259:(price) without sewerage in the U.K. for large consumers was the equivalent of US$ 1.90 per cubic metre, the third-highest tariff among the 14 mostly OECD countries covered by the report. A study commissioned by the German industry association BGW in 2006 compared the average household water and sanitation bill (as opposed to the tariff per cubic metre that the NUS study used as a comparator) in four EU countries. This study showed that water bills in England and Wales were the highest among the four countries. Average water bills (excluding sanitation) were 295 euro per year in England and Wales, higher than in Germany, France (85 euro) or Italy (59 euro). From April 2023, household bills in England and Wales were to rise to an average of £448 a year, the largest increase in almost 20 years.
348:. Metered connections are charged at a volumetric rate, while unmetered connections are charged at a flat rate based on the rateable value of the property. The rateable value system was intended as a cross subsidy from wealthier to poorer households. However, since rateable values are often outdated, the subsidy is poorly targeted. Since more and more highly rated households opt for metering, flat rates for the remaining unmetered customers are being increased to compensate for the lost revenue. As a result, the already imperfect cross-subsidy system is unwinding. An Independent Report on Charging for Household Water and Sewerage Services published in 2009 by
236:
124:
controlling these same abstractions and discharges on the other hand. The Water Act left open the possibility to contract out water supply and sanitation services to local authorities. However, in practice this did not happen, and substantial assets were transferred from local governments to the new water authorities. Since the transfer was internal to the public sector, no compensation was paid to local authorities. Local authorities also initially held a majority of the board seats of the new organisations. The private statutory water companies, which provided water to 25% of the population, escaped reorganisation and were left to operate as before.
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level of leakage. This is the level at which, in the long-term, the marginal cost of leakage control is equal to the marginal benefit of the water saved. The rate of reduction in leakage has slowed for many companies because the most obvious causes of leakage have been detected and addressed, leaving only less apparent leakage problems. Models have been developed and fine-tuned to assess the economic level of leakage. A summary of the debate on these models can be found in a recent report by OFWAT.
92:. Out of the 198 water undertakings 64 were run by individual local government authorities, 101 by joint boards comprising several local government authorities, and 33 were statutory privately owned water companies, some of which date back to the Victorian era. At the same time there were over 1,300 sewerage and sewage disposal authorities, most of them run by individual local government authorities. The sector thus was highly fragmented.
213:. OFWAT statistics show that service quality has improved since the early 1990s, i.e. shortly after services were privatised. For example, the number of unplanned interruptions, properties at risk of low pressure, the share of complaints that were not answered within five days and combined sewer overflows have all declined, while sewage treatment works compliance has increased and river water quality has improved.
132:
increased above the inflation rate and the share of self-financing of investments increased. However, government regulators also cut back on investments. While the industry became profitable, the rate of return on assets based on replacement cost values remained low at less than 2%. As part of the attempt to commercialise the service providers, the
724:
In total, up to 243 billion litres of water can be exported from Wales to
England annually. Water from Elan Valley is exported to Birmingham, whilst water from Lake Vyrnwy is exported to Cheshire and Liverpool. Welsh Water is licensed to give 133 billion litres annually from Elan Valley reservoirs to
418:
A particularity of water tariffs in
England and Wales is the low share of metering. Most users are not billed on a volumetric basis and have no financial incentive for water conservation. Since the 1990s efforts have been made to increase the share of household metering, which reached 33% in 2008 for
87:
Before 1973 water and sanitation services were provided by water undertakings and sewerage and sewage disposal authorities respectively. Until the 1950s there existed over a thousand water undertakings, with administrative boundaries similar to those of local government boundaries. By the early 1970s
474:
Since 1 April 2017, most businesses and organisations in
England have been able to choose which company supplies their retail water services. Deregulation was designed to deliver lower bills, increase water usage efficiency and improve customer satisfaction. As of 2022, the deregulated non-household
341:
Taking into account differences in subsidies and service quality, the cost of supplying water at an equalised service level would be 84 euros in
Germany, 106 euro in both France and England/Wales, and 74 euro in Italy. Concerning sanitation, unequalised tariffs are the highest in Germany at 111 euro
708:
is the water and sewerage company that supplies most of Wales and also supplies some bordering areas of
England. Dŵr Cymru supplies over three million people. Since 2001, Dŵr Cymru has been owned by Glas Cymru, which is a one purpose company that manages and finances Dŵr Cymru as a "company limited
615:
On 1 April 2013, Natural
Resources Wales took over the responsibilities of the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and the Forestry Commission Wales. Since 2013, Natural Resources Wales states that it has established a standalone capability and has developed its own systems that
405:
association BGW average water losses in the distribution network in
England and Wales have been estimated at 19 per cent. They are lower than in France (26 per cent) or Italy (29 per cent), but higher than in Germany, where they are apparently only 7 per cent. The study states that its methodology
131:
in 1979 the water and sanitation sector initially remained public, but the government attempted to make the enterprises operate more along commercial lines. As a result, the number of employees in the sector declined from 61,000 in 1976 to 52,000 in 1985, real operating costs declined, tariffs were
115:
in order to achieve even greater economies of scale, especially in sanitation, compared to the prior gradual consolidation of water undertakings. The reform was also aimed at putting in practice the principle of integrated river basin management, especially concerning the planning of investments in
30:
operates as a not-for-profit organisation. Whilst independent assessments place the cost of water provision in Wales and
England as higher than most major countries in the EU between 1989 and 2005, the government body responsible for water regulation, together with the water companies, have claimed
243:
In 2008, physical assets of private water and sanitation companies in
England and Wales include 1,000 reservoirs, over 2,500 water treatment works and 9,000 sewage treatment works. More than 700,000 kilometres of mains and sewers are buried beneath the ground – that’s enough to stretch to the moon
768:
from
Cardiff University said that England should "pay for the water", with the revenue being invested back into local communities in Wales. He added, "We would supply directly under drought conditions to the south east of England and I would see this as the oil of Wales for the future in terms of
255:. Water and sanitation tariffs in England and Wales increased by 44% in real terms between 1989 and 2008–09 and are among the highest in the world. The average household water and sewage bill in England and Wales was £330 in 2008-09. According to a 2006 survey by NUS Consulting Group, the average
397:
According to OFWAT leakage in England and Wales has declined significantly from 228 litres/property/day in 1994-95 to 141 L/p/d in 2006–07, enough to supply the needs of 10 million people. According to the Environment Agency, many companies in the UK have reduced their water loss to the economic
751:
announced plans to tax water exports to England. In 2023, Powys council said it had written to the Welsh Government and UK government about permission to raise tax on water exports to England. Jane Dodds, leader of the Welsh Liberal Democrats, stated that she was "totally behind" the council's
123:
The regional water authorities were not only in charge of water supply and sanitation, but also of water resources management, thus opening the possibility of conflicts of interest since the same institution was in charge of abstracting water and discharging wastewater on the one hand, and
527:
3 billion litres (20% of total supply) is lost daily via pipe leakages and the Department has been criticised for not emphasising water reduction targets and promoting to the public the importance of reducing water use. England's largest water and sewerage service provider is
422:
In 2006 the Environment Agency announced it favours compulsory metering in water-scarce southern England. The measure is controversial. Consumer groups fear it will penalise poorer families with many children, and the disabled, who use more water. In March 2006 the company
151:
In 1989 the government privatised the ten public regional water authorities through divestiture (sale of assets). The authorities' functions related to water resources management were separated and retained by the public sector. At the same time the regulatory agency
683:(GoWA 2006) devolved multiple water policy powers to the then Welsh Assembly. These powers included water supply, management of water resources including reservoirs, water quality, consumer representation, management of flood risk and coastal protection.
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368:. As a proportion of income, in England and Wales the cost of water and sewerage together works out at less than 1.5% of weekly earnings. More details on tariffs in England and Wales are provided in OFWAT's annual reports on water and sewerage charges.
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65:(GoWA) devolved multiple water policy powers including water supply, management of water resources including reservoirs, water quality, consumer representation, management of flood risk and coastal protection. The GoWA 2006 was changed by the
772:
Former lecturer at Swansea University, John Ball has suggested that Welsh water exports to England is worth around £2bn annually. It has also been estimated that a low extraction fee of 0.1p per litre could generate £400 million for Wales.
342:
per year, 93 euro in England and Wales, €90 in France and only €40 in Italy. Equalised costs net of subsidies are, however, highest in England and Wales with €138, followed by France (€122), Germany (119 euro) and Italy (85 euro).
376:
Average annual investments in water and sewerage in England and Wales were £3.3 billion in 2000–2005 and £3.6bn in 2005–2010, according to OFWAT, which corresponds to £61 per capita per year. According to the industry association
136:
reduced the number of board members of the water authorities. However, it also eliminated the local government representation on the Boards and made all Board members appointed by Ministers, thus further centralising the sector.
192:
The amount of water available in England and Wales to meet the needs of people and to sustain the water environment varies greatly between different places and seasons, and from one year to another. Parts of Wales and the
2596:
2688:
388:
Investments are financed primarily through self-financing and borrowing in the capital market. In March 2006 overall borrowing stood at £23.5bn for England and Wales. Net returns on this borrowing in 2006 were 6.6%.
200:
Household water use in England and Wales stood at about 145 litres/capita/day in 2008/09. Total water supply for domestic and commercial customers in England and Wales was 14.5 million cubic metres per day in 2009.
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became independently responsible for managing water resources in Wales. In 2018, secretary of state for Wales' intervention powers over cross-border water matters were repealed and replaced by the water protocol.
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In March 2023, United Utilities, Severn Trent Water and Thames Water were reportedly planning new pipeline for export of up to 155million litres of water per day from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys to south east England.
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The areas of Wales that were previously served by Severn Trent and Dee Valley companies in north east Wales were merged after Dee Valley Water was bought by Severn Trent for £84 million in 2017.
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Allowing consumers to request a water meter, and obliging the local water company to install a meter unless the installation is not reasonably practical or would incur an unreasonable expense.
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Water was privatised in England by the Conservative government in 1989. Since then, one analysis concluded that the CEOs of England's water companies earned a total of £34m in 2020–2022.
362:. In the 2000–2005 review period OFWAT mandated an average annual reduction of tariffs of 1.6%. However, in the 2006–2010 review period it has allowed an average annual increase of 4.2%.
725:
Severn Trent customers. United Utilities is able to take up to 252 million litres daily from Lake Vyrnwy in Powys (owned by Severn Trent) and 50 million litres daily from the River Dee.
120:. Given the small size of many river basins in England and Wales, in practice the area covered by each of the regional water authorities typically contained more than one river basin.
519:
The Committee on Climate Change has predicted that demand for water in England will be greater than the available supply by between 1.1 and 3.1 billion litres per day by the 2050s.
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are well endowed with water, while water is scarce in parts of Eastern and Southeastern England. Parts of England were affected by severe drought in 1976, 1995 and 2005-2007.
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The Welsh government has decided not to pursue deregulation of the water industry, except for large industrial users that consume over 50 million litres of water annually.
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The Welsh government has decided not to pursue deregulation of the water industry, except for large industrial users that consume over 50 million litres of water annually.
619:
Water quality, water resources and river management are the responsibility of Natural Resources Wales. Issues relating to the water industry in general are devolved to the
168:
made several important clarifications and amendments to legislation regarding the power and responsibilities of the privatised water and sewerage companies. These include:
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allows for an accurate comparison, including water used to flush pipes and for firefighting. This is consistent with the International Water Association's definition of
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the UK. The Environment Agency would like to see 75% of households metered by 2025. Studies show that water meters lead to a 5-15% reduction in household water use.
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1350:
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is responsible for water quality and resource in England. The economic regulator of water companies in England and Wales is the Water Services Regulation Authority,
165:
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435:. In a written ministerial statement, Mr Morley said: 'In many parts of the country, water is a precious resource which we can no longer simply take for granted.'
847:
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The Environment agency also makes "Water situation reports for England" which include monthly water situation reports and weekly rainfall and river flow reports.
216:
Drinking water quality is also universally high, although isolated incidents where quality falls have occurred. For example, in June 2008 about 250,000 people in
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Within the government the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has the responsibility for policy in the water and sanitation sector in
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created in 1965. Their responsibilities included water conservation, land drainage, fisheries, control of river pollution and, in some cases, navigation.
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are appropriate for Wales. Natural Resources Wales is now responsible for managing water resources in Wales and is the regulatory body for this purpose.
50:(DWI) provides independent reassurance to consumers that water supplies in England and Wales are safe and that drinking water is of acceptable quality.
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The Welsh Government is responsible for the strategic policy for water in Wales. This includes water companies entirely or mostly in Wales which are
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recommended a package of help to ensure that "the transition to metering is not to cause real problems of affordability to those on low incomes".
209:
In 2008, the quality of water and sanitation services in England and Wales was regularly and comprehensively monitored by the economic regulator,
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The secretary of state for Wales' intervention powers over cross-border water matters were repealed and replaced by the water protocol in 2018.
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and The Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) provides independent reassurance to consumers that supplies are safe and of drinking water quality.
732:
said that English water companies did not want to build new reservoirs which can be unpopular with communities. He added that Severn Trent (
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Clarifying that water companies can continue to charge customers using rateable value where no water meter has been installed at a property.
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Source: Metropolitan Consulting Group: VEWA - Vergleich europaeischer Wasser- und Abwasserpreise, 2006, p. 7 of the executive summary
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Pollutants from metal mines have an impact on 700 kilometres of rivers in Wales with nine of the ten worst polluted catchments in the UK
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The Private Water Supplies (England) Regulations 2016 regulates all private water supplies and private distribution systems in England.
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532:. Thames Water supplies drinking water to 9 million customers in London and the Thames Valley, and loses 600m litres of water per day.
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were discussing exporting water from Wales to southern England, including water from Lake Vyurnwy exported via pipes or canal to the
716:(owned by Severn Trent) replaced these areas in 2018 and is aligned with the Welsh national border, serving 115,000 people in Wales.
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was created, following the model of infrastructure regulatory agency set up in other sectors such as telecommunications and energy.
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No substantial reservoir has been built in England since the Kielder Water dam was built in 1981, despite the increase in demand.
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63% of freshwater water bodies did not reach the good or better overall status in 2015 (defined by the Water Framework Directive)
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Vickers, John and George Yarrow: Privatization:An Economic Analysis, MIT Press, 1988, Chapter 11: The Water Industry, p. 389-393
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was granted the power to install compulsory water meters in a landmark ministerial ruling under which it was given '
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1943:"'Work already begun' to transfer water from Wales to drought-hit England says National Infrastructure boss"
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by guarantee". It does not have any shareholders, and financial surpluses are reinvested into the company.
680:
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The Welsh Ministers have functions in relation to any undertaker whose area is wholly or mainly in Wales."
624:
359:
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has been characterised by universal access and generally good service quality. In both England and Wales,
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358:. Water and sanitation tariffs are regulated by OFWAT, which sets caps for tariff changes over five-year
349:
47:
483:
A 2022 study found that over 70% of the English water industry is in foreign hands (foreign ownership).
235:
1510:
596:
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Removing the right of a water company to disconnect customers on the basis of outstanding unpaid bills.
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All designated bathing waters in Wales except one met the Bathing Waters Directive standards in 2016
112:
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605:
70:
811:
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Publication of Independent Final Report on Charging for Household Water and Sewerage Services
447:
Research Unit, which is affiliated with trade unions and opposes privatisation, stated that
194:
748:
410:, which includes authorised non-metered consumption such as for flushing and firefighting.
117:
88:
their number had been reduced to 198 by a gradual consolidation process aimed at achieving
8:
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585:
496:
89:
1642:
1402:
407:
128:
674:
601:
217:
54:
34:
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operating profits have more than doubled (+142%) in eight years, between 1991-2000
2149:, the economic regulator for the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales
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and back, or a distance 200 times greater than the UK’s entire motorway network.
225:
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2074:"Huge pipeline plan to take water from Wales to London nears critical decision"
2022:"Huge pipeline plan to take water from Wales to London nears critical decision"
765:
733:
713:
687:
640:
428:
402:
382:
108:
66:
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2049:[Considering rainwater as the 'oil of Wales' due to climate change].
1994:
1968:
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which includes devolution of water and sewerage powers as recommended by the
432:
221:
77:
262:
Comparison of annual water and sanitation bills in four EU countries, 2006:
2046:
1460:"Revealed: more than 70% of English water industry is in foreign ownership"
741:
737:
529:
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market includes 1.2 million businesses, charities and other organisations.
256:
1824:
1024:
Water resources in England and Wales - current state and future pressures
729:
1322:
Based on 54 million inhabitants for England and Wales, in 2006-07 prices
1351:"OFWAT, Security of supply, leakage and water efficiency, 2006, p. 40"
752:
proposal plans, adding that they are a "step in the right direction".
220:
were being told to boil tap water for drinking after routine tests by
42:
The economic regulator of water companies in England and Wales is the
1609:
1607:
575:
categorising and outlining the requirements of private water supplies
27:
623:. This is however subject to the reservations in Schedule 7A to the
239:
Map of all major water transfer schemes in England and Wales in 2011
69:
which includes devolution of water and sewerage powers, and in 2013
1635:"The Observer view on the woeful state of England's water industry"
378:
82:
2159:
Water Resources Management in Cooperation with Agriculture project
1604:
1422:
609:
492:
401:
According to a 2006 comparative study commissioned by the German
1894:
1892:
1221:"Households face biggest hike in water bills in almost 20 years"
1744:"Managing today's natural resources for tomorrow's generations"
620:
460:
public health was jeopardised through cut-offs for non-payment.
58:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1889:
644:
500:
210:
153:
43:
1044:
Household water use in England and Wales, 1998/99 to 2008/09
565:
The Regulations aim to protect public health in England by:
2146:
2141:
1867:
1668:"Private water supplies, legal rights and responsibilities"
57:
began, further powers over water have been devolved to the
2193:
2047:"Ystyried dŵr glaw yn 'olew Cymru' yn sgil newid hinsawdd"
1995:"Powys council plan to tax firms for rainwater sparks row"
1969:"Powys council plan to tax firms for rainwater sparks row"
1561:
1244:
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs:(Defra)
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
923:
78:
History of joint England and Wales operations (up to 2013)
38:
Water quality is generally very high in England and Wales.
1917:"UK heatwave: How much water does Wales pump to England?"
848:"Thirty years on, what has water privatisation achieved?"
1295:"OFWAT Annual report on water and sewerage charges 2006"
102:
1091:
451:
tariffs increased by 46% in real terms during 1990-2000
990:"A guide to water meters: everything you need to know"
31:
improvements in service quality during that period.
1423:"Open Water | the website for the open water market"
968:"Water Industry Legislation, Subsequent legislation"
572:
legislating a duty for compliance with the standards
385:
in England and Wales will have invested over £88bn.
2222:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
1036:
1263:
1261:
1200:Comparison of European Water and Wastewater Prices
1738:
1736:
1628:
1626:
1624:
873:"Drinking water quality in England, 2017 to 2019"
827:Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
3019:Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales
3010:
83:Local government service provision (before 1973)
20:water supply and sanitation in England and Wales
1695:. Welsh Government. 31 May 2014. Archived from
1258:
478:
469:
95:Water resources management was entrusted to 29
1733:
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392:
1115:, June 2008, accessed on September 23, 2010
1063:
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1059:
792:
381:, between 1980 and 2010 the water and waste
371:
187:
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1209:, May 2006, accessed on September 23, 2009
590:
543:
159:
1632:
1536:"The Water Services Regulation Authority"
1218:
950:
948:
946:
944:
898:"The Water Services Regulation Authority"
438:
2099:"Is the Welsh water market deregulated?"
2071:
2019:
1850:"Is the Welsh water market deregulated?"
1401:Hall, David and Emanuele Lobina (PSIRU):
1056:
776:
600:
550:Water privatisation in England and Wales
234:
147:Water privatisation in England and Wales
33:
1194:
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1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
962:
960:
464:
140:
3011:
2194:Water supply and sanitation by country
1633:editorial, Observer (14 August 2022).
1069:"Waterfacts: The Water Industry Today"
941:
569:outlining the drinking water standards
2167:
1587:"Water situation reports for England"
1151:
579:
425:Folkestone & Dover Water Services
204:
103:Public regional companies (1973–1989)
1615:"Water supply and demand management"
1181:
957:
845:
719:
346:Tariff structure and cross subsidies
247:
1403:UK Water privatisation - a briefing
1377:"Environment Agency:Water metering"
1219:Skoulding, Lucy (2 February 2023).
630:
535:
44:Water Services Regulation Authority
13:
14:
3030:
2135:
2072:Forgrave, Andrew (5 March 2023).
2020:Forgrave, Andrew (5 March 2023).
686:The GoWA 2006 was changed by the
486:
230:
24:water companies became privatised
2284:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2231:
1719:"Our roles and responsibilities"
1449:. Ofwat. Accessed 28 March 2024.
1159:Water industry facts and figures
1106:Water industry facts and figures
431:status' by Environment Minister
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2013:
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1126:Sickness bug found in tap water
1118:
992:. AquaSwitch. 23 September 2021
111:the government established ten
2127:United Kingdom water companies
1198:Metropolitan Consulting Group:
1148:, accessed on October 14, 2010
1053:, accessed on October 14, 2010
1016:
1004:
982:
916:
890:
865:
839:
817:United Kingdom water companies
557:
1:
2120:
1900:"The Water Industry in Wales"
1880:"The Water Industry in Wales"
1808:"The Water Industry in Wales"
1562:"Drinking Water Inspectorate"
924:"Drinking Water Inspectorate"
832:
668:
445:Public Services International
360:asset management plan periods
182:
681:Government of Wales Act 2006
625:Government of Wales Act 2006
479:Foreign ownership in England
470:Retail market for businesses
457:investments were reduced and
63:Government of Wales Act 2006
7:
1783:"Water - what is devolved?"
1566:Drinking Water Inspectorate
928:Drinking Water Inspectorate
800:
653:Drinking Water Inspectorate
413:
48:Drinking Water Inspectorate
10:
3035:
1749:. Natural Resources Wales.
672:
597:Natural resources of Wales
594:
583:
547:
522:
506:
144:
113:regional water authorities
2935:
2854:
2646:
2615:
2422:
2241:
2228:
2199:
1763:. Natural Resources Wales
1721:. Natural Resources Wales
1693:"Natural Resources Wales"
1337:January 11, 2007, at the
1253:UK Government Web Archive
822:Water Framework Directive
700:
514:
393:Efficiency (water losses)
2155:'s water quality website
1672:www.southlakeland.gov.uk
1447:"Business retail market"
1139:Water services in the UK
793:Water industry ownership
759:
372:Investment and financing
356:Tariff review procedures
188:Water resources and uses
649:Natural Resources Wales
606:Natural Resources Wales
591:Natural Resources Wales
544:Private water companies
166:Water Industry Act 1999
160:Water Industry Act 1999
71:Natural Resources Wales
2674:Bosnia and Herzegovina
812:Northern Ireland Water
612:
439:Operational criticisms
240:
39:
1427:www.open-water.org.uk
777:State of Water (2022)
706:Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water
604:
238:
195:English Lake District
145:Further information:
127:With the election of
37:
2597:United Arab Emirates
1905:. Senedd. p. 7.
1885:. Senedd. p. 4.
1111:14 June 2011 at the
749:Powys County Council
465:England (since 2013)
443:A 2001 study by the
141:Privatisation (1989)
118:wastewater treatment
2988:Trinidad and Tobago
2779:Republic of Ireland
1383:on 26 November 2010
1331:Environment Agency
1042:Environment Agency:
1022:Environment Agency:
764:In 2022, Professor
586:Reservoirs of Wales
2882:Dominican Republic
2217:Sub-Saharan Africa
2153:Environment Agency
2001:. 21 February 2023
1975:. 21 February 2023
1761:"Water management"
1466:. 30 November 2022
1408:2011-07-27 at the
1304:on 8 November 2011
1251:2010-11-09 at the
1205:2010-11-19 at the
1164:2009-03-25 at the
1144:2008-12-05 at the
1049:2011-02-02 at the
1029:2011-08-09 at the
1012:Drought in England
846:Republic, Studio.
747:In February 2023,
613:
580:Wales (since 2013)
497:Environment Agency
295:England and Wales
241:
205:Quality of service
90:economies of scale
40:
26:in 1989, although
3006:
3005:
2834:England and Wales
1269:"Water UK Prices"
1255:, 8 December 2009
720:Supply to England
657:local authorities
408:non-revenue water
336:
335:
248:Financial aspects
129:Margaret Thatcher
97:river authorities
3026:
2839:Northern Ireland
2638:Papua New Guinea
2236:
2235:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2078:North Wales Live
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2026:North Wales Live
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:. 19 August 2022
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1542:. 26 August 2022
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1379:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:on 30 March 2012
1353:. Archived from
1347:
1341:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:. Archived from
1299:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:. Archived from
1265:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1196:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1065:
1054:
1040:
1034:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
986:
980:
979:
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964:
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952:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
904:. 26 August 2022
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
675:Welsh devolution
631:Welsh Government
265:
264:
218:Northamptonshire
55:Welsh devolution
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2931:
2850:
2754:North Macedonia
2642:
2611:
2418:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2195:
2192:
2138:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1813:. Senedd. 2018.
1810:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
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1700:
1691:
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1686:
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1661:
1651:
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1631:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1595:
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1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:, February 2001
1410:Wayback Machine
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:Wayback Machine
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1275:on 19 July 2008
1267:
1266:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1225:The Independent
1217:
1213:
1207:Wayback Machine
1197:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1166:Wayback Machine
1156:
1152:
1146:Wayback Machine
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1113:Wayback Machine
1103:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1079:on 19 July 2008
1067:
1066:
1057:
1051:Wayback Machine
1041:
1037:
1033:, December 2008
1031:Wayback Machine
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
988:
987:
983:
973:
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965:
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942:
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917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
844:
840:
835:
807:EU water policy
803:
795:
779:
762:
722:
703:
692:Silk Commission
677:
671:
633:
599:
593:
588:
582:
560:
552:
546:
538:
525:
517:
509:
489:
481:
472:
467:
441:
416:
395:
374:
250:
233:
226:cryptosporidium
207:
190:
185:
162:
149:
143:
105:
85:
80:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3004:
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2995:
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2919:
2914:
2909:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2829:United Kingdom
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Czech Republic
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
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2619:
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2609:
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2589:
2584:
2579:
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2499:
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2489:
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2469:
2464:
2463:
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2457:
2447:
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2437:
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2411:
2406:
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2396:
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2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
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2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:European Union
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2136:External links
2134:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2090:
2064:
2038:
2012:
1986:
1960:
1934:
1923:. 28 July 2018
1908:
1888:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1799:
1774:
1752:
1732:
1710:
1699:on 31 May 2014
1684:
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1177:NUS Consulting
1169:
1150:
1130:
1128:, 25 June 2008
1117:
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819:
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791:
790:
789:
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783:
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766:Roger Falconer
761:
758:
734:Hafren Dyfrdwy
721:
718:
714:Hafren Dyfrdwy
702:
699:
688:Wales Act 2017
670:
667:
641:Hafren Dyfrdwy
632:
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536:Infrastructure
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487:Responsibility
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429:water scarcity
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134:Water Act 1983
109:Water Act 1973
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84:
81:
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67:Wales Act 2017
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3031:
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2996:
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2212:Latin America
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2133:
2128:
2125:
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2100:
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2079:
2075:
2068:
2052:
2051:Newyddion S4C
2048:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1938:
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1160:
1157:OFWAT. 2008.
1154:
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1101:
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2379:South Africa
2374:Sierra Leone
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738:Thames Water
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253:Tariff level
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107:Through the
106:
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2887:El Salvador
2814:Switzerland
2749:Netherlands
2633:New Zealand
2616:Australasia
2572:South Korea
2552:Philippines
2430:Afghanistan
2384:South Sudan
2309:Ivory Coast
1979:23 February
882:24 December
857:24 December
730:John Armitt
558:Legislation
350:Anna Walker
2872:Costa Rica
2628:East Timor
2517:Kyrgyzstan
2507:Kazakhstan
2440:Bangladesh
2435:Azerbaijan
2349:Mozambique
2108:8 February
2103:AquaSwitch
2053:(in Welsh)
1859:8 February
1854:AquaSwitch
1792:3 February
1767:4 February
1725:8 February
1703:8 February
1571:8 February
1546:8 February
1520:8 February
1511:"About us"
1495:8 February
1486:"About us"
1470:7 December
1432:8 February
1361:26 October
1308:26 October
1279:3 November
1230:2 February
1083:3 November
933:8 February
908:8 February
833:References
769:revenue."
673:See also:
669:Devolution
608:building,
595:See also:
584:See also:
548:See also:
495:only. The
183:Operations
2998:Venezuela
2943:Argentina
2917:Nicaragua
2892:Guatemala
2744:Lithuania
2623:Australia
2577:Sri Lanka
2567:Singapore
2547:Palestine
2477:Indonesia
2455:Hong Kong
2200:By region
1829:Law Wales
1787:Law Wales
1647:0029-7712
1137:Water UK
728:In 2022,
637:Dŵr Cymru
28:Dwr Cymru
3013:Category
2978:Paraguay
2963:Colombia
2902:Honduras
2844:Scotland
2799:Slovenia
2794:Slovakia
2774:Portugal
2679:Bulgaria
2592:Thailand
2542:Pakistan
2532:Malaysia
2445:Cambodia
2414:Zimbabwe
2394:Tanzania
2299:Ethiopia
2294:Eswatini
2279:Cameroon
2259:Botswana
2142:Water UK
2121:See also
2083:10 April
1999:BBC News
1973:BBC News
1921:BBC News
1834:26 March
1677:25 March
1652:25 March
1596:25 March
1406:Archived
1335:Archived
1249:Archived
1203:Archived
1162:Archived
1142:Archived
1109:Archived
1073:Water UK
1047:Archived
1027:Archived
801:See also
414:Metering
379:Water UK
281:Germany
2993:Uruguay
2968:Ecuador
2948:Bolivia
2907:Jamaica
2824:Ukraine
2784:Romania
2729:Iceland
2724:Hungary
2714:Germany
2704:Finland
2699:Estonia
2694:Denmark
2684:Croatia
2669:Belgium
2664:Austria
2659:Armenia
2654:Albania
2602:Vietnam
2527:Lebanon
2467:Georgia
2399:Tunisia
2369:Senegal
2359:Nigeria
2354:Namibia
2344:Morocco
2324:Liberia
2319:Lesotho
2274:Burundi
2249:Algeria
2057:9 March
2031:9 March
2005:9 March
1953:9 March
1927:9 March
1825:"Water"
1104:OFWAT:
996:21 June
974:21 June
970:. Ofwat
610:Cardiff
523:Leakage
507:Reports
493:England
309:France
18:Public
2973:Guyana
2953:Brazil
2922:Panama
2912:Mexico
2867:Canada
2862:Belize
2819:Turkey
2809:Sweden
2789:Russia
2769:Poland
2764:Serbia
2759:Norway
2739:Latvia
2719:Greece
2709:France
2647:Europe
2587:Taiwan
2557:Russia
2512:Kuwait
2502:Jordan
2482:Israel
2409:Zambia
2404:Uganda
2364:Rwanda
2334:Malawi
2254:Angola
2242:Africa
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1591:GOV.UK
1540:GOV.UK
1515:GOV.UK
1490:GOV.UK
902:GOV.UK
877:GOV.UK
736:) and
701:Supply
651:, the
621:Senedd
515:Demand
323:Italy
276:Total
224:found
61:. The
59:Senedd
53:Since
2958:Chile
2897:Haiti
2804:Spain
2734:Italy
2607:Yemen
2582:Syria
2497:Japan
2472:India
2460:Macau
2450:China
2389:Sudan
2329:Libya
2314:Kenya
2304:Ghana
2289:Egypt
2264:Benin
2147:OFWAT
1903:(PDF)
1883:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
852:CIWEM
760:Value
645:Ofwat
501:Ofwat
318:€175
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211:OFWAT
154:OFWAT
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2877:Cuba
2537:Oman
2522:Laos
2492:Iraq
2487:Iran
2423:Asia
2339:Mali
2110:2023
2085:2023
2059:2023
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2007:2023
1981:2023
1955:2023
1929:2023
1861:2023
1836:2023
1794:2023
1769:2023
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1643:ISSN
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1573:2023
1548:2023
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1472:2022
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1389:2010
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1281:2008
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1085:2008
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