976:
1381:
1144:
1075:
1070:
1000:
918:
834:
752:
726:
683:
624:
On 27 July, 1656, the Talmud Torah community leaders, which included
503:
334:
88:
66:
5870:
Hegel Society of America. Meeting (2003). Duquette, David A. (ed.).
2997:; translated by A. Wolf. London, Adam and Charles Black Eds., 1910).
2618:
Spinoza's philosophy played an important role in the development of
1007:
By the time of his death, he had never married and had no children.
13243:
12822:
12559:
12152:
12117:
12091:
12071:
12024:
11835:
11790:
11674:
11578:
11568:
11533:
11503:
10648:
10209:
10064:
9839:
9804:
9009:
8604:
8597:
8180:
8176:
8014:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
7994:
The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza's Metaphysics and Politics
6876:(1996). "The Banning of Spinoza's Works in the Dutch Republic". In
5623:
Picton, J. Allanson, "Pantheism: Its Story and Significance", 1905.
3138:(two volumes), Princeton: Princeton University Press.(Excludes the
2756:
2658:. Other notable French scholars of Spinoza in this period included
2469:
2341:(nature doing what nature does; literally, 'nature naturing'), not
2164:
1931:
1887:
1860:
1474:
1154:
784:
657:
307:
7484:. Vol. 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
7450:. Vol. 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
5863:
3106:
B. d. S. Opera Posthuma, Quorum series post Praefationem exhibetur
13280:
13193:
12081:
12049:
12039:
11810:
11770:
11603:
11528:
11513:
11493:
11219:
10498:
10204:
10134:
10104:
10069:
10004:
9962:
9947:
9814:
8345:
5869:
2957:
2533:
2444:
2435:
2290:
2219:
2172:
2091:
1972:
1884:
1371:
338:
8137:
Documenting Spinoza: A Biographical History of his Life and Time
6514:
6364:
2752:, where his portrait was featured prominently on the Dutch 1000-
2125:
573:
in Hebrew, translate the weekly section into Spanish, and study
561:
Spinoza's name crossed out on the list of pupils of Talmud Torah
12029:
11830:
11618:
11593:
11583:
11553:
11538:
11336:
10094:
10044:
9957:
9829:
8680:
8061:
ed. Kenneth Hart Green (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1997), 181–233.
7377:
Spinoza and Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1660–1710
7073:
Spinoza Complete Works, with the Translations by Samuel Shirley
2813:
2589:. Elsewhere, Wittgenstein deliberately borrowed the expression
2231:
2064:
1868:
1830:
1717:
674:
478:
470:
411:
232:
9714:
6411:
Unclogged in Amsterdam : An American Expat plumbs Holland
4810:
2943:(lit. "The Secret of Spinoza", 2023) by Portuguese journalist
588:, much of the Spinoza firm's ships and cargo were captured by
533:'s imagined scene of Uriel da Costa instructing Spinoza (1901)
518:, and the remaining family joined them after Spinoza's death.
12059:
11548:
11483:
10981:
10599:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
10194:
10144:
8566:
3222:
2779:
2775:
2417:
1876:
1840:
1101:
574:
570:
7846:
Spinoza on human freedom: Reason, autonomy and the good life
7703:
trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Columbia University Press).
5752:, vol. 13 (in French). Libraire Desoer, Paris, 1820, p. 416
4822:
2908:
wrote a novella about philosopher's early sentimental life,
2163:." ("In which it is demonstrated how a society, may it be a
852:, perhaps because of the possibility that it might curb his
12054:
11478:
11311:
11239:
10139:
10119:
10114:
10039:
9997:
9982:
8142:
Williams, David Lay. 2010. "Spinoza and the General Will",
7978:, 2020 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,
7976:
Think Least of Death: Spinoza on How to Live and How to Die
7584:"On the Development of Spinoza's Account of Human Religion"
4018:
4016:
3793:
3791:
3613:
3611:
3251:
3245:
3213:
973:
537:
Through his mother, Spinoza was related to the philosopher
8269:
5311:
5048:
5003:"Deciphering Spinoza, the Great Original – Book review of
4788:
4786:
3547:
2988:
Korte Verhandeling van God, de mensch en deszelvs welstand
39:
11623:
11518:
7000:
Betraying Spinoza: The Renegade Jew who Gave Us Modernity
6308:
The First Modern Jew: Spinoza and the History of an Image
5951:
The First Modern Jew: Spinoza and the History of an Image
5467:
5173:
5171:
5131:
5129:
5024:
5005:
Betraying Spinoza. The Renegade Jew Who Gave Us Modernity
4920:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4627:
4593:
4591:
3977:
3236:
2866:
2790:
1959:
1864:
377:
7803:
Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)
7353:
Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity
6222:
6103:"Spinozist Moments in Deleuze: Materialism as Immanence"
6005:(Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1986), pp. 233–36.
5906:
4540:
4480:
4468:
4386:
4384:
4357:
4321:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4057:
4013:
4001:
3929:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3820:
3818:
3788:
3754:
3752:
3679:
3677:
3628:
3626:
3608:
3535:
3063:), TP (unfinished at his death), published posthumously.
697:
After learning Latin with Van Enden, Spinoza studied at
10539:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
8075:(New York: Basic Books, 1968, 224–59; also in Strauss,
7645:
Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain
7480:
Spinoza and other heretics: The Adventures of Immanence
7144:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5851:
5443:
5400:
5388:
5036:
4884:
4846:
4783:
4675:
4663:
4081:
4047:
4045:
4043:
3953:
3941:
3689:
3458:
3456:
3392:
3192:
Spinoza has also been interpreted as a defender of the
2214:
published a condemnation of Spinoza's pantheism, after
1761:
751:
Between 1660 and 1661, Spinoza moved from Amsterdam to
642:
Text of Spinoza's expulsion on 6 Av 5416 (27 July 1656)
349:. He received a traditional Jewish education, learning
7959:
Bodies, Masses, Power: Spinoza and his Contemporaries.
7606:
7322:
Spinoza's Book of Life: Freedom and Redemption in the
6203:
5813:
5455:
5351:
5281:
5207:
5195:
5183:
5168:
5126:
5114:
5102:
4932:
4896:
4834:
4699:
4687:
4651:
4639:
4615:
4603:
4588:
4576:
3662:
3638:
2896:
famously wrote two sonnets in his honor ("Spinoza" in
2646:, as well as Spinoza's concept of immanent causality.
2285:. Coleridge and Shelley saw in Spinoza's philosophy a
2114:
of the mind is linked to the third kind of knowledge (
600:
552:
13322:
7184:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
7039:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 319–332.
6962:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–132.
5962:
George Santayana, "The Ethical Doctrine of Spinoza",
5257:
5060:
4798:
4564:
4552:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4381:
4369:
4345:
4333:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4129:
4105:
4069:
4028:
3989:
3893:
3881:
3869:
3842:
3830:
3815:
3776:
3764:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3701:
3674:
3623:
3468:
3330:
3248:
3242:
3230:
3225:
2054:
pictures of them is that he takes the emotions to be
1863:, self-caused, and eternal. He calls this substance "
1859:
Spinoza argues that only one substance is absolutely
970:, meaning "Caution", and the image of a thorny rose.
426:
dubbed him "the renegade Jew who gave us modernity."
326:
Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the
7856:
Part of Nature: Self-Knowledge in Spinoza's 'Ethics'
7201:
The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy
6471:
On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
5935:
Spinoza's Modernity: Mendelssohn, Lessing, and Heine
4944:
4908:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4117:
4093:
4040:
3965:
3917:
3905:
3803:
3713:
3650:
3596:
3523:
3453:
3404:
3318:
3233:
3219:
3210:
2886:
On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
2603:
does have some structural affinities with Spinoza's
1971:" ('God or Nature'), which some have interpreted as
8043:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
7928:, Chambers Biographical Dictionary, Chambers 1990,
7659:
Representation and the Mind-Body Problem in Spinoza
7230:Popkin, Richard H. (1999). "Baruch de Spinoza". In
6021:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
5156:
4141:
3584:
3480:
3239:
3216:
2573:evoked Spinoza with the title (suggested to him by
2331:(Latin for 'God or Nature'), Spinoza meant God was
1903:
1833:'s model with definitions and axioms of Descartes'
982:Spinoza's memorial plaque in the churchyard of the
549:Torah, influencing Spinoza's intellectual journey.
521:
442:
now stands at the site of Spinoza's childhood home.
7477:
7319:
7107:
7070:Shirley, Samuel (2002). Morgan, Michael L. (ed.).
6997:
6851:
6803:
6626:
6386:"Statute of Spinoza unveiled in Amsterdam centre"
5873:Hegel's History of Philosophy: New Interpretations
3441:
2883:, who is also lavish in praise for Spinoza on his
2397:
966:to mark his letters, engraved with the Latin word
7448:Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Marrano of Reason
7162:Spinoza's Heresy: Immortality and the Jewish Mind
6268:
6266:
5977:Spinoza's Ethics and "De intellectus emendatione"
2748:Spinoza is an important historical figure in the
2615:is its contemplation as a limited whole." (6.45)
2480:, Goethe, Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Heine,
2258:) provided a living, natural God, in contrast to
894:Letter from Spinoza to Leibniz, with his BdS seal
721:while it was in draft and Spinoza's second text,
13358:
7708:Collective imaginings: Spinoza, past and present
7037:The Young Spinoza: A Metaphysician in the Making
6960:The Young Spinoza: A Metaphysician in the Making
6310:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2012, xi
6084:Quoted in the translator's preface of Deleuze's
2550:published "The Ethical Doctrine of Spinoza", in
2459:A Dutch commemorative medal issued on the 250th
8001:Subversive Spinoza: (Un)Contemporary Variations
7954:(New York: Machmadim Art Editions, Inc., 1946).
7588:Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies
5778:Elijah Benamozegh, 'Spinoza et la Kabbale', in
5371:"Baruch Spinoza, "Human Beings are Determined""
2994:A Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being
2171:, can be best governed, so as not to fall into
787:for an unknown reason. He continued working on
8059:Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity,
7833:Kayser, Rudolf, 1946, with an introduction by
6409:"Who stands proud on a pedestal in Amsterdam"
6263:
5945:
5943:
5531:. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, & Co. p.
3302:Portugees-Israëlietische Gemeente te Amsterdam
2063:"unflattering, coloured as it is by universal
757:Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being
723:Short Treatise on God, Man, and His Well-Being
19:"Spinoza" redirects here. For other uses, see
11439:
10765:
9730:
8495:
8471:
8255:
8077:Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity
7900:). Reprinted in Frankfurt, H. G., ed., 1972.
6172:"Einstein's Third Paradise, by Gerald Holton"
5937:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 2004
5146:
5144:
5092:
5090:
5077:
5075:
2654:(1981) in his own reconfiguration of Italian
1742:
13567:Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
11945:
8624:
8595:
8581:
6322:"Why Baruch Spinoza is still excommunicated"
6109:, Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, pp. 73–90,
5953:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2012
2607:(though, admittedly, not with the Spinoza's
2507:, as well as subsequent thinkers, including
2378:, Spinoza's God is an "infinite intellect" (
2278:
747:Spinoza's lodging in Rijnsburg, now a museum
664:
11881:
8690:
7768:"01. Préface à L'Anomalie sauvage de Negri"
7726:The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza's Ethics
7706:Gatens, Moira, and Lloyd, Genevieve, 1999.
6801:
6745:
6727:. Penguin classics (1st ed.). London:
5940:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5054:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4816:
3305:(Portuguese-Israelite commune of Amsterdam)
3300:
3113:(who some years later translated the TTP):
2965:, a key influence in Spinoza's biography.
2343:
2333:
2325:
829:Spinoza's house in The Hague, where he died
11446:
11432:
10772:
10758:
9737:
9723:
8502:
8488:
8262:
8248:
7236:The Columbia History of Western Philosophy
5988:George Santayana, "Ultimate Religion", in
5712:
5141:
5087:
5072:
4864:
3147:The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza's Ethica
2892:In the following century, the Argentinian
2554:. Much later, he wrote an introduction to
1749:
1735:
733:
294:, Spinoza significantly influenced modern
38:
13462:Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
7770:. Multitudes.samizdat.net. Archived from
7622:
7213:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608040.001.0001
7045:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971657.003.0021
6992:
6968:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199971657.003.0008
6770:
6114:
5595:
5233:
5231:
3668:
3565:
3398:
11453:
8509:
7968:, PUF (Presses Universitaires de France)
7914:, Maspéro (2nd ed. La Découverte, 2004).
7902:Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays
7728:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7521:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
7198:
6703:The Collected Works of Spinoza, Volume 1
6680:
6272:
5672:
5670:
5657:
5655:
5589:
5323:
4982:
4962:
3336:
3125:
2859:community) was named in Spinoza's honor.
2830:
2705:
2454:
2138:
2074:
1945:
1768:
977:
974:Death and rescue of unpublished writings
889:
824:
742:
637:
604:
556:
525:
433:
13029:Reflections on the Revolution in France
7848:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7607:"The Religious Difficulties of India".
7581:
7548:
7406:
7290:
7069:
6928:
6906:
6621:
6249:"Van der Ham biedt Verbeet Spinoza aan"
5661:
5449:
5418:
5406:
5394:
5332:
5287:
5213:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5150:
5135:
5120:
5108:
5096:
5081:
5066:
5042:
5030:
4950:
4792:
4753:
4741:
4681:
4207:
4111:
3644:
3422:
3410:
3140:Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae
3081:Compendium grammatices linguae hebraeae
3008:On the Improvement of the Understanding
2826:
2029:Spinoza has also been described as an "
1362:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
13359:
10779:
8437:
8271:Baruch Spinoza (Benedictus de Spinoza)
7841:. New York: The Philosophical Library.
7683:Spinoza et le problème de l'expression
7472:
7442:
7373:
7264:
7229:
7179:
7158:
7136:
7102:
7030:
6953:
6872:
6846:
6824:
6785:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.004
6720:
6699:
6658:
6565:Spinoza and Medieval Jewish Philosophy
6498:"Spinoza y la cultura judía argentina"
6319:
6209:
6200:. New York: Philosophical Library 1946
6096:
6094:
5857:
5718:
5693:
5498:, § 47, Holt & Co., New York, 1914
5473:
5461:
5357:
5263:
5228:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4890:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4804:
4777:
4765:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4693:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4135:
4123:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4034:
4022:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3836:
3824:
3809:
3797:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3632:
3617:
3602:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3474:
3462:
3447:
3324:
3169:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
3022:The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy
2955:(lit. "The Impious", 2021), about the
2867:Depictions and influence in literature
2835:Statue of Spinoza by Nicolas Dings in
2791:Reconsideration of Spinoza's expulsion
2447:in Vedanta to Spinoza's 'Substantia.'
870:List of Epistolae (Letters) of Spinoza
13382:17th-century Jewish biblical scholars
11427:
11373:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
10753:
10569:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
9718:
8740:
8521:
8483:
8470:
8243:
7839:Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero
7818:. New York: Dramatists Play Service.
7347:
7314:
7165:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6914:. Great Philosophers. Harvest Books.
6597:
6558:
6198:Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero
6100:
6049:
6014:
5975:George Santayana, "Introduction", in
5912:
5667:
5652:
5596:Hutchison, Percy (20 November 1932).
5524:
5515:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
4997:
4858:
4147:
3656:
3590:
3486:
3373:
3348:
3266:
3260:
2991:(unpublished until the 19th century;
2070:
10669:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
10589:The World as Will and Representation
8425:
8288:Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione
8053:_____ch. 5, "How to Study Spinoza's
7924:Magnusson 1990: Magnusson, M (ed.),
7892:. Harvard University Press: 144–82 (
7863:Reclaiming wonder. After the sublime
7808:
6346:from the original on 22 January 2022
6340:"Mo 50 – Statue Spinoza – Amsterdam"
6086:Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza
5848:Kirsch, "The Reticent Radical", p.92
5569:
4865:Cartwright, Mark (29 January 2024).
3376:"The Correspondence Theory of Truth"
3145:Spruit, Leen and Pina Totaro, 2011.
3069:Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata
3003:Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione
2973:
2638:, as well as his colleagues such as
2599:, p. 83). The structure of his
2430:The 19th-century German Sanskritist
446:
16:17th century philosopher (1632–1677)
13527:People excommunicated by synagogues
13139:The End of History and the Last Man
13049:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
8048:Persecution and the Art of Writing.
7941:Individu et communauté chez Spinoza
7919:Introduction à l'Ethique de Spinoza
7858:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
7517:
7300:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6858:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6832:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6287:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
6091:
5876:. SUNY Series in Hegelian Studies.
5749:Dictionnaire Historique et Critique
5733:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5705:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5344:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5162:
3577:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3434:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3385:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3360:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3276:
2375:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2244:the regularity of all that happens;
948:Descartes' Principles of Philosophy
808:attacked Spinoza personally, while
773:Descartes' Principles of Philosophy
601:Expulsion from the Jewish community
553:School days and the family business
13:
13532:People of the Age of Enlightenment
13457:Dutch people of Portuguese descent
8296:Principia philosophiae cartesianae
8229:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library
8100:Spinoza in French Philosophy Today
8032:(The Modern Library: Random House)
7673:The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza
7297:Spinoza: A Very Short Introduction
6485:"Spinoza in Borges' looking-glass"
6273:Rutledge, David (3 October 2020).
5694:Mander, William (17 August 2023).
3566:Schmitter, Amy M. (8 April 2021).
3164:List of works about Baruch Spinoza
3115:De Nagelate Schriften van B. d. S.
3016:Principia philosophiae cartesianae
2409:Historical and Critical Dictionary
2247:the identity of spirit and nature.
1871:". He takes these two terms to be
457:Spinoza's ancestors, adherents of
14:
13618:
8156:
2365:(1897–2000) insisted on the term
1950:Probable portrait of Spinoza, by
1883:). For Spinoza, the whole of the
1809:has been associated with that of
859:
13344:
13332:
13109:The Open Society and Its Enemies
10732:
10722:
10721:
9698:
9697:
8448:
8436:
8424:
8184:
7534:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2007.00076.x
6806:Within Reason: A Life of Spinoza
6532:
6520:
6507:
6490:
6477:
6462:
6447:
6425:
6402:
6379:
6358:
6332:
6320:Rocker, Simon (28 August 2014).
6313:
6300:
6241:
6229:from the original on 13 May 2011
6215:
6190:
6178:from the original on 22 May 2011
6164:
6138:
6078:
6069:
6056:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
6043:
6008:
5995:
5982:
5969:
5956:
5927:
5918:
5894:from the original on 13 May 2011
5842:
5828:
5819:
5798:
5789:
5772:
5755:
5740:
5687:
5635:
5626:
5617:
5563:
5546:
5525:Lange, Frederick Albert (1880).
5518:
5501:
5488:
5479:
5412:
5363:
5293:
5269:
5240:
5219:
4956:
3425:"Spinoza's Psychological Theory"
3423:LeBuffe, Michael (26 May 2020).
3349:Young, James O. (26 June 2018).
3294:
3206:
3134:Edwin Curley (ed.), 1985, 2016.
2900:, 1964; and "Baruch Spinoza" in
2323:(1883–1969), when Spinoza wrote
2319:According to German philosopher
1904:Substance, attributes, and modes
1038:
522:Uriel da Costa's early influence
453:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
261:
13502:Jewish translators of the Bible
13402:17th-century Dutch philosophers
13387:17th-century Jewish theologians
11916:Family as a model for the state
10519:Meditations on First Philosophy
9744:
8201:A Theologico-Political Treatise
8066:Spinoza's Critique of Religion.
7964:Moreau, Pierre-François, 2003,
5419:Spinoza, Benedictus de (1996).
3559:
3492:
3351:"The Coherence Theory of Truth"
3282:
3199:
3045:A Theologico-Political Treatise
2398:Other philosophical connections
2357:(1891–1976) suggested the term
2099:, but not necessarily with any
2041:
498:, at the fifth house along the
461:, faced persecution during the
359:intellectual pursuit of truth.
13432:Critics of the Catholic Church
13266:Separation of church and state
13164:Collectivism and individualism
13119:The Origins of Totalitarianism
8304:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
8227:on the Digital collections of
8168:Works by Benedictus de Spinoza
7952:The Face of Benedictus Spinoza
7865:. Edinburgh University Press.
7724:Koistinen, Olli, (ed.). 2009.
7633:
7582:Simkins, James (Spring 2014).
7114:. Cambridge University Press.
6802:Gullan-Whur, Margaret (1998).
6773:The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza
6706:. Princeton University Press.
6685:. Princeton University Press.
6636:. Hackett Publishing Company.
6050:Baugh, Bruce (28 March 2015).
5979:(London: Dent, 1910, vii–xxii)
5767:Religion and Rational Theology
5513:The Expanded Quotable Einstein
5333:Konstan, David (8 July 2022).
3416:
3367:
3342:
3186:
3136:The Collected Works of Spinoza
3039:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2841:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2772:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2738:Spinoza's Critique of Religion
2601:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2586:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
2580:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2122:("intellectual love of God").
2020:principle of sufficient reason
1846:
1778:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1763:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1306:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
1010:Spinoza was buried inside the
940:Theological-Political Treatise
797:Theological-Political Treatise
793:Theological-Political Treatise
365:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
185:Correspondence theory of truth
1:
13417:Censorship in the Netherlands
13392:17th-century writers in Latin
13306:Category:Political philosophy
13179:Critique of political economy
11230:Hard problem of consciousness
8398:Spinoza: Practical Philosophy
8073:Liberalism Ancient and Modern
7694:Spinoza: Practical Philosophy
7690:Spinoza: Philosophie pratique
6746:Della Rocca, Michael (2008).
5572:"God Exists, Philosophically"
3374:David, Marian (28 May 2015).
3174:
2979:
2785:
2241:the unity of all that exists;
1018:
956:Theologico-Political Treatise
952:Theologico-Political Treatise
13204:Institutional discrimination
13199:History of political thought
11931:Negative and positive rights
10704:Philosophy of space and time
8741:
8627:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
8055:Tractus Theologico-Politicus
7657:Della Rocca, Michael. 1996.
6577:10.1017/CBO9781139795395.002
5782:, Paris, 1863; eng. transl.
5509:Einstein: The Life and Times
3312:
2910:Los amores de Baruj Spinoza
2560:"De Intellectus Emendatione"
2369:to describe Spinoza's view.
2195:
2022:is commonly associated with
2013:
1521:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
999:and possibly complicated by
820:
738:
429:
290:origin. A forerunner of the
7:
13214:Justification for the state
12999:Two Treatises of Government
10579:The Phenomenology of Spirit
8596:
8183:(public domain audiobooks)
8148:, vol. 72 (April): 341–356.
8116:Vol. 53, No. 4, Winter 2009
7939:Matheron, Alexandre, 1969.
7661:. Oxford University Press.
6721:Curley, Edwin, ed. (1996).
6700:Curley, Edwin, ed. (1985).
6607:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
6527:El Impío de Andrés Spokoiny
6326:The Jewish Chronicle Online
5814:The Westminster Review 1862
3262:[baːˈruxspɪˈnoːzaː]
3157:
2701:Expressionism in Philosophy
2583:, an allusion to Spinoza's
2528:, who translated Spinoza's
2268:Julien Offray de La Mettrie
2254:Spinoza's "God or Nature" (
2058:in some important respect.
882:, a radical Protestant and
778:
51:Baruch Espinosa /
10:
13623:
13472:Enlightenment philosophers
13427:Dutch critics of religions
13397:17th-century Sephardi Jews
11884:Bellum omnium contra omnes
8522:
7879:. Oxford University Press.
7159:Nadler, Steven M. (2001).
7078:Hackett Publishing Company
6664:Spinoza: Freedom's Messiah
6569:Cambridge University Press
6544:
6529:(In Spanish). 05/27/2022.
6285:(The Philosopher's Zone).
4871:World History Encyclopedia
3505:Collins English Dictionary
2961:physician and philosopher
2736:dedicated his first book,
2727:Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein
2620:post-war French philosophy
2266:and the dead mechanism of
2199:
2132:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1636:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1516:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
863:
833:In 1670, Spinoza moved to
783:In 1663, Spinoza moved to
450:
18:
13542:Philosophers of education
13301:
13151:
12920:
12568:
12301:
12181:
12100:
12012:
12003:
11869:
11703:
11632:
11461:
11393:
11360:
11187:
11057:
10952:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
10942:David Lewis (philosopher)
10787:
10717:
10641:
10440:
10180:
9908:
9752:
9684:
9638:
9540:
9497:
9476:
9423:
9392:
9376:
9323:
9257:
9209:
9173:
9140:
9059:
9018:
8862:
8751:
8747:
8736:
8641:Methodological skepticism
8532:
8528:
8517:
8477:
8472:Links to related articles
8420:
8382:
8330:
8277:
8057:;" reprinted in Strauss,
8030:The Philosophy of Spinoza
8012:Spinoza and republicanism
7877:Spinoza and Human Freedom
7844:Kisner, Matthew J. 2011.
7671:Garrett, Don, ed., 1995.
7240:Columbia University Press
6666:. Yale University Press.
6376:(Accessed Nov. 202, 2022)
6251:. RTL Nieuws. 5 July 2012
5556:Lane Theological Seminary
3572:"Spinoza on the Emotions"
3194:coherence theory of truth
2945:José Rodrigues dos Santos
2450:
2212:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
2129:(Political Treatise) (TP)
1792:
1546:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
1339:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
1097:Aristobulus of Alexandria
924:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
682:, a group of disaffected
665:Education and study group
260:
255:
251:
218:
165:
149:
128:
124:
104:
96:
77:
46:
37:
30:
13557:Philosophers of religion
13089:The Revolt of the Masses
10694:Philosophy of psychology
10629:Simulacra and Simulation
8092:, London: Phaidon Press.
7966:Spinoza et le spinozisme
7875:LeBuffe, Michael. 2010.
7861:Lloyd, Genevieve. 2018.
7549:Nadler, Steven (2001b).
7418:W. W. Norton and Company
6830:Spinoza, Life and Legacy
6681:Carlisle, Clare (2021).
6444:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6440:21 November 2022 at the
6422:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6418:21 November 2022 at the
6399:(Accessed Nov. 20, 2022)
6395:21 November 2022 at the
6107:Materialism and Politics
6101:Rocha, Mauricio (2021),
5966:, 2 (June 1886: 144–52).
3179:
3111:Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker
2968:
2685:University of Paris VIII
2634:in France at that time.
2295:The Necessity of Atheism
1836:Principles of Philosophy
1511:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
850:University of Heidelberg
692:Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker
671:Franciscus van den Enden
21:Spinoza (disambiguation)
13562:Philosophers of science
13547:Philosophers of history
13537:Philosophers of culture
13069:The Communist Manifesto
11995:Tyranny of the majority
11906:Consent of the governed
11080:Eliminative materialism
10559:Critique of Pure Reason
8192:Works by Baruch Spinoza
8177:Works by Baruch Spinoza
8145:The Journal of Politics
7675:. Cambridge Uni. Press.
7624:2027/mdp.39015013165819
7382:Oxford University Press
7205:Oxford University Press
7180:Nadler, Steven (2011).
6937:Oxford University Press
6929:Kreines, James (2015).
6777:Oxford University Press
5496:A History of Philosophy
5252:Spinoza: Complete Works
2855:The Spinoza Havurah (a
2697:Marilena de Souza Chaui
2592:sub specie aeternitatis
2385:amor intellectualis dei
2120:amor dei intellectualis
906:, and Secretary of the
734:Career as a philosopher
473:and lived outwardly as
286:, was a philosopher of
136:17th-century philosophy
13607:Writers from Amsterdam
11946:
11896:Clash of civilizations
11882:
11332:Propositional attitude
11327:Problem of other minds
11235:Hypostatic abstraction
10150:Type–token distinction
9978:Hypostatic abstraction
9760:Abstract object theory
8691:
8625:
8591:Enlightened absolutism
8582:
8332:Concepts and interests
8028:Ratner, Joseph, 1927.
7961:(London: Verso, 2002).
7735:. Smashwords edition.
7731:Goode, Francis, 2012.
7610:The Westminster Review
7374:Touber, Jetze (2018).
6372:1 January 2023 at the
3301:
2844:
2711:
2464:
2344:
2334:
2326:
2279:
2152:
2143:The title page of the
2080:
1955:
1919:
1901:
1879:the phrase he uses is
1773:
1571:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1541:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1238:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
991:
915:Willem van Blijenbergh
895:
830:
748:
643:
617:
610:Excommunicated Spinoza
562:
534:
463:Portuguese Inquisition
443:
440:Moses and Aaron Church
345:for the more tolerant
13587:History of secularism
13577:Political theologians
13412:Censorship in Judaism
11911:Divine right of kings
11403:Philosophers category
11307:Mental representation
11070:Biological naturalism
10957:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
10932:Frank Cameron Jackson
10739:Philosophy portal
10619:Being and Nothingness
10035:Mental representation
8557:Counter-Enlightenment
8231:, University of Haifa
8203:– English Translation
8128:Van den Ven, Jeroen.
8121:7 August 2020 at the
8110:7 August 2020 at the
7750:Spinoza and Spinozism
7357:Yale University Press
7331:Yale University Press
7274:Oneworld Publications
6629:A Study of Spinoza's
6453:Johan W. von Goethe.
5763:The end of all things
5007:by Rebecca Goldstein"
4831:, pp. 1150–1151.
3126:Contemporary Editions
3027:Metaphysical Thoughts
2941:O Segredo de Espinosa
2834:
2709:
2541:Isaac Bashevis Singer
2539:, and fiction-writer
2458:
2270:'s (1709–1751) work,
2202:Pantheism controversy
2142:
2078:
1949:
1907:
1892:
1801:Ethics (Spinoza book)
1772:
1581:Samuel David Luzzatto
1551:Samson Raphael Hirsch
1172:Spanish and European:
1140:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
981:
908:British Royal Society
893:
828:
746:
641:
608:
586:First Anglo-Dutch War
560:
529:
437:
420:philosophy of science
284:Benedictus de Spinoza
100:Benedictus de Spinoza
13552:Philosophers of mind
13407:Age of Enlightenment
13059:Democracy in America
12438:political philosophy
12421:political philosophy
12236:political philosophy
12065:political philosophy
11975:Separation of powers
11936:Night-watchman state
11921:Monopoly on violence
11455:Political philosophy
11085:Emergent materialism
10664:Feminist metaphysics
8511:Age of Enlightenment
8096:Vinciguerra, Lorenzo
7889:Great Chain of Being
7242:. pp. 373–382.
6779:. pp. 273–294.
6015:Peden, Knox (2014).
5949:Schwartz, Daniel B.
5784:Spinoza and Kabbalah
4963:Montanarelli, Lisa.
3556:, pp. xiii–xiv.
3268:[ðɨʃpiˈnɔzɐ]
3031:Cogitata Metaphisica
2827:Memory and memorials
2699:described Deleuze's
2439:their doctrines..."
2264:first cause argument
1965:ontological argument
1283:Judah Leon Abravanel
711:Johannes Bouwmeester
408:political philosophy
333:Spinoza was born in
292:Age of Enlightenment
210:Psychological Egoism
141:Age of Enlightenment
115:University of Leiden
13592:Social philosophers
13492:Jewish philosophers
13467:Dutch Sephardi Jews
13249:Right-wing politics
13129:A Theory of Justice
13099:The Road to Serfdom
13019:The Social Contract
11726:Christian democracy
11282:Language of thought
11032:Ludwig Wittgenstein
10862:Patricia Churchland
10509:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
10020:Linguistic modality
9517:Feijóo y Montenegro
9468:Vorontsova-Dashkova
8392:Cultural depictions
8312:Tractatus Politicus
7950:Millner, Simon L.,
7510:Articles and online
7033:Melamed, Yitzhak Y.
6956:Melamed, Yitzhak Y.
6910:(23 October 1974).
6502:El Cohete a la Luna
6432:"Spinoza Monument"
5964:The Harvard Monthly
5816:, pp. 256–257.
5780:L'Univers Israélite
5722:(8 November 2023).
5576:archive.nytimes.com
5570:Gottlieb, Anthony.
3986:, pp. 100–101.
3054:Tractatus Politicus
2929:The Spinoza Problem
2902:La moneda de hierro
2571:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2552:The Harvard Monthly
2546:In 1886, the young
2543:shaping his image.
2432:Theodor Goldstücker
2367:Classical Pantheism
2145:Tractatus politicus
2135:Tractatus Politicus
2127:Tractatus Politicus
1989:Classical Pantheism
1713:Microcosm–macrocosm
1631:Joseph Soloveitchik
1301:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
1102:Philo of Alexandria
1026:Part of a series on
866:Epistolae (Spinoza)
845:Tractatus Politicus
814:Johannes Bredenburg
799:, Spinoza's friend
765:Johannes van Vloten
628:, issued a writ of
579:Manasseh ben Israel
356:permanent expulsion
304:early modern period
13572:Philosophy writers
13437:Descartes scholars
13422:Critics of Judaism
13261:Political violence
13256:Political theology
13239:Left-wing politics
13234:Political spectrum
11110:Neurophenomenology
10781:Philosophy of mind
10699:Philosophy of self
10689:Philosophy of mind
9953:Embodied cognition
9865:Scientific realism
8656:Natural philosophy
7883:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
7266:Popkin, Richard H.
7232:Popkin, Richard H.
7207:. pp. 62–86.
6994:Goldstein, Rebecca
6683:Spinoza's Religion
6571:. pp. 13–35.
6366:SpinozaHavurah.org
6283:ABC Radio National
6150:The New York Times
6003:Persons and Places
6001:George Santayana,
5933:Goetschel, Willi,
5603:The New York Times
5476:, pp. 895–96.
5011:The New York Times
4929:, pp. 321–22.
4819:, pp. 317–18.
4780:, pp. 390–93.
4768:, pp. 166–67.
4732:, pp. 252–54.
4720:, pp. 259–61.
4636:, pp. 375–79.
4549:, pp. 309–11.
4489:, pp. 243–45.
4477:, pp. 215–16.
4366:, pp. 333–38.
4330:, pp. 338–39.
4282:, pp. 229–30.
4270:, pp. 125–26.
4258:, pp. 129–30.
4066:, pp. 220–22.
4025:, pp. 205–06.
4010:, pp. 204–05.
3938:, pp. 148–49.
3620:, pp. xi–xii.
3544:, pp. 353–54.
3060:Political Treatise
2935:) by psychiatrist
2906:Alberto Gerchunoff
2845:
2806:Jonathan I. Israel
2712:
2660:Alexandre Matheron
2652:The Savage Anomaly
2613:sub specie aeterni
2597:Notebooks, 1914–16
2474:Jonathan I. Israel
2465:
2363:Charles Hartshorne
2287:religion of nature
2189:Jonathan I. Israel
2185:Political Treatise
2153:
2081:
2071:Ethical philosophy
1985:Charles Hartshorne
1956:
1925:, Spinoza defined
1881:"Deus sive Natura"
1774:
1626:Abraham Isaac Kook
1606:Monsieur Chouchani
1208:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1178:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
1145:Ismaili philosophy
1135:Brethren of Purity
992:
900:Christiaan Huygens
896:
854:freedom of thought
831:
749:
644:
618:
614:Samuel Hirszenberg
567:Saul Levi Morteira
563:
535:
531:Samuel Hirszenberg
444:
416:philosophy of mind
376:and the nature of
296:biblical criticism
157:Western philosophy
13487:Heresy in Judaism
13320:
13319:
13314:
13313:
13224:Philosophy of law
13169:Conflict theories
13009:The Spirit of Law
12916:
12915:
11965:Original position
11421:
11420:
11317:Mind–body problem
11215:Cognitive closure
11179:Substance dualism
10797:G. E. M. Anscombe
10747:
10746:
9926:Category of being
9895:Truthmaker theory
9712:
9711:
9680:
9679:
9676:
9675:
8732:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8705:Scientific method
8562:Critical thinking
8464:
8463:
8172:Project Gutenberg
7934:978-0-550-16041-6
7898:978-0-674-36153-9
7871:978-1-4744-3311-2
7825:978-0-8222-2385-6
7796:978-0-19-927922-7
7758:978-0-19-927954-8
7746:Hampshire, Stuart
7741:978-1-4661-3399-0
7720:978-0-415-16571-6
7716:978-0-415-16570-9
7667:978-0-19-509562-3
7653:978-0-15-602871-4
7647:, Harvest Books,
7427:978-0-393-32917-9
7391:978-0-19-880500-7
7366:978-0-300-07665-3
7307:978-0-19-280316-0
7283:978-1-85168-339-0
7249:978-1-567-31347-5
7222:978-0-19-060806-4
7191:978-0-691-13989-0
7172:978-0-19-926887-0
7151:978-1-108-44246-6
7138:Nadler, Steven M.
7121:978-0-521-55210-3
7104:Nadler, Steven M.
7087:978-0-87220-620-5
7054:978-0-19-997166-4
7015:978-0-8052-4209-6
6977:978-0-19-997166-4
6946:978-0-19-020430-3
6921:978-0-15-684730-8
6892:. pp. 3–14.
6865:978-0-19-925456-9
6839:978-0-19-885748-8
6817:978-0-224-05046-3
6810:. Jonathan Cape.
6794:978-0-195-33582-8
6763:978-0-41-528330-4
6738:978-0-14-043571-9
6713:978-0-691-07222-7
6692:978-0-691-17659-8
6673:978-0-30-024892-0
6623:Bennett, Jonathan
6614:978-0-7391-1989-1
6586:978-1-139-79539-5
6496:Diego Sztulwark:
6116:10.37050/ci-20_04
6028:978-0-8047-9136-6
5915:, p. 168-69.
5682:978-0-415-10782-2
5664:, pp. 14, 95
5647:978-1-60459-156-9
5033:, pp. 31–32.
4756:, pp. 14–15.
4744:, pp. 11–12.
4090:, pp. 17–22.
3962:, pp. 72–75.
3950:, pp. 65–66.
3866:, p. 145-46.
3800:, p. 140-41.
3698:, pp. 85–87.
2974:Original Editions
2921:Berthold Auerbach
2898:El otro, el mismo
2894:Jorge Luis Borges
2857:Humanistic Jewish
2656:Autonomia Operaia
2522:Berthold Auerbach
2461:death anniversary
2425:Elijah Benamozegh
2372:According to the
2228:Moses Mendelssohn
2036:quantum mechanics
2024:Gottfried Leibniz
1759:
1758:
1596:Eliezer Berkovits
1586:Elijah Benamozegh
1576:Moses Mendelssohn
1491:Francisco Sanches
1450:Reconstructionist
1253:Isaac ben Sheshet
1248:Moses of Narbonne
1228:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1188:Abraham bar Hiyya
1032:Jewish philosophy
699:Leiden University
511:Samuel de Caceres
447:Family background
424:Rebecca Goldstein
341:family that fled
288:Portuguese-Jewish
269:
268:
13614:
13507:Metaphilosophers
13349:
13348:
13347:
13337:
13336:
13335:
13328:
13229:Political ethics
13219:Machiavellianism
13159:Authoritarianism
13144:
13134:
13124:
13114:
13104:
13094:
13084:
13074:
13064:
13054:
13044:
13034:
13024:
13014:
13004:
12994:
12984:
12974:
12964:
12954:
12944:
12934:
12010:
12009:
11951:
11887:
11877:Balance of power
11851:Social democracy
11846:Social Darwinism
11821:Multiculturalism
11766:Environmentalism
11741:Communitarianism
11448:
11441:
11434:
11425:
11424:
11169:Representational
11164:Property dualism
11157:Type physicalism
11122:New mysterianism
11090:Epiphenomenalism
10912:Martin Heidegger
10774:
10767:
10760:
10751:
10750:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10725:
10724:
10634:
10624:
10614:
10604:
10594:
10584:
10574:
10564:
10554:
10544:
10534:
10524:
10514:
10504:
10494:
10484:
10474:
10464:
10454:
10130:Substantial form
9942:Cogito, ergo sum
9885:Substance theory
9739:
9732:
9725:
9716:
9715:
9701:
9700:
8749:
8748:
8738:
8737:
8696:
8630:
8601:
8587:
8530:
8529:
8519:
8518:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8481:
8480:
8468:
8467:
8455:Wikisource texts
8452:
8440:
8439:
8428:
8427:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8241:
8240:
8188:
8187:
8105:Philosophy Today
8083:Valentiner, W.R.
8035:Stolze, Ted and
8025:
8008:Prokhovnik, Raia
7957:Montag, Warren,
7917:_____, 1994–98.
7912:Hegel ou Spinoza
7908:Macherey, Pierre
7852:Lloyd, Genevieve
7829:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7641:Damásio, António
7628:
7626:
7603:
7578:
7545:
7503:
7483:
7474:Yovel, Yirmiyahu
7469:
7444:Yovel, Yirmiyahu
7439:
7408:Stewart, Matthew
7403:
7370:
7349:Smith, Steven B.
7344:
7328:
7316:Smith, Steven B.
7311:
7287:
7261:
7226:
7195:
7176:
7155:
7133:
7113:
7099:
7076:. Indianapolis:
7066:
7027:
7003:
6989:
6950:
6925:
6903:
6890:Brill Publishers
6874:Israel, Jonathan
6869:
6857:
6848:Israel, Jonathan
6843:
6826:Israel, Jonathan
6821:
6809:
6798:
6767:
6742:
6717:
6696:
6677:
6655:
6635:
6618:
6594:
6539:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6511:
6505:
6494:
6488:
6481:
6475:
6468:Heinrich Heine.
6466:
6460:
6451:
6445:
6429:
6423:
6406:
6400:
6388:Simply Amsterdam
6383:
6377:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
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6330:
6329:
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6207:
6201:
6196:Kaiser, Rudolf,
6194:
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6187:
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6183:
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6012:
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5999:
5993:
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5980:
5973:
5967:
5960:
5954:
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5938:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5867:
5861:
5860:, pp. 1205.
5855:
5849:
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5840:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5787:
5776:
5770:
5761:Immanuel Kant. "
5759:
5753:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5728:Zalta, Edward N.
5724:"Baruch Spinoza"
5716:
5710:
5709:
5700:Zalta, Edward N.
5691:
5685:
5674:
5665:
5659:
5650:
5639:
5633:
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5615:
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5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5339:Zalta, Edward N.
5330:
5321:
5318:Della Rocca 2008
5315:
5309:
5308:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5246:Baruch Spinoza.
5244:
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5055:Della Rocca 2008
5052:
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5028:
5022:
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5019:
5017:
5001:(16 June 2006).
4995:
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4894:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4867:"Baruch Spinoza"
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4817:Gullan-Whur 1998
4814:
4808:
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3568:Zalta, Edward N.
3563:
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3429:Zalta, Edward N.
3420:
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3408:
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3396:
3390:
3389:
3380:Zalta, Edward N.
3371:
3365:
3364:
3355:Zalta, Edward N.
3346:
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3212:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3025:, also contains
2984:
2981:
2933:Alfred Rosenberg
2925:Spinoza: a Novel
2817:Pinchas Toledano
2664:Martial Gueroult
2628:Martin Heidegger
2556:Spinoza's Ethics
2548:George Santayana
2497:Moses Mendelsohn
2463:of Spinoza, 1927
2406:, in his famous
2355:Martial Guéroult
2349:
2339:
2329:
2327:Deus sive Natura
2282:
2256:Deus sive Natura
2216:Gotthold Lessing
2086:Jonathan Bennett
2060:Jonathan Bennett
1969:Deus sive Natura
1958:Spinoza defined
1917:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1654:
1611:Emmanuel Levinas
1402:
1233:Joseph ben Judah
1213:Abraham ibn Ezra
1203:Abraham ibn Daud
1193:Bahya ibn Paquda
1160:Rabbinic Judaism
1122:
1053:
1042:
1023:
1022:
902:, mathematician
801:Adriaan Koerbagh
715:Adriaan Koerbagh
705:, Jarig Jelles,
626:Aboab de Fonseca
393:secular theology
328:Dutch Golden Age
306:. Influenced by
265:
97:Other names
91:, Dutch Republic
84:
81:21 February 1677
63:24 November 1632
62:
60:
53:Bento de Spinosa
42:
28:
27:
13622:
13621:
13617:
13616:
13615:
13613:
13612:
13611:
13597:Spinoza studies
13497:Jewish skeptics
13477:Epistemologists
13452:Dutch logicians
13447:Dutch ethicists
13357:
13356:
13355:
13345:
13343:
13333:
13331:
13323:
13321:
13316:
13315:
13310:
13297:
13286:Totalitarianism
13147:
13142:
13132:
13122:
13112:
13102:
13092:
13082:
13072:
13062:
13052:
13042:
13032:
13022:
13012:
13002:
12992:
12982:
12972:
12962:
12959:Treatise on Law
12952:
12942:
12932:
12912:
12570:
12564:
12303:
12297:
12183:
12177:
12096:
11999:
11985:State of nature
11980:Social contract
11960:Ordered liberty
11948:Noblesse oblige
11865:
11699:
11628:
11457:
11452:
11422:
11417:
11389:
11356:
11302:Mental property
11195:Abstract object
11183:
11053:
11007:Wilfrid Sellars
10882:Donald Davidson
10867:Paul Churchland
10827:George Berkeley
10783:
10778:
10748:
10743:
10733:
10731:
10713:
10637:
10632:
10622:
10612:
10602:
10592:
10582:
10572:
10562:
10552:
10542:
10532:
10522:
10512:
10502:
10492:
10482:
10479:De rerum natura
10472:
10462:
10452:
10436:
10176:
10080:Physical object
9916:Abstract object
9904:
9890:Theory of forms
9825:Meaning of life
9748:
9743:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9694:
9672:
9634:
9536:
9493:
9472:
9419:
9388:
9384:Carvalho e Melo
9372:
9319:
9253:
9205:
9169:
9136:
9055:
9014:
8858:
8743:
8724:
8710:Spanish America
8584:Encyclopédistes
8547:Civil liberties
8524:
8513:
8508:
8473:
8465:
8460:
8416:
8378:
8326:
8273:
8268:
8225:Spinoza Archive
8185:
8159:
8154:
8139:. (forthcoming)
8132:. Leiden 2022.
8123:Wayback Machine
8112:Wayback Machine
8041:The New Spinoza
8022:
8006:
7926:Spinoza, Baruch
7904:. Anchor Books.
7835:Albert Einstein
7826:
7777:
7775:
7774:on 11 June 2011
7766:
7733:Life of Spinoza
7679:Deleuze, Gilles
7636:
7631:
7506:
7492:
7458:
7428:
7392:
7367:
7341:
7308:
7284:
7250:
7223:
7192:
7173:
7152:
7142:Spinoza: A Life
7122:
7110:Spinoza: A Life
7088:
7055:
7016:
6978:
6947:
6922:
6900:
6878:van Bunge, Wiep
6866:
6840:
6818:
6795:
6764:
6739:
6714:
6693:
6674:
6644:
6615:
6587:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6517:on Wikisource.
6512:
6508:
6495:
6491:
6483:Marcelo Abadi:
6482:
6478:
6467:
6463:
6452:
6448:
6442:Wayback Machine
6430:
6426:
6420:Wayback Machine
6413:(Aug. 22, 2020)
6407:
6403:
6397:Wayback Machine
6390:(Nov. 25, 2008)
6384:
6380:
6374:Wayback Machine
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6318:
6314:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6271:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6232:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6204:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6152:. 25 April 1929
6144:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6127:
6099:
6092:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6048:
6044:
6029:
6013:
6009:
6000:
5996:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5948:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5888:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5777:
5773:
5760:
5756:
5745:
5741:
5717:
5713:
5692:
5688:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5568:
5564:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5523:
5519:
5506:
5502:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:. p. 176.
5417:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5305:PhilSci-Archive
5299:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
4996:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4941:, pp. 776.
4937:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4893:, p. 1158.
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4863:
4859:
4855:, p. 1155.
4851:
4847:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4672:, p. xiii.
4668:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4294:, pp. 342.
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:, pp. 2–7.
4134:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3998:, pp. 206.
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3659:, pp. 2–3.
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3372:
3368:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3229:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3160:
3128:
3010:) (unfinished).
2982:
2976:
2971:
2949:Andres Spokoiny
2869:
2829:
2793:
2788:
2768:(Spinoza prize)
2742:Jonathan Israel
2715:Albert Einstein
2672:Pierre Macherey
2640:Étienne Balibar
2636:Louis Althusser
2493:Jewish question
2453:
2400:
2346:natura naturata
2336:natura naturans
2312:of Thought and
2280:L'homme machine
2204:
2198:
2137:
2131:
2073:
2044:
2016:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1849:
1817:as part of the
1803:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1755:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1621:Gershom Scholem
1601:Eliyahu Dessler
1480:
1479:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1349:
1348:
1311:
1310:
1288:
1287:
1278:Isaac Abarbanel
1268:Elia del Medigo
1165:
1164:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1085:
1054:
1049:
1021:
976:
911:Henry Oldenburg
880:Peter Serrarius
872:
862:
823:
806:Samuel Maresius
781:
741:
736:
688:Jonathan Israel
667:
603:
555:
524:
455:
449:
432:
368:, described by
298:, 17th-century
247:
221:
214:
195:Foundationalism
161:
145:
120:
92:
86:
82:
73:
64:
58:
56:
55:
54:
52:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13620:
13610:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13512:Metaphysicians
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13377:Baruch Spinoza
13374:
13369:
13354:
13353:
13341:
13318:
13317:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13302:
13299:
13298:
13296:
13295:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13276:Social justice
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13184:Egalitarianism
13181:
13176:
13174:Contractualism
13171:
13166:
13161:
13155:
13153:
13149:
13148:
13146:
13145:
13135:
13125:
13115:
13105:
13095:
13085:
13075:
13065:
13055:
13045:
13035:
13025:
13015:
13005:
12995:
12985:
12975:
12965:
12955:
12945:
12935:
12924:
12922:
12918:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12760:
12755:
12750:
12745:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12574:
12572:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12441:
12440:
12430:
12425:
12424:
12423:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12307:
12305:
12299:
12298:
12296:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12187:
12185:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12068:
12067:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12016:
12014:
12007:
12001:
12000:
11998:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11970:Overton window
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11879:
11873:
11871:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11801:Libertarianism
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11465:
11463:
11459:
11458:
11451:
11450:
11443:
11436:
11428:
11419:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11394:
11391:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11370:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11297:Mental process
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11267:Intentionality
11264:
11263:
11262:
11257:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11191:
11189:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11160:
11159:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11117:Neutral monism
11114:
11113:
11112:
11102:
11100:Interactionism
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11061:
11059:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11012:Baruch Spinoza
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10922:Edmund Husserl
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10892:René Descartes
10889:
10887:Daniel Dennett
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10857:David Chalmers
10854:
10849:
10844:
10842:Franz Brentano
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10822:Alexander Bain
10819:
10814:
10812:Thomas Aquinas
10809:
10804:
10799:
10793:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10777:
10776:
10769:
10762:
10754:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10729:
10718:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10645:
10643:
10642:Related topics
10639:
10638:
10636:
10635:
10625:
10615:
10609:Being and Time
10605:
10595:
10585:
10575:
10565:
10555:
10545:
10535:
10525:
10515:
10505:
10495:
10485:
10475:
10465:
10455:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10186:
10184:
10182:Metaphysicians
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
10001:
10000:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9938:
9936:Causal closure
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9810:Libertarianism
9807:
9802:
9797:
9795:Existentialism
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9742:
9741:
9734:
9727:
9719:
9710:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9546:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9491:
9486:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9213:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9146:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9063:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8854:Wollstonecraft
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8745:
8744:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8631:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8593:
8588:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8525:
8515:
8514:
8507:
8506:
8499:
8492:
8484:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8446:
8434:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8401:
8394:
8388:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8354:
8349:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8316:
8308:
8300:
8292:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8267:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8222:
8217:
8213:Opera posthuma
8209:
8204:
8198:
8189:
8174:
8158:
8157:External links
8155:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8093:
8080:
8069:
8062:
8051:
8046:Strauss, Leo.
8044:
8033:
8026:
8021:978-0333733905
8020:
8004:
7997:
7990:Negri, Antonio
7987:
7984:978-0691183848
7972:Nadler, Steven
7969:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7937:
7922:
7915:
7905:
7880:
7873:
7859:
7849:
7842:
7831:
7824:
7806:
7799:
7784:
7763:Hardt, Michael
7760:
7743:
7729:
7722:
7704:
7697:
7686:
7676:
7669:
7655:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7604:
7579:
7546:
7528:(2): 269–297.
7514:
7513:
7512:
7505:
7504:
7490:
7470:
7456:
7440:
7426:
7404:
7390:
7371:
7365:
7345:
7339:
7312:
7306:
7292:Scruton, Roger
7288:
7282:
7262:
7248:
7227:
7221:
7196:
7190:
7177:
7171:
7156:
7150:
7134:
7120:
7100:
7086:
7067:
7053:
7028:
7014:
7006:Schocken Books
6990:
6976:
6951:
6945:
6926:
6920:
6904:
6898:
6870:
6864:
6844:
6838:
6822:
6816:
6799:
6793:
6768:
6762:
6743:
6737:
6718:
6712:
6697:
6691:
6678:
6672:
6656:
6642:
6619:
6613:
6595:
6591:Cambridge Core
6585:
6561:Nadler, Steven
6555:
6554:
6553:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6531:
6519:
6506:
6500:(in Spanish).
6489:
6476:
6461:
6446:
6434:CitySeeker.com
6424:
6401:
6378:
6357:
6331:
6312:
6299:
6262:
6240:
6214:
6212:, p. 159.
6202:
6189:
6163:
6137:
6090:
6077:
6075:Deleuze, 1968.
6068:
6042:
6027:
6007:
5994:
5990:Obiter Scripta
5981:
5968:
5955:
5939:
5926:
5917:
5905:
5886:
5862:
5850:
5841:
5827:
5818:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5771:
5754:
5746:Pierre Bayle.
5739:
5720:Nadler, Steven
5711:
5686:
5666:
5651:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5588:
5562:
5545:
5517:
5500:
5494:Frank Thilly,
5487:
5478:
5466:
5464:, p. 495.
5454:
5452:, p. 371.
5442:
5435:
5411:
5409:, p. 277.
5399:
5397:, p. 276.
5387:
5362:
5360:, p. 118.
5350:
5322:
5310:
5307:. 9 July 2012.
5292:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5239:
5227:
5218:
5206:
5194:
5182:
5167:
5165:, p. 273.
5155:
5140:
5125:
5113:
5101:
5086:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5045:, p. 109.
5035:
5023:
4981:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4905:, p. 409.
4895:
4883:
4857:
4845:
4843:, p. 406.
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4795:, p. 106.
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4708:, p. 296.
4698:
4696:, p. 381.
4686:
4684:, p. 755.
4674:
4662:
4660:, p. 363.
4650:
4648:, p. 399.
4638:
4626:
4624:, p. 334.
4614:
4612:, p. 344.
4602:
4600:, p. 346.
4587:
4585:, p. 343.
4575:
4573:, p. 339.
4563:
4561:, p. 314.
4551:
4539:
4537:, p. 290.
4527:
4525:, p. 264.
4515:
4513:, p. 305.
4503:
4501:, p. 215.
4491:
4479:
4467:
4465:, p. 225.
4455:
4453:, p. 456.
4443:
4441:, p. 214.
4431:
4429:, p. 343.
4419:
4417:, p. 344.
4407:
4405:, p. 350.
4395:
4393:, p. 330.
4380:
4378:, p. 322.
4368:
4356:
4354:, p. 193.
4344:
4342:, p. 184.
4332:
4320:
4318:, p. 168.
4308:
4306:, p. 164.
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4246:, p. 167.
4236:
4234:, p. 243.
4224:
4222:, p. 338.
4212:
4200:
4198:, p. 160.
4188:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4078:, p. 222.
4068:
4056:
4039:
4037:, p. 210.
4027:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3902:, p. 161.
3892:
3890:, p. 160.
3880:
3878:, p. 159.
3868:
3856:
3854:, p. 185.
3841:
3839:, p. 117.
3829:
3827:, p. 183.
3814:
3802:
3787:
3785:, p. 140.
3775:
3773:, p. 144.
3763:
3761:, p. 158.
3748:
3746:, p. 124.
3736:
3734:, p. 299.
3724:
3712:
3710:, p. 134.
3700:
3688:
3686:, p. 115.
3673:
3669:Goldstein 2006
3661:
3649:
3647:, p. 308.
3637:
3635:, p. 332.
3622:
3607:
3595:
3583:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3491:
3479:
3477:, p. 119.
3467:
3452:
3440:
3415:
3403:
3401:, p. 288.
3399:Koistinen 2018
3391:
3366:
3341:
3329:
3327:, p. 121.
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3293:
3281:
3265:; Portuguese:
3198:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:Hebrew Grammar
3117:, without the
3101:
3088:
3085:Hebrew Grammar
3077:
3064:
3049:
3034:
3011:
2998:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2937:Irvin D. Yalom
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2828:
2825:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2723:Weltanschauung
2680:Gilles Deleuze
2632:Edmund Husserl
2595:from Spinoza (
2537:Yosef Klausner
2452:
2449:
2399:
2396:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2197:
2194:
2149:Opera Posthuma
2133:Main article:
2130:
2124:
2072:
2069:
2043:
2040:
2015:
2012:
2005:psychoanalysis
1911:
1905:
1902:
1848:
1845:
1827:René Descartes
1815:René Descartes
1799:Main article:
1796:
1791:
1776:Main article:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Jacob Abendana
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Salomon Maimon
1503:
1501:Baruch Spinoza
1498:
1496:Uriel da Costa
1493:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Existentialist
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:Hasdai Crescas
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:Influenced by:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
975:
972:
960:Opera Posthuma
936:Opera Posthuma
904:Johannes Hudde
876:Opera Posthuma
861:
860:Correspondence
858:
822:
819:
780:
777:
761:Short Treatise
740:
737:
735:
732:
707:Lodewijk Meyer
703:Pieter Balling
666:
663:
602:
599:
554:
551:
539:Uriel da Costa
523:
520:
475:New Christians
459:Crypto-Judaism
448:
445:
431:
428:
347:Dutch Republic
316:René Descartes
267:
266:
258:
257:
253:
252:
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
224:
222:
220:Main interests
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:(according to
192:
190:Direct realism
187:
182:
177:
171:
169:
163:
162:
160:
159:
153:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
132:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
119:
118:
112:
108:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
87:
85:(aged 44)
79:
75:
74:
71:Dutch Republic
65:
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Baruch Spinoza
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13619:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13352:
13342:
13340:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13300:
13294:
13293:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13209:Jurisprudence
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13150:
13141:
13140:
13136:
13131:
13130:
13126:
13121:
13120:
13116:
13111:
13110:
13106:
13101:
13100:
13096:
13091:
13090:
13086:
13081:
13080:
13076:
13071:
13070:
13066:
13061:
13060:
13056:
13051:
13050:
13046:
13041:
13040:
13039:Rights of Man
13036:
13031:
13030:
13026:
13021:
13020:
13016:
13011:
13010:
13006:
13001:
13000:
12996:
12991:
12990:
12986:
12981:
12980:
12976:
12971:
12970:
12966:
12961:
12960:
12956:
12951:
12950:
12949:De re publica
12946:
12941:
12940:
12936:
12931:
12930:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12919:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12569:20th and 21st
12567:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12302:18th and 19th
12300:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12180:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12158:Nizam al-Mulk
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12066:
12063:
12062:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12002:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11868:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11841:Republicanism
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11702:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11449:
11444:
11442:
11437:
11435:
11430:
11429:
11426:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11392:
11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11359:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11347:Understanding
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11272:Introspection
11270:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11225:Consciousness
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11147:Phenomenology
11145:
11143:
11142:Phenomenalism
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11132:Occasionalism
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11105:Naïve realism
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11095:Functionalism
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11056:
11050:
11049:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11037:Stephen Yablo
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10992:Richard Rorty
10990:
10988:
10987:Hilary Putnam
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10962:Marvin Minsky
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10937:Immanuel Kant
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10927:William James
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10832:Henri Bergson
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10775:
10770:
10768:
10763:
10761:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10740:
10730:
10728:
10720:
10719:
10716:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10684:Phenomenology
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10631:
10630:
10626:
10621:
10620:
10616:
10611:
10610:
10606:
10601:
10600:
10596:
10591:
10590:
10586:
10581:
10580:
10576:
10571:
10570:
10566:
10561:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10550:
10546:
10541:
10540:
10536:
10531:
10530:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10516:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10501:
10500:
10496:
10491:
10490:
10486:
10481:
10480:
10476:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10461:
10460:
10456:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:Notable works
10439:
10433:
10432:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10172:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9845:Phenomenalism
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9765:Action theory
9763:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9740:
9735:
9733:
9728:
9726:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9704:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9683:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9640:United States
9637:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9475:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9400:Budai-Deleanu
9398:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
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8764:Ashley-Cooper
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8666:Progressivism
8664:
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8642:
8639:
8637:
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8615:Individualism
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8435:
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8432:
8423:
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8412:Spinoza Prize
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:New Jerusalem
8402:
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8042:
8038:
8037:Warren Montag
8034:
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8027:
8023:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8002:
7999:_____, 2004.
7998:
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7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
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7938:
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7931:
7927:
7923:
7921:. Paris: PUF.
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7891:
7890:
7884:
7881:
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7827:
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7817:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7786:_____, 2006.
7785:
7773:
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7764:
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7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7738:
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7730:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7710:. Routledge.
7709:
7705:
7702:
7699:_____, 1990.
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:_____, 1970.
7687:
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7680:
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7491:0-691-02079-5
7487:
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7463:
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7457:0-691-07344-9
7453:
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7355:. New Haven:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7340:0-300-10019-1
7336:
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7329:. New Haven:
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6917:
6913:
6909:
6908:Jaspers, Karl
6905:
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6883:
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6856:
6855:
6849:
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6827:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6775:. Cambridge:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6729:Penguin Books
6726:
6725:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6675:
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6665:
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6653:
6649:
6645:
6643:0-915145-83-9
6639:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6567:. Cambridge:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6535:
6528:
6523:
6516:
6515:complete text
6510:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6457:
6456:Autobiography
6450:
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6439:
6436:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6394:
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6316:
6309:
6303:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6267:
6250:
6244:
6228:
6225:. Entoen.nu.
6224:
6218:
6211:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6151:
6147:
6141:
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5887:9780791455432
5883:
5879:
5875:
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5866:
5859:
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5815:
5810:
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5792:
5785:
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5644:
5638:
5629:
5620:
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5566:
5559:
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5549:
5534:
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5514:
5510:
5504:
5497:
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5482:
5475:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5436:9780140435719
5432:
5428:
5427:Penguin Books
5424:
5423:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5396:
5391:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5359:
5354:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5327:
5320:, p. 30.
5319:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5290:, p. 86.
5289:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5266:, p. 73.
5265:
5260:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5222:
5216:, p. 60.
5215:
5210:
5204:, p. 59.
5203:
5198:
5192:, p. 57.
5191:
5186:
5180:, p. 51.
5179:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5138:, p. 45.
5137:
5132:
5130:
5123:, p. 44.
5122:
5117:
5111:, p. 43.
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5068:
5063:
5057:, p. 33.
5056:
5051:
5044:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:Bloom, Harold
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4807:, p. 22.
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4654:
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4642:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4300:
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4288:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4210:, p. 22.
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4186:, p. 16.
4185:
4180:
4174:, p. 20.
4173:
4168:
4162:, p. 19.
4161:
4156:
4150:, p. xx.
4149:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4126:, p. 45.
4125:
4120:
4114:, p. 21.
4113:
4108:
4102:, p. 74.
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4054:, p. 25.
4053:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3974:, p. 93.
3973:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3926:, p. 84.
3925:
3920:
3914:, p. 90.
3913:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3812:, p. 38.
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3722:, p. 88.
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3605:, p. 63.
3604:
3599:
3593:, p. 52.
3592:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3538:
3532:, p. 42.
3531:
3526:
3511:
3510:HarperCollins
3507:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3489:, p. 27.
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3465:, p. 45.
3464:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3413:, p. 25.
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3339:, p. 64.
3338:
3337:Newlands 2017
3333:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3289:Steven Nadler
3285:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3256:
3202:
3195:
3189:
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3018:
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3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2966:
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2963:Juan de Prado
2960:
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2837:Zwanenburgwal
2833:
2824:
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2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:Steven Nadler
2798:
2783:
2781:
2777:
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2755:
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2724:
2720:
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2710:Einstein 1921
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
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2648:Antonio Negri
2645:
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2526:Salomon Rubin
2523:
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2391:Steven Nadler
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2273:Man a Machine
2269:
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2181:Steven Nadler
2176:
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2166:
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2039:
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2027:
2025:
2021:
2018:Although the
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:Sigmund Freud
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:ontologically
1928:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1898:
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1795:
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1784:Thomas Hobbes
1779:
1771:
1764:
1752:
1747:
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1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:Righteousness
1716:
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1694:
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1669:
1668:Chosen people
1666:
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1561:Isaac Cardoso
1559:
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1539:
1537:
1536:Samuel Hirsch
1534:
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1325:
1324:Isaac Israeli
1322:
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1199:
1196:
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1125:
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1115:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
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1057:
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1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
989:
988:Johan de Witt
985:
980:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
917:, an amateur
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
827:
818:
815:
811:
810:Thomas Hobbes
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
745:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
662:
659:
655:
654:
649:
648:Steven Nadler
640:
636:
633:
632:
627:
622:
615:
611:
607:
598:
594:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
550:
547:
546:Steven Nadler
542:
540:
532:
528:
519:
517:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
491:
489:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
441:
436:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
389:
386:argues for a
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
370:Steven Nadler
367:
366:
360:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Thomas Hobbes
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
259:
254:
250:
244:
241:
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225:
223:
217:
211:
208:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Conceptualism
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
168:
164:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
127:
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116:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
80:
76:
72:
68:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
13582:Rationalists
13442:Determinists
13290:
13189:Elite theory
13137:
13127:
13117:
13107:
13097:
13087:
13077:
13067:
13057:
13047:
13037:
13027:
13017:
13007:
12997:
12987:
12977:
12967:
12957:
12947:
12937:
12927:
12287:
12226:Guicciardini
12182:Early modern
12005:Philosophers
11955:Open society
11891:Body politic
11761:Distributism
11751:Conservatism
11746:Confucianism
11665:Gerontocracy
11655:Dictatorship
11609:Sovereignty
11599:Ruling class
11489:Emancipation
11474:Citizenship
11383: /
11379: /
11375: /
11292:Mental image
11287:Mental event
11250:Intelligence
11200:Chinese room
11046:
11011:
10997:Gilbert Ryle
10977:Derek Parfit
10967:Thomas Nagel
10897:Fred Dretske
10817:J. L. Austin
10789:Philosophers
10659:Epistemology
10627:
10617:
10607:
10597:
10587:
10577:
10567:
10557:
10547:
10537:
10527:
10517:
10507:
10497:
10487:
10477:
10469:Nyāya Sūtras
10467:
10457:
10447:
10429:
10345:Wittgenstein
10290:Schopenhauer
10234:
10169:
10160:Unobservable
10010:Intelligence
9940:
9880:Subjectivism
9875:Spiritualism
9790:Essentialism
9770:Anti-realism
9688:
9433:Catherine II
9309:
8885:Beaumarchais
8715:Universality
8686:Reductionism
8633:
8610:Human rights
8454:
8442:
8430:
8403:
8396:
8356:
8344:
8318:
8310:
8302:
8294:
8286:
8270:
8212:
8196:Open Library
8161:
8160:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8099:
8086:
8076:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8029:
8011:
8000:
7993:
7975:
7965:
7958:
7951:
7940:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7901:
7886:
7876:
7862:
7855:
7845:
7838:
7813:
7802:
7787:
7776:. Retrieved
7772:the original
7752:, OUP, 2005
7749:
7732:
7725:
7707:
7701:Negotiations
7700:
7689:
7682:
7672:
7658:
7644:
7614:
7608:
7594:(1): 52–72.
7591:
7587:
7561:(4): 40–52.
7558:
7554:
7525:
7519:
7509:
7479:
7447:
7416:. New York:
7412:
7380:. New York:
7376:
7352:
7325:
7321:
7296:
7269:
7238:. New York:
7235:
7203:. New York:
7200:
7181:
7161:
7141:
7109:
7072:
7036:
7004:. New York:
6999:
6959:
6931:
6911:
6885:
6853:
6829:
6805:
6772:
6752:. New York:
6748:
6723:
6702:
6682:
6663:
6632:
6628:
6603:
6599:Attar, Samar
6589:– via
6564:
6550:
6534:
6522:
6509:
6501:
6492:
6479:
6469:
6464:
6454:
6449:
6433:
6427:
6410:
6404:
6387:
6381:
6365:
6360:
6348:. Retrieved
6342:(in Dutch).
6334:
6325:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6278:
6253:. Retrieved
6243:
6231:. Retrieved
6217:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6180:. Retrieved
6166:
6154:. Retrieved
6149:
6140:
6128:, retrieved
6106:
6085:
6080:
6071:
6059:. Retrieved
6055:
6045:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5997:
5989:
5984:
5976:
5971:
5963:
5958:
5950:
5934:
5929:
5920:
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5872:
5865:
5853:
5844:
5830:
5821:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5766:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5731:
5714:
5703:
5689:
5662:Jaspers 1974
5649:, letter 73.
5637:
5628:
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5601:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5575:
5565:
5553:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5527:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5495:
5490:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5450:Bennett 1984
5445:
5421:
5414:
5407:Bennett 1984
5402:
5395:Bennett 1984
5390:
5378:. Retrieved
5374:
5365:
5353:
5342:
5313:
5304:
5295:
5288:Scruton 2002
5283:
5275:
5271:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5221:
5214:Scruton 2002
5209:
5202:Scruton 2002
5197:
5190:Scruton 2002
5185:
5178:Scruton 2002
5158:
5153:, p. 38
5151:Scruton 2002
5136:Scruton 2002
5121:Scruton 2002
5116:
5109:Scruton 2002
5104:
5099:, p. 42
5097:Scruton 2002
5084:, p. 41
5082:Scruton 2002
5069:, p. 9.
5067:Jaspers 1974
5062:
5050:
5043:Shirley 2002
5038:
5031:Scruton 2002
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
5010:
5004:
4972:. Retrieved
4968:
4958:
4951:Simkins 2014
4946:
4934:
4922:
4917:, p. 3.
4910:
4898:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4870:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4793:Stewart 2006
4773:
4761:
4754:Stewart 2006
4749:
4742:Stewart 2006
4737:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4689:
4682:Shirley 2002
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4208:Scruton 2002
4203:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4112:Scruton 2002
4107:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4030:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3832:
3805:
3778:
3766:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3691:
3671:, p. i.
3664:
3652:
3645:Stewart 2006
3640:
3598:
3586:
3575:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3503:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3450:, p. 3.
3443:
3432:
3418:
3411:Kreines 2015
3406:
3394:
3383:
3369:
3358:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3296:
3284:
3277:ברוך שפינוזה
3201:
3188:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2840:
2820:
2809:
2796:
2794:
2771:
2766:Spinozaprijs
2765:
2761:legal tender
2747:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2713:
2700:
2675:
2651:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:Philosopher
2568:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2529:
2490:
2482:George Eliot
2466:
2429:
2422:
2407:
2404:Pierre Bayle
2401:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2353:
2342:
2332:
2324:
2321:Karl Jaspers
2318:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2260:Isaac Newton
2255:
2253:
2250:
2236:
2209:
2205:
2184:
2177:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:teleological
2096:
2090:
2082:
2045:
2042:The emotions
2028:
2017:
2009:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1968:
1957:
1952:Barend Graat
1935:
1920:
1915:Karl Jaspers
1908:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1822:
1806:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1762:
1616:Martin Buber
1500:
1484:
1435:Conservative
1408:
1355:
1317:
1294:
1198:Judah Halevi
1171:
1150:Jewish Kalam
1128:
1090:
1059:
1009:
1006:
997:tuberculosis
993:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
945:
939:
935:
927:
897:
875:
873:
843:
839:
832:
796:
792:
788:
782:
772:
768:
760:
756:
750:
722:
718:
696:
668:
652:
645:
629:
623:
619:
609:
595:
583:
564:
543:
536:
508:
492:
488:Talmud Torah
484:
456:
404:epistemology
397:
381:
374:Hebrew Bible
363:
361:
332:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:
238:Hebrew Bible
228:Epistemology
175:Cartesianism
111:Talmud Torah
83:(1677-02-21)
25:
13517:Ontologists
13482:Freethought
13372:1677 deaths
13367:1632 births
13063:(1835–1840)
12943:(c. 350 BC)
12933:(c. 375 BC)
12550:Tocqueville
12515:Saint-Simon
12480:Montesquieu
12331:Bolingbroke
12263:Machiavelli
12143:Ibn Khaldun
12108:Alpharabius
12101:Middle Ages
11926:Natural law
11901:Common good
11826:Nationalism
11786:Imperialism
11756:Corporatism
11731:Colonialism
11711:Agrarianism
11690:Technocracy
11670:Meritocracy
11650:Bureaucracy
11640:Aristocracy
11377:information
11368:Metaphysics
11342:Tabula rasa
11152:Physicalism
11137:Parallelism
11065:Behaviorism
11022:Michael Tye
11017:Alan Turing
11002:John Searle
10877:Dharmakirti
10852:Tyler Burge
10847:C. D. Broad
10489:Metaphysics
10473:(c. 200 BC)
10463:(c. 350 BC)
10453:(c. 350 BC)
10340:Collingwood
10245:Malebranche
9993:Information
9921:Anima mundi
9900:Type theory
9855:Physicalism
9820:Materialism
9775:Determinism
9746:Metaphysics
9690:Romanticism
9512:Charles III
9353:Poniatowski
9290:Leeuwenhoek
9270:de la Court
9258:Netherlands
9102:Mendelssohn
9097:Lichtenberg
8975:Montesquieu
8693:Sapere aude
8676:Rationalism
8671:Rationality
8661:Objectivity
8408:(2008 play)
8384:Works about
8369:Determinism
8315:(1675–1676)
7810:Ives, David
7692:. Transl. "
7634:Other works
6882:Klever, Win
6660:Buruma, Ian
6504:, 2/6/2022
6255:30 November
6223:"Entoen.nu"
6210:Israel 2001
6174:. Aip.org.
6156:8 September
5858:Israel 2023
5696:"Pantheism"
5609:8 September
5538:11 November
5474:Israel 2023
5462:Nadler 2018
5380:21 February
5358:Curley 1996
5264:Curley 1996
5016:8 September
4939:Israel 2023
4927:Totaro 2015
4915:Israel 1996
4903:Nadler 2018
4891:Israel 2023
4876:9 September
4853:Israel 2023
4841:Nadler 2018
4829:Israel 2023
4805:Israel 2023
4778:Nadler 2018
4766:Buruma 2024
4730:Nadler 2018
4718:Nadler 2018
4706:Nadler 2018
4694:Popkin 1999
4670:Nadler 2018
4658:Nadler 2018
4646:Nadler 2018
4634:Nadler 2018
4622:Nadler 2018
4610:Nadler 2018
4598:Nadler 2018
4583:Nadler 2018
4571:Nadler 2018
4559:Nadler 2018
4547:Nadler 2018
4535:Nadler 2018
4523:Nadler 2018
4511:Nadler 2018
4499:Nadler 2018
4487:Nadler 2018
4475:Nadler 2018
4463:Nadler 2018
4451:Israel 2023
4439:Nadler 2018
4427:Israel 2023
4415:Israel 2023
4403:Israel 2023
4391:Israel 2023
4376:Israel 2023
4364:Israel 2023
4352:Nadler 2018
4340:Nadler 2018
4328:Israel 2023
4316:Nadler 2018
4304:Nadler 2018
4292:Israel 2023
4280:Israel 2023
4268:Nadler 2018
4256:Nadler 2018
4244:Nadler 2011
4232:Israel 2023
4220:Nadler 2018
4196:Nadler 2018
4184:Nadler 2001
4172:Nadler 2001
4160:Nadler 2001
4136:Nadler 2001
4124:Touber 2018
4100:Israel 2023
4088:Nadler 2001
4076:Israel 2023
4064:Israel 2023
4052:Nadler 2001
4035:Israel 2023
4023:Israel 2023
4008:Israel 2023
3996:Israel 2023
3984:Nadler 2018
3972:Nadler 2018
3960:Nadler 2018
3948:Nadler 1999
3936:Israel 2023
3924:Nadler 2018
3912:Israel 2023
3900:Israel 2023
3888:Israel 2023
3876:Israel 2023
3864:Israel 2023
3852:Israel 2023
3837:Israel 2023
3825:Israel 2023
3810:Nadler 2018
3798:Israel 2023
3783:Israel 2023
3771:Israel 2023
3759:Israel 2023
3744:Israel 2023
3732:Israel 2023
3720:Israel 2023
3708:Israel 2023
3696:Israel 2023
3684:Israel 2023
3633:Nadler 2018
3618:Nadler 2011
3603:Israel 2023
3554:Nadler 2018
3542:Israel 2023
3530:Nadler 1999
3475:Nadler 1999
3463:Nadler 1999
3448:Yovel 1989b
3325:Garber 2015
3098:The Letters
2983: 1660
2750:Netherlands
2734:Leo Strauss
2668:André Tosel
2575:G. E. Moore
2499:, Lessing,
2359:panentheism
2169:aristocracy
1943:intellect.
1853:metaphysics
1847:Metaphysics
1819:rationalist
1673:Eschatology
1566:David Nieto
1531:Jacob Emden
1465:Neo-Hasidic
1344:Ibn Kammuna
1334:al-Mukkamas
1329:Saadia Gaon
1263:Joseph Albo
1223:Nachmanides
1183:Ibn Gabirol
1051:Hellenistic
1012:Nieuwe Kerk
990:'s remains.
984:Nieuwe Kerk
964:signet ring
884:millenarian
680:Collegiants
673:, a former
584:During the
496:Vlooienburg
400:metaphysics
388:pantheistic
300:rationalism
243:metaphysics
205:Rationalism
117:(no degree)
13522:Pantheists
13361:Categories
13351:Philosophy
13271:Separatism
13079:On Liberty
12979:The Prince
12708:Huntington
12211:Campanella
12138:al-Ghazali
12087:Thucydides
12045:Lactantius
11990:Statolatry
11816:Monarchism
11796:Liberalism
11721:Capitalism
11704:Ideologies
11685:Plutocracy
11633:Government
11589:Revolution
11574:Propaganda
11524:Legitimacy
11499:Government
11413:Task Force
11381:perception
11255:Artificial
11205:Creativity
11127:Nondualism
11027:Vasubandhu
10947:John Locke
10917:David Hume
10872:Andy Clark
10549:Monadology
10483:(c. 80 BC)
10190:Parmenides
10075:Perception
9973:Experience
9860:Relativism
9835:Naturalism
9785:Enactivism
9532:Villarroel
9527:Jovellanos
9463:Radishchev
9410:Micu-Klein
9348:Niemcewicz
9315:Swammerdam
9305:Nieuwentyt
9295:Mandeville
9150:Farmakidis
9036:Burlamaqui
8945:La Mettrie
8920:Fontenelle
8875:d'Argenson
8870:d'Alembert
8794:Harrington
8720:Utopianism
8620:Liberalism
8577:Empiricism
8552:Classicism
8542:Capitalism
8374:Secularism
8079:, 137–77).
7500:1273001409
7436:1064514238
7400:1042074357
6935:. Oxford:
6899:9004103074
6888:. Leiden:
6652:1036958076
6306:Schwartz.
5913:Smith 1997
5878:SUNY Press
5375:Lander.edu
5335:"Epicurus"
4148:Smith 2003
3657:Smith 1997
3591:Attar 2007
3487:Adler 2014
3175:References
3074:The Ethics
2914:Franciscus
2850:Hildo Krop
2786:Modern era
2719:world view
2441:Max Müller
2310:attributes
2308:under two
2200:See also:
2048:Descartes'
1923:Maimonides
1921:Following
1873:synonymous
1857:The Ethics
1851:Spinoza's
1782:See also:
1591:Moses Hess
1409:Positions:
1356:Positions:
1273:Judah Minz
1243:Gersonides
1218:Maimonides
1081:Boethusian
1060:Positions:
1019:Philosophy
932:Monadology
864:See also:
684:Mennonites
500:Houtgracht
467:Vidigueira
451:See also:
320:Ibn Tufayl
59:1632-11-24
13602:Spinozism
13339:Biography
12989:Leviathan
12969:Monarchia
12963:(c. 1274)
12798:Oakeshott
12743:Mansfield
12738:Luxemburg
12723:Kropotkin
12618:Bernstein
12571:centuries
12485:Nietzsche
12428:Jefferson
12356:Condorcet
12304:centuries
12283:Pufendorf
12148:Marsilius
12035:Confucius
12020:Aristotle
12013:Antiquity
11941:Noble lie
11861:Third Way
11856:Socialism
11781:Feudalism
11736:Communism
11716:Anarchism
11695:Theocracy
11680:Oligarchy
11660:Democracy
11645:Autocracy
11559:Pluralism
11544:Obedience
11509:Hierarchy
11469:Authority
11277:Intuition
11210:Cognition
11174:Solipsism
10837:Ned Block
10807:Armstrong
10802:Aristotle
10709:Teleology
10674:Mereology
10654:Cosmology
10513:(c. 1000)
10410:Plantinga
10400:Armstrong
10350:Heidegger
10325:Whitehead
10310:Nietzsche
10230:Descartes
10200:Aristotle
10155:Universal
10085:Principle
10055:Necessity
10015:Intention
9968:Existence
9931:Causality
9870:Solipsism
9800:Free will
9653:Jefferson
9595:Hutcheson
9484:Obradović
9453:Lomonosov
9448:Kheraskov
9358:Śniadecki
9122:Weishaupt
9117:Thomasius
9107:Pufendorf
8950:Lavoisier
8935:d'Holbach
8930:Helvétius
8910:Descartes
8905:Condorcet
8900:Condillac
8834:Priestley
8651:Modernity
8572:Democracy
8443:Wikiquote
8364:Pantheism
8358:Causa sui
8352:Multitude
8340:Immanence
8088:Rembrandt
7943:, Paris:
7600:2155-1723
7567:0882-8539
7542:0031-8205
7476:(1989b).
7446:(1989a).
7130:185335604
7063:900634238
6986:900634238
6754:Routledge
6292:7 October
6125:234131869
6037:880877889
3500:"Spinoza"
3313:Citations
3259:; Dutch:
3093:Epistolae
3051:1675–76.
2693:univocity
2689:immanence
2644:dialectic
2609:Tractatus
2564:The Hague
2513:Nietzsche
2423:In 1863,
2314:Extension
2302:pantheism
2224:substance
2210:In 1785,
2196:Pantheism
2116:Intuition
2056:cognitive
2031:Epicurean
2014:Causality
1977:pantheism
1940:attribute
1936:causa sui
1927:substance
1703:Holocaust
1693:Happiness
1475:Rambamist
1455:Holocaust
1430:Chassidic
1420:Sephardic
1367:Kabbalist
1295:Yemenite:
1071:Sadducean
1066:Hasmonean
1001:silicosis
919:Calvinist
835:The Hague
821:The Hague
753:Rijnsburg
739:Rijnsburg
727:Ole Borch
504:Rembrandt
430:Biography
335:Amsterdam
324:heterodox
256:Signature
105:Education
89:The Hague
67:Amsterdam
13244:Centrism
12939:Politics
12929:Republic
12898:Voegelin
12878:Spengler
12863:Shariati
12838:Rothbard
12793:Nussbaum
12693:Habermas
12668:Fukuyama
12658:Foucault
12583:Ambedkar
12560:Voltaire
12530:de Staël
12505:Rousseau
12386:Franklin
12361:Constant
12321:Beccaria
12153:Muhammad
12133:Gelasius
12118:Averroes
12092:Xenophon
12072:Polybius
12025:Chanakya
11870:Concepts
11836:Populism
11806:Localism
11791:Islamism
11776:Feminism
11675:Monarchy
11579:Property
11569:Progress
11534:Monopoly
11504:Hegemony
11398:Category
11245:Identity
11188:Concepts
11058:Theories
11042:Zhuangzi
10972:Alva Noë
10727:Category
10649:Axiology
10503:(c. 270)
10431:more ...
10385:Anscombe
10380:Strawson
10375:Davidson
10270:Berkeley
10210:Plotinus
10171:more ...
10110:Relation
10090:Property
10065:Ontology
9988:Identity
9909:Concepts
9840:Nihilism
9805:Idealism
9753:Theories
9703:Category
9648:Franklin
9615:Playfair
9585:Ferguson
9542:Scotland
9489:Mrazović
9443:Kantemir
9438:Fonvizin
9377:Portugal
9343:Krasicki
9338:Konarski
9333:Kołłątaj
9285:Koerbagh
9234:Genovesi
9219:Beccaria
9181:Berkeley
9112:Schiller
9077:Humboldt
9051:Saussure
9046:Rousseau
9010:Voltaire
8965:Maréchal
8940:Jaucourt
8895:Châtelet
8890:Chamfort
8839:Reynolds
8742:Thinkers
8646:Midlands
8635:Lumières
8605:Humanism
8598:Haskalah
8279:Works by
8181:LibriVox
8119:Archived
8108:Archived
8085:, 1957.
8039:(eds.),
8010:(2004).
7992:, 1991.
7910:, 1977.
7854:. 1994.
7812:(2009).
7748:, 1951.
7681:, 1968.
7643:, 2003.
7575:42943396
7466:24378397
7410:(2006).
7351:(1997).
7318:(2003).
7294:(2002).
7268:(2004).
7258:44808176
7140:(2018).
7106:(1999).
7096:49775415
7024:61859859
6996:(2006).
6884:(eds.).
6850:(2001).
6828:(2023).
6662:(2024).
6625:(1984).
6601:(2007).
6438:Archived
6416:Archived
6393:Archived
6370:Archived
6344:Archived
6279:ABC News
6227:Archived
6176:Archived
5892:Archived
5581:18 March
5560:, p. 26.
5163:Lin 2007
4974:20 March
3515:27 April
3158:See also
2953:El impío
2889:(1834).
2778:and the
2757:banknote
2470:nihilist
2165:monarchy
2097:striving
1912:—
1888:universe
1875:(in the
1861:infinite
1698:Holiness
1415:Orthodox
1382:Tosafist
1377:Talmudic
1155:Kabbalah
1120:Medieval
1076:Pharisee
950:and the
838:of
785:Voorburg
779:Voorburg
658:Apologia
343:Portugal
308:Stoicism
13325:Portals
13281:Statism
13194:Elitism
13152:Related
12953:(51 BC)
12883:Strauss
12858:Scruton
12853:Schmitt
12843:Russell
12763:Michels
12758:Maurras
12753:Marcuse
12713:Kautsky
12683:Gramsci
12678:Gentile
12648:Dworkin
12638:Du Bois
12633:Dmowski
12628:Chomsky
12623:Burnham
12608:Benoist
12578:Agamben
12545:Thoreau
12535:Stirner
12525:Spencer
12470:Mazzini
12460:Maistre
12455:Madison
12450:Le Play
12381:Fourier
12346:Carlyle
12326:Bentham
12316:Bastiat
12311:Bakunin
12288:Spinoza
12278:Müntzer
12248:Leibniz
12221:Grotius
12201:Bossuet
12168:Plethon
12113:Aquinas
12082:Sun Tzu
12050:Mencius
12040:Han Fei
11811:Marxism
11771:Fascism
11604:Society
11529:Liberty
11514:Justice
11494:Freedom
11408:Project
11361:Related
11220:Concept
11075:Dualism
11048:more...
10907:Goldman
10499:Enneads
10493:(c. 50)
10459:Timaeus
10449:Sophist
10395:Dummett
10390:Deleuze
10330:Russell
10320:Bergson
10315:Meinong
10295:Bolzano
10255:Leibniz
10235:Spinoza
10220:Aquinas
10205:Proclus
10135:Thought
10125:Subject
10105:Reality
10100:Quality
10070:Pattern
10030:Meaning
10005:Insight
9963:Essence
9948:Concept
9850:Realism
9815:Liberty
9780:Dualism
9658:Madison
9630:Stewart
9570:Burnett
9565:Boswell
9550:Beattie
9522:Moratín
9507:Cadalso
9458:Novikov
9393:Romania
9368:Wybicki
9363:Staszic
9310:Spinoza
9280:Huygens
9275:Grotius
9229:Galvani
9224:Galiani
9174:Ireland
9155:Feraios
9127:Wieland
9092:Lessing
9087:Leibniz
9060:Germany
9041:Prévost
9026:Abauzit
8990:Quesnay
8980:Morelly
8970:Meslier
8955:Leclerc
8915:Diderot
8804:Johnson
8779:Collins
8774:Bentham
8759:Addison
8752:England
8700:Science
8537:Atheism
8431:Commons
8346:Conatus
8135:_____.
7270:Spinoza
7234:(ed.).
7035:(ed.).
6958:(ed.).
6912:Spinoza
6749:Spinoza
6563:(ed.).
6545:Sources
6350:20 June
6088:(1990).
5765:", in:
5730:(ed.).
5702:(ed.).
5684:, p. 40
5341:(ed.).
3570:(ed.).
3431:(ed.).
3382:(ed.).
3357:(ed.).
2958:marrano
2754:guilder
2534:Zionist
2478:Lessing
2445:Brahman
2436:Vedanta
2291:Novalis
2220:atheist
2173:tyranny
2147:in the
2112:conatus
2092:conatus
1973:atheism
1885:natural
1867:", or "
1811:Leibniz
1708:Messiah
1485:People:
1460:Renewal
1372:Karaism
1091:People:
590:English
516:Curaçao
339:Marrano
280:Spinoza
13143:(1992)
13133:(1971)
13123:(1951)
13113:(1945)
13103:(1944)
13093:(1929)
13083:(1859)
13073:(1848)
13053:(1820)
13043:(1791)
13033:(1790)
13023:(1762)
13013:(1748)
13003:(1689)
12993:(1651)
12983:(1532)
12973:(1313)
12903:Walzer
12893:Taylor
12848:Sartre
12813:Popper
12808:Pareto
12803:Ortega
12788:Nozick
12778:Mouffe
12728:Laclau
12688:Guénon
12673:Gandhi
12613:Berlin
12603:Bauman
12598:Badiou
12588:Arendt
12555:Tucker
12445:Le Bon
12406:Herder
12396:Haller
12391:Godwin
12376:Fichte
12371:Engels
12366:Cortés
12336:Bonald
12293:Suárez
12268:Milton
12258:Luther
12231:Hobbes
12216:Filmer
12206:Calvin
12191:Boétie
12184:period
12163:Ockham
12030:Cicero
11831:Nazism
11619:Utopia
11594:Rights
11584:Regime
11554:People
11539:Nation
11352:Zombie
11337:Qualia
10633:(1981)
10623:(1943)
10613:(1927)
10603:(1846)
10593:(1818)
10583:(1807)
10573:(1783)
10563:(1781)
10553:(1714)
10543:(1710)
10533:(1677)
10529:Ethics
10523:(1641)
10425:Parfit
10415:Kripke
10405:Putnam
10365:Sartre
10355:Carnap
10305:Peirce
10250:Newton
10225:Suárez
10215:Scotus
10095:Qualia
10060:Object
10050:Nature
10045:Motion
10025:Matter
9958:Entity
9830:Monism
9610:Newton
9600:Hutton
9580:Cullen
9477:Serbia
9425:Russia
9415:Șincai
9325:Poland
9265:Bekker
9239:Pagano
9201:Toland
9165:Korais
9160:Kairis
9142:Greece
9072:Herder
9067:Goethe
9031:Bonnet
9019:Geneva
9005:Turgot
8995:Raynal
8985:Pascal
8925:Gouges
8863:France
8849:Tindal
8844:Sidney
8819:Newton
8814:Milton
8789:Godwin
8784:Gibbon
8681:Reason
8523:Topics
8323:(1677)
8320:Ethics
8307:(1670)
8299:(1663)
8291:(1662)
8018:
7982:
7945:Minuit
7932:
7896:
7869:
7822:
7794:
7756:
7739:
7714:
7665:
7651:
7598:
7573:
7565:
7555:Shofar
7540:
7498:
7488:
7464:
7454:
7434:
7424:
7398:
7388:
7363:
7337:
7324:Ethics
7304:
7280:
7256:
7246:
7219:
7188:
7169:
7148:
7128:
7118:
7094:
7084:
7061:
7051:
7022:
7012:
6984:
6974:
6943:
6918:
6896:
6862:
6836:
6814:
6791:
6760:
6735:
6724:Ethics
6710:
6689:
6670:
6650:
6640:
6631:Ethics
6611:
6583:
6130:19 May
6123:
6061:19 May
6035:
6025:
5884:
5680:
5645:
5433:
5422:Ethics
5276:Ethics
5248:Ethics
4969:SFGate
3273:Hebrew
3151:Ethics
3090:1677.
3079:1677.
3066:1677.
3036:1670.
3013:1663.
3000:1662.
2877:Ethics
2873:Goethe
2821:cherem
2810:cherem
2797:cherem
2676:Ethics
2670:, and
2630:, and
2605:Ethics
2530:Ethics
2515:, and
2503:, and
2451:Legacy
2380:Ethics
2232:theism
2167:or an
2157:Ethics
2107:Ethics
2065:egoism
2052:Hume's
1997:Ethics
1954:, 1666
1897:Ethics
1869:Nature
1841:axioms
1831:Euclid
1823:Ethics
1807:Ethics
1794:Ethics
1678:Ethics
1653:Topics
1470:Mussar
1440:Reform
1425:Chabad
1400:Modern
1318:Other:
928:Ethics
840:Ethics
789:Ethics
769:Ethics
719:Ethics
675:Jesuit
653:Ethics
479:Oporto
471:Nantes
418:, and
412:ethics
383:Ethics
351:Hebrew
322:, and
272:Baruch
233:ethics
167:School
150:Region
13292:Index
12921:Works
12908:Weber
12873:Spann
12868:Sorel
12833:Röpke
12828:Rawls
12783:Negri
12773:Mosca
12768:Mises
12733:Lenin
12703:Hoppe
12698:Hayek
12663:Fromm
12653:Evola
12643:Dugin
12540:Taine
12520:Smith
12500:Renan
12495:Paine
12416:Iqbal
12401:Hegel
12351:Comte
12341:Burke
12253:Locke
12243:James
12196:Bodin
12128:Dante
12123:Bruni
12077:Shang
12060:Plato
11614:State
11564:Power
11549:Peace
11484:Elite
11462:Terms
11260:Human
10982:Plato
10902:Fodor
10679:Meta-
10420:Lewis
10370:Quine
10335:Moore
10300:Lotze
10285:Hegel
10260:Wolff
10240:Locke
10195:Plato
10165:Value
10145:Truth
9668:Paine
9663:Mason
9625:Smith
9575:Burns
9560:Blair
9555:Black
9499:Spain
9405:Maior
9300:Meyer
9244:Verri
9211:Italy
9196:Swift
9191:Burke
9186:Boyle
9132:Wolff
8960:Mably
8880:Bayle
8829:Price
8809:Locke
8799:Hooke
8769:Bacon
8567:Deism
8162:Works
7778:2 May
7571:JSTOR
6551:Books
6233:2 May
6182:2 May
6121:S2CID
5898:2 May
5726:. In
5698:. In
5337:. In
3427:. In
3378:. In
3353:. In
3180:Notes
2969:Works
2939:, or
2881:Heine
2814:Haham
2780:Quran
2776:Bible
2624:Hegel
2517:Freud
2501:Heine
2486:Hegel
2418:Laozi
1877:Latin
1765:(TTP)
1683:Faith
1663:Anger
968:Caute
631:herem
575:Rashi
571:Torah
337:to a
199:Hegel
12823:Rand
12818:Qutb
12718:Kirk
12593:Aron
12510:Sade
12490:Owen
12475:Mill
12465:Marx
12433:Kant
12411:Hume
12273:More
12173:Wang
12055:Mozi
11479:Duty
11385:self
11322:Pain
11312:Mind
11240:Idea
10360:Ryle
10280:Kant
10275:Hume
10265:Reid
10140:Time
10120:Soul
10115:Self
10040:Mind
9998:Data
9983:Idea
9620:Reid
9605:Mill
9590:Hume
9249:Vico
9082:Kant
9000:Sade
8824:Pope
8064:____
8016:ISBN
7980:ISBN
7930:ISBN
7894:ISBN
7887:The
7867:ISBN
7820:ISBN
7792:ISBN
7780:2011
7754:ISBN
7737:ISBN
7712:ISBN
7663:ISBN
7649:ISBN
7596:ISSN
7563:ISSN
7538:ISSN
7496:OCLC
7486:ISBN
7462:OCLC
7452:ISBN
7432:OCLC
7422:ISBN
7396:OCLC
7386:ISBN
7361:ISBN
7335:ISBN
7302:ISBN
7278:ISBN
7254:OCLC
7244:ISBN
7217:ISBN
7186:ISBN
7167:ISBN
7146:ISBN
7126:OCLC
7116:ISBN
7092:OCLC
7082:ISBN
7059:OCLC
7049:ISBN
7020:OCLC
7010:ISBN
6982:OCLC
6972:ISBN
6941:ISBN
6916:ISBN
6894:ISBN
6860:ISBN
6834:ISBN
6812:ISBN
6789:ISBN
6758:ISBN
6733:ISBN
6708:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6648:OCLC
6638:ISBN
6609:ISBN
6581:ISBN
6513:See
6352:2023
6294:2020
6257:2014
6235:2011
6184:2011
6158:2009
6132:2022
6063:2022
6033:OCLC
6023:ISBN
5900:2011
5882:ISBN
5678:ISBN
5643:ISBN
5611:2009
5583:2024
5540:2015
5431:ISBN
5382:2017
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