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31:
639:. His examination of Semmelweis's systematic discovery in addressing a scientific problem provided a historical context for Hempel's own reflections. This account of Semmelweis's work notably influenced Hempel's thoughts on the role of '
720:
570:
in 1977 and teaching there until 1985. In 1989 the
Department of Philosophy at Princeton University renamed its Three Lecture Series the 'Carl G. Hempel Lectures' in his honor. He was an elected member of the
591:" as an accurate description of the Vienna Circle and Berlin Group, preferring to describe those philosophers, including himself, as "logical empiricists." He believed that the term "
622:. To Hempel, metaphysics involved claims to know things which were not knowable; that is, metaphysical hypotheses were incapable of confirmation or disconfirmation by evidence.
1336:
986:
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318:
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as a philosopher with a genius for stating philosophical insights in striking and memorable language, but believed that he, or at least the
Wittgenstein of the
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180:
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2458:
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1374:
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182:
BeitrÀge zur logischen
Analyse des Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffs (Contributions to the Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability)
3371:
2514:
3416:
2743:
425:
85:
3331:
856:
Gandjour A, Lauterbach KW, "Inductive reasoning in medicine: lessons from Carl Gustav Hempel's 'inductive-statistical' model",
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and inductive reasoning play a crucial role in the development of scientific knowledge, further enriching his perspective on
572:
538:
and logic in 1936. In 1937, Hempel emigrated to the United States, where he accepted a position as Carnap's assistant at the
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396:, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960s. He is also known for the
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had prompted Hempel to emigrate to
Belgium as his wife was of Jewish ancestry. In this he was aided by the scientist
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was Hempel's main doctoral supervisor, but after
Reichenbach lost his philosophy chair in Berlin in 1933,
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Exact
Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science
1007:
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2006:
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at the
Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh.
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of explanation in the 1940s with the publication of "The function of general laws in history".
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670:, Hempel's birthplace, renamed one of its streets "Carl-Gustav-Hempel-StraĂe" in his memory.
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643:' in scientific inquiry. He considered Semmelweis's approach as a pivotal example of how
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Essays in honor of Carl G. Hempel. A tribute on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday
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1983:
1932:
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Hempel, Carl G; Oppenheim, Paul (Apr 1948). "Studies in the logic of explanation".
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The
Philosophy of Carl G. Hempel: Studies in Science, Explanation, and Rationality
467:, Hempel participated in a congress on scientific philosophy in 1929 where he met
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2016:
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1326:"Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning" by Carl G. Hempel
770:
527:
374:
246:
1176:
Hempel, Carl G. (15 January 1942). "The
Function of General Laws in History".
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First Philosophy: Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy, Volume 2
523:
519:
Within a year of completing his doctorate, the increasingly repressive and
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241:
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51:
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629:, Hempel brought to light the significant contributions of 19th-century
3142:
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1955:
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1076:"Theory of scientific investigation by Hempel and a case of Semmelweis"
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in Jerusalem before becoming University Professor of Philosophy at the
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964:(2nd ed.). Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. p. 206.
633:
30:
1189:
2929:
2647:
1146:
559:
497:
Contributions to the Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability
2627:
1254:
Hempel, Carl G. (1980). "1. The Logical Analysis of Psychology".
630:
417:
390:
363:
1219:
Hempel, Carl G. (1945). "Studies in the Logic of Confirmation".
2694:
1258:. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press.
464:
366:
175:
493:
BeitrÀge zur logischen Analyse des Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffs
457:
453:
290:
2573:
924:
Hempel, Carl G. (13 January 2000). Jeffrey, Richard (ed.).
989:. Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh
899:
Fetzer, James (17 December 2021). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
607:
that empiricists were not obliged to embrace. He regarded
562:
in 1973. Between 1974 and 1976, he was an emeritus at the
618:
made claims that could only be supported by recourse to
1307:, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74â76.
958:"Carl Hempel "Scientific Inquiry: Invention and Test""
1333:
by the Princeton University Office of Communications.
3377:
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1212:
1056:
721:Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays
1337:Carl Gustav Hempel Papers, 1903-1997, ASP.1999.01
3313:
913:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
654:Hempel is also credited with the revival of the
362:(January 8, 1905 â November 9, 1997) was a
1132:
905:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
687:1942: "The Function of General Laws in History"
2452:
1368:
1184:(2). Philosophy Documentation Center: 35â48.
773:and "Geometry and Empirical Science" (1945),
456:foundations derived from a limited number of
3457:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1227:(213). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1â26.
928:. Cambridge University Press. p. viii.
690:1943: "Studies in the Logic of Confirmation"
1322:at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1169:
1080:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
2459:
2445:
1375:
1361:
532:Der Typusbegriff im Lichte der neuen Logik
29:
3115:
3078:Relationship between religion and science
2466:
1247:
1109:
1091:
1063:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1970. pp. v.
16:German writer and philosopher (1905â1997)
693:1959: "The Logic of Functional Analysis"
3402:People from the Province of Brandenburg
3342:20th-century German non-fiction writers
1651:
1382:
1037:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
917:
902:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3314:
1253:
1218:
1175:
923:
898:
794:(Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1949).
582:
2440:
1356:
836:
834:
832:
771:âłOn the Nature of Mathematical Truth"
573:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3387:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1073:
713:
530:, with whom he co-authored the book
475:of philosophers associated with the
845:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
822:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13:
1284:
1008:"Carl G. Hempel | Philosophy"
984:
829:
783:Readings in Philosophical Analysis
678:
579:for which he served as president.
14:
3468:
3098:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3093:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3046:History and philosophy of science
1313:
1293:, "Positive Thinking" (review of
811:
699:Aspects of Scientific Explanation
542:. He later held positions at the
511:became the official supervisors.
381:, a 20th-century movement in the
3442:University of Pittsburgh faculty
3352:City College of New York faculty
3347:20th-century German philosophers
3337:20th-century German male writers
3295:
3283:
2420:
2411:
2410:
1264:10.4159/harvard.9780674594623.c3
587:Hempel never embraced the term "
3372:German male non-fiction writers
1256:The Language and Thought Series
1126:
1067:
1049:
1025:
673:
3437:University of Göttingen alumni
3417:German philosophers of science
2487:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1623:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1000:
978:
950:
892:
867:
850:
805:
786:(pp. 222â249), edited by
577:American Philosophical Society
323:Internal vs. bridge principles
1:
3332:20th-century German essayists
987:"Carl Gustav Hempel's Papers"
926:Selected Philosophical Essays
798:
775:American Mathematical Monthly
736:Selected Philosophical Essays
707:Philosophy of Natural Science
3432:Princeton University faculty
3382:Heidelberg University alumni
1304:The New York Review of Books
554:, where he taught alongside
407:
210:Other academic advisors
7:
3422:German philosophy academics
3412:Philosophers of mathematics
2820:Hypothetico-deductive model
2795:Deductive-nomological model
2780:Constructivist epistemology
764:
656:Deductive-nomological model
479:. In 1934, he received his
471:and became involved in the
387:deductive-nomological model
377:. He was a major figure in
319:Inductive-statistical model
314:Deductive-nomological model
256:Other notable students
10:
3473:
1522:Causal theory of reference
625:In his exploration of the
3274:
3106:
3008:
2938:
2881:Semantic view of theories
2800:Epistemological anarchism
2752:
2737:dependent and independent
2474:
2406:
2381:
2343:
2317:
2291:
2263:
2207:
2179:
2116:
2095:
2034:
1992:
1969:
1946:
1848:
1792:
1754:
1698:
1605:
1509:
1459:
1433:
1397:
1390:
1301:, Basic Books, 449 pp.),
1178:The Journal of Philosophy
1093:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_61_17
1074:Raza, Syed Ahsan (2017).
661:
595:," with its roots in the
514:
400:("Hempel's paradox") and
385:. Hempel articulated the
345:
337:Explanandum and explanans
304:
276:
255:
219:
209:
189:
174:
144:
124:
114:
104:
100:
81:
62:
37:
28:
21:
2623:Intertheoretic reduction
2612:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2589:Functional contextualism
1582:Scientific structuralism
1012:philosophy.princeton.edu
934:10.1017/cbo9780511815157
568:University of Pittsburgh
558:and remained until made
544:City College of New York
428:and subsequently at the
169:University of Pittsburgh
153:City College of New York
3452:Yale University faculty
3397:People from Oranienburg
3108:Philosophers of science
2886:Scientific essentialism
2835:Model-dependent realism
2770:Constructive empiricism
2663:Evidence-based practice
487:with a dissertation on
448:attempting to base all
426:University of Göttingen
109:20th-century philosophy
86:University of Göttingen
3191:Alfred North Whitehead
3181:Charles Sanders Peirce
1638:Reflective equilibrium
1233:10.1093/mind/liv.213.1
524:Nazi regime in Germany
3407:Philosophers of logic
3367:German male essayists
3290:Philosophy portal
3041:Hard and soft science
3036:Faith and rationality
2905:Scientific skepticism
2685:Scientific Revolution
2468:Philosophy of science
2309:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1764:David Malet Armstrong
1135:Philosophy of Science
875:"Theories in Science"
627:philosophy of science
540:University of Chicago
444:and was impressed by
434:Heidelberg University
383:philosophy of science
286:Philosophy of science
149:University of Chicago
95:Heidelberg University
74:Princeton, New Jersey
3016:Criticism of science
2891:Scientific formalism
2775:Constructive realism
2680:Scientific pluralism
2653:Problem of induction
1033:"Carl Gustav Hempel"
552:Princeton University
485:University of Berlin
430:University of Berlin
161:Princeton University
90:University of Berlin
3083:Rhetoric of science
3021:Descriptive science
2765:Confirmation holism
2658:Scientific evidence
2618:Inductive reasoning
2547:Demarcation problem
2131:Patricia Churchland
2062:Christine Korsgaard
1948:Logical positivists
1840:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1617:paradox of analysis
1384:Analytic philosophy
668:City of Oranienburg
609:Ludwig Wittgenstein
583:Philosophical views
296:Confirmation theory
139:Logical behaviorism
131:Analytic philosophy
3427:Philosophy writers
3392:Logical positivism
3302:Science portal
3231:Carl Gustav Hempel
3186:Wilhelm Windelband
3073:Questionable cause
2896:Scientific realism
2717:Underdetermination
2552:Empirical evidence
2542:Creative synthesis
2304:William Lane Craig
2022:Friedrich Waismann
1979:Carl Gustav Hempel
1938:Timothy Williamson
1898:Alasdair MacIntyre
1756:Australian realism
1736:Russ Shafer-Landau
1597:Analytical Thomism
1552:Logical positivism
1320:Carl Gustav Hempel
649:logical empiricism
645:empirical evidence
589:logical positivism
489:probability theory
379:logical empiricism
119:Western philosophy
23:Carl Gustav Hempel
3309:
3308:
3151:
3150:
3063:Normative science
2920:Uniformitarianism
2675:Scientific method
2569:Explanatory power
2434:
2433:
2402:
2401:
2118:Pittsburgh School
2108:Peter van Inwagen
2042:Roderick Chisholm
2030:
2029:
1923:Richard Swinburne
1858:G. E. M. Anscombe
1694:
1693:
1592:Analytic theology
1567:Ordinary language
1505:
1504:
1273:978-0-674-59462-3
971:978-1-55111-973-1
943:978-0-521-62475-6
858:J Eval Clin Pract
714:Essay collections
564:Hebrew University
440:, he encountered
349:
348:
220:Doctoral students
191:Doctoral advisors
165:Hebrew University
3464:
3362:German logicians
3300:
3299:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3261:Bas van Fraassen
3216:Hans Reichenbach
3196:Bertrand Russell
3113:
3112:
2939:Philosophy of...
2722:Unity of science
2515:Commensurability
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2353:Nancy Cartwright
2194:Nicholas Rescher
2171:Bas van Fraassen
2161:Nicholas Rescher
1984:Hans Reichenbach
1967:
1966:
1933:Bernard Williams
1830:Bertrand Russell
1752:
1751:
1686:Rigid designator
1649:
1648:
1395:
1394:
1391:Related articles
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838:
827:
826:
813:Zalta, Edward N.
809:
637:Ignaz Semmelweis
550:(1948â1955) and
509:Nicolai Hartmann
501:Hans Reichenbach
463:After moving to
402:Hempel's dilemma
373:, logician, and
327:Hempel's dilemma
263:Robert Stalnaker
204:Nicolai Hartmann
196:Hans Reichenbach
69:
66:November 9, 1997
47:
45:
33:
19:
18:
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3312:
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3310:
3305:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3270:
3251:Paul Feyerabend
3211:Michael Polanyi
3147:
3133:Galileo Galilei
3102:
3088:Science studies
3004:
2934:
2925:Verificationism
2830:Instrumentalism
2815:Foundationalism
2790:Conventionalism
2748:
2584:Feminist method
2470:
2465:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2398:
2389:Jan Ćukasiewicz
2377:
2345:Stanford School
2339:
2325:Paul Feyerabend
2313:
2299:Alvin Plantinga
2287:
2273:James F. Conant
2259:
2203:
2175:
2166:Wilfrid Sellars
2156:Alexander Pruss
2136:Paul Churchland
2112:
2091:
2047:Donald Davidson
2026:
1988:
1965:
1942:
1868:Michael Dummett
1844:
1835:Frank P. Ramsey
1788:
1750:
1726:Jaakko Hintikka
1711:Keith Donnellan
1690:
1647:
1601:
1562:Neurophilosophy
1547:Logical atomism
1501:
1455:
1429:
1386:
1381:
1316:
1287:
1285:Further reading
1282:
1281:
1274:
1252:
1248:
1217:
1213:
1190:10.2307/2017635
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851:
839:
830:
810:
806:
801:
792:Wilfrid Sellars
767:
716:
681:
679:Principal works
676:
664:
585:
548:Yale University
517:
505:Wolfgang Köhler
481:doctoral degree
412:Hempel studied
410:
341:
307:
300:
279:
272:
251:
200:Wolfgang Köhler
167:
163:
159:
157:Yale University
155:
151:
137:
133:
93:
88:
77:
71:
67:
58:
49:
48:January 8, 1905
43:
41:
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5:
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3171:Rudolf Steiner
3168:
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3161:Henri Poincaré
3158:
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3048:
3043:
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3031:Exact sciences
3028:
3023:
3018:
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3009:Related topics
3006:
3005:
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2968:Social science
2965:
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2961:Space and time
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2670:Scientific law
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2579:Falsifiability
2576:
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2508:Mill's Methods
2500:
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2141:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Robert Brandom
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
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2110:
2105:
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2090:
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2082:W. V. O. Quine
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Nelson Goodman
2054:
2052:Daniel Dennett
2049:
2044:
2038:
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2032:
2031:
2028:
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2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:Moritz Schlick
2014:
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1998:
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1981:
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1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
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1928:Charles Taylor
1925:
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1918:P. F. Strawson
1915:
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1900:
1895:
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1854:
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1815:Norman Malcolm
1812:
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1796:
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1784:J. J. C. Smart
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:David Chalmers
1766:
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1749:
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1696:
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1692:
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1676:Possible world
1673:
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1628:Counterfactual
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1398:Areas of focus
1392:
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1372:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:New York Times
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1315:
1314:External links
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1147:10.1086/286983
1141:(2): 135â175.
1125:
1086:(2): 198â200.
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375:epistemologist
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3221:Rudolf Carnap
3219:
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3156:Auguste Comte
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3128:Francis Bacon
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3056:Pseudoscience
3054:
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3037:
3034:
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2915:Structuralism
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2785:Contextualism
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2015:
2013:
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2008:
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2002:Rudolf Carnap
2000:
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1994:Vienna Circle
1991:
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1971:Berlin Circle
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879:pages.mtu.edu
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817:"Behaviorism"
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788:Herbert Feigl
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718:
717:
709:
708:
703:
701:
700:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
682:
671:
669:
666:In 2005, the
659:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
615:
610:
606:
602:
601:Auguste Comte
598:
594:
590:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:(1939â1948),
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Vienna Circle
474:
473:Berlin Circle
470:
469:Rudolf Carnap
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:David Hilbert
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
398:raven paradox
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
338:
335:
333:
332:Raven paradox
330:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
309:
306:Notable ideas
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
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284:
283:
281:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
258:
254:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Robert Nozick
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
218:
215:
214:Rudolf Carnap
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
183:
179:
177:
173:
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162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:Berlin Circle
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
91:
87:
84:
80:
75:
65:
61:
57:
56:German Empire
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3266:Larry Laudan
3246:Imre Lakatos
3230:
3201:Otto Neurath
3176:Karl Pearson
3166:Pierre Duhem
3138:Isaac Newton
3068:Protoscience
3026:Epistemology
2900:Anti-realism
2898: /
2879: /
2870: /
2856: /
2854:Reductionism
2852: /
2825:Inductionism
2805:Evolutionism
2610:
2497:a posteriori
2496:
2492:
2283:Cora Diamond
2199:Morton White
2067:Thomas Nagel
2012:Otto Neurath
1978:
1961:Ernest Nagel
1908:Gilbert Ryle
1903:Derek Parfit
1863:J. L. Austin
1810:Casimir Lewy
1779:Peter Singer
1774:J. L. Mackie
1746:Barry Stroud
1706:Noam Chomsky
1699:Philosophers
1633:Natural kind
1517:Anti-realism
1477:Mathematical
1451:Performative
1410:Epistemology
1346:
1302:
1298:
1295:Karl Sigmund
1255:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
980:
961:
952:
925:
919:
907:. Retrieved
901:
894:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
861:
857:
852:
820:
807:
781:
780:Articles in
774:
749:
735:
719:
705:
697:
674:Bibliography
665:
653:
624:
612:
603:, implied a
586:
531:
521:anti-semitic
518:
496:
492:
462:
411:
359:
355:
351:
350:
185: (1934)
181:
145:Institutions
68:(1997-11-09)
3357:Empiricists
3327:1997 deaths
3322:1905 births
3256:Ian Hacking
3241:Thomas Kuhn
3226:Karl Popper
3206:C. D. Broad
3123:Roger Bacon
3051:Non-science
2993:Linguistics
2973:Archaeology
2868:Rationalism
2858:Determinism
2845:Physicalism
2810:Fallibilism
2760:Coherentism
2690:Testability
2643:Observation
2638:Objectivity
2599:alternative
2530:Correlation
2520:Consilience
2382:Lwow-Warsaw
2368:Ian Hacking
2335:Karl Popper
2330:Thomas Kuhn
2278:Alice Crary
2240:Saul Kripke
2235:Jaegwon Kim
2230:David Lewis
2220:Jerry Fodor
2189:Susan Haack
2103:Robert Audi
1913:John Searle
1883:Peter Geach
1873:Antony Flew
1820:G. E. Moore
1741:Ernest Sosa
1671:Possibility
1420:Mathematics
1405:Metaphysics
1017:17 December
909:17 December
884:17 December
841:Carl Hempel
777:, issue 52.
620:metaphysics
605:metaphysics
597:materialism
575:and of the
556:Thomas Kuhn
450:mathematics
446:his program
414:mathematics
394:explanation
371:philosopher
352:Carl Gustav
242:John Earman
232:Jaegwon Kim
92:(PhD, 1934)
52:Oranienburg
3316:Categories
3143:David Hume
3116:Precursors
2998:Psychology
2978:Economicsâ
2872:Empiricism
2863:Pragmatism
2850:Positivism
2840:Naturalism
2710:scientific
2594:Hypothesis
2557:Experiment
2358:John Dupré
2225:Kurt Gödel
2181:Pragmatism
2096:Notre Dame
2087:John Rawls
1956:A. J. Ayer
1893:R. M. Hare
1888:Paul Grice
1800:Arif Ahmed
1587:Sense data
1572:Pragmatism
1446:Linguistic
1042:2022-09-28
993:2013-09-17
864:(2):161â9.
799:References
593:positivism
422:philosophy
391:scientific
268:Carl Icahn
44:1905-01-08
2983:Geography
2951:Chemistry
2910:Scientism
2705:ladenness
2525:Construct
2503:Causality
2208:Princeton
2007:Hans Hahn
1793:Cambridge
1666:Necessity
1661:Actualism
1532:Emotivism
1497:Predicate
1467:Classical
1291:Holt, Jim
1241:0026-4423
1198:0022-362X
1102:2249-4863
641:induction
634:physician
631:Hungarian
614:Tractatus
491:, titled
483:from the
452:on solid
438:Göttingen
408:Education
82:Education
3278:Category
2930:Vitalism
2753:Theories
2727:Variable
2648:Paradigm
2535:function
2493:A priori
2482:Analysis
2475:Concepts
2416:Category
2292:Reformed
2265:Quietism
1653:Modality
1613:Analysis
1606:Concepts
1577:Quietism
1537:Feminism
1510:Theories
1415:Language
1343:Obituary
1331:Obituary
1163:16924146
1120:29302516
860:, 2003,
765:Articles
752:(2001),
738:(2000),
724:(1965),
560:emeritus
536:typology
432:and the
2988:History
2956:Physics
2946:Biology
2744:more...
2732:control
2628:Inquiry
2318:Science
2035:Harvard
1681:Realism
1557:Marxism
1472:Deviant
1441:Aretaic
1425:Science
1345:in the
1206:2017635
1111:5749055
815:(ed.).
454:logical
424:at the
418:physics
2700:choice
2695:Theory
2633:Nature
2562:design
1850:Oxford
1270:
1239:
1204:
1196:
1161:
1155:185169
1153:
1118:
1108:
1100:
968:
940:
756:
742:
728:
704:1966:
696:1965:
662:Legacy
515:Career
465:Berlin
458:axioms
367:writer
364:German
360:Hempel
176:Thesis
126:School
115:Region
76:, U.S.
2426:Index
1460:Logic
1434:Turns
1202:JSTOR
1159:S2CID
1151:JSTOR
436:. In
356:Peter
291:Logic
2604:null
2574:Fact
2495:and
1268:ISBN
1237:ISSN
1221:Mind
1194:ISSN
1116:PMID
1098:ISSN
1019:2021
966:ISBN
938:ISBN
911:2021
886:2021
790:and
754:ISBN
740:ISBN
726:ISBN
507:and
420:and
63:Died
38:Born
1260:doi
1229:doi
1225:LIV
1186:doi
1143:doi
1106:PMC
1088:doi
930:doi
599:of
534:on
499:).
389:of
369:,
105:Era
3318::
1297:,
1266:.
1235:.
1223:.
1200:.
1192:.
1182:39
1180:.
1157:.
1149:.
1139:15
1137:.
1114:.
1104:.
1096:.
1082:.
1078:.
1035:.
1010:.
960:.
936:.
877:.
831:^
819:.
651:.
460:.
416:,
404:.
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1208:.
1188::
1165:.
1145::
1122:.
1090::
1084:6
1045:.
1021:.
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946:.
932::
888:.
862:9
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843:(
825:.
760:.
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495:(
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46:)
42:(
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