947:
2205:
840:
80:
781:
24:
1157:'s Panorama concluded that the operation of more than 20,000 Combined Sewer Overflow pipes (CSO) was leading to the routine spillage of untreated wastes around Britain's coastline, potentially leading to very dirty water around some of the most popular beaches in the UK. The CSOs, intended for use in very rare occasions, were not covered by the existing legislation for waste emissions.
292:). In England and Wales, water services are primarily provided by privatized companies, while in Scotland and Northern Ireland, these services are managed by publicly owned entities. Each region's unique approach is explored in separate articles, while this article is devoted to some common issues across the United Kingdom.
516:
contributes 30 per cent of public supply water in
England. In Wales and Scotland groundwater provides about five per cent of public supply. The majority of the UK's abstraction of surface water is from reservoirs, where rainwater is transported via rivers and streams and contained in an artificial or
1537:
974:
The law has frequently failed to ensure businesses are fully responsible for water pollution. In principle, a water authority used to be strictly liable for damage it caused. However, more recently water company liability particularly for sewerage leaks has not appeared to as a sufficient deterrent.
897:
of inflation, reduced by efficiency savings (X), but allowing for capital investment (K). This means prices could be fixed down or go up. Companies must publicise an annual charging scheme approved by Ofwat, while Ofwat must openly report its work programme, report to the
Secretary of State, keep a
910:
for breaches of conditions. After unacceptable experience of people being disconnected by private companies for non-payment, new regulations introduced exemptions for vulnerable customers, particularly people who are unable to pay, have large families or have medical conditions. Everyone has the
1107:
A particularity of water tariffs in the U.K. is the low share of metering. Most users are not billed on a volumetric basis and have no financial incentive for water conservation. Since the 1990s efforts have been made to increase the share of household metering, which reached 33% in 2008. The
877:
licences companies (known as water "undertakers") to operate water and sewer services with "instruments of appointment", and can impose various conditions. Licences usually last 25 years but can be terminated on 10 years notice by government. Because of public outcry over rising prices, the
873:) has at least three members appointed the Secretary of State, and is meant to "protect the interests of consumers, wherever appropriate by promoting effective competition" and yet ensure companies have a "reasonable returns on their capital", rather than simply act in the public interest.
929:
has powers of investigation. There are further standards for water companies to keep up water pressure in pipes, respond quickly to letters, phone calls and keep appointments, restore supply and provide water in emergencies, and stop sewer flooding or compensate up to £1000. Finally, the
1637:
ss 66A-L. Slightly different, WIA 1991 ss 105A-C enables transfer of lateral drains and private sewers to water companies where they were draining to a public mains sewer and treatment works, to avoid deterioration. Water
Industry (Schemes for Adoption of Private Sewers) Regulations SI
3761:
1124:) is calling for the government to set out a strategy to install water meters in at least 80% of England where there is the greatest pressure on the freshwater environment and people's pockets, by 2020. Studies show that water meters lead to a 5–15% reduction in household water use.
648:
364:
c. 55) further mandated that all new houses have running water and internal drainage. By 1944, there were over 1000 water suppliers in
England and Wales, though 26 supplied half of the total volume, and 97 supplied an additional further quarter of total volume. The
300:
Historically, water for drinking, general use, or sewerage was largely left to private arrangements. The recurrence of water poisoning, and large public health crises were a part of people's ordinary existence until scientific advances of the 19th century. After the
2193:
2255:
1132:
In 2021, the UK Government
Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport launched an open competition called 'Fibre in Water' to explore the potential for delivering broadband and mobile phone services via drinking water mains.
4067:
1866:
2568:
1698:
1421:
art 11(1), which is ratified by the UK, both expressly protect the right to food, in which water is implicit. This was acknowledged by the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2002) General Comment No
878:
government tried to construct more competition, with the Water Act 2014 requiring suppliers can access or pump water through other providers' pipes, for a reasonable cost, so that consumers might choose their company.
2660:
2609:
1145:
reported a significant decline in river quality due to abstraction carried out by water companies. The report calls for water companies to be charged more for using the most environmentally vulnerable rivers and
2725:
1704:
682:
2785:
2543:
2280:
2599:
2488:
2478:
2715:
2548:
911:
right to be connect to a water supply and to sewers, but the cost of new connections is borne by the customer. UK water quality is generally high, since large new investments were made following the
2770:
2765:
2650:
2265:
2250:
2230:
1099:(price) without sewerage in the U.K. for large consumers was the equivalent of US$ 1.90 per cubic metre. This was the third-highest tariff among the 14 mostly OECD countries covered by the report.
2795:
2755:
2700:
2695:
2675:
2670:
2655:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2245:
3235:
2780:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2710:
2305:
637:
855:
In
England there are 10 private regional water and sewerage companies and 13 mostly smaller private "water only" companies. Each company board is typically accountable to shareholders, mostly
1482:
requires an 8–13 member board appointed by the
Scottish Ministers as experts. The Water (Scotland) Act 1980, contains duties and functions. The Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968 deals with sewage.
3317:
3037:
1531:
1748:
art 4, meaning water is free from any micro-organisms and parasites dangerous to health, and complies with chemical and biological standards listed in Annex I. This is implemented by the
1742:
2157:
863:. While both UK and EU law is clear that water companies, even if privatised, still are public bodies, these companies pursue shareholder profit, only restricted by regulation.
2106:
1721:
s 44. This does not mean that company profits' are reduced by vulnerable customers, as companies can raise prices for other customers to ensure their profits are not reduced.
1795:
on bathing water quality, where the CJEU confirmed fines of a €624,150 per year and per 1% of bathing areas in
Spanish inshore waters which were found not to conform to the
353:
349:
4242:
1718:
4541:
3100:
3075:
1796:
1001:
981:
the Court of Appeal held that fines for pollution should always be set to ensure sufficient deterrence, but on the facts reduced a fine from £200,000 to £60,000. In
734:
3057:
1023:
supply with toxic chemicals, because it said the loss was not "reasonably foreseeable" and therefore too remote. These cases sit uneasily with the principle that
3105:
2045:
3133:
2750:
45:
2853:
2645:
2518:
1781:
s 19 of accepting undertakings from water companies (instead of s 18 enforcement orders) was not an adequate legal framework to comply with EU law. Contrast
1011:
2150:
1783:
670:
3624:
3589:
3579:
4082:
3634:
3155:
2959:
3297:
3090:
2188:
2178:
1929:
526:
2069:
416:
and sanitation in the UK is universal. In 2015, 100% of the population had access to improved water supply and 99% of the population had access to "
404:, a publicly owned entity, continues to manage these services, and as a result has maintained significantly lower prices than in England and Wales.
3584:
3145:
2898:
2805:
281:
3574:
3002:
2810:
2143:
1186:
991:
was not liable in nuisance, or for breach of a homeowner's right to property, as sewerage repeatedly overflowed residents' gardens. According to
696:
1841:
3870:
3681:
3197:
2720:
2523:
1837:
3646:
3292:
3070:
1749:
4506:
3977:
3756:
3360:
2183:
3922:
3733:
2533:
2350:
2345:
2240:
1461:. D Hall, E Lobina and P Terhorst, 'Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in Germany' (2013)
1150:
in drier parts of the country, with cheaper rates where water is more abundant. It also called for higher water charges during droughts.
3932:
3875:
3407:
3350:
2858:
2604:
2401:
2355:
1970:
D Hall, E Lobina and P Terhorst, 'Re-municipalisation in the early twenty-first century: water in France and energy in
Germany' (2013)
1009:
was responsible for trespass and pollution of canalways, but only before 1991 when statutory reform provided immunity. By contrast, in
32:
4271:
3165:
2843:
2411:
2406:
2320:
3917:
3776:
3728:
2969:
2914:
2888:
2863:
2594:
2538:
2448:
2426:
1201:
3498:
3307:
3138:
2949:
2934:
2873:
2815:
2745:
2563:
2513:
2503:
2416:
2385:
2365:
2270:
1191:
285:
4259:
3833:
3562:
3530:
3370:
3355:
3345:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3123:
2964:
2939:
2919:
2878:
2685:
2665:
2640:
2573:
2498:
2438:
2370:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2295:
2290:
2220:
1181:
1055:
800:
3952:
3525:
2944:
2924:
2893:
2883:
2838:
2833:
2790:
2760:
2690:
2680:
2558:
2528:
2483:
2473:
2453:
2380:
2375:
2335:
2225:
915:
560:
3819:
3641:
3302:
3275:
2929:
2868:
2775:
2705:
2578:
2553:
2468:
2443:
2431:
2421:
2360:
2300:
2285:
2275:
2260:
2235:
1961:(2009) finding 7% of companies were privatised, and suggesting even if this is too low, 15% would be a "generous estimate".
1623:
1196:
3992:
3937:
3880:
3799:
3743:
3711:
3545:
3230:
2995:
2954:
2848:
2508:
2493:
2463:
2458:
2310:
870:
3967:
3947:
3890:
3855:
3503:
3471:
3435:
1769:
534:
1503:
There is, however, a "Customer Forum" without any binding rights, but which may have some useful input: see S Hendry,
1387:
3962:
3860:
3515:
3508:
3375:
3340:
3325:
3225:
1988:
1702:(1998) 31 HLR 224 finding automatic disconnection from water through a prepayment meter did not comply with the law.
922:
section 18 to uphold drinking quality standards, rather than being content with "undertakings" from water companies.
907:
899:
1708:
EnvLR 114, stopped disconnections or limiting devices. The Water Industry Act 1999 stopped arbitrary disconnections.
4047:
3599:
3557:
3481:
3476:
3380:
3258:
4110:
3927:
3865:
3791:
3486:
3335:
3282:
3245:
3210:
3184:
3085:
2027:
1108:
Environment Agency would like to see 75% of households metered by 2025. The Fairness on Tap coalition (including
4057:
3845:
3771:
3666:
3619:
3535:
3455:
3415:
3205:
2988:
1241:
1028:
977:
946:
938:, but its members are not elected by water customers and it has no legal power to bind Ofwat or the companies.
834:
710:
1792:
4499:
4266:
4072:
4002:
3972:
3942:
3907:
3809:
3781:
3699:
3607:
3491:
3270:
3020:
659:
302:
4385:
4309:
4281:
4227:
4030:
4020:
3957:
3912:
3885:
3738:
3723:
3420:
3395:
3330:
3220:
1650:
ss 11–12, price determinations and conditions set in Instruments of Appointment, Condition B, each 5 years.
2086:
806:
In Scotland, it was thought that competition in sewer and water services could pose a public health risk.
508:
According to the Environment Agency, total water abstraction for public water supply in the UK was 16,406
4276:
4254:
4222:
4217:
4199:
4140:
4062:
4052:
3987:
3850:
3814:
3612:
3390:
3029:
1606:
1373:
1066:
A 2022 study, found that over 70% of the English water industry is in foreign hands (foreign ownership).
1039:
926:
889:
has always set upper limits to prices, historically for 5-year periods. This has followed the formula of
356:
provided model constitutions for the growing number of private and local government water companies. The
1788:
1774:
1542:
4336:
4237:
4077:
1799:
1745:
1335:
1117:
931:
2124:
1959:
Public private partnerships for urban water utilities: A review of experiences in developing countries
4472:
4232:
4037:
4010:
3520:
3400:
2046:"Fibre in Water: Improving access to advanced broadband and mobile services via drinking water mains"
1176:
983:
722:
553:
918:, requiring water is "wholesome and clean". Ofwat is required to issue enforcement orders under the
4370:
3900:
3540:
3287:
374:
4515:
4428:
4249:
4184:
3895:
3552:
1575:
1553:
1024:
919:
626:
616:
606:
586:
576:
235:
37:
1448:(2014) ch 5, 86 and C Harlow and R Rawlings, Law and Administration (3rd edn 2009) ch 7, 292–304
4365:
3430:
1605:
s 11. The Water Act 2003 s 52 gives Ofwat a duty to cooperate with the Secretary of State, the
963:
814:
357:
345:
333:
326:
289:
2130:
1683:
Ofwat and the CMA also have jurisdiction for mergers for companies with a size over £10m p/a:
1294:
898:
register of appointments and make information on costs available. Companies can appeal to the
4520:
4360:
4316:
4179:
3765:
2010:
1752:
1113:
341:
306:
93:
348:, local government began building drains, sewers, and piping clean water to households. The
4380:
4321:
4286:
4174:
4147:
3658:
1915:
Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC recital 53, and see E Fisher, B Lange and E Scotford,
1538:
Fish Legal v Information Commissioner, United Utilities, Yorkshire Water and Southern Water
1075:
995:, the owners had to use statutory mechanisms to secure accountability rather than suing in
890:
546:
1560:
799:
The publicly owned Scottish Water is appointed by Scottish ministers, and overseen by the
400:
Scotland retained public ownership of its water services following a public campaign, and
8:
4457:
4375:
4353:
4348:
4331:
4326:
4304:
4194:
4152:
2135:
1556:
1016:
417:
321:
had become so bad smelling that it offended the Queen and forced Parliament to relocate,
314:
104:
1578:
393:, each operating as a local monopoly, subject to price caps of a new regulator known as
4452:
4408:
4189:
4167:
4162:
4130:
4042:
3215:
1821:
1610:
1401:
1035:
935:
894:
882:
860:
826:
390:
239:
1479:
4467:
4413:
4015:
1166:
967:
748:
322:
146:
1309:
ss 4, 83–85 were the initial privatisation provisions. See C Harlow and R Rawlings,
795:. Its prices are around 10% lower than privatised English and Welsh water companies.
4462:
4445:
4440:
4423:
4403:
4209:
3062:
1006:
996:
988:
839:
382:
361:
337:
251:
2204:
1971:
1820:
Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Customer Service Standards) Regulations 2008 (
1590:
1492:
1462:
1458:
1323:
4135:
4025:
3716:
3676:
2073:
1171:
1142:
1020:
530:
273:
1359:
650:
Water Supply and Sewerage Services (Customer Service Standards) Regulations 2008
3748:
3629:
3567:
3128:
3011:
1564:
1306:
1109:
1043:
856:
792:
775:
763:
762:, and basic to survival. While the UK has the fortune of substantial rainfall,
759:
596:
401:
386:
370:
366:
277:
69:
4535:
3804:
3365:
3263:
3253:
3052:
3047:
1853:
992:
784:
79:
1622:
e.g. R Graham, 'Water in the UK – public versus private' (19 December 2014)
766:
means water resources are under pressure, and less predictable than before.
220:
Three regulators, one each for England/Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
3671:
3042:
1930:"Revealed: more than 70% of English water industry is in foreign ownership"
1096:
955:
848:
844:
830:
413:
318:
280:
features diverse institutional arrangements across its constituent parts: (
2980:
1717:
Water Industry (Charges) (Vulnerable Groups) Regulations SI 1999/3441 and
1226:
Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment
4157:
4087:
1418:
1255:
959:
847:
drinking water, bathing waters, and the general environment, like at the
813:
water and sewerage services are also provided by a single public entity,
513:
2103:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
1433:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
788:
4435:
4343:
1856:
at the time of the Commission on the London Water Supply report, 1828
1414:
1225:
509:
1051:
538:
4296:
1834:
1778:
1730:
1684:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1634:
1602:
1079:
1047:
378:
245:
2131:
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture project
4122:
1777:, on the failure to transpose the Directive. The UK system under
1147:
1078:
jobs in 2012/13, according to an analysis by the consulting firm
310:
1478:
Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002, constitutes Scottish Water.
934:
is meant to hear complaints and publicise issues with Ofwat and
780:
373:
finally consolidated the management of water resources into ten
23:
4418:
951:
912:
497:
4395:
2070:
Britain's rivers 'being ruined by demands of water companies'
2028:"2010 to 2015 government policy: water and sewerage services"
903:
886:
874:
866:
394:
313:
as drinking water being polluted by excrement. Following the
1228:, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
377:
for England and Wales, along with additional authorities in
195:
86:
67:
2119:
1759:
1983 SC 225 water fluoridation was successfully challenged.
1121:
2165:
1322:
e.g. 'Water costs cheaper in Scotland' (19 February 2009)
1074:
Total employment by UK water companies amounted to 41,000
1457:
See 'Water costs cheaper in Scotland' (19 February 2009)
1154:
1095:
According to a 2006 survey by NUS consulting the average
1002:
Manchester Ship Canal Co Ltd v United Utilities Water Plc
736:
Manchester Ship Canal Co Ltd v United Utilities Water Plc
493:
272:
are characterized by universal access and generally good
250:
Water and Sewage Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 (
803:, although it has no direct voting power for customers.
1031:
to ensure proper enforcement of clean water standards.
1082:. In addition, 86,000 jobs were supported indirectly.
1038:
is responsible for environmental regulation, and the
1012:
Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc
369:
organised a national water supply policy, before the
130:
Average urban domestic water and sewer bill for 20m3
1867:
Department of Transport v North West Water Authority
1435:(Cambridge UP 2022) ch 13, 'Food, forests and water'
1042:
for regulating drinking water quality. The economic
4109:
2194:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
1976:
Private Island: Why Britain Belongs to Someone Else
1972:
27(2) International Review of Applied Economics 193
1699:
R (Oldham MBC) v Director General of Water Services
1593:, requiring "promoting the interests of customers".
1467:
Private Island: Why Britain Belongs to Someone Else
1463:
27(2) International Review of Applied Economics 193
385:. However, following a wave of privatisations, the
4542:Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
527:Water supply and sanitation in the European Union
270:water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
4533:
769:
1187:Water supply and sanitation in Northern Ireland
902:for disputes over access and price caps, while
698:Cambridge Water Ltd v East Counties Leather plc
1705:R (Lancashire CC) v Director of Water Services
684:Dept of Transport v North West Water Authority
2996:
2151:
1989:"Tapping into growth: economic impact report"
1750:Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989
554:
276:. Unlike many other developed countries, the
1917:Environmental Law Text, Cases, and Materials
893:, where prices should rise no more than the
3010:
1613:, and the Natural Resources Body for Wales.
1153:In 2009, an investigation conducted by the
1136:
3003:
2989:
2158:
2144:
1258:, 5 April 2012, retrieved on July 24, 2012
1248:
1236:
1234:
1019:business was not liable for polluting the
561:
547:
1127:
1202:Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar
950:An 1828 cartoon of a woman dropping her
945:
838:
779:
48:of all important aspects of the article.
1269:A History of Water Rights at Common Law
1231:
1192:Water supply and sanitation in Scotland
1054:and the environmental regulator is the
258:
231:
224:
216:
208:
200:
187:
179:
171:
163:
155:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
102:
91:
4534:
2166:Water supply and sanitation by country
1589:cf Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002
1256:How much does your water company leak?
1182:Water supply and sanitation in England
1056:Scottish Environment Protection Agency
1052:Water Industry Commission for Scotland
801:Water Industry Commission for Scotland
209:National water and sanitation company
156:Share of collected wastewater treated
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
4108:
2984:
2139:
1974:and J Meek, 'Not a drop to drink' in
1733:ss 37, 45 (water) and 94–99 (sewers).
1465:and J Meek, 'Not a drop to drink' in
1282:Water Management in England and Wales
941:
916:Drinking Water Quality Directive 1998
638:R (Oldham MBC) v DG of Water Services
568:
542:
172:Share of self-financing by utilities
1220:
1218:
1216:
1197:Water supply and sanitation in Wales
1085:
244:Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002 (
17:
1532:Griffin v South West Water Services
1491:Water Industry (Scotland) Act 2002
871:Water Services Regulation Authority
520:
517:natural lake until it is required.
201:Decentralization to municipalities
13:
1957:(2014) ch 5, 78, quoting P Marin,
1563:, para 1. This was amended by the
851:, must be kept clean and improved.
535:London water supply infrastructure
225:Responsibility for policy setting
14:
4553:
2113:
1388:"Groundwater Resources in the UK"
1213:
1015:, the House of Lords held that a
900:Competition and Markets Authority
500:Joint Monitoring Program (2008)
389:changed the ten authorities into
2256:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2203:
1743:Drinking Water Quality Directive
1336:"WASHwatch.org – United Kingdom"
1293:e.g. Water (Scotland) Act 1980 (
503:
122:Average urban water use (l/c/d)
78:
22:
4111:Countries of the United Kingdom
3211:Countries of the United Kingdom
2079:
2063:
2038:
2020:
2003:
1981:
1964:
1955:Frameworks for Water Law Reform
1947:
1922:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1859:
1846:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1762:
1736:
1724:
1711:
1690:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1628:
1616:
1596:
1583:
1569:
1547:
1523:
1518:Frameworks for Water Law Reform
1510:
1505:Frameworks for Water Law Reform
1497:
1485:
1472:
1451:
1446:Frameworks for Water Law Reform
1438:
1425:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1366:
1352:
217:Water and sanitation regulator
36:may be too short to adequately
3206:Counties of the United Kingdom
1328:
1316:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1261:
1029:Water Framework Directive 2000
978:R v Anglian Water Services Ltd
835:United Kingdom water companies
711:R v Anglian Water Services Ltd
433:Rural (10% of the population)
430:Urban (90% of the population)
309:first identified the cause of
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
2095:
1313:(3rd edn 2009) ch 7, 293–295.
1141:In July 2011, the think tank
1069:
987:the House of Lords held that
770:Scotland and Northern Ireland
660:Drinking Water Directive 1998
303:Broad Street cholera outbreak
3978:Universal basic income (UBI)
1061:
1005:the Supreme Court held that
259:Number of service providers
188:Share of external financing
138:Share of household metering
7:
3983:Water supply and sanitation
3682:Weapons of mass destruction
3667:His Majesty's Naval Service
1770:Commission v United Kingdom
1607:National Assembly for Wales
1160:
1102:
1040:Drinking Water Inspectorate
927:Drinking Water Inspectorate
906:can refer companies to the
391:ten private water companies
354:Waterworks Clauses Act 1863
350:Waterworks Clauses Act 1847
10:
4558:
4078:Stereotypes of the British
1090:
932:Consumer Council for Water
885:always appeared unlikely,
824:
820:
773:
524:
375:regional water authorities
295:
261:
234:
227:
219:
211:
203:
190:
182:
174:
166:
158:
150:
140:
132:
124:
116:
108:
97:
4493:
4394:
4295:
4243:First Minister and deputy
4208:
4121:
4117:
4104:
4100:
4001:
3841:
3832:
3790:
3707:
3698:
3657:
3598:
3467:
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3454:
3316:
3244:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3116:
3028:
3019:
2907:
2826:
2618:
2587:
2394:
2213:
2200:
2171:
1719:Floods and Water Act 2010
1177:Water Framework Directive
984:Marcic v Thames Water plc
745:
731:
723:Marcic v Thames Water plc
719:
707:
693:
679:
667:
657:
646:
634:
624:
614:
604:
594:
584:
574:
407:
344:in each council, and the
164:Annual investment in WSS
114:Continuity of supply (%)
77:
3871:Environmental inequality
2127:'s water quality website
1797:Bathing Waters Directive
1207:
1137:Environmental criticisms
1027:, and the scheme of the
869:(technically called the
619:ss 37, 61(1A) and Sch 4A
340:c. 63), which created a
2087:Britain's Dirty Beaches
1757:McColl v Strathclyde RC
1576:Water Industry Act 1991
1554:Water Industry Act 1991
1507:(2014) ch 5, 95, fn 282
920:Water Industry Act 1991
881:As real competition in
791:used by publicly owned
627:Water Industry Act 1991
617:Water Industry Act 1991
607:Water Industry Act 1991
587:Water Industry Act 1991
577:Climate Change Act 2008
236:Water Industry Act 1991
180:Share of tax-financing
3757:Science and technology
2646:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1311:Law and Administration
1128:UK wide Fibre in Water
971:
964:London sewerage system
852:
815:Northern Ireland Water
796:
358:Public Health Act 1875
346:Public Health Act 1866
334:Public Health Act 1848
327:London sewerage system
72:: Water and Sanitation
3734:Free trade agreements
1991:. Water UK. June 2014
958:magnified. After the
949:
842:
783:
760:universal human right
342:local board of health
94:improved water source
4083:World Heritage Sites
3876:Environmental issues
3580:Female party leaders
3221:Overseas territories
2569:United Arab Emirates
1374:"Environment Agency"
1076:full-time equivalent
1025:polluters should pay
418:improved" sanitation
2960:Trinidad and Tobago
2751:Republic of Ireland
999:. More recently in
412:Access to improved
325:began to build the
315:Great Stink of 1858
240:England & Wales
105:improved sanitation
3777:Telecommunications
3729:Economic geography
3585:Political scandals
3216:Crown Dependencies
2854:Dominican Republic
2189:Sub-Saharan Africa
2125:Environment Agency
2089:, 7 September 2009
1793:ECLI:EU:C:2003:635
1784:Commission v Spain
1674:ss 192A-B, 201–202
1611:Environment Agency
1224:WHO/UNICEF (2015)
1036:Environment Agency
972:
942:Environmental harm
895:retail price index
883:natural monopolies
861:Companies Act 2006
853:
827:UK water companies
797:
671:Commission v Spain
460:House connections
332:Starting with the
4529:
4528:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4096:
4095:
3828:
3827:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3575:Political parties
3499:Foreign relations
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3179:
3178:
3156:Mass surveillance
3134:Foreign relations
3067:Second World War
2978:
2977:
2806:England and Wales
2107:Cambridge UP 2022
1167:UK enterprise law
1086:Financial aspects
968:Joseph Bazalgette
755:
754:
749:UK enterprise law
641:(1998) 31 HLR 224
569:Water law sources
512:per day in 2007.
490:
489:
444:Broad definition
362:38 & 39 Vict.
338:11 & 12 Vict.
323:Joseph Bazalgette
282:England and Wales
266:
265:
151:20% (2010–2011)
147:Non-revenue water
63:
62:
4549:
4509:
4502:
4210:Northern Ireland
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
3839:
3838:
3752:
3705:
3704:
3563:House of Commons
3531:Local government
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3371:Renewable energy
3356:hydroelectricity
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3026:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2811:Northern Ireland
2610:Papua New Guinea
2208:
2207:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:"NUS Consulting"
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1766:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1551:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1360:"WHO/UNICEF JMP"
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1007:United Utilities
989:Thames Water plc
966:was built under
811:Northern Ireland
737:
699:
685:
651:
563:
556:
549:
540:
539:
521:Water regulation
423:
422:
383:Northern Ireland
290:Northern Ireland
252:Northern Ireland
82:
65:
64:
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4477:
4390:
4291:
4204:
4113:
4092:
3997:
3953:Public holidays
3933:Life expectancy
3824:
3786:
3766:London Exchange
3762:Stock exchanges
3750:
3749:Pound sterling
3717:Bank of England
3686:
3677:Royal Air Force
3653:
3594:
3526:Law enforcement
3442:
3351:hydraulic frac.
3312:
3293:Lakes and lochs
3240:
3236:Former colonies
3175:
3171:Women's history
3146:Law enforcement
3112:
3058:First World War
3015:
3009:
2979:
2974:
2903:
2822:
2726:North Macedonia
2614:
2583:
2390:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2167:
2164:
2116:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2074:The Independent
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1767:
1763:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1552:
1548:
1528:
1524:
1520:(2014) ch 5, 81
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1456:
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1443:
1439:
1430:
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1400:
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1367:
1358:
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1353:
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1334:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1172:EU water policy
1163:
1143:Policy Exchange
1139:
1130:
1105:
1093:
1088:
1072:
1064:
1021:Cambridge Water
944:
936:water companies
837:
823:
787:is one of many
778:
772:
756:
751:
741:
735:
727:
715:
703:
697:
689:
683:
675:
674:(2003) C-278/01
663:
653:
649:
642:
630:
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
567:
537:
531:EU water policy
523:
506:
410:
298:
274:service quality
249:
243:
73:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4495:
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4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4429:First Minister
4426:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4337:First Minister
4334:
4329:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3820:Rail transport
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3642:Prime Minister
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3590:Shadow Cabinet
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:House of Lords
3565:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
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3440:
3439:
3438:
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3425:
3424:
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3418:
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3405:
3404:
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3398:
3393:
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3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
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3348:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3322:
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3311:
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3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3198:Administrative
3187:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3120:
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3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3095:
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3088:
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3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
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3055:
3050:
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3017:
3016:
3014: articles
3012:United Kingdom
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2836:
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2828:
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2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:United Kingdom
2798:
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2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
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2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
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2683:
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2661:Czech Republic
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2211:
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2201:
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2197:
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2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:European Union
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2114:External links
2112:
2111:
2110:
2097:
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2037:
2019:
2002:
1980:
1963:
1946:
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1879:EWCA Crim 2243
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1565:Water Act 2003
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1471:
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1437:
1424:
1417:art 25(1) and
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1307:Water Act 1989
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1271:(2004) 328–352
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1110:National Trust
1104:
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1044:water industry
954:when she sees
943:
940:
857:asset managers
822:
819:
793:Scottish Water
776:Scottish Water
774:Main article:
771:
768:
764:climate damage
753:
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714:EWCA Crim 2243
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371:Water Act 1973
367:Water Act 1945
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134:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
100:
99:
96:
89:
88:
84:
83:
75:
74:
70:United Kingdom
68:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4554:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3993:Welfare state
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Mental health
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Ethnic groups
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Bus transport
3803:
3801:
3800:Air transport
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3744:Manufacturing
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Civil service
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:republicanism
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:North Sea oil
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3264:Great Britain
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:British Isles
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Edwardian era
3051:
3049:
3048:Victorian era
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:South America
2906:
2900:
2899:United States
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:North America
2825:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Latin America
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2101:E McGaughey,
2100:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2076:, 3 July 2011
2075:
2071:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1854:William Heath
1849:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1811:WIA 1991 s 86
1808:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1624:openDemocracy
1619:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1431:E McGaughey,
1428:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1341:
1340:washwatch.org
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:regulator in
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
993:Lord Hoffmann
990:
986:
985:
980:
979:
969:
965:
962:of 1858, the
961:
957:
953:
948:
939:
937:
933:
928:
923:
921:
917:
914:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
818:
816:
812:
807:
804:
802:
794:
790:
786:
785:Loch Faskally
782:
777:
767:
765:
761:
750:
744:
739:
738:
730:
725:
724:
718:
713:
712:
706:
701:
700:
692:
687:
686:
678:
673:
672:
666:
661:
656:
652:
645:
640:
639:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
518:
515:
511:
504:Water sources
501:
499:
495:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
459:
457:
456:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
429:
427:
425:
424:
421:
419:
415:
405:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
257:
253:
247:
241:
237:
230:
223:
215:
207:
199:
196:Institutions
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
154:
148:
144:
136:
128:
120:
112:
106:
101:
95:
92:Access to an
90:
85:
81:
76:
71:
66:
57:
47:
41:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4371:Homelessness
4185:Homelessness
3982:
3968:Social class
3948:Prostitution
3891:Homelessness
3672:British Army
3504:Human rights
3492:By-elections
3472:Constitution
3043:Georgian era
2800:
2534:Saudi Arabia
2351:South Africa
2346:Sierra Leone
2241:Burkina Faso
2102:
2081:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1983:
1975:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1938:. Retrieved
1936:. 2022-11-30
1934:The Guardian
1933:
1924:
1919:(2013) ch 14
1916:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1848:
1829:
1816:
1807:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1753:SI 1989/1147
1738:
1726:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1630:
1618:
1598:
1585:
1571:
1549:
1536:
1535:IRLR 15 and
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1487:
1474:
1466:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1250:
1152:
1140:
1131:
1106:
1097:water tariff
1094:
1073:
1065:
1033:
1010:
1000:
982:
976:
973:
956:Thames Water
924:
880:
865:
859:, under the
854:
849:River Wandle
845:EU water law
831:Thames Water
810:
808:
805:
798:
757:
733:
721:
709:
695:
681:
669:
636:
507:
491:
414:water supply
411:
399:
331:
319:River Thames
317:, where the
299:
269:
267:
141:33% (2008)
98:100% (2015)
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
4458:Health care
4366:Health care
4272:Health care
4180:Health care
4088:Anglosphere
3963:Social care
3918:Immigration
3861:Drug policy
3625:Departments
3553:Nationality
3326:Agriculture
3259:terminology
3226:City status
3097:Since 1979
2859:El Salvador
2786:Switzerland
2721:Netherlands
2605:New Zealand
2588:Australasia
2544:South Korea
2524:Philippines
2402:Afghanistan
2356:South Sudan
2281:Ivory Coast
1995:1 September
1978:(2014) ch 3
1824:) regs 6–12
1822:SI 2008/594
1469:(2014) ch 3
1419:ICESCR 1966
1267:J Getzler,
960:Great Stink
891:RPI – X + K
758:Water is a
589:ss 2, 11-17
514:Groundwater
474:Sanitation
232:Sector law
109:99% (2015)
4424:Government
4332:Government
4327:Parliament
4043:Literature
3923:Innovation
3856:Demography
3751:(currency)
3600:Government
3558:Parliament
3482:Devolution
3477:Corruption
3412:Materials
3346:geothermal
3030:Chronology
2844:Costa Rica
2600:East Timor
2489:Kyrgyzstan
2479:Kazakhstan
2412:Bangladesh
2407:Azerbaijan
2321:Mozambique
2096:References
2085:BBC News:
1953:S Hendry,
1940:2022-12-06
1662:ss 142–150
1638:2011/1566.
1516:S Hendry,
1444:S Hendry,
1402:"Water UK"
1345:2017-03-22
1280:E Porter,
1242:"Water UK"
1070:Employment
825:See also:
789:reservoirs
662:1998/83/EC
629:ss 142-143
525:See also:
510:megalitres
103:Access to
54:April 2022
4453:Education
4409:Geography
4361:Education
4317:Geography
4267:Education
4238:Executive
4223:Geography
4175:Education
4148:Geography
3928:Languages
3866:Education
3792:Transport
3630:Ministers
3516:Judiciary
3487:Elections
3427:Wildlife
3336:biodiesel
3318:Resources
3308:Volcanoes
3298:Mountains
3283:Coastline
3185:Geography
3139:1814–1919
3101:political
3086:political
3038:Formation
2970:Venezuela
2915:Argentina
2889:Nicaragua
2864:Guatemala
2716:Lithuania
2595:Australia
2549:Sri Lanka
2539:Singapore
2519:Palestine
2449:Indonesia
2427:Hong Kong
2172:By region
2055:16 August
1800:2006/7/EC
1687:ss 31–35.
1415:UDHR 1948
1284:(1978) 29
1114:Waterwise
1062:Ownership
609:ss 27A-30
477:Sewerage
307:John Snow
305:of 1854,
38:summarize
4536:Category
4516:Category
4468:Religion
4414:Politics
4381:Religion
4322:Politics
4310:timeline
4297:Scotland
4282:Religion
4233:Assembly
4228:Politics
4195:Religion
4153:Politics
4141:timeline
4058:Religion
4038:Identity
3901:Scotland
3846:Cannabis
3772:Taxation
3659:Military
3541:monarchs
3536:Monarchy
3456:Politics
3416:forestry
3396:Scottish
3387:Fishing
3246:Physical
3166:Taxation
3161:Military
3151:Maritime
3124:Economic
3117:By topic
3082:Postwar
3076:military
3071:civilian
3063:Interwar
2950:Paraguay
2935:Colombia
2874:Honduras
2816:Scotland
2771:Slovenia
2766:Slovakia
2746:Portugal
2651:Bulgaria
2564:Thailand
2514:Pakistan
2504:Malaysia
2417:Cambodia
2386:Zimbabwe
2366:Tanzania
2271:Ethiopia
2266:Eswatini
2251:Cameroon
2231:Botswana
2120:Water UK
1906:2 AC 264
1835:WIA 1991
1789:C-278/01
1779:WIA 1991
1775:C-337/89
1746:98/83/EC
1731:WIA 1991
1685:WIA 1991
1672:WIA 1991
1660:WIA 1991
1648:WIA 1991
1635:WIA 1991
1603:WIA 1991
1543:C-279/12
1161:See also
1148:aquifers
1103:Metering
1080:Deloitte
1048:Scotland
702:2 AC 264
492:Source:
379:Scotland
352:and the
286:Scotland
246:Scotland
4500:Outline
4473:Symbols
4463:Culture
4446:tourism
4441:Economy
4404:History
4386:Symbols
4376:Culture
4354:tourism
4349:Economy
4305:History
4287:Symbols
4277:Culture
4260:tourism
4255:Economy
4218:History
4200:Symbols
4190:Culture
4168:tourism
4163:Economy
4131:History
4123:England
4073:Theatre
4068:Symbols
4026:Cuisine
4003:Culture
3973:Suicide
3943:Poverty
3908:Housing
3896:England
3834:Society
3810:Driving
3782:Tourism
3700:Economy
3608:Cabinet
3408:Hunting
3391:English
3288:Geology
3271:Climate
3021:History
2965:Uruguay
2940:Ecuador
2920:Bolivia
2879:Jamaica
2796:Ukraine
2756:Romania
2701:Iceland
2696:Hungary
2686:Germany
2676:Finland
2671:Estonia
2666:Denmark
2656:Croatia
2641:Belgium
2636:Austria
2631:Armenia
2626:Albania
2574:Vietnam
2499:Lebanon
2439:Georgia
2371:Tunisia
2341:Senegal
2331:Nigeria
2326:Namibia
2316:Morocco
2296:Liberia
2291:Lesotho
2246:Burundi
2221:Algeria
2109:) ch 13
1897:UKSC 40
1888:UKHL 66
1787:(2003)
1773:(1992)
1541:(2014)
1091:Tariffs
1050:is the
821:England
740:UKSC 40
726:UKHL 66
311:cholera
296:History
268:Public
4521:Portal
4419:Senedd
4136:social
4021:Cinema
4016:Anthem
3958:Racism
3913:Hunger
3886:Health
3739:Income
3724:Budget
3421:mining
3361:marine
3331:Energy
3303:Rivers
3276:change
3129:Empire
3106:social
3091:social
2945:Guyana
2925:Brazil
2894:Panama
2884:Mexico
2839:Canada
2834:Belize
2791:Turkey
2781:Sweden
2761:Russia
2741:Poland
2736:Serbia
2731:Norway
2711:Latvia
2691:Greece
2681:France
2619:Europe
2559:Taiwan
2529:Russia
2484:Kuwait
2474:Jordan
2454:Israel
2381:Zambia
2376:Uganda
2336:Rwanda
2306:Malawi
2226:Angola
2214:Africa
2032:GOV.UK
1870:AC 336
1838:ss 27A
1609:, the
1561:Sch 1A
1017:tanner
952:teacup
843:Under
833:, and
688:AC 336
533:, and
498:UNICEF
441:Water
436:Total
408:Access
288:; and
4507:Index
4396:Wales
4063:Sport
4053:Music
4048:Media
3988:Waste
3851:Crime
3815:Roads
3712:Banks
3436:flora
3431:fauna
3401:Welsh
3376:solar
3231:Towns
2930:Chile
2869:Haiti
2776:Spain
2706:Italy
2579:Yemen
2554:Syria
2469:Japan
2444:India
2432:Macau
2422:China
2361:Sudan
2301:Libya
2286:Kenya
2276:Ghana
2261:Egypt
2236:Benin
2014:(PDF)
1755:. In
1480:Sch 3
1208:Notes
904:Ofwat
887:Ofwat
875:Ofwat
867:Ofwat
469:100%
463:100%
453:100%
450:100%
447:100%
395:Ofwat
212:None
159:100%
117:100%
87:Data
4031:Wine
3647:list
3635:list
3613:list
3509:LGBT
3381:wind
3341:coal
2955:Peru
2849:Cuba
2509:Oman
2494:Laos
2464:Iraq
2459:Iran
2395:Asia
2311:Mali
2057:2021
2050:DCMS
1997:2014
1696:See
1559:and
1557:s 1A
1529:See
1295:c 45
1254:BBC:
1122:RSPB
1120:and
1034:The
997:tort
925:The
747:See
599:s 52
486:97%
483:97%
480:97%
466:98%
381:and
191:n/a
183:n/a
175:n/a
167:n/a
133:n/a
125:150
4436:Law
4344:Law
4250:Law
4158:Law
4011:Art
3521:Law
1852:By
1842:27K
1833:cf
1591:s 1
1579:s 2
1493:s 1
1459:BBC
1422:15.
1324:BBC
1155:BBC
1118:WWF
975:In
908:CMA
809:In
579:s 1
494:WHO
262:28
204:No
4538::
2072:,
2048:.
2030:.
1932:.
1791:,
1338:.
1233:^
1215:^
1116:,
1112:,
1058:.
913:EU
829:,
817:.
529:,
420:.
397:.
329:.
284:;
254:)
3768:)
3764:(
3004:e
2997:t
2990:v
2159:e
2152:t
2145:v
2105:(
2059:.
2034:.
2016:.
1999:.
1943:.
1840:-
1802:.
1404:.
1390:.
1376:.
1362:.
1348:.
1297:)
1244:.
970:.
562:e
555:t
548:v
496:/
360:(
336:(
248:)
242:)
238:(
56:)
52:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
