351:
125:
305:
558:
337:
Defense forces at Reich level were released from their military subordination and placed under the control of the individual state ministries. The Allies continued to regard them as a military reserve formation that was to be disbanded in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of
Versailles. After the failed Kapp Putsch, the Prussian minister of the Interior ordered the dissolution of the Citizens' Defense groups. His order was followed by the other states in the summer of 1920. Only Bavaria, where the groups had been most active, refused to disband its forces and kept them alive for another year.
20:
336:
Instead of becoming a pillar of support for the parliamentary system, some of the citizens' defense forces developed into anti-republican groups that were largely outside the control of the government and thus a threat to the
Republic. As a result of the Allied disarmament requirements, the Citizens'
160:
units consisting largely of World War I veterans were raised as paramilitary militias. They were armed with the rifles they had returned with from the front; infantry and cavalry units also had machine guns and mortars. While exact numbers are difficult to determine, it is estimated that some 500,000
184:
units. Most of their members were anti-communist monarchists who saw no clear future in the revolutionary
Germany that they had returned home to. They did not fight in support of the revolutionary government or the Weimar Republic after it was formed, but against its enemies from the political left,
319:
paramilitary groups were voluntary, honorary associations based on part-time membership that performed self-protection tasks in local areas. They emerged in 1918 after the end of the First World War to ensure the maintenance of public order in cooperation with state authorities. After the
328:
instructed all general commands on 22 March 1919 to develop local militia groups into centrally controlled citizens' defense groups at the state level according to a uniform model. The newly created units were then to be directly subordinate to the
482:(Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold) was devoted to the defense of the Weimar Republic. It was founded by former front-line soldiers of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (who made up the majority of the group), the
417:. Its membership peaked at about 200,000 when it was banned by the German government in 1922. It was notable for its revisionist propaganda regarding Germany's defeat in World War I and for attacking Jews,
459:(Imperial War Flag Society). It was created on 1 September 1923 to consolidate and streamline their agendas after the government in Berlin called off passive resistance to the French and Belgian
604:
242:. It was after the failure of the Kapp Putsch, and under Allied pressure to keep both Germany's official and unofficial military forces at the 100,000 man limit, that the
1477:
437:. As part of the Nazi Party, it protected its meetings, marched in its rallies and was often involved in street violence against members of the political left. Led by
23:
Recruiting poster for the
Freikorps LĂĽtzow: "Who will save the Fatherland? That is LĂĽtzow's wild, daring pursuit. German men! Soldiers of all weapons! Join our ranks!"
536:. Initially a paramilitary, it changed into a more politically oriented group with the goal of recreating the camaraderie experienced by soldiers at the front during
57:
Most who volunteered for the paramilitary groups came from the 6 million German soldiers who returned from the war to a country in the midst of the turmoil of the
656:
with the goal of establishing a council republic. Not a true paramilitary in structure, it was suppressed with considerable loss of life by government troops and
1310:
Political Party and Press in
Rhineland-Palatinate 1945–1971: A Contribution to Media History with Special Consideration of the Mainz SPD Newspaper 'Die Freiheit'
1306:
Parteien und Presse in
Rheinland-Pfalz 1945–1971: ein Beitrag zur Mediengeschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mainzer SPD-Zeitung 'Die Freiheit'
591:
demonstrations in Berlin that left 33 dead. Despite the ban, it engaged in frequent street battles with the Nazi SA until Hitler came to power in 1933.
776:
Sammartino, Annemarie (3 March 2021). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1052:
44:, were combat units that were supported by the German government and used to suppress uprisings from both the Left and the Right. There were also
919:
Bucholtz, Mattheis (7 July 2017). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
811:
810:
Schumann, Dirk (8 October 2014). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1333:
350:
54:) groups to maintain public order and paramilitary groups associated with specific political parties to protect and promote their interests.
1482:
1025:
403:
124:
100:. The paramilitary groups connected with political parties lasted throughout the life of the Weimar Republic and in the case of the
304:
1278:
557:
96:, who feared that the paramilitary groups were being used to circumvent the 100,000 man limit on the German Army imposed by the
1392:
Conservative
Radicals: The Einwohnerwehr, Bund Bayern Und Reich, and the Limits of Paramilitary Politics in Bavaria, 1918–1928
1236:
379:(The Steel Helmet, League of Front-Line Soldiers), was officially a veterans' organization with about 500,000 members. Led by
1317:
871:
846:
639:
375:
265:
777:
1390:
165:
85:
there. The paramilitary groups as a whole contributed significantly to the remilitarization of
Germany between the wars.
1183:
540:
in order to overcome class and social differences in German society. In 1930, its political arm merged with the liberal
1440:
1421:
1361:"Freiheit und Brot. 11. Der Anarchosyndikalismus als soziokulturelle Bewegung abseits gewerkschaftlicher Zusammenhänge"
418:
234:
of March 1920, a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Weimar
Republic, drew its military support from the
173:
151:
58:
520:. Not itself organized as a paramilitary, the Iron Front's central goal was to strengthen the Social Democrats in the
955:
893:
677:
635:
609:
521:
388:
366:
841:. Translated by Forster, Elborg; Jones, Larry Eugene. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 39.
1363:[Freedom and Bread. 11. Anarcho-syndicalism as a Socio-cultural Movement outside of Trade Union Context].
369:. The message on the truck reads: "Whoever wants a true people's community votes for Duesterberg, the German man".
998:
1105:
30:
were militarily organized units that were formed outside of the regular German Army following the defeat of the
1413:
478:
227:
74:
516:, free labor unions and workers' gymnastics and sports associations in 1931 in response to the far right's
689:
585:(KPD) in 1924 and attained a peak membership of 110,000. It was banned across Germany in 1929 after the
1156:
741:
631:
598:
582:
491:
1209:
577:
563:
496:
284:
1461:
712:
626:
685:
541:
483:
455:
211:
70:
1396:
920:
487:
460:
239:
219:
139:
648:(Ruhr Red Army) was an army of approximately 50,000 workers that formed in the industrialized
441:
beginning in 1931, it had an estimated 2,000,000 members when Hitler became German chancellor.
309:
177:
93:
62:
92:
in 1921 because the government came to see them as threats and because of pressure from the
333:
leadership. In an emergency the citizens' defense forces were to serve as an army reserve.
316:
299:
97:
45:
408:
8:
1487:
673:
528:
362:
325:
321:
261:
198:
and were responsible for the extrajudicial executions of revolutionary communist leaders
195:
78:
1078:
504:
claimed more than three million members at its peak and was banned by the Nazis in 1933.
545:
450:
257:
1131:
19:
1436:
1417:
1313:
961:
951:
867:
842:
176:, needed reliable troops in Berlin to protect its position. In consultation with the
161:
men were formal
Freikorps members with another 1.5 million participating informally.
785:
753:
707:
668:
568:
464:
864:
Frontiers of Violence. Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918-1922
1406:
1132:"The Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold at a Mass Rally in Potsdam (October 26, 1924)"
199:
169:
66:
789:
645:
517:
425:
392:
203:
106:
532:(Young German Order) was a nationalist and antisemitic association founded by
1471:
1433:
Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929-1933
965:
757:
661:
649:
533:
223:
215:
82:
31:
438:
430:
407:(German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation) was an antisemitic
380:
653:
537:
414:
231:
147:
35:
1458:
Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918-1923
507:
396:
330:
252:
101:
986:] (in German). Berlin: Deutscher Militärverlag. 1964. p. 33.
445:
387:, it was opposed to the Weimar Republic and politically close to the
119:
40:
1360:
1312:] (in German). Mainz: v. Hase & Koehler Verlag. p. 96.
744:[On the History of Citizens' Defense in Prussia 1918–1921].
490:. Organized militarily, its main opponents were the Nazi SA and the
449:(Battle League) was a Bavarian umbrella group involving the SA, the
391:(DNVP) and other conservative groups. In 1931 it formed part of the
925:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
816:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
782:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
695:
1212:[Young German Order, Leer and Rheiderland Brotherhoods].
1055:[German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation].
630:(Antifascist Action) was founded in 1932 and affiliated with the
587:
192:
634:. Its primary activity was to boost the KPD campaign during the
308:
Celebration in 1920 of the Citizens' Defense forces at Munich's
950:(Rev. & updated ed.). London: Robinson. p. 270.
399:. In 1934 it was integrated into the SA and dissolved in 1935.
180:(OHL), the Council reached an agreement to form the voluntary
88:
The Citizens' Defense groups were disbanded in 1920 and the
1028:[The Steel Helmet, League of Front-Line Soldiers].
614:(Fighting League against Fascism) was the successor to the
358:
340:
1210:"Jungdeutscher Orden, Bruderschaften Leer und Rheiderland"
395:, an anti-democratic political alliance that included the
742:"Zur Geschichte der Einwohnerwehren in Preußen 1918–1921"
548:. The Young German Order was banned by the Nazis in 1933.
246:
were officially disbanded in the spring of 1920. Some
1266:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 7.
1262:
Kater, Michael H. (2004). "Make Way, You Old Ones!".
672:(Black Band) were resistance groups of anarchist and
597:(Young Antifascist Guard) was the youth wing of the
69:. The Freikorps especially took part in significant
1405:
433:in 1921, with most of its members coming from the
1478:Paramilitary organisations of the Weimar Republic
1161:Geschichtswerkstatt in der SPD Schleswig-Holstein
1469:
980:Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte. Volume 3 1964
581:(Red Front Fighters' League) was founded by the
164:In the early days of the German revolution, the
866:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83.
260:(SA), illegal far right formations such as the
256:, Germany's official army, but more joined the
939:
1136:German History in Documents and Images (GHDI)
429:(SA; English "Storm Division") was formed by
383:and with ties at the leadership level to the
268:that were associated with political parties.
1053:"Der Deutschvölkische Schutz- und Trutzbund"
421:and middle-class supporters of the Republic.
155:
129:
49:
1365:Datenbank des deutschsprachigen Anarchismus
1279:"Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus, 1930–1933"
1336:[Battles of the "Ruhr Red Army"].
1276:
1239:[The Red Front Fighters' League].
984:Journal of Military History. Volume 3 1964
775:
680:(FAUD). The Black Band was banned in 1933.
218:and were instrumental in putting down the
1430:
1104:Zelnhefer, Siegfried (8 September 2021).
1103:
948:A brief history of the birth of the Nazis
918:
809:
556:
471:
349:
341:Groups affiliated with political parties
303:
123:
18:
1303:
1277:MĂĽhldorfer, Friedbert (27 April 1922).
1181:
1026:"Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten"
836:
404:Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund
138:unit, enters Munich after crushing the
16:1918–1930s armed German civilian groups
1470:
1234:
1050:
1024:Asmuss, Burkhard (14 September 2014).
1023:
891:
861:
739:
640:November 1932 German federal elections
168:, the revolutionary government led by
1403:
1388:
1261:
945:
839:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy
684:Similar organisations existed in the
376:Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
996:
887:
885:
883:
771:
769:
767:
735:
733:
293:
250:members were then accepted into the
1483:Military wings of political parties
1182:Elsbach, Sebastian (2 April 2019).
892:Scriba, Arnulf (1 September 2014).
357:propaganda car in Berlin promoting
185:who they saw as Germany's enemies.
128:The Guards Cavalry Rifle Division (
13:
1358:
746:Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift
561:Assembly of the Communist Party's
512:(Iron Front) brought together the
271:
131:Garde-Kavallerie-SchĂĽtzen-Division
38:. The most prominent of them, the
14:
1499:
1408:The History of Fascism, 1914–1945
1395:(PhD thesis). Lincoln, Nebraska:
1051:Leicht, Johannes (25 June 2015).
912:
880:
830:
764:
730:
618:after it was banned in 1929. The
283:units during the Weimar era, see
1235:Asmuss, Burkhard (8 June 2011).
365:for president of Germany in the
166:Council of the People's Deputies
1352:
1326:
1297:
1270:
1255:
1228:
1202:
1175:
1157:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
1149:
1124:
1097:
1071:
1044:
1017:
997:ThoĂź, Bruno (25 January 2024).
990:
660:units in what was known as the
463:. It planned and conducted the
324:in Berlin in January 1919, the
1435:. Cambridge University Press.
1334:"Kämpfe der "Roten Ruhrarmee""
972:
855:
812:"Post-war Societies (Germany)"
803:
740:Bucher, Peter (January 1971).
678:Free Workers' Union of Germany
605:Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus
467:and disbanded after it failed.
389:German National People's Party
152:German revolution of 1918–1919
1:
1414:University of Wisconsin Press
1241:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1188:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1057:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1030:Deutsches Historisches Museum
898:Deutsches Historisches Museum
718:
595:Antifaschistische Junge Garde
479:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
345:
83:Ruhr during the 1920 uprising
1460:, Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1283:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1216:(in German). 27 January 2023
1110:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1003:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
999:"Einwohnerwehren, 1919–1921"
784:. Freie Universität Berlin.
552:
113:
7:
1456:Waite, Robert G. L. (1952)
1237:"Der Rote Frontkämpferbund"
1106:"Deutscher Kampfbund, 1923"
701:
664:(13 March – 12 April 1920).
10:
1504:
1404:Payne, Stanley G. (1995).
1186:[The Iron Front].
927:. Freie Universität Berlin
818:. Freie Universität Berlin
676:youth affiliated with the
622:itself was banned in 1933.
583:Communist Party of Germany
492:Communist Party of Germany
297:
117:
28:Weimar paramilitary groups
1304:Pieroth, Stephan (1994).
790:10.15463/ie1418.10398/1.2
1462:Harvard University Press
1163:(in German). 26 May 2024
758:10.1524/mgzs.1971.9.1.15
713:Weimar political parties
642:. It was banned in 1933.
627:Antifaschistische Aktion
544:to form the short-lived
264:, or groups such as the
206:on 15 January 1919. The
1431:Rosenhaft, Eve (1983).
1083:Encyclopedia Britannica
778:"Paramilitary Violence"
686:First Austrian Republic
601:and was banned in 1933.
542:German Democratic Party
522:1932 Reichstag election
484:German Democratic Party
456:Bund Reichskriegsflagge
228:Third Silesian uprising
174:Social Democratic Party
71:fighting in the Baltics
1412:. Madison, Wisconsin:
1397:University of Nebraska
1389:Koepp, Roy G. (2010).
837:Mommsen, Hans (1996).
616:Roter Frontkämpferbund
578:Roter Frontkämpferbund
572:
564:Roter Frontkämpferbund
497:Roter Frontkämpferbund
461:occupation of the Ruhr
370:
312:
240:Marinebrigade Ehrhardt
220:Munich Soviet Republic
156:
143:
140:Munich Soviet Republic
130:
110:(SA), beyond its end.
61:, which overthrew the
50:
24:
946:Jones, Nigel (2004).
560:
472:Center to center-left
353:
307:
191:units suppressed the
127:
63:Hohenzollern monarchy
22:
862:Wilson, Tim (2010).
288:groups and divisions
279:For a list of major
238:, in particular the
212:fought in the Baltic
146:In the aftermath of
98:Treaty of Versailles
77:, Berlin during the
65:and established the
1184:"Die Eiserne Front"
688:, most notably the
674:anarcho-syndicalist
529:Jungdeutscher Orden
363:Theodor Duesterberg
326:Reichswehr Ministry
322:Spartacist uprising
262:Organisation Consul
196:Spartacist uprising
79:Spartacist uprising
573:
546:German State Party
451:Freikorps Oberland
371:
313:
258:Nazi Stormtroopers
144:
25:
1359:RĂĽbner, Hartmut.
1319:978-3-775-81326-6
873:978-0-199-58371-3
848:978-0-807-82249-4
486:and the Catholic
317:Citizens' Defense
300:Citizens' Defense
294:Citizens' Defense
178:Army High Command
59:German revolution
46:Citizens' Defense
1495:
1446:
1427:
1411:
1400:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
994:
988:
987:
976:
970:
969:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
889:
878:
877:
859:
853:
852:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
773:
762:
761:
737:
708:Black Reichswehr
669:Schwarze Scharen
613:
569:Berlin Cathedral
465:Beer Hall Putsch
419:Social Democrats
159:
133:
53:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1467:
1451:Further reading
1443:
1424:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
995:
991:
978:
977:
973:
958:
944:
940:
930:
928:
917:
913:
903:
901:
890:
881:
874:
860:
856:
849:
835:
831:
821:
819:
808:
804:
794:
792:
774:
765:
738:
731:
721:
704:
607:
555:
474:
348:
343:
302:
296:
277:
200:Karl Liebknecht
170:Friedrich Ebert
150:and during the
122:
116:
67:Weimar Republic
17:
12:
11:
5:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1466:
1465:
1448:
1447:
1442:978-0521089388
1441:
1428:
1423:978-0299148744
1422:
1401:
1378:
1377:
1351:
1325:
1318:
1296:
1269:
1254:
1227:
1214:Archivportal-D
1201:
1174:
1148:
1123:
1096:
1070:
1043:
1016:
989:
971:
956:
938:
911:
879:
872:
854:
847:
829:
802:
763:
728:
727:
720:
717:
716:
715:
710:
703:
700:
682:
681:
665:
646:Rote Ruhrarmee
643:
623:
602:
592:
554:
551:
550:
549:
525:
518:Harzburg Front
505:
473:
470:
469:
468:
442:
426:Sturmabteilung
422:
400:
393:Harzburg Front
347:
344:
342:
339:
298:Main article:
295:
292:
276:
270:
204:Rosa Luxemburg
118:Main article:
115:
112:
107:Sturmabteilung
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1085:. 14 May 2024
1084:
1080:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
975:
967:
963:
959:
957:1-84119-925-7
953:
949:
942:
926:
922:
915:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
875:
869:
865:
858:
850:
844:
840:
833:
817:
813:
806:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
770:
768:
759:
755:
751:
748:(in German).
747:
743:
736:
734:
729:
726:
725:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
687:
679:
675:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:Ruhr uprising
659:
655:
651:
650:Ruhr district
647:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
624:
621:
617:
611:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
575:
574:
570:
566:
565:
559:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Artur Mahraun
531:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:
509:Eiserne Front
506:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
476:
475:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:group led by
412:
411:
406:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:1932 election
364:
360:
356:
355:Der Stahlhelm
352:
338:
334:
332:
327:
323:
318:
311:
306:
301:
291:
289:
287:
282:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:Ruhr uprising
221:
217:
216:Soviet Russia
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
158:
153:
149:
141:
137:
132:
126:
121:
111:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
52:
51:Einwohnerwehr
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:German Empire
29:
21:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1432:
1407:
1391:
1383:Bibliography
1382:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:Bundesarchiv
1337:
1328:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1282:
1272:
1264:Hitler Youth
1263:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1056:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
992:
983:
979:
974:
947:
941:
929:. Retrieved
924:
914:
902:. Retrieved
897:
863:
857:
838:
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
805:
793:. Retrieved
781:
752:(1): 15–60.
749:
745:
723:
722:
690:
683:
667:
657:
625:
619:
615:
594:
586:
576:
562:
527:
514:Reichsbanner
513:
508:
502:Reichsbanner
501:
495:
488:Centre Party
477:
454:
444:
434:
431:Adolf Hitler
424:
409:
402:
384:
381:Franz Seldte
374:
354:
335:
314:
285:
280:
278:
272:
251:
247:
243:
235:
207:
188:
187:
181:
163:
145:
135:
105:
89:
87:
56:
39:
27:
26:
1367:(in German)
1340:(in German)
1285:(in German)
1243:(in German)
1190:(in German)
1112:(in German)
1059:(in German)
1032:(in German)
1005:(in German)
921:"Freikorps"
900:(in German)
894:"Freikorps"
654:Kapp Putsch
652:during the
608: [
538:World War I
415:Alfred Roth
310:Königsplatz
232:Kapp Putsch
148:World War I
134:), a major
36:World War I
1488:Reichswehr
1472:Categories
1371:2024-07-24
719:References
691:Schutzbund
439:Ernst Röhm
397:Nazi Party
385:Reichswehr
346:Right-wing
331:Reichswehr
253:Reichswehr
102:Nazi Party
966:224053608
658:Freikorps
636:July 1932
620:Kampfbund
553:Left-wing
446:Kampfbund
435:Freikorps
286:Freikorps
281:Freikorps
273:Freikorps
266:Stahlhelm
248:Freikorps
244:Freikorps
236:Freikorps
208:Freikorps
189:Freikorps
182:Freikorps
157:Freikorps
136:Freikorps
120:Freikorps
114:Freikorps
90:Freikorps
41:Freikorps
702:See also
696:Heimwehr
694:and the
453:and the
410:völkisch
361:nominee
226:and the
214:against
81:and the
1344:24 July
1289:24 July
1247:23 July
1220:25 July
1194:23 July
1167:23 July
1141:23 July
1116:23 July
1089:22 July
1063:22 July
1036:22 July
1009:20 July
931:10 July
904:21 July
822:16 July
795:10 July
588:Blutmai
571:in 1928
567:at the
193:Marxist
172:of the
75:Silesia
1439:
1420:
1316:
964:
954:
870:
845:
500:. The
230:. The
222:, the
94:Allies
1308:[
982:[
724:Notes
612:]
275:units
210:also
1437:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1346:2024
1314:ISBN
1291:2024
1249:2024
1222:2024
1196:2023
1169:2024
1143:2024
1118:2024
1091:2024
1079:"SA"
1065:2024
1038:2024
1011:2024
962:OCLC
952:ISBN
933:2024
906:2024
868:ISBN
843:ISBN
824:2014
797:2024
638:and
359:DNVP
315:The
202:and
786:doi
754:doi
632:KPD
599:KPD
494:'s
104:'s
34:in
1474::
1416:.
1281:.
1159:.
1134:.
1108:.
1081:.
1001:.
960:.
923:.
896:.
882:^
814:.
780:.
766:^
732:^
698:.
610:de
290:.
154:,
73:,
1464:.
1445:.
1426:.
1399:.
1374:.
1348:.
1322:.
1293:.
1251:.
1224:.
1198:.
1171:.
1145:.
1120:.
1093:.
1067:.
1040:.
1013:.
968:.
935:.
908:.
876:.
851:.
826:.
799:.
788::
760:.
756::
750:9
524:.
142:.
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
