145:
351:
86:
299:
and take action against 'nuisances' (nuisances was a very broad concept encompassing a wide range of environmental public health problems: such as unsanitary dwellings, accumulations of refuse and sewage, smoke dust and smells and industrial emissions, polluted water, noise, adulterated food, slaughterhouse issues etc.).
298:
Employees: A local board of health was allowed to appoint a number of employees, including a surveyor, a clerk, a treasurer, and an officer of health (who had to be a qualified doctor). It was compulsory for the board to appoint an inspector of nuisances (sanitary inspector) to investigate complaints
494:
had included model clauses for the government of towns which could be adopted in all or in part by existing borough corporations, local boards of health or improvement commissioners. The application of these was very uneven, so they were incorporated into the 1858 act, all local boards gaining these
277:
Where a local board district coincided with a borough, or was entirely within a borough's limits, all the members were selected by the corporation. Where a district was entirely outside a municipality, all the members were elected. In districts which were partly in and partly outside a borough the
285:
Those entitled to elect board members could have multiple votes depending on how much property they owned. This ranged from one vote for owners of property worth less than £50, to six votes for those holding more than £250 of property. It followed that board members were generally wealthy property
420:
c. 98). The act came into force in all existing local board of health districts on 1 September 1858. The act made some changes to the procedure for constituting a local board and gave them some additional powers. There was also a change in nomenclature: the authorities created by the 1858 act were
164:
c. 63). The aim of the act was to improve the sanitary condition of towns and populous places in
England and Wales by placing: the supply of water; sewerage; drainage; cleansing; paving, and environmental health regulation under a single local body. The act could be applied to any place in England
247:
In the latter case a superintending inspector appointed by the
General Board would hold an inquiry into the sewerage, drainage, supply of water, state of burial grounds and other matters relating to the sanitary condition of the town, and where necessary define boundaries for the district of the
568:. Many of these local government districts had a population of fewer than 500, and several fewer than 100. Further legislation was passed in 1863 to limit the population of a new local government district to 3,000 or more. Some of these small authorities survived as
470:
Petitions from ten per cent of the ratepayers of places other than those with a "known or defined boundary" to adopt the act were now made to the
Secretary of State. If one in twenty ratepayers objected to the formation of a local board they now had the
212:
611:. A new urban district council was to govern the district. The new council was to be directly elected by all those entitled to voted in parliamentary elections, replacing the weighted property voting system used for local boards.
656:
711:
596:, with the local board becoming the urban sanitary authority. The titles of the district and board did not change however, the local board assuming extra duties as a sanitary authority.
215:, the other two members being appointed by warrant. The board was originally to be dissolved after five years, but acts of parliament were passed annually allowing for its continuation.
323:
Burials: The local board was allowed to provide houses for the reception of the dead prior to burial. They could also apply to the
General Board to have an existing graveyard closed.
913:
534:
909:
835:
1020:
963:
923:
549:
merged local boards into municipal boroughs and improvement commissioners where they shared the same district. 419 of the local boards had been formed under the
302:
Sewers: The local board took over ownership of all public sewers in its district. Where private sewers operated for profit, the local board could purchase them.
949:
995:
620:
828:
565:
457:
The procedure for adopting the act and constituting a local board was laid out in sections 12 – 17 of the act, and was similar to that in the 1848 act.
985:
874:
734:
240:
in any city, town, borough (municipal or parliamentary), parish or place with a defined boundary not having less than 30 such qualified ratepayers.
16:
This article is about the 19th-century
English and Welsh local government establishments. For the 21st-century NHS Wales administrative units, see
1005:
821:
1000:
1015:
1010:
278:
board had a mixture of selected and elected members. Selected members did not have to be members of the corporation. Borough mayors were
305:
Street cleansing: The local board was required to clean the streets in its district, removing dust, ashes, rubbish, filth, dung and soil.
990:
608:
569:
48:
879:
368:
An Act to amend the Public Health Act, 1848, and to make further
Provision for the Local Government of Towns and populous Districts.
314:
Street paving: The local board took over the public streets in the district, and could also require that private streets be paved.
1025:
482:
The method of electing members of the board remained the same, although existing or new boards could now be divided into wards.
373:
108:
195:. This was supported by reports, from the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns (formed in 1843) and local branches of the
870:
760:
251:
Where the boundaries of a proposed local board's district were the same as an existing local unit, the act was applied by
429:
When the
General Board of Health was abolished in 1858 its responsibilities in respect of local government passed to the
560:
The number of local boards was inflated in 1862–63, as communities adopted the act in order to avoid being grouped into
144:
905:
320:
Water supply: The local board was allowed to supply water, but only if a private company could not provide the service.
43:
and ensure the proper supply of water to their districts. Local boards were eventually merged with the corporations of
255:. Where a new district was created this was done by provisional order of the General Board, confirmed by Parliament.
174:
311:
Slaughterhouses: The local board was to regulate slaughterhouses, and was allowed to provide such facilities itself.
39:
epidemics and were given powers to control sewers, clean the streets, regulate environmental health risks including
355:
211:
as a central authority to administer the act. There were three commissioners: the president of the board being the
90:
181:
188:
442:
491:
196:
683:
467:
could adopt the act for their district, the board of commissioners becoming in addition the local board.
136:
940:
900:
884:
856:
761:"An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Walkover Survey of Land at The Pentagon Centre, Chatham"
600:
573:
464:
60:
437:
was formed to administer the local boards. In 1871 a separate agency was again formed entitled the
785:
955:
688:
585:
546:
438:
308:
Public lavatories: The local board could provide "public necessities" (as the act called them).
184:
221:
In 1852, Edward Gotto was employed to carry out the national
General Board of Health Survey.
363:
98:
537:, and was given a new power to provide a market place where one was required or inadequate.
860:
8:
213:
First
Commissioner of Her Majesty's Woods and Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings
813:
317:
Pleasure grounds: The local boards were allowed to provide and lay out pleasure grounds.
243:
By the
General Board if the death rate exceeded twenty-three in a thousand in any place.
865:
218:
Chadwick was appointed a commissioner, and the board was strongly associated with him.
17:
959:
779:
593:
512:
472:
401:
268:
44:
32:
726:
604:
589:
561:
533:
The local board also took over any lamps, lamp posts and gas posts provided by the
417:
378:
252:
170:
161:
113:
799:
478:
The power to create a local board where there was excess mortality was abolished.
424:
40:
676:
421:
simply entitled "local boards" and their areas as "local government districts".
919:
446:
430:
192:
166:
979:
661:
294:
The powers and duties of a local board of health were enumerated in the act:
391:
149:
126:
730:
599:
Local boards and local government districts were finally abolished by the
946:
Public Health Act 1848 - Local board of health/Local government district
199:(formed in 1844), of poor and insanitary conditions in many UK cities.
445:
member. The Local Government Board also took over the duties of the
545:
The number of local boards peaked at 721 in 1873. In that year the
237:
36:
425:
The Local Government Act Office and the Local Government Board
649:
843:
719:
Journal of the Society for the Social History of Medicine
579:
236:
By a petition of one-tenth of the inhabitants rated to
224:
The board finally ceased to exist on 1 September 1858.
502:
Removal of obstructions and nuisances in the street
35:from 1848 to 1894. They were formed in response to
1021:Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
709:
227:
607:c. 73), when all urban sanitary districts became
977:
621:Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–94
592:c. 55) designated local government districts as
508:Provision and control of places of public resort
273:Elected by owners of property and by rate payers
684:"List of commissions and officials: 1840-1849"
258:
156:The first local boards were created under the
829:
54:
996:1894 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
452:
330:
703:
885:Non-metropolitan district (shire district)
836:
822:
712:"The Healthy City and the Ecological Idea"
326:Land: The local board could purchase land.
289:
232:Local boards could be formed in two ways:
202:
31:) was a local authority in urban areas of
986:1848 establishments in the United Kingdom
540:
526:Removal of ruinous or dangerous buildings
431:Secretary of State of the Home Department
65:
441:, with a President who was frequently a
143:
103:An Act for promoting the Public Health.
1006:Local government in the United Kingdom
978:
758:
580:Sanitary districts and urban districts
286:owners or members of the professions.
844:District status in the United Kingdom
817:
263:Members of local boards were either:
137:Text of statute as originally enacted
1001:Organizations disestablished in 1894
871:Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973
485:
1016:Urban society in the United Kingdom
1011:Public health in the United Kingdom
710:Ashton, John; Ubido, Janet (1991).
520:Naming streets and numbering houses
498:Areas covered by the clauses were:
148:Sitting of the Board of Health, at
13:
517:Provision of public bathing houses
14:
1037:
991:Organizations established in 1848
766:. archaeologyse.co.uk. p. 19
412:The 1848 act was replaced by the
356:Parliament of the United Kingdom
349:
267:Selected by the corporations of
91:Parliament of the United Kingdom
84:
228:Forming a local board of health
191:, in response to the urging of
1026:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
792:
752:
553:, the remaining 302 under the
535:Lighting and Watching Act 1833
1:
880:Districts of Northern Ireland
523:Improving the line of streets
173:already under the control of
657:"The 1848 Public Health Act"
492:Town Police Clauses Act 1847
169:and some other areas in the
7:
614:
435:Local Government Act Office
259:Membership of a local board
197:Health of Towns Association
10:
1042:
759:Thorne, Alice (Oct 2006).
626:
529:Provision of public clocks
335:United Kingdom legislation
180:The Act was passed by the
70:United Kingdom legislation
58:
55:Pre-Public Health Act 1848
15:
933:
901:Local Government Act 1894
893:
857:Local Government Act 1972
849:
804:spartacus-educational.com
638:Local Government Act 1894
635:Local Government Act 1858
601:Local Government Act 1894
555:Local Government Act 1858
505:Fires and fire prevention
465:Improvement commissioners
453:Constituting local boards
414:Local Government Act 1858
400:
390:
385:
372:
362:
348:
343:
339:Local Government Act 1858
331:Local Government Act 1858
135:
125:
120:
107:
97:
83:
78:
61:Improvement commissioners
941:Improvement Act District
642:
594:urban sanitary districts
433:, in whose department a
460:Changes made included:
290:Powers of a local board
209:General Board of Health
203:General Board of Health
956:Public Health Act 1875
689:British History Online
632:Public Health Act 1848
586:Public Health Act 1875
551:Public Health Act 1848
547:Public Health Act 1872
541:Number of local boards
439:Local Government Board
158:Public Health Act 1848
153:
74:Public Health Act 1848
66:Public Health Act 1848
875:Districts of Scotland
165:and Wales except the
147:
59:Further information:
25:local board of health
861:Districts of England
784:: CS1 maint: year (
574:county review orders
152:, Whitehall, in 1849
740:on 24 December 2013
731:10.1093/shm/4.1.173
340:
175:sewer commissioners
75:
47:in 1873, or became
934:Pre-1894 districts
866:Districts of Wales
338:
269:municipal boroughs
238:relief of the poor
207:The act created a
154:
73:
45:municipal boroughs
18:Local health board
973:
972:
960:Sanitary district
605:56 & 57 Vict.
590:38 & 39 Vict.
566:Highways Act 1862
562:highway districts
513:hackney carriages
486:Additional powers
473:right to petition
418:21 & 22 Vict.
410:
409:
379:21 & 22 Vict.
344:Act of Parliament
189:Lord John Russell
162:11 & 12 Vict.
142:
141:
114:11 & 12 Vict.
79:Act of Parliament
33:England and Wales
1033:
894:County districts
838:
831:
824:
815:
814:
808:
807:
800:"Edwin Chadwick"
796:
790:
789:
783:
775:
773:
771:
765:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
739:
733:. Archived from
716:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
653:
406:1 September 1858
353:
352:
341:
337:
253:Order in Council
88:
87:
76:
72:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
976:
975:
974:
969:
929:
889:
845:
842:
812:
811:
798:
797:
793:
777:
776:
769:
767:
763:
757:
753:
743:
741:
737:
714:
708:
704:
694:
692:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
655:
654:
650:
645:
629:
617:
609:urban districts
582:
570:urban districts
543:
488:
455:
427:
358:
350:
336:
333:
292:
282:board members.
261:
230:
205:
93:
85:
71:
68:
63:
57:
49:urban districts
41:slaughterhouses
21:
12:
11:
5:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
971:
970:
968:
967:
953:
943:
937:
935:
931:
930:
928:
927:
920:Rural district
917:
906:Urban district
903:
897:
895:
891:
890:
888:
887:
882:
877:
868:
863:
853:
851:
847:
846:
841:
840:
833:
826:
818:
810:
809:
791:
751:
725:(1): 173–181.
702:
675:
647:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
633:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
613:
581:
578:
576:of the 1930s.
542:
539:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:Regulation of
509:
506:
503:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
468:
454:
451:
447:Poor Law Board
426:
423:
408:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
383:
382:
376:
370:
369:
366:
360:
359:
354:
346:
345:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
291:
288:
275:
274:
271:
260:
257:
245:
244:
241:
229:
226:
204:
201:
193:Edwin Chadwick
167:City of London
140:
139:
133:
132:
131:31 August 1848
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
111:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
89:
81:
80:
69:
67:
64:
56:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
965:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
932:
925:
921:
918:
915:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
858:
855:
854:
852:
848:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
819:
816:
805:
801:
795:
787:
781:
762:
755:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
706:
691:
690:
685:
679:
664:
663:
662:UK Parliament
658:
652:
648:
637:
634:
631:
630:
622:
619:
618:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
493:
483:
477:
474:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
422:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
396:2 August 1858
395:
393:
389:
384:
380:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
347:
342:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
295:
287:
283:
281:
272:
270:
266:
265:
264:
256:
254:
249:
248:local board.
242:
239:
235:
234:
233:
225:
222:
219:
216:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
151:
146:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
82:
77:
62:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:(or simply a
26:
19:
945:
850:Contemporary
803:
794:
768:. Retrieved
754:
742:. Retrieved
735:the original
722:
718:
705:
693:. Retrieved
687:
678:
666:. Retrieved
660:
651:
598:
583:
559:
554:
550:
544:
532:
497:
489:
481:
459:
456:
434:
428:
413:
411:
402:Commencement
392:Royal assent
293:
284:
279:
276:
262:
250:
246:
231:
223:
220:
217:
208:
206:
179:
157:
155:
150:Gwydyr House
127:Royal assent
28:
24:
22:
475:against it.
29:local board
980:Categories
770:1 February
572:until the
564:under the
364:Long title
280:ex officio
185:government
171:Metropolis
99:Long title
914:1896–1974
51:in 1894.
780:cite web
615:See also
495:powers.
374:Citation
109:Citation
910:1894–95
627:Sources
443:Cabinet
37:cholera
744:8 July
695:29 May
668:29 May
964:Rural
764:(PDF)
738:(PDF)
715:(PDF)
643:Notes
386:Dates
381:c. 98
121:Dates
116:c. 63
950:List
924:List
786:link
772:2014
746:2013
697:2020
670:2020
584:The
490:The
182:Whig
912:) (
727:doi
187:of
982::
958:-
873:-
859:-
802:.
782:}}
778:{{
721:.
717:.
686:.
659:.
557:.
449:.
177:.
23:A
966:)
962:(
952:)
948:(
926:)
922:(
916:)
908:(
837:e
830:t
823:v
806:.
788:)
774:.
748:.
729::
723:4
699:.
672:.
603:(
588:(
416:(
160:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
