Nicolai Hartmann - Knowledge

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factors obtain, it is necessary that the entity exists. But as long as one of its factors is missing, it can't become actual, it is impossible. This has the consequence that all positive and all the negative modalities fall together: whatever is possible is both actual and necessary, whatever is not necessary is both non-actual and impossible. This is true also in the ideal sphere, where possibility is given by being free from contradictions.

25: 786:. Our knowledge of the goodness (or badness) of situations is derived from our emotional experiences of them, experiences which are made possible by an a priori capacity for the appreciation of value. For Hartmann, this means that our awareness of the value of a state of affairs is not arrived at through a process of reasoning, but rather, by way of an experience of 666:, on the other hand, constitutes what this entity is like, what its characteristics are. Every entity has both of these modes of being. But, as Hartmann points out, there is no absolute difference between existence and essence. For example, the existence of a leaf belongs to the essence of the tree while the existence of the tree belongs to the essence of the forest. 782:

this realm are unchanging, super-temporal, and super-historical, though human consciousness of them shifts in focus over time. Borrowing a style of phrase from Kant, Hartmann characterizes values as conditions of the possibility of goods; in other words, values are what make it possible for situations in the world to be

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If, then, ethics is the study of what one ought to do, or what states of affairs one ought to bring about, such studies, according to Hartmann, must be carried out by paying close attention to our emotional capacities to discern what is valuable in the world. As such, Hartmann's conception of proper

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according to which moral knowledge is achieved through phenomenological investigation into our experiences of values. Moral phenomena are understood by Hartmann to be experiences of a realm of being which is distinct from that of material things, namely, the realm of values. The values inhabiting

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Georg Leaman, Gerd Simon: Deutsche Philosophen aus der Sicht des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS. Jahrbuch für Soziologie-Geschichte 1992, pages 261–292. Original SD-file text: "von jeher national. Loyal auch gegenüber dem NS, ohne pol. Aktivität, aber durchaus sozial eingestellt. (Siehe

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in the sense that they depend on the absolute modalities: something is possible, impossible or necessary because something else is actual. Hartmann analyzes modality in the real sphere in terms of necessary conditions. An entity becomes actual if all its necessary conditions obtain. If all these

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are two disjunctive categories: every entity is either real or ideal. Ideal entities are universal, returnable and always existing while real entities are individual, unique and destructible. Among the ideal entities are mathematical objects and values. Reality is made up of a chain of temporal

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In 1929 Hartmann married Frida Rosenfeld, with whom he had a son, Olaf (1930), and a daughter, Lise (1932). In 1931 he became Professor of Theoretical Philosophy in Berlin. He held the Chair until 1945. During this time he successively published many pieces of his ontology:

492:) (1940). The unrest of the National Socialist period seems to have left Hartmann relatively undisturbed in his task of developing a new ontology. In the "'-Dossiers über Philosophie-Professoren" (i.e. SD-files concerning philosophy professors) that were set up by the 1959:

2011, Alicja Pietras, "Recepcja myśli Kanta w filozofii Hartmanna i Heideggera. Problem relacji między filozofią a naukami szczegółowymi", in: A. J. Noras, T. Kubalica (eds.), "Filozofia Kanta i jej recepcja", Katowice 2011, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, pp.

1963:

2012, Alicja Pietras, "O interpretacji z punktu widzenia ontologii bytu duchowego Nicolaia Hartmanna", in: M. Brodnicki, J. Jakubowska, K. Jaroń (eds.), "Historia interpretacji. Interpretacja historii", Gdańsk 2012, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, pp.

1839:

2001, Leszek Kopciuch, "Metafizyka historii u Nicolaia Hartmanna. Granice rozumu historycznego", in: Z. J. Czarnecji (ed.), "Dylematy racjonalności. Między rozumem teoretycznym a praktycznym, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowoskiej, pp.

1092:, London: George Allen & Unwin 1932. Reprinted with a new introduction by Andreas A. M. Kinneging – New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2002–2004 in three volumes: I. Moral phenomena (2002); II. Moral values (2004); III. Moral freedom (2004). 1109:

Nicolai Hartmann, "How Is Critical Ontology Possible? Toward the Foundation of the General Theory of the Categories, Part One", translated from "Wie ist kritische Ontologie überhaupt möglich?" (1924) by Keith R. Peterson,

1914:

2008, Leszek Kopciuch, "Zum Problem der Geschichtsphilosophie bei N. Hartmann", in: D. Pater (ed.)"Eine Philosophie – eine Welt – ein Mensch", Hannover: Europäische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, pp. 13–28.

1944:

2011, Leszek Kopciuch, "Nicolaia Hartmanna krytyka podmiotu transcendentalnego w etyce", in: P. Parszutowicz, M. Soin (ed.), "Idea transcendentalizmu. Od Kanta do Wittgensteina", Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN,

1911:

2008, Leszek Kopciuch, "O różnicy w budowie dzieła sztuki u R. Ingardena i N. Hartmanna (w sprawie zarzutów Ingardena względem N. Hartmanna)", „Kwartalnik Filozoficzny”, vol. XXXVI, issue 2, pp. 101–114.

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eds Lester Embree, Elizabeth A. Behnke, Thomas Seebohm, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, Joseph J. Kockelmans, et al. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol. 18, Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 288–292.

1920:

2009, Leszek Kopciuch, "Wolna wola – G. W. Leibniz i N. Hartmann", in: H. Jakuszko, L. Kopciuch (ed.), "W kręgu zagadnień filozofii XVII wieku", Lublin: Lubelskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Wydawnictwo Olech,

500:-point of view in the following way: "has always been a nationalist. Loyal to National Socialism, too, without political activity, but a social attitude has to be acknowledged. (cf. donations to the 1147:, 2017 (Translation by Frederic Tremblay and Keith R. Peterson of "Der Megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des ontologischen Modalitätsproblems", 1937). 1885:

2005, Leszek Kopciuch, "Aprioryzm w czuciu wartości u N. Hartmanna", in: H. Jakuszko (ed.), "Racjonalność teoretyczna i praktyczna", „Annales UMCS”, vol. XXX, Sect. I, pp. 153–173.

1908:

2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "O trudnościach w poznawaniu wartości etycznych u N. Hartmanna", in: M. Hetmański (ed.), "Epistemologia współcześnie", Kraków: Universitas, pp. 445–453.

1987:

2016, Vélez León, Paulo. "An Intellectual Profile of Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950). Part I". Disputatio. Philosophical Research Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 457–538. (In Spanish)

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2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "Wolnośc a wartości. Max Scheler – Nicolai Hartmann – Dietrich von Hildebrand – Hans Reiner", Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.

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are divided into the absolute modalities (actuality and non-actuality) and the relative modalities (possibility, impossibility and necessity). The relative modalities are

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He is regarded as an important representative of critical realism and as one of the major metaphysicians of the twentieth century. Among Hartmann's many students were

420:). From 1914 to 1918 he did military service as an interpreter, letter censor, and intelligence officer. In 1919, i.e., after the war, he received a position as 1600:(Springer), 12:3–4, special issue on N. Hartmann (Includes papers by Albertazzi, Cicovacki, Da Re, Johansson, Peruzzi, Poli, Tegtmeier, van der Schaar, Wildgen) 746:

The law of modification: The categorial elements modify in their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by the characteristics of the higher levels).

1930:

2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "O stosunku N. Hartmanna do A. Schopenhauera, „Idea. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych”, vol. XXII, pp. 51–61.

1899: 1970:

2013, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolaia Hartmanna projekt syntezy myślenia i intuicji", "Przegląd Filozoficzny – Nowa Seria", R 22: 2013, Nr 1 (85), pp. 335–350.

1917:

2008, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolaia Hartmanna krytyka logicyzmu". W: Z problemów współczesnej humanistyki III. Red. A. J. Noras. Katowice 2008, p. 95-111.

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1941, “Zur Lehre vom Eidos bei Platon und Aristoteles”, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Jg. 1941, Nr 8, de Gruyter, Berlin.

342:. He was the son of the engineer Carl August Hartmann and his wife Helene, born Hackmann. He attended from 1897 the German-language high school in 1071:, in: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1943, Nr 3, de Gruyter, Berlin. 1050:, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg. 1939, Nr 5, de Gruyter, Berlin. 1927:

2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "Kilka uwag o stosunku Hartmanna do etyki Kanta, „Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia”, vol. V, fasc. 2, pp. 167–170.

1924:

2009, Leszek Kopciuch, "Nicolaia Hartmanna prawa bytu realnego", „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis”, Folia Philosophica, vol. 22, pp. 105–115

1647:

2012, Alicja Pietras, "W stronę ontologii. Nicolaia Hartmanna i Martina Heideggera postneokantowskie projekty filozofii", Kraków, Uniwersitas.

1967:

2012, Alicja Pietras, "Pojęcie aprioryczności w filozofii Nicolaia Hartmanna", "Ruch Filozoficzny",Tom LXIX, nr 3-4, Toruń 2012, pp. 421–435.

1898:

2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "O sile i bezsile wartości u Nicolaia Hartmanna", in: K. łojek (red.), "Człowiek w kulturze", Warszawa: Wydawnictwo

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The law of distance between levels: Since the different levels do not develop continuously but in leaps, they can be clearly distinguished.

307: 206: 1973:

2013, Alicja Pietras, "Problem principium individuationis w ontologii Nicolaia Hartmanna", “Filo-Sofija”, nr 23 (2013/14), pp. 175–184.

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Diesseits von Idealismus und Realismus : Ein Beitrag zur Scheidg d. Geschichtl. u. Übergeschichtl. in d. Kantischen Philosophie

2117: 611:'s science of being qua being. This science involves studying the most general characteristics of entities, usually referred to as 1542:

Die Seinsweise des objektivierten Geistes: Eine Untersuchung im Anschluss an Nicolai Hartmanns Problematik des "geistigen Seins",

1888:

2006, Leszek Kopciuch, "Krytyka relatywizmu aksjologicznego u N. Hartmanna", „Edukacja Filozoficzna” vol. 41, pp. 157–170.

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Between 1945 and 1950, Hartmann taught in Göttingen. He died of a stroke in 1950. In the year of his death, there appeared his

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The Megarian and the Aristotelian Concept of Possibility: A Contribution to the History of the Ontological Problem of Modality

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1966, Caroline Schuetzinger, "The Gnoseological Transcendence in Nicolai Hartmann's Metaphysics of Cognition (Second Part),"

1624:

2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "Człowiek i historia u Nicolaia Hartmanna", Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.

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The law of recurrence: Lower categories recur in the higher levels as a subaspect of higher categories, but never vice versa.

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1966, Caroline Schuetzinger, "The Gnoseological Transcendence in Nicolai Hartmann's Metaphysics of Cognition (First Part),"

1015:

in: Deutsche systematische Philosophie nach ihren Gestaltern, Ebda, Berlin : Junker & Dünnhaupt, pp. 283–340.

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Der megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff : Ein Beitr. zur Geschichte d. ontolog. Modalitätsproblems

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Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie

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Filosofia do direito: uma crítica à verdade na ética e na ciência (através de um exame da ontologia de Nicolai Hartmann)

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Das Problem des geistigen Seins. Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geisteswissenschaften

1892: 1263: 1106:, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1952 (Reprinted with a new introduction by P. Cicovacki, Transaction Publishers, 2012). 595: 581:. His encyclopedic work is basically forgotten today, although famous during his lifetime. His early work in the 2112: 456:—in which he develops a material value ethics akin to that of Scheler. The same year he divorced from his wife. 2142: 957:

Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, Zeitlichkeit und Substantialität, Sinngebung und Sinnerfüllung

1158:, edited by Moritz Kalckreuth, Gregor Schmieg, Friedrich Hausen, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2019, pp. 263–272. 430: 412:

In 1911, Hartmann married Alice Stepanitz, with whom he had a daughter, Dagmar, in 1912. In 1912 he published

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edited by John J. Drummond and Lester Embree, Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 175–196.

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Nicolai Hartmanns Neue Ontologie und die Philosophische Anthropologie: Menschliches Leben in Natur und Geist

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Nicolai Hartmanns Neue Ontologie und die Philosophische Anthropologie: Menschliches Leben in Natur und Geist

448:) as successor of the Chair held by Natorp. In 1925, he moved to Cologne, where he came into contact with 1905:

2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "Przedmiot czucia wartości w etyce N. Hartmanna", „Etyka”, No.40, pp. 49–61.

1530:, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. (Chapter VI: Phenomenology in the Critical Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann). 682:

events. Reality is obtrusive, it is often experienced as a form of resistance in contrast to ideality.

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The Ontology of Processual Being: Nicolai Hartmann’s Interpretation of the Hegelian Dialectical Process

1029:, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, Nr 5, de Gruyter, Berlin. 562: 2147: 1832:

2001, Ingvar Johansson, "Hartmann's Nondeductive Materialism, Superimposition, and Supervenience,"

295: 170: 1433: 593:, and his views on consciousness and free will are currently in vogue among contributors to the 129: 1769:

1984, Eva Hauel Cadwallader, "The Continuing Relevance of Nicolai Hartmann's Theory of Value",

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1953, Jacob Taubes, "The Development of the Ontological Question in Recent German Philosophy,"

444: 331: 192: 1036:, in; Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1937, 10, de Gruyter, Berlin. 434:) and in 1921 appeared the work that established him as an independent philosophical thinker, 582: 367: 201: 156: 1521:

Az érték szférája és objektivitásának paradoxonja (N. Hartmann értéketikájának kritikájához)

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in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1935, 15, de Gruyter, Berlin.

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Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.

1043:, in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1938, de Gruyter, Berlin. 615:, and the relations between them. According to Hartmann, the most general categories are: 42: 8: 1776:

1984, Frederick Kraenzel, "Nicolai Hartmann's Doctrine of Ideal Values: An Examination,"

753:: The higher category is composed of a diversity of lower elements, but it is a specific 612: 351: 148: 103: 35: 1570:

Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns

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2009 Giuseppe D'Anna "Nicolai Hartmann. Dal conoscere all'essere", Brescia, Morcelliana

1008:, Edgar Sheffield Brightman (ed.), New York: Longmans, Green, and Co, pp. 428–436. 778: 554: 231: 180: 1825:

2001, Antonio Da Re, "Objective Spirit and Personal Spirit in Hartmann's Philosophy,"

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1942, Lewis White Beck, "Nicolai Hartmann's Criticism of Kant's Theory of Knowledge,"

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Nächstenliebe und Fernstenliebe Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann

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Nicolai Hartmann, "German Philosophy in the Last Ten Years", translated by John Ladd,

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in: Sonderdrucke der Kantischen Studien, Pan Verlag R. Heise Berlin, pp. 160–206.

1397: 1367: 1303: 1259: 907: 736: 708: 493: 263: 1121:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2013 (Translation by Alex Scott and Stephanie Adair of 1251: 799:, according to which ethical knowledge is derived from purely rational principles. 425: 343: 50: 1783:

1986, Janina Makota, "Nicolai Hartmann's and Roman Ingarden's Philosophy of Man,"

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Mohanty, J. N. (1997). "Chapter 3: Nicolai Hartmann's Phenomenological Ontology".

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1927, "Über die Stellung der ästhetischen Werte im Reich der Werte überhaupt", in

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1935, Hilda Oakeley, "Professor Nicolai Hartmann's Concept of Objective Spirit,"

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2001, Gabor Csepregi, "The Relevance of Nicolai Hartmann's Musical Aesthetics,"

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2001, Robert Welsh Jordan, "Hartmann, Schutz, and the Hermeneutics of Action,"

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1963, Stanislas Breton, "Ontology and Ontologies: The Contemporary Situation,"

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Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie

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2001, Maria Van der Schaar, "Hartmann's Rejection of the Notion of Evidence,"

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1984, Richard Bodeus, "The Problem of Freedom According to Nicolai Hartmann,"

1165:, Translation and Introduction by Keith R. Peterson, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019. 848:

Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus 1: Fichte, Schelling und die Romantik

2091: 1893:

Pojęcie kategorii a problem granic poznania. Nicolai Hartmann a Immanuel Kant

1741:

1963, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, "Remarks on Nicolai Hartmann's Modal Doctrine,"

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The Analysis of Wonder: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann

1340:

Hartmann, Nicolai (1935). "12. Kapitel. Die Trennung von Dasein und Sosein".

1175: 1001:, Beitrage zur Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus, 3 (1923), pp. 1–36. 964:

Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 1* Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie

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Nicolai Hartmann and the Metaphysical Foundation of Phylogenetic Systematics

1977: 1864:

2001, Roberto Poli, "The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality,"

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Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive

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moral philosophy contrasts with rationalist and formalist theories, such as

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The Structure of the Real World. Outline of the General Theory of Categories

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2001, Predrag Cicovacki, "New Ways of Ontology – The Ways of Interaction",

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Searchlight on Values: Nicolai Hartmann's Twentieth-Century Value Platonism

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Vom Idealismus zur realistischen Ontologie. Das Frühwerk Nicolai Hartmanns

1878:

2002, Robert Welsh Jordan, "Nicolai Hartmann: Proper Ethics is Atheistic,

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Ontological Axiology in Nikolai Lossky, Max Scheler, and Nicolai Hartmann

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Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 2* Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte

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Nicolai Hartmann and Alfred North Whitehead: A Study in Recent Platonism

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1963, Paul K. Feyerabend, "Professor Hartmann's Philosophy of Nature,"

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