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1279:
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55:
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dark, just after the garrison had retired. The 1st Guards
Brigade and French Territorial troops retook the village but the disruption of the counter-attack left a small amount of ground near Festubert on the northern flank in German hands. The 1st Division brigades were isolated in the dark and the Indian Corps commander reported that the troops were exhausted and must be relieved. It was arranged through General Headquarters, that I Corps would relieve the Indian Corps on 21 December, which was completed on 22 December.
1370:
of the Lys (Leie) river. Clay sub-soil stopped water soaking more than 2 ft (0.61 m) down, which left trenches waterlogged. The Lys rose 7 ft (2.1 m), spread out by more than 100 ft (30 m) and some trenches had to be abandoned. In other places trenches were blocked at both ends and continuously bailed out, the intervening ground being covered by crossfire from the "islands". Many men stood knee-deep in water and were relieved twice a day. In
January sickness in the First Army averaged
979:), which ceased as the infantry began the assault. A moving barrage of fire was proposed as a combination of both methods and became a standard practice once when guns and ammunition were accumulated in sufficient quantity. Falkenhayn issued memoranda on 7 and 25 January 1915, defining a model of defensive warfare to be used on the Western Front, to enable ground to be held with the fewest possible troops. By reducing demand for manpower in the west, a larger number of divisions could be sent to the Eastern Front.
152:
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180:
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north, that it was forced to oppose the French attack, rather than advance around the flank; the secondary objective of protecting the northern flank of the German armies in France had become the main task. By 6 October, the French needed
British reinforcements to withstand German attacks around Lille. The BEF had begun to move from the Aisne to Flanders on 5 October and with reinforcements from England, assembled on the left flank of the
1128:
failed to assemble forces near the northern flank swiftly enough to obtain a decisive advantage. Attacks had quickly been stopped and the armies had then improvised field defences, against which attacks were repulsed with many more casualties. By the end of the First Battle of Ypres, both sides were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale; some infantry units refused orders.
925:
Ypres in
November 1914, both sides were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale, some infantry units refusing orders. The costly and inconclusive result of the First Battle of Flanders was followed by trench warfare, in which both sides tried to improve their positions as far as the winter weather, mutual exhaustion and chronic equipment and ammunition shortages allowed.
1192:, on the right flank, held a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. During three weeks of bad weather, both sides shelled, sniped and raided, the British making several night raids late in November. On 23 November, the German Infantry Regiment 112 captured 800 yd (730 m) of trench east of Festubert, which were then recaptured by a night counter-attack by the
1168:) would make the cost of the war too great for the Allies to bear, until one Entente power negotiated an end to the war on mutually acceptable terms. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient to obtain a decisive victory.
1393:
on 2 January was eventually repulsed. A bigger
British attack on 10 January recaptured the posts and defeated three German counter-attacks but then lost the posts to a German attack on 12 January. A German deserter disclosed that a larger German attack was due against Cuinchy, French positions to the
1369:
In
January 1915, rain, snow and floods added to the dangers of sniping and artillery-fire during the day; at night both sides concentrated on repairing trenches. The area from the old La Bassée battlefield to Kemmel, 20 mi (32 km) to the north, was mainly flat low-lying meadow, in the basin
1315:
The third 1st
Division brigade arrived during the afternoon and was sent forward to recapture The Orchard, 1 mi (1.6 km) north-east of Festubert, which had been captured during the morning. Waterlogged ground and German machine-gun fire delayed the advance, which only reached Givenchy after
1252:
The failure of the attack on
Wytschaete led to the attack further south being cancelled but German artillery retaliation was much heavier than the British bombardment. Desultory attacks were made from 15 to 16 December against intact German defences and deep mud, making no impression. On 17 December,
992:
During the mobile operations of 1914, armies which operated in enemy territory were forced to rely on wireless communication to a far greater extent than anticipated, having expected to use telegraph, telephones and dispatch riders. None of the armies had established cryptographic systems adequate to
1511:
and a machine-gun, delayed the advance for more than six hours until forced to retreat but this had stopped the advance. Although aerial photography had been useful, it was unable efficiently to identify the strong German defensive points. Lack of communication also meant that the
British commanders
1131:
The mutual failure in
Flanders led both sides to elaborate the improvised field fortifications of 1914, which made a return to mobile warfare even less likely. In November, Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy, because the failures on the Yser and at Ypres showed that Germany lacked the forces in
944:
From 17 September to 17 October 1914, the belligerents had made reciprocal attempts to turn the northern flank of their opponent. Joffre ordered the French Second Army to move to the north of the French Sixth Army, by moving from eastern France from 2 to 9 September and Falkenhayn ordered the German
1413:
relieved the 1st Division on 4 February; on 6 February, the 4th (Guards) Brigade crossed no man's land in the dark and then attacked to push forward the line on the flanks. The attack captured the brick stacks and improved the line at the junction with the French. German counter-attacks including a
1257:
sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and Bixschoote. Joffre ended attacks in the north, except at Arras and again requested support from French, who ordered attacks on 18 December along the British front, then restricted the attacks to the
982:
The front line was to be fortified, to enable its defence with small numbers of troops indefinitely; areas captured were to be recovered by counter-attacks. A second trench was to be dug behind the front line, to shelter the trench garrison and to have easy access to the front line, through covered
924:
By 8 November, the Germans realised that the advance along the coast had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. Attacks by both sides had quickly been defeated and the opposing armies had improvised field defences, against which attacks were costly failures. By the end of the First Battle of
1441:
historians wrote that the Franco-British armies conducted attacks from 17 December between Arras and Armentières. By 20 December, the Allied attacks had been contained but skirmishing continued around Carency, Ecurie, Neuve Chapelle and La Bassée. On 1 January 1915, the 6th Army, near Arras, was
1127:
and further south at Ypres. Falkenhayn then attempted to achieve the limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mount Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November). By 8 November, Falkenhayn accepted that the advance along the coast had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. The French and Germans had
949:
advanced, it met a German attack rather than an open flank on 24 September; by 29 September, the Second Army comprised eight corps but was still opposed by German forces near Lille, rather than advancing around the German northern flank. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the
989:) in the line, rather than a breakthrough. The building of the new defences took until the autumn of 1915 and confronted Franco-British offensives with an evolving system of field fortifications, which was able to absorb the increasing power and sophistication of attacks.
1300:(Givenchy) and followed up by infantry attacks from the village northwards to La Quinque Rue. The trenches either side of Givenchy were captured and east of Festubert German troops advanced for 300 yd (270 m). During the afternoon, a brigade of the
1012:. Plain language messages and decodes of crude attempts to disguise German messages gave warnings to the British of the times, places and strengths of eight attacks, of four corps or more, during the Race to the Sea and the subsequent battles in Flanders.
1487:
batteries, fired on the German front-line trenches which were 3 ft (0.91 m) deep with breastworks 4 ft (1.2 m) high. The German fortifications were demolished by the howitzer bombardment, which was followed by an infantry assault at
1213:
was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack all along the BEF front, especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete north to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the
972:
In October 1914 French and British artillery commanders met to discuss means for supporting infantry attacks, the British practice having been to keep the artillery silent until targets were identified. The French artillery fired a burst of fire
1258:
support of XVI Corps by II Corps and demonstrations by II Corps and the Indian Corps. Fog impeded the Arras attack and a German counter-attack against XVI Corps, led II Corps to cancel its supporting attack. Six small attacks were made by the
1230:
and the Indian Corps conducted local operations to fix the Germans to their front. French emphasised that the British attack would begin on the left flank next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the
1334:
A German soldier deserted on 25 January and disclosed that a German attack was due against Cuinchy, French positions to the south and against Givenchy to the north. About ninety minutes later, units of the German Infantry Brigade 79 of the
945:
6th Army to move from the German-French border to the northern flank on 17 September. By the next day, French attacks north of the Aisne led to Falkenhayn ordering the 6th Army to repulse French forces and secure the flank. When the French
1235:
were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then Spanbroekmolen was to be taken by II Corps with an attack from the west and by III Corps attacking from the south, only the 3rd Division to make a maximum effort. On the right, the
1187:
A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders was carried out by the Franco–British from 15 to 22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to Wytschaete, 21 mi (34 km) to the north. The
1405:. On 29 January, there were two more German attacks which were repulsed by two 2nd Brigade battalions. Another attack on 1 February took a post on the railway embankment, which was recovered by a counter-attack and
1247:
failed to reach its objectives and the 3rd Division got to within 50 yd (46 m) of the German line and found uncut wire. One battalion captured 200 yd (180 m) of the German front trench and took
1919:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan.
993:
protect wireless transmissions from eavesdropping and all of the attacking armies sent messages containing vital information in plain language. From September to November 1914, the British and French intercepted
1208:
Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front after discovering that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and Field Marshal Sir
983:
communication trenches. Should counter-attacks fail to recover the front trench, a rearward line was to be connected to the remaining parts of the front line, limiting the loss of ground to a bend (
1479:
field guns, of the Indian Corps and IV Corps, on the German wire around the village of Neuve Chapelle, which was destroyed within ten minutes. The remaining fifteen 18-pounder batteries, six
1102:
Both sides tried to advance, after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, Franco-British attacks towards Lille in October were succeeded by attacks of the BEF, Belgians and a new French
1343:
of the 1st Division, which had two companies per battalion in the line, one in local reserve and one in brigade reserve, drove the Germans back and re-captured the British trenches, taking
1516:, launched an abortive counter-attack which forced the British to use most of their artillery ammunition; the British offensive was postponed on 13 March and abandoned two days later.
247:
1339:, attacked on the north bank of the canal. Near Givenchy, German infantry reached strong points behind the support line but could advance no further. A hasty counter-attack by the
3718:
3733:
3917:
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and Indian divisions, which captured little ground, all of which was untenable due to mud and waterlogged ground after which, Franco-British attacks in Flanders were stopped.
1532:
Experiments with aerial photography from aeroplanes, to map the German front line, had been conducted by the British during the winter. The Cuinchy area was photographed by
4355:
1512:
had been unable to keep in touch with each other and the attack became disorganised, which disrupted the delivery of supplies. On 12 March, German forces commanded by
3815:
1398:) and 79th Brigade attacked on either side of the canal. The German infantry reached the Allied strong-points behind the support line but could not advance further.
1301:
1158:, to negotiate a separate peace with Russia. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Entente by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of
857:, from 23 November 1914 – 6 February 1915, in the 1921 report of the British government Battles Nomenclature Committee. The operations took place on the part of the
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1539:(RFC), which revealed a new German trench, causing the plan being amended and the junction of the Anglo-French boundary being defined with precision.
1138:) and a dictated peace were beyond German resources. Falkenhayn doubted that victory was possible on the eastern front either, although advocated by
1454:
would join the attack on either side of La Bassée Canal, from Givenchy to Cuinchy but lack of resources led to a costly stalemate by February 1915.
4350:
477:
233:
3805:
3163:
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2594:
1377:
On 1 January, a German attack captured several British posts on a railway embankment at brick stacks near La Bassée Canal, in the vicinity of
2656:
1240:
was to simulate an attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as it was holding a 10 mi (16 km) front and could do no more.
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German defences in the centre were quickly overrun on a 1,600 yd (1,500 m) front and Neuve Chapelle village was captured by
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After a delay, a counter-attack began on the south bank and was repulsed, which left the British line south of the canal in a
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deception failed when a group of Germans approached the British line, calling out "Don't shoot, we are engineers!".
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Next day, both brigades rested until noon and then attacked towards Givenchy and the break-in near Festubert.
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messages, which showed the disorganisation of the German command in mid-September and the gap between the
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in late 1914, the Franco-British attacked towards Lille in October, then the BEF, Belgians and the French
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German (Baden) and British (Scottish and Indian) troops fighting near Givenchy, January 1915 (G. C. Koch)
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717:
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669:
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257:
42:
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1977:
German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916
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2019:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press.
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south and against Givenchy to the north. About ninety minutes later, units of the German 84th Brigade (
1359:
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were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser
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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres
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The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force
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Germany's Western Front: 1915, Translations from the German Official History of the Great War
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Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920
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ten mines, of 110 lb (50 kg) each, were exploded under the British lines at
908:) were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, at the
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1941:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution.
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954:, which had been formed from the left flank units of the Second Army on 4 October.
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1960:. Publications of the Army Records Society. Vol. VIII. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
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in 1812. On 18 November, Falkenhayn took the unprecedented step of asking the
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on 10 March, the British began a thirty-five minute artillery bombardment by
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and Meerut divisions was bombarded by German heavy artillery and mortars. At
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German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914
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the French XVI Corps and the British II Corps did not attack, the French
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After the northern flank of the Western Front had disappeared during the
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1958:
The British Army and Signals Intelligence during the First World War
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attacked in Belgium. A German offensive began on 21 October but the
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At dawn on 20 December, the front of the Indian Corps, held by the
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the west to obtain a decisive victory; a strategy of annihilation (
866:
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was sent forward as reinforcement, followed by another brigade at
728:
1998:. Vol. II. Waterloo Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
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1895:
Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
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Indian reinforcements who fought at Givenchy, December 1914
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2089:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
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On the left of the attack, two companies of the German
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Affairs of Cuinchy, 29 January, 1 and 6 February 1915
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is the name given to military operations during the
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Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
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If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West
1798:
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1385:of the 1st Division. A battalion counter-attack at
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1115:). A German offensive began on 21 October but the
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1418:, the British official historian, called this a
148:
3164:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
2147:. Vol. I. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
1993:
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16:Military operations during the First World War
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2144:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918
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3453:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
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3119:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
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1442:ordered to capture the chapel on the
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4187:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1994:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2010).
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4116:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2910:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
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13:
2849:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
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906:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
71:23 November 1914 – 6 February 1915
59:Western Flanders, Winter 1914–1915
14:
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4361:World War I in the Pas-de-Calais
3212:Second Battle of the Piave River
2834:Russian invasion of East Prussia
1897:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
1409:troops were taken prisoner. The
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53:
4283:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3483:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2217:
2174:The winter operations 1914–1915
1526:
1389:failed and a second attempt at
1218:to Warneton and Hollebeke with
4106:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3965:Deportations from East Prussia
3762:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
2070:. Vol. I. Penguin Books.
1034:
1:
4017:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1885:
1505:
1156:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
994:
928:
893:Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg
865:(BEF), in French and Belgian
4172:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
3471:Estonian War of Independence
3139:Southern Palestine offensive
2068:The First World War: To Arms
1546:
1425:
7:
4126:USA against Austria-Hungary
3525:Turkish War of Independence
3477:Latvian War of Independence
3202:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2793:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2181:Furious Battle at La Bassée
1430:
920:(19 October – 22 November).
863:British Expeditionary Force
851:Winter operations 1914–1915
718:Western Front tactics, 1917
80:Belgian and French Flanders
36:Winter operations 1914–1915
10:
4417:
4401:1915 in the United Kingdom
4381:1914 in the United Kingdom
4209:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3757:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
3217:Second Battle of the Marne
3104:Second battle of the Aisne
2973:Second Battle of Champagne
2814:German invasion of Belgium
2118:With the Indians in France
1817:Humphries & Maker 2010
1461:
1180:
1024:
1015:
937:
18:
4315:
4274:
4195:
4134:
4096:
4040:
4029:
3990:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3933:
3905:
3853:
3775:
3749:
3701:
3594:
3587:
3519:Irish War of Independence
3415:
3297:
3262:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3247:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
3172:
3074:
3001:
2902:
2859:First Battle of the Marne
2806:
2768:
2703:
2694:
2637:
2511:
2500:
2466:
2438:
2400:
2352:
2305:
2298:
2225:
1148:French invasion of Russia
915:and further south in the
770:
265:
207:
127:
63:
52:
40:
35:
4142:Constantinople Agreement
3435:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
3298:Co-belligerent conflicts
3267:Second Romanian campaign
3237:Third Transjordan attack
2948:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2854:Battle of Grand Couronné
1915:; Wynne, G. C. (1995) .
1877:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1853:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1841:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1829:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1793:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1778:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1766:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1754:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1742:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1727:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1715:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1703:Edmonds & Wynne 1995
1519:
1483:siege batteries and six
1464:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
1320:First Action of Givenchy
1243:On the left, the French
1021:First Battle of Flanders
4205:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4157:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
3465:Greater Poland Uprising
3365:National Protection War
3242:Meuse–Argonne offensive
3192:German spring offensive
3187:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2963:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2938:Second Battle of Artois
2819:Battle of the Frontiers
2183:(January–February 1915)
1893:Doughty, R. A. (2005).
606:German spring offensive
4230:Paris Peace Conference
4218:Ukraine–Central Powers
4012:Massacres of Albanians
3980:Late Ottoman genocides
3787:Bulgarian occupations
3495:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3459:Hungarian–Romanian War
3277:Naval Victory Bulletin
3272:Armistice with Germany
3222:Hundred Days Offensive
3149:Battle of La Malmaison
3099:Second battle of Arras
3066:Battle of Transylvania
2920:Second Battle of Ypres
2788:Sarajevo assassination
2677:South African Republic
2085:Wynne, G. C. (1976) .
2046:. London: HMSO. 1922.
2013:Jones, H. A. (2002) .
1975:Foley, R. T. (2007) .
1514:Crown Prince Rupprecht
1500:
1437:
1366:
1331:
1298:Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée
1285:
1164:
1134:
1108:
985:
975:
969:
901:
886:
219:Crown Prince Rupprecht
208:Commanders and leaders
4240:Treaty of St. Germain
4213:Russia–Central Powers
4167:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3995:Pontic Greek genocide
3970:Destruction of Kalisz
3946:Eastern Mediterranean
3507:Polish–Lithuanian War
3289:Armistice of Belgrade
3252:Armistice of Salonica
3182:Operation Faustschlag
3129:Third Battle of Oituz
3051:Baranovichi offensive
3019:Lake Naroch offensive
2993:Battle of Robat Karim
2968:Vistula–Bug offensive
2943:Battles of the Isonzo
2874:First Battle of Ypres
2121:. London: Constable.
2066:Strachan, H. (2003).
1939:Western Front 1914–18
1458:Subsequent operations
1362:
1327:
1281:
1135:Vernichtungsstrategie
1031:First Battle of Ypres
965:
958:Tactical developments
917:First Battle of Ypres
25:First Battle of Ypres
4235:Treaty of Versailles
3951:Mount Lebanon famine
3866:in the United States
3834:Russian occupations
3548:Turkish–Armenian War
3489:Polish–Ukrainian War
3429:Ukrainian–Soviet War
3376:Central Asian Revolt
3159:Armistice of Focșani
2889:Battle of Sarikamish
2839:Battle of Tannenberg
2235:Military engagements
1485:QF 4.5-inch howitzer
1204:Attack on Wytschaete
1183:Defence of Festubert
1177:Defence of Festubert
1039:August–December 1914
713:French Army mutinies
708:1914 Christmas truce
478:Hohenzollern Redoubt
100:50.68806°N 2.88111°E
4302:They shall not pass
4225:Treaty of Bucharest
4182:Treaty of Bucharest
4121:USA against Germany
4098:Declarations of war
3802:German occupations
3715:British casualties
3574:Soviet–Georgian War
3501:Egyptian Revolution
3441:Armeno-Georgian War
3305:Somaliland campaign
3257:Armistice of Mudros
3134:Battle of Caporetto
3124:Battle of Mărășești
3094:Zimmermann telegram
3089:February Revolution
3034:Battle of the Somme
2958:Bug-Narew Offensive
2933:Battle of Gallipoli
2925:Sinking of the RMS
2717:Scramble for Africa
2711:Franco-Prussian War
2367:Sinai and Palestine
2141:Wyrall, E. (1921).
1956:Ferris, J. (1992).
1879:, pp. 147–149.
1693:, pp. 105–107.
1657:, pp. 102–103.
1645:, pp. 103–104.
1435:After the war, the
1274:Defence of Givenchy
1165:Ermattungsstrategie
1140:Paul von Hindenburg
1041:
1010:Battle of the Marne
702:Associated articles
419:Hartmannswillerkopf
279:Invasion of Belgium
96: /
21:Battle of La Bassée
4262:Treaty of Lausanne
4177:Paris Economy Pact
4111:UK against Germany
4041:Entry into the war
4007:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3726:Ottoman casualties
3536:Franco-Turkish War
3416:Post-War conflicts
3400:Russian Revolution
3382:Invasion of Darfur
3347:Kelantan rebellion
3335:Kurdish rebellions
3311:Mexican Revolution
3144:October Revolution
3109:Kerensky offensive
3084:Capture of Baghdad
3061:Monastir offensive
3046:Brusilov offensive
2884:Battle of Kolubara
2723:Russo-Japanese War
1979:. Cambridge: CUP.
1573:, pp. 98–100.
1537:Royal Flying Corps
1504:Battalion 11 with
1367:
1355:Affairs of Cuinchy
1332:
1286:
1200:Corps casualties.
1035:
1027:Battle of the Yser
1008:on the eve of the
970:
910:Battle of the Yser
4386:Conflicts in 1915
4366:Conflicts in 1914
4328:
4327:
4311:
4310:
4295:The Golden Virgin
4289:Mutilated victory
4270:
4269:
4250:Treaty of Trianon
4245:Treaty of Neuilly
4152:Damascus Protocol
4025:
4024:
3985:Armenian genocide
3942:Allied blockades
3914:Belgian refugees
3697:
3696:
3607:Strategic bombing
3583:
3582:
3568:Franco-Syrian War
3542:Greco-Turkish War
3530:Anglo-Turkish War
3513:Polish–Soviet War
3447:German Revolution
3423:Russian Civil War
3406:Finnish Civil War
3232:Battle of Megiddo
3207:Battle of Goychay
3154:Battle of Cambrai
3114:Battle of Mărăști
3029:Battle of Jutland
3009:Erzurum offensive
2864:Siege of Przemyśl
2844:Siege of Tsingtao
2829:Battle of Galicia
2759:Second Balkan War
2747:Italo-Turkish War
2704:Pre-War conflicts
2690:
2689:
2580:Portuguese Empire
2496:
2495:
2458:German New Guinea
2440:Asian and Pacific
2096:978-0-8371-5029-1
2026:978-1-84342-413-0
2005:978-1-55458-259-4
1986:978-0-521-04436-3
1967:978-0-7509-0247-2
1948:978-1-870114-00-4
1926:978-0-89839-218-0
1904:978-0-674-01880-8
1780:, pp. 28–29.
1768:, pp. 27–28.
1756:, pp. 29–30.
1744:, pp. 20–22.
1729:, pp. 18–20.
1717:, pp. 16–17.
1609:, pp. 15–17.
1172:Winter operations
1100:
1099:
1040:
845:
844:
726:
725:
552:Nivelle offensive
326:Trouée de Charmes
224:
223:
123:
122:
105:50.68806; 2.88111
4408:
4255:Treaty of Sèvres
4147:Treaty of London
4038:
4037:
3816:Northeast France
3747:
3746:
3719:Parliamentarians
3652:
3651:
3614:Chemical weapons
3592:
3591:
3353:Senussi campaign
3323:Muscat rebellion
3317:Maritz rebellion
3285:
3227:Vardar offensive
3056:Battle of Romani
3024:Battle of Asiago
3014:Battle of Verdun
2978:Kosovo offensive
2753:First Balkan War
2701:
2700:
2600:Russian Republic
2509:
2508:
2303:
2302:
2245:Economic history
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2100:
2081:
2077:978-014303-518-3
2062:
2060:
2058:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2009:
1990:
1971:
1952:
1930:
1908:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1530:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1471:
1440:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1373:
1350:
1346:
1311:
1295:
1251:
1199:
1167:
1144:Erich Ludendorff
1137:
1126:
1111:
1042:
1038:
999:
998: 50 German
996:
988:
978:
921:
914:
904:
891:
765:
763:
753:
746:
739:
730:
729:
665:St Quentin Canal
260:
250:
243:
236:
227:
226:
200:
198:
197:
188:
184:
182:
181:
170:
168:
167:
160:
156:
154:
153:
141:
139:
138:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
65:
64:
57:
33:
32:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4396:1915 in Belgium
4376:1914 in Belgium
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4307:
4266:
4198:
4191:
4162:Treaty of Darin
4130:
4092:
4048:Austria-Hungary
4034:
4021:
4002:Rape of Belgium
3929:
3901:
3849:
3843:Western Armenia
3838:Eastern Galicia
3771:
3745:
3709:
3708:Civilian impact
3707:
3693:
3650:
3579:
3411:
3341:Ovambo Uprising
3293:
3279:
3168:
3070:
2997:
2915:Battle of Łomża
2898:
2894:Christmas truce
2869:Race to the Sea
2802:
2764:
2686:
2657:Austria-Hungary
2633:
2568:Empire of Japan
2505:
2503:
2492:
2476:U-boat campaign
2462:
2434:
2396:
2348:
2294:
2275:Popular culture
2221:
2216:
2170:
2157:
2155:
2131:
2129:
2108:
2106:Further reading
2103:
2097:
2078:
2056:
2054:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2006:
1987:
1968:
1949:
1927:
1905:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1631:War Office 1922
1629:
1625:
1621:, pp. 4–5.
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1508:
1493:
1489:
1481:6-inch howitzer
1473:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1433:
1428:
1420:legitimate ruse
1406:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1330:
1322:
1309:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1260:Eighth Division
1249:
1206:
1197:
1196:, at a cost of
1194:Meerut Division
1185:
1179:
1174:
1125:(16–31 October)
1124:
1037:
1033:
1025:Main articles:
1023:
1018:
997:
968:
960:
942:
940:Race to the Sea
936:
934:Race to the Sea
931:
919:
913:(16–31 October)
912:
874:Race to the Sea
855:First World War
848:
847:
846:
841:
766:
762:Race to the Sea
761:
759:
757:
727:
722:
699:
503:Vimy Ridge 1916
380:Race to the Sea
348:1st St. Quentin
270:
261:
256:
254:
195:
193:
179:
177:
165:
163:
151:
149:
136:
134:
104:
102:
98:
95:
90:
87:
85:
83:
82:
81:
58:
47:First World War
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4414:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:1915 in France
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:1914 in France
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4197:Peace treaties
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:United Kingdom
4080:
4075:
4073:Ottoman Empire
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3975:Sack of Dinant
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:United Kingdom
3920:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3883:
3877:POW locations
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3677:United Kingdom
3674:
3672:Ottoman Empire
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3646:Trench warfare
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3359:Volta-Bani War
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Zeebrugge Raid
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2988:Battle of Loos
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Black Sea raid
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:Historiography
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2735:Bosnian Crisis
2732:
2729:Tangier Crisis
2726:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Ottoman Empire
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2639:Central Powers
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:British Empire
2617:United Kingdom
2614:
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2255:Historiography
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1913:Edmonds, J. E.
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2953:Great Retreat
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2546:French Empire
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2527:
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2489:
2488:Mediterranean
2486:
2482:
2479:
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2468:Naval warfare
2465:
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2344:Italian Front
2342:
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2332:Eastern Front
2330:
2328:
2327:Western Front
2325:
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2285:Puppet states
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2114:
2113:Willcocks, J.
2110:
2109:
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2079:
2073:
2069:
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2018:
2017:
2011:
2007:
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1890:
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1866:
1865:Strachan 2003
1861:
1854:
1849:
1843:, p. 98.
1842:
1837:
1831:, p. 91.
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 27.
1818:
1813:
1807:, p. 89.
1806:
1801:
1795:, p. 30.
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1597:, p. 15.
1596:
1591:
1585:, p. 71.
1584:
1583:Farndale 1986
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1416:James Edmonds
1412:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:29th Division
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1342:
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1337:14th Division
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1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1280:
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1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1250:42 prisoners.
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902:Generaloberst
898:
894:
890:
889:
888:Generaloberst
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
859:Western Front
856:
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670:Meuse-Argonne
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584:Passchendaele
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447:
446:2nd Champagne
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:1st Champagne
412:
411:
410:
409:
403:
400:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
376:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:Great Retreat
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
269:
264:
259:
258:Western Front
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
228:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:German Empire
192:
187:
175:
173:
162:
159:
147:
146:
145:
144:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
114:
109:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
44:
43:Western Front
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4300:
4293:
4281:
3888: /
3820:
3655:Conscription
3619:Cryptography
3556:Iraqi Revolt
2983:Siege of Kut
2926:
2504:participants
2453:German Samoa
2387:South Arabia
2180:
2156:. Retrieved
2143:
2130:. Retrieved
2117:
2086:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2015:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1938:
1935:Farndale, M.
1916:
1894:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1722:
1710:
1705:, p. 4.
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1643:Doughty 2005
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1571:Doughty 2005
1566:
1554:
1528:
1497:
1467:
1444:Lorette Spur
1438:Reichsarchiv
1434:
1419:
1411:2nd Division
1400:
1376:
1368:
1347:and killing
1345:72 prisoners
1333:
1314:
1302:1st Division
1287:
1268:4th Division
1264:7th Division
1242:
1238:5th Division
1233:3rd Division
1207:
1190:Indian Corps
1186:
1130:
1101:
991:
981:
971:
943:
923:
871:
861:held by the
850:
849:
701:
700:
660:Saint-Mihiel
628:Belleau Wood
611:
599:
598:
589:La Malmaison
545:
533:
532:
498:Kink Salient
466:
465:
461:Gas: Wieltje
407:
406:
396:
267:
214:Douglas Haig
133:
128:Belligerents
119:Inconclusive
41:Part of the
28:
3918:Netherlands
3895:Switzerland
3776:Occupations
3767:Spanish flu
3544:(1919–1922)
3538:(1918–1921)
3532:(1918–1923)
3521:(1919–1921)
3515:(1919–1921)
3509:(1919–1920)
3485:(1918–1920)
3479:(1918–1920)
3473:(1918–1920)
3455:(1918–1920)
3437:(1918–1920)
3431:(1917–1921)
3425:(1917–1921)
3372:(1916-1918)
3370:Arab Revolt
3361:(1915–1917)
3355:(1915–1917)
3343:(1914-1917)
3337:(1914–1917)
3331:(1914–1921)
3325:(1913–1920)
3313:(1910–1920)
3307:(1900–1920)
3280: [
2798:July Crisis
2719:(1880–1914)
2382:Mesopotamia
2260:Home fronts
2219:World War I
1619:Ferris 1992
1383:2nd Brigade
1341:3rd Brigade
1211:John French
1104:Eighth Army
947:Second Army
878:Eighth Army
805:Armentières
775:1st Picardy
680:2nd Cambrai
518:Boar's Head
508:Mont Sorrel
103: /
4335:Categories
4135:Agreements
3935:War crimes
3811:Luxembourg
3704:Casualties
2575:Montenegro
2410:South West
2290:Technology
2280:Propaganda
2270:Opposition
2179:N Y Times
2158:8 November
2132:8 November
2057:7 November
2032:7 November
1886:References
1805:Jones 2002
1691:Foley 2007
1679:Foley 2007
1667:Foley 2007
1655:Foley 2007
1607:Wynne 1976
1595:Wynne 1976
1559:Foley 2007
1534:3 Squadron
1494:10:00 a.m.
1476:18-pounder
1403:re-entrant
1387:10:00 p.m.
1351:soldiers.
1349:135 German
1294:9:00 a.m.,
1198:919 Indian
1152:Chancellor
986:Ausbeulung
952:Tenth Army
929:Background
825:Langemarck
493:Wulverghem
456:3rd Artois
434:2nd Artois
402:1st Artois
91:02°52′52″E
88:50°41′17″N
19:See also:
4032:Diplomacy
3739:Olympians
3662:Australia
3629:Logistics
3562:Vlora War
3491:(1918–19)
3467:(1918–19)
3461:(1918–19)
3449:(1918–19)
3396:(1916–17)
3378:(1916–17)
3329:Zaian War
3319:(1914–15)
3039:first day
2927:Lusitania
2755:(1912–13)
2749:(1911–12)
2737:(1908–09)
2731:(1905–06)
2713:(1870–71)
2502:Principal
2362:Gallipoli
2265:Memorials
2250:Geography
2240:Aftermath
2153:827208685
2052:610661991
1547:Footnotes
1490:8:05 a.m.
1470:7:30 a.m.
1452:VII Corps
1448:XIV Corps
1446:with the
1426:Aftermath
1407:32 German
1391:4:00 a.m.
1374:per day.
1372:2,144 men
1310:3:17 p.m.
1245:XVI Corps
1224:III Corps
1160:attrition
1061:September
830:Gheluvelt
820:1st Ypres
675:5th Ypres
655:2nd Somme
633:2nd Marne
623:3rd Aisne
572:The Hills
567:2nd Aisne
528:Fromelles
523:1st Somme
473:The Bluff
439:Hébuterne
429:2nd Ypres
390:1st Ypres
370:1st Aisne
365:1st Marne
338:Le Cateau
316:Charleroi
301:Frontiers
4320:Category
3907:Refugees
3873:Italians
3862:Germans
3822:Ober Ost
3602:Aviation
2696:Timeline
2667:Bulgaria
2448:Tsingtao
2425:Togoland
2372:Caucasus
2307:European
2299:Theatres
2115:(1920).
1937:(1986).
1431:Analysis
1255:IX Corps
1228:IV Corps
1220:II Corps
1121:6th Army
1117:4th Army
1085:December
1077:November
1006:2nd Army
1002:1st Army
897:6th Army
882:4th Army
867:Flanders
810:Messines
685:Courtrai
640:Soissons
579:Messines
546:Alberich
355:Maubeuge
311:Ardennes
306:Lorraine
274:Moresnet
76:Location
4058:Germany
3958:Germany
3886:Germany
3806:Belgium
3791:Albania
3750:Disease
3730:Sports
3682:Ireland
3595:Warfare
3588:Aspects
2776:Origins
2769:Prelude
2672:Senussi
2652:Germany
2647:Leaders
2585:Romania
2526:Belgium
2521:Leaders
2420:Kamerun
2402:African
2337:Romania
2315:Balkans
2230:Outline
2127:1184253
1379:Cuinchy
1306:I Corps
1109:Général
1096:95,654
1088:11,079
1080:24,785
1072:30,192
1069:October
1064:15,189
1056:14,409
1048:Losses
1016:Prelude
650:Ailette
618:The Lys
612:Michael
594:Cambrai
488:Hulluch
483:St Eloi
375:Antwerp
45:of the
4078:Russia
4053:France
3881:Canada
3796:Serbia
3667:Canada
3624:Horses
3576:(1921)
3570:(1920)
3564:(1920)
3558:(1920)
3550:(1920)
3503:(1919)
3497:(1919)
3443:(1918)
3408:(1918)
3402:(1917)
3390:(1916)
3384:(1916)
3349:(1915)
2761:(1913)
2743:(1911)
2725:(1905)
2682:Darfur
2607:Serbia
2590:Russia
2553:Greece
2541:France
2531:Brazil
2377:Persia
2320:Serbia
2151:
2125:
2093:
2074:
2050:
2023:
2002:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1923:
1901:
1290:Lahore
1053:August
1045:Month
976:rafale
895:) and
785:Albert
780:Flirey
690:Sambre
645:Amiens
513:Verdun
343:Étreux
289:Dinant
199:
183:
172:Canada
169:
155:
140:
116:Result
4275:Other
4068:Japan
4063:Italy
3890:camps
3734:Rugby
3284:]
2563:Japan
2558:Italy
2536:China
2430:North
1520:Notes
1501:Jäger
1226:, as
1093:Total
795:Arras
557:Arras
540:Ancre
294:Namur
284:Liège
186:India
3855:POWs
3174:1918
3076:1917
3002:1916
2903:1915
2807:1914
2612:Siam
2415:East
2160:2014
2149:OCLC
2134:2014
2123:OCLC
2091:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2059:2014
2048:OCLC
2034:2014
2021:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1222:and
1142:and
1119:and
1029:and
1004:and
815:Yser
600:1918
562:Vimy
534:1917
467:1916
451:Loos
408:1915
385:Yser
321:Mons
268:1914
68:Date
23:and
1474:90
1468:At
1216:Lys
4337::
3282:It
1785:^
1734:^
1506:c.
1266:,
1262:,
1154:,
995:c.
869:.
3706:/
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
2162:.
2136:.
2099:.
2080:.
2061:.
2036:.
2008:.
1989:.
1970:.
1951:.
1929:.
1907:.
1304:(
1162:(
1106:(
973:(
899:(
884:(
752:e
745:t
738:v
249:e
242:t
235:v
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