385:
508:
744:
1380:
collaboration in all
European countries occupied by Nazi Germany, the specificity of the French situation was due to the combination of two characteristics: after refusing to go into exile (as the Norwegian, Dutch and Belgian governments did) and signing a political armistice (instead of a purely military capitulation like the Norwegian, Dutch and Belgian case), the French government under Pétain did not confine itself to an inevitable technical collaboration with the occupying authorities but engaged voluntarily in political and economic state collaboration with the Reich. At the same time, it took advantage of the occupation to proceed to a regime change and a 'national revolution'.
624:
1100:: "Anyone who studies the reality of a modern war, especially life under prolonged military occupation, will surely encounter stories of collaboration between the subjugated locals and the occupying power...The cooperation is often a coerced one; people may have no choice but to cooperate. Since the authority that demands cooperation may have brutally harmed the locals in the process of conquest, collaborating with this authority can be a morally explosive issue...the history of war inevitably involves stories of collaboration..."
443:, itself heavily engaged in collaboration, arrested around 2,000 individuals on charges of passing information to the Germans. They did so to centralise collaboration, ensure that the state maintained a monopoly in Franco-German relations and defend sovereignty so that they could negotiate from a position of strength. It was among the many compromises made by the Vichy government. Adolf Hitler gave Germans in France plentiful opportunities to exploit French weakness and maximize tensions there after June 1940.
1006:
787:
735:. They expressed a heavy dislike for French colonial rule without moving forward with any explicit ideological agenda. Their motives were expanded in 1943, with the addition of wanting to improve the situation of Vietnamese soldiers interned as POWs. This included improvements in conditions at camps, better food, health care, education, and vocational training.
153:. Servile is service to an enemy based on necessity for personal survival or comfort, whereas ideological is advocacy for cooperation with an enemy power. In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for ideological and non-ideological collaboration, respectively, in France.
931:
is viewed as a serious offence and social stain and is sometimes punished (judicially or extrajudicially) by death. In addition, during the period of 2007–2009, around 30 Palestinians have been sentenced to death in court on collaboration-related charges, although the sentences have not been carried
454:
during World War II, was advised by German authorities to sign a declaration condemning an alleged massacre of
Chartres civilians by French Senegalese troops. Moulin refused to collaborate, knowing that the bombing massacre was carried out by Germans. He was then incarcerated by the Germans, and cut
176:
Collaboration with the enemy in wartime goes back to prehistory, and has always been present. Since World War II, historians have used it to refer to the wartime occupation of France by
Germany in World War II. Unlike other defeated countries which capitulated to Germany and fled into exile, France
987:
The
Ukrainian government has had broad support from its population, but support for Russia within Ukraine gained prevalence in the Donbas region during the years of Russian occupation. The Ukrainian government has since compiled a "registry of collaborators." It says that pro-Russian collaborators
1379:
Collaboration with the enemy is not unique to the Second World War but 'as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory'. Its present political and historiographical conception has, however, been essentially shaped by the events of the Second World War and its aftermath. While there was
723:
Vietnamese emigres and expatriates living in France gained inspiration from the Nazi occupation in the country. These people believed in many
European nationalist ideas at the time — these being a belief in an organic ethnocultural national community and an authoritarian corporatist state and
602:
organizations and some of the country's police forces, were directly or indirectly responsible for the brutal killing of thousands of Greeks during the occupation. Contrary to what happened to other
European countries, the members of these corps were never tried or punished, due to the
679:
Collaboration in Poland was less institutionalized than in some other countries and has been described as marginal, a point of pride with the Polish people. However, the Soviet Union did find some individuals who would work with them, and this is demonstrated notably by the
130:
Collaboration in wartime can take many forms, including political, economic, social, sexual, cultural, or military collaboration. The activities undertaken can be treasonous, to varying extent, and in a World War II context generally means working with the enemy actively.
727:
When German forces invaded France in May 1940 amid World War II, the French military and government saw a collapse. In addition, six to ten million people were forced to become refugees. The political response was then provoked by the
Vietnamese in the country.
1086:
The reasons for people collaborating with the enemy in wartime vary. In World War II, collaborators with Nazi
Germany were found in Stalin's Soviet Union and in other Western European countries, and Japanese collaborators operated in China.
2211:
532:. He became minister-president of Norway in 1942, and attempted to Nazify the country, but was fiercely resisted by most of the population. His name is now synonymous with a high-profile government collaborator, now known as a
177:
signed an armistice, remained in France, cooperated with the German Reich economically and politically, and used the new situation to effectuate a transfer of power to a cooperative French State under
Marshall Phillipe Pétain.
412:
on the other hand, engaged in collaboration for pragmatic reasons, such as carrying out the orders of the occupiers to maintain public order (policeman) or normal government functions (civil servants); commerce (including
2239:
1122:
announced on French radio that 'a collaboration has been envisioned between our two countries.' Since then, 'collaboration' has been the word by which we denigrate political cooperation with an occupying force."
724:
economy. At the time
Vietnamese feared that colonialism had "systematically destroyed all elements of social order ... which would have led the intellectual elite to oppose the bolshevization of the country."
2000:
kolaboracja... miała charakter-na terytoriach RP okupowanych przez Niemców-absolutnie marginalny (collaboration ... on the territories of German occupied Poland can be characterized as absolutely marginal)
1963:
he Poles, though strongly anti-Russian and anti-Jewish, did not significantly collaborate with Nazi Germany, whereas the Lithuanians and some of the Ukrainians (occupied by the USSR from 1939-41) did.
100:
of France, which cooperated with the Germans after the fall of France and during their occupation, 1940–44. It was first used in the modern sense on 24 October 1940 in a meeting between Marshal
982:
384:
992:
after the invasion started, with offenders facing 15 years in prison for either collaborating with Russian forces, making public denials about Russian aggression or supporting Russia.
935:
In June 2009, Raed Sualha, a 15-year-old Palestinian boy, was brutally tortured and hanged by his family because they suspected him of collaborating with Israel. Authorities of the
1210:
2394:
2247:
1976:
939:
launched an investigation into the case and arrested the perpetrators. Police said it was unlikely that such a young boy would have been recruited as an informer.
655:(1880–1946) was a Slovene general who collaborated as he took control of the semi-independent region of the Italian-occupied southern Slovenia known as the
1133:"Collaboration with the Japanese was a necessary evil embraced by the internee government as preferable to a more direct and more oppressive enemy rule."
428:, imprisonment, or execution. In France, 10,500 collaborators are estimated to have been executed, some after legal proceedings, others extrajudicially.
859:
2305:
1204:
351:
170:
831:
1809:
1060:
908:
838:
1032:
472:
2333:
2273:
1430:
World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1516:
Ward, James Mace (May 2008), "Legitimate Collaboration: The Administration of Santo Tomas Internment Camp and its Histories, 1942-2003,"
845:
1039:
265:. In some cases, the meaning was not disrespectful at the beginning, but changed with later use when borrowed: the Ottoman term for the
1138:
John Hickman identifies thirteen reasons why occupied populations might hold collaborators in contempt, because they are perceived as:
507:
827:
388:
In France after liberation by the Allies, many women had their heads shaved as punishment for having had relationships with Germans.
2197:
1246:
285:
279:
2454:
1046:
1616:
Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.
464:
2185:
436:
808:
379:
116:. Pétain believed that Germany had won the war, and informed the French people that he accepted "collaboration" with Germany.
2683:
2561:
2526:
2491:
2094:
1956:
1920:
1601:
1563:
1438:
1028:
545:
468:
421:); or to fulfill personal ambitions and greed. Collaborators didn't necessarily believe in fascism or support Nazi Germany.
659:, and which came under German control in 1943. The main collaborationists in East Yugoslavia were the German-puppet Serbian
1663:
1316:(1989). "Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied France: Some Introductory Remarks". In Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Marsh, Patrick (eds.).
958:
249:
In some colonial or occupation conflicts, soldiers of native origin were seen as collaborators. This could be the case of
1988:
970:
904:
664:
2657:
1288:
451:
361:
2129:
1257:
2741:
2723:
2702:
2634:
2078:
1825:
1716:
1325:
878:
852:
355:
816:
2283:
896:
743:
660:
1578:
In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.
1267:
966:
515:
1552:
Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).
2786:
988:
have acted as spotters to assist Russian shelling. Anti-collaboration laws were enacted by Ukrainian President
812:
571:
305:
from 1954 to 1962. The word sometimes applies to all Algerian Muslims (thus including civilians) who supported
1053:
404:
is mainly used to describe individuals enrolled in pseudo-Nazi parties, often based in Paris, who believed in
2796:
2753:
1241:
912:
2395:"Turkey's "double game" on ISIS and support for extremist groups highlighted after horrific Istanbul attack"
1018:
169:
and their Japanese captors for mutual benefit and to enhance the possibilities of the internees to survive.
640:
563:
529:
2762:
2361:
1199:
685:
96:
The meaning of "traitorous cooperation with the enemy" dates from 1940, originally in reference to the
2791:
570:), cooperated with the Axis authorities. Small but active Greek National-Socialist parties, like the
418:
2422:
797:
583:
575:
478:
309:
during the war. The motives for enlisting were mixed. They are regarded as traitors in independent
1817:
1428:
2104:
1194:
948:
936:
801:
1948:
1940:
2713:
2427:
2366:
748:
708:
335:
125:
1591:
586:
Greek Jews. In the last two years of the occupation prime minister Ioanni Rallis, created the
2240:"ISIS intelligence figure captured by YPG: "things were facilitated by Turkish intelligence""
2070:
1553:
656:
608:
1289:"Coming to Terms with Wartime Collaboration: Post-Conflict Processes & Legal Challenges"
623:
22:
is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. As historian
2697:. Studies in European History Series (1st ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan education.
559:
109:
8:
1708:
Collaboration in France : politics and culture during the Nazi occupation, 1940-1944
989:
587:
2014:"Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris"
326:("Frenchified" or "French-alike") were upper-and-middle class Spanish supporters of the
226:
refers to those among the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans.
214:
or other ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany.
45:
is used by historians who restrict the term to a subset of ideological collaborators in
2646:
2043:
1790:
1782:
1645:
1370:
1313:
1261:
924:
425:
23:
2518:
Hitler's Collaborators: Choosing Between Bad and Worse in Nazi-occupied Western Europe
1340:
Collaboration with the enemy is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory.
1119:
101:
2751:
Sweets, John F (September 1997), "Review: La France a l'heure Allemande, 1940–1944",
2737:
2719:
2715:
The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45
2698:
2679:
2653:
2630:
2567:
2557:
2532:
2522:
2497:
2487:
2159:
2074:
2035:
1977:"Czy istniała kolaboracja z Rzeszą Niemiecką i ZSRR podczas drugiej wojny światowej?"
1952:
1916:
1821:
1794:
1722:
1712:
1649:
1607:
1597:
1569:
1559:
1444:
1434:
1374:
1331:
1321:
762:
731:
France also had a group of Vietnamese students and professionals in Paris called the
681:
162:
2676:
Complicated complicity: European collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II
2063:
1628:
Naylor, Phillip C. (6 August 2016). "A practical guide to French Harki literature".
1466:
891:
More recent examples of collaboration have included institutions and individuals in
2801:
2766:
2025:
1861:
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–45
1813:
1774:
1637:
1362:
1354:
1318:
Collaboration in France: Politics and Culture During the Nazi Occupation, 1940–1944
1080:
962:
712:
579:
519:
440:
201:
134:
61:
dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French
2483:
Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers Became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941-1945
1641:
2624:
2551:
2516:
2481:
2216:
954:
757:, was tried for treason after World War II for her broadcasts to American troops.
700:
612:
525:
511:
502:
297:
is the generic term for native Muslim Algerians who served as auxiliaries in the
240:
154:
145:(an attempt to exploit necessity). According to him, collaboration can be either
78:
66:
34:
628:
591:
567:
327:
306:
262:
211:
113:
2571:
2536:
2501:
1611:
1573:
1551:
1448:
1358:
1345:
Lemmes, Fabian (16 April 2008). "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944".
2780:
2269:
2039:
1936:
1335:
766:
590:, military corps that collaborated openly with the Germans, and had a strong
173:
in Europe and Asia existed in varying degrees in all the occupied countries.
1765:
Hoffmann, Stanley (1968). "Collaborationism in France during World War II".
1726:
2648:
Petain's Crime: The Complete Story of French Collaboration in the Holocaust
2278:
1221:
1111:
770:
696:
648:
644:
632:
432:
367:
302:
244:
219:
181:
105:
97:
46:
38:
16:
Cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime
2629:. Translated by Tihany, Catherine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1706:
1226:
1148:
benefiting from their own poor decisions as leaders before the occupation
915:, some Ukrainian citizens collaborated with the invading Russian forces.
892:
652:
604:
447:
322:
298:
257:
166:
1005:
2338:
2310:
2274:"Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it?"
2047:
1786:
1251:
753:
554:
invasion of Greece, a Nazi-held government was put in place. All three
414:
70:
41:
to designate traitorous collaboration with the enemy. The related term
1366:
69:
against smugglers trading with England and assisting in the escape of
2399:
983:
Collaboration with Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
595:
455:
his throat with glass to prevent himself from giving up information.
370:, collaboration existed to varying degrees in German-occupied zones.
26:
says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory".
2030:
2013:
1490:
Stanley Hoffmann. 'Collaborationism in France during World War II."
786:
417:
and other women who had relationships with Germans and were called,
2770:
2099:
1778:
1262:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1236:
1189:
1115:
668:
599:
555:
533:
490:
339:
2734:
Collaboration with the nazis: public discourse after the Holocaust
2306:"Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants"
450:, a French civil servant who served as the first President of the
424:
With the defeat of the Axis, collaborators were often punished by
222:, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas
1216:
684:
set up by the Soviets in 1944 that operated in opposition to the
551:
493:. There was an active collaboration movement in the Netherlands.
405:
310:
289:
in Basque with a more overtly pejorative meaning of "mercenary".
158:
2584:
Kwon, Heonik (2008), "Excavating the History of Collaboration,"
2553:
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China
1211:
Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China
957:, and private individuals cooperated and gave assistance to the
2334:"Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists"
1231:
928:
704:
486:
482:
267:
250:
2606:
John Hickman. The Occupier's Dilemma: Problem Collaborators.
1521:
293:
273:
157:
has asserted that, while collaboration is often equated with
33:
dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the
2626:
The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting espionage in Vichy France
900:
2455:"Ukraine cracks down on 'traitors' helping Russian troops"
1915:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 182.
1887:
Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia
1693:
France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Collaboration
607:
events immediately after the liberation, followed by the
180:
In the context of World War II Europe, and especially in
671:, who collaborated tactically with the Axis after 1941.
1347:
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire
761:
High-profile German collaborators included Dutch actor
2736:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series. London: Routledge.
1892:
1593:
Collaborationism in France During the Second World War
1555:
Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath
1505:
Collaborationism in France during the Second World War
1205:
Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
1151:
violating the norms of the traditional political order
1090:
918:
711:
military command. He was assassinated on orders from
594:
ideology. The Security Battalions, along with various
528:(1887–1945), a major in the Norwegian Army and former
1945:
Age of Extremes The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991
435:
has shown that French authorities did not wait until
218:
refers to those, primarily from the fascist right in
2674:
Bitunjac, Martina; Schoeps, Julius H., eds. (2021).
703:
accepted appointment as mayor of the German city of
639:
The main collaborating regime in Yugoslavia was the
210:
to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for
1467:"Collaboration in the History of Wartime East Asia"
976:
2645:
2062:
1913:The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance
1863:, Berg Publishers (1992). Transl. by Louise Wilmot
1705:Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Marsh, Patrick, eds. (1989).
477:In Belgium, collaborators were organized into the
1589:
1308:
1306:
1110:"On 30 October 1940, six days after meeting with
574:, or openly anti-semitic organisations, like the
352:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
2778:
1667:, pp. 109-110. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.
1520:Vol 77, No. 2, p. 159, 195-200. Downloaded from
204:in 1974 and other historians have used the term
2695:Resistance and collaboration in Hitler's empire
2693:Drapac, Vesna; Pritchard, Gareth, eds. (2017).
2692:
2673:
1704:
1537:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy".
1532:
1530:
1494:, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Sep., 1968), pp. 375–395
1079:Sometimes people collaborate with the enemy to
277:in British India, which in turn was adapted as
161:, there was "legitimate collaboration" between
2065:Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS
1596:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143.
1303:
828:"wartime collaboration" post-World War II
1974:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
473:Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany
392:In France, a distinction emerged between the
2160:"Palestinian boy 'hanged for collaboration'"
1527:
1460:
1458:
1427:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (6 September 2016).
627:Leader of the Independent State of Croatia,
342:as an opportunity to modernize the country.
205:
1981:Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Warszawskiego
1583:
1545:
815:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2711:
2508:
2332:Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014).
2331:
2325:
1539:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau?
1413:
1312:
2543:
2473:
2103:(in Dutch). 17 April 2010. Archived from
2095:"Nederlanderse-entertainer-sin-Duitsland"
2087:
2029:
1818:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207061.001.0001
1455:
1280:
1131:Edilberto C. de Jesus and Carlos Quirino.
879:Learn how and when to remove this message
439:to begin pursuing collaborationists. The
141:(reluctant recognition of necessity) and
2359:
2210:Phillips, David L. (11 September 2014).
2209:
2011:
1935:
1764:
1669:Google Books. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
1536:
1247:Business collaboration with Nazi Germany
742:
622:
506:
383:
184:, historians draw a distinction between
2731:
2643:
2600:
2421:Hersh, Seymour Hersh (7 January 2016).
2268:
2237:
2200:, United Press International 12-06-2009
1910:
1898:
1807:
1743:Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 577
1484:
1407:
1029:"motivation" wartime collaboration
465:Belgian collaboration with Nazi Germany
192:on the one hand, and the related terms
126:Vichy France § Collaborationnistes
2779:
2750:
2622:
2514:
2392:
2186:Palestinian family kills 15-yr-old son
2178:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2060:
2054:
1752:
1665:Guerrilla Conflict Before the Cold War
1627:
1426:
1344:
765:or English-language radio-personality
578:, helped German authorities fight the
380:French collaboration with Nazi Germany
49:who actively promoted German victory.
2549:
2479:
2420:
2360:Cockburn, Patrick (6 November 2014).
2303:
2297:
2198:Palestinian teen killed by his family
2124:
2122:
1846:Eddy de Bruyne and Marc Rikmenspoel,
1682:. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 155
1464:
1293:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
1286:
1154:having no lasting political loyalties
546:Greek collaboration with Nazi Germany
469:Dutch collaboration with Nazi Germany
2238:Bodette, Meghan (9 September 2018).
2130:"Woman Convicted as Israeli Abettor"
1630:The Journal of North African Studies
1396:The Oxford English Dictionary Online
999:
959:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
813:adding citations to reliable sources
780:
2414:
2212:"Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey Links"
2191:
2147:
1810:"France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944"
1091:Public perceptions of collaborators
919:Palestine / Palestinian Territories
776:
665:German-occupied territory of Serbia
485:movement in Flanders, and into the
13:
2718:, London: William Heinemann Ltd.,
2667:
2119:
1741:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944,
1258:Collaboration (France and Belgium)
452:National Council of the Resistance
362:List of World War II puppet states
316:
171:Collaboration with the Axis Powers
14:
2813:
2678:. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg.
2284:Guardian News & Media Limited
1947:. Great Britain: Abacus. p.
1287:Darcy, Shane (27 December 2019).
1157:guilty of more than collaboration
903:and Afghanistan recruited by the
356:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
1507:(Cornell University Press, 1980)
1004:
977:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
785:
707:in 1944, under authority of the
661:Government of National Salvation
458:
2616:
2591:
2578:
2447:
2386:
2353:
2304:Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014).
2262:
2231:
2203:
2005:
1968:
1929:
1904:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1801:
1758:
1746:
1733:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1656:
1621:
1081:benefit from war and occupation
345:
73:. It is derived from the Latin
1975:Wojciechowski, Marian (2004).
1874:Quisling: A Study in Treachery
1510:
1497:
1465:Brook, Timothy (2 July 2008).
1433:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 429–430.
1401:
1385:
899:until 1989 and individuals in
738:
572:Greek National Socialist Party
234:
137:subdivided collaboration into
119:
1:
2754:The Journal of Modern History
1767:The Journal of Modern History
1642:10.1080/13629387.2016.1216732
1492:The Journal of Modern History
1274:
1242:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
995:
618:
400:(collaborationist). The term
37:. The meaning shifted during
2556:. Harvard University Press.
2393:Norton, Ben (30 June 2016).
1558:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–.
1320:. Oxford: Berg. p. 11.
1268:Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew
927:society, collaboration with
667:, and the Yugoslav royalist
641:Independent State of Croatia
564:Konstantinos Logothetopoulos
52:
7:
2763:University of Chicago Press
2732:Stauber, Roni, ed. (2011).
2521:. Oxford University Press.
2486:. Oxford University Press.
2188:, Jerusalem Post 11-06-2009
1911:Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975).
1182:
334:saw themselves as heirs of
10:
2818:
2712:Littlejohn, David (1972),
2362:"Whose side is Turkey on?"
1678:George Grossjohann. 2005.
1590:Bertram M. Gordon (1980).
1518:Pacific Historical Review,
1200:Danish collaborator trials
1175:representing powerlessness
1114:in the railway station at
980:
961:(ISIL or ISIS) during the
946:
895:who collaborated with the
718:
691:
686:Polish government-in-exile
543:
500:
462:
419:"horizontal collaborators"
408:or were anti-communists.
377:
359:
349:
328:French occupation of Spain
238:
229:
165:(mostly Americans) in the
123:
1359:10.1080/13507480801931093
1172:diverting political focus
674:
539:
496:
373:
65:. It was used during the
2652:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
2061:Rempel, Gerhard (1989).
1941:"The Fall of Liberalism"
1808:Jackson, Julian (2001).
1739:Jackson, Julian (2003),
1474:The Asia-Pacific Journal
1178:escaping their own guilt
1163:deceived by the occupier
1083:, or simply to survive.
905:Coalition of the Willing
576:National Union of Greece
2610:, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2017)
2550:Brook, Timothy (2007).
2515:Morgan, Philip (2018).
2012:Connelly, John (2005).
1848:For Rex and for Belgium
1680:Five Years, Four Fronts
1195:Collaboration with ISIL
949:Collaboration with ISIL
942:
937:Palestinian territories
769:(the most widely known
396:(collaborator) and the
338:and saw the arrival of
112:a few months after the
2644:Webster, Paul (1999).
2623:Kitson, Simon (2008).
2428:London Review of Books
2423:"Military to Military"
2367:London Review of Books
2069:. UNC Press. pp.
1885:Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
1135:
1125:
1102:
758:
636:
522:
389:
336:enlightened absolutism
206:
2787:Wartime collaboration
1662:Joes, Anthony James.
1142:scapegoats for defeat
1128:
1105:
1095:
981:Further information:
907:. In 2014 during the
746:
699:citizen and non-Nazi
657:Province of Ljubljana
626:
544:Further information:
510:
501:Further information:
463:Further information:
387:
378:Further information:
239:Further information:
20:Wartime collaboration
2797:Political neologisms
2608:Comparative Strategy
2588:, Vol. 6, No. 7, p.2
2586:Asia-Pacific Journal
2480:Edele, Mark (2017).
2272:(18 November 2015).
1987:: 17. Archived from
909:occupation of Crimea
809:improve this section
647:semi-independent of
631:, shakes hands with
560:Georgios Tsolakoglou
110:Montoire-sur-le-Loir
2184:Khaled Abu Toameh,
1872:Hans Fredrik Dahl,
1859:Gerhard Hirschfeld
1503:Bertram N. Gordon,
1314:Hirschfeld, Gerhard
1256:James E. Connolly:
990:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
663:established on the
588:Security Battalions
582:, and identify and
530:minister of defence
207:collaborationnistes
1541:. Paris: Le Seuil.
1017:. You can help by
759:
747:Japanese-American
637:
558:prime ministers, (
523:
446:On June 25, 1940,
431:British historian
426:public humiliation
398:collaborationniste
390:
163:civilian internees
85:"work with", from
24:Gerhard Hirschfeld
2685:978-3-11-067108-7
2597:Ward, pp. 160-161
2563:978-0-674-02398-7
2528:978-0-19-923973-3
2493:978-0-19-879815-6
1958:978-0-349-10671-7
1922:978-0-8018-1589-8
1691:Philippe Burrin,
1603:978-0-8014-1263-9
1565:978-0-920862-36-0
1440:978-1-85109-969-6
1077:
1076:
897:Soviet occupation
889:
888:
881:
863:
763:Johannes Heesters
682:Lublin government
615:two years later.
2809:
2792:War and politics
2773:
2747:
2728:
2708:
2689:
2663:
2651:
2640:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2582:
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2512:
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2505:
2477:
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2442:
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2329:
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2318:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2250:on 27 April 2021
2246:. Archived from
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
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2145:
2144:
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2141:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:on 25 April 2012
2091:
2085:
2084:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1972:
1966:
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1933:
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1902:
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1890:
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1834:
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1750:
1744:
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1731:
1730:
1711:. Oxford: Berg.
1702:
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1471:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1343:, as quoted in:
1342:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1008:
1000:
971:Libyan Civil War
963:Syrian Civil War
955:non-state actors
884:
877:
873:
870:
864:
862:
821:
789:
781:
777:Postwar examples
733:Amicale annamite
713:Heinrich Himmler
520:Norwegian Legion
441:Vichy government
402:collaborationist
271:soldiers became
216:Collaborationism
209:
202:Stanley Hoffmann
198:collaborationist
194:collaborationism
135:Stanley Hoffmann
98:Vichy Government
43:collaborationism
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2777:
2776:
2744:
2726:
2705:
2686:
2670:
2668:Further reading
2660:
2637:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2564:
2548:
2544:
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2509:
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2464:
2462:
2461:. 29 April 2022
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2222:
2220:
2217:Huffington Post
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2166:. June 12, 2009
2158:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2136:. June 15, 2009
2128:
2127:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2059:
2055:
2031:10.2307/3649912
2010:
2006:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1969:
1959:
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1120:Philippe Pétain
1103:
1093:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1023:
1022:
1015:needs expansion
1009:
998:
985:
979:
967:Iraqi Civil War
951:
945:
921:
885:
874:
868:
865:
822:
820:
806:
790:
779:
741:
721:
701:Franz Oppenhoff
694:
677:
621:
613:Greek Civil War
548:
542:
526:Vidkun Quisling
512:Vidkun Quisling
505:
503:Quisling regime
499:
475:
461:
382:
376:
364:
358:
350:Main articles:
348:
319:
317:Napoleonic Wars
247:
241:Colonial troops
237:
232:
155:James Mace Ward
128:
122:
102:Philippe Pétain
79:past participle
67:Napoleonic Wars
55:
35:Napoleonic Wars
17:
12:
11:
5:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
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2774:
2771:10.1086/245567
2748:
2742:
2729:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:978-1566632492
2658:
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2296:
2270:Graeber, David
2261:
2230:
2202:
2190:
2177:
2146:
2118:
2086:
2079:
2053:
2024:(4): 771–781.
2004:
1967:
1957:
1937:Hobsbawm, Eric
1928:
1921:
1903:
1901:, p. 182.
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1800:
1779:10.1086/240209
1773:(3): 375–395.
1757:
1745:
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1697:
1684:
1671:
1655:
1636:(1): 153–156.
1620:
1602:
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1509:
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1400:
1384:
1353:(2): 157–177.
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1169:cheaply bought
1167:
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1155:
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1146:
1143:
1127:
1108:Timothy Brook:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1012:
1010:
1003:
997:
994:
978:
975:
947:Main article:
944:
941:
920:
917:
913:War in Donbass
887:
886:
793:
791:
784:
778:
775:
740:
737:
720:
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693:
690:
676:
673:
620:
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592:anti-communist
568:Ioannis Rallis
541:
538:
498:
495:
460:
457:
437:the Liberation
375:
372:
347:
344:
318:
315:
307:French Algeria
283:in Spanish or
263:Ottoman Empire
236:
233:
231:
228:
212:anti-communist
200:on the other.
121:
118:
114:Fall of France
54:
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2743:9780415564410
2739:
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2725:0-434-42725-X
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2704:9781137385345
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2135:
2134:Daily Express
2131:
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2102:
2101:
2096:
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2082:
2080:0-8078-4299-0
2076:
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2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:Slavic Review
2015:
2008:
2001:
1991:on 2021-01-14
1990:
1986:
1983:(in Polish).
1982:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
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1895:
1889:(2008) p. 142
1888:
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1718:0-85496-237-9
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1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:self-deceived
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:opportunistic
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
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1117:
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1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031: –
1030:
1026:
1025:Find sources:
1020:
1016:
1013:This section
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:
993:
991:
984:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:Governments,
950:
940:
938:
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926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
883:
880:
872:
861:
858:
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
837:
833:
830: –
829:
825:
824:Find sources:
818:
814:
810:
804:
803:
799:
794:This section
792:
788:
783:
782:
774:
772:
768:
767:William Joyce
764:
756:
755:
750:
745:
736:
734:
729:
725:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
689:
687:
683:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
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646:
642:
634:
630:
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581:
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535:
531:
527:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
470:
466:
459:Low Countries
456:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
410:Collaborators
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:collaborateur
386:
381:
371:
369:
363:
357:
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343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
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314:
312:
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282:
281:
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269:
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246:
242:
227:
225:
224:collaboration
221:
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208:
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187:
186:collaboration
183:
178:
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172:
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144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:collaborateur
60:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
25:
21:
2758:
2752:
2733:
2714:
2694:
2675:
2647:
2625:
2617:Bibliography
2607:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2552:
2545:
2517:
2510:
2482:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2432:
2426:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2371:
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2337:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2279:The Guardian
2277:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2243:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2193:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2138:. Retrieved
2133:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2098:
2089:
2064:
2056:
2021:
2017:
2007:
1999:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1984:
1980:
1970:
1962:
1944:
1931:
1912:
1906:
1899:Milazzo 1975
1894:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1803:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
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1658:
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1408:Webster 1999
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1112:Adolf Hitler
1107:
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1019:adding to it
1014:
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911:and ongoing
890:
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866:
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842:
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823:
807:Please help
795:
771:Lord Haw-Haw
760:
752:
732:
730:
726:
722:
695:
678:
649:Nazi Germany
645:puppet state
638:
633:Adolf Hitler
629:Ante Pavelić
609:White Terror
549:
524:
518:inspect the
489:movement in
476:
445:
433:Simon Kitson
430:
423:
409:
401:
397:
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368:World War II
365:
346:World War II
332:afrancesados
331:
323:Afrancesados
321:
320:
303:Algerian War
292:
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256:
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245:Colonial war
223:
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215:
197:
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190:collaborator
189:
185:
182:Vichy France
179:
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150:
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142:
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129:
106:Adolf Hitler
95:
93:"to work".
90:
86:
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75:collaboratus
74:
62:
58:
56:
47:Vichy France
42:
39:World War II
31:collaborator
30:
28:
19:
18:
2765:: 611–613,
2223:8 September
1753:Kitson 2008
1392:collaborate
1299:(1): 75–76.
1227:Jash (term)
1098:Heonik Kwon
925:Palestinian
893:Afghanistan
751:, known as
739:Celebrities
653:Leon Rupnik
605:Dekemvriana
448:Jean Moulin
415:sex workers
301:during the
299:French Army
258:janissaries
235:Colonialism
167:Philippines
151:ideological
139:involuntary
120:Definitions
89:- "with" +
83:collaborare
71:monarchists
59:collaborate
2781:Categories
2572:1106720722
2537:1004759541
2502:1000267874
2435:(1): 11–14
2374:(21): 8–10
2339:Al-Monitor
2311:Al-Monitor
2244:The Region
2140:2010-01-02
1995:2018-04-12
1833:2020-04-29
1755:, p.
1612:1004807892
1574:1065422517
1480:(7). 2798.
1449:1300495135
1367:1814/16538
1275:References
1252:Useful Jew
1068:March 2022
1040:newspapers
996:Motivation
869:March 2022
839:newspapers
754:Tokyo Rose
749:Iva Toguri
619:Yugoslavia
580:Resistance
550:After the
360:See also:
124:See also:
2406:29 August
2400:Salon.com
2378:29 August
2289:29 August
2254:29 August
2170:April 30,
2040:0037-6779
1939:(1995) .
1795:144309794
1650:147769533
1375:145508606
1336:848564154
796:does not
715:in 1945.
596:far-right
516:Jonas Lie
479:VNV party
143:voluntary
57:The term
53:Etymology
29:The term
2465:29 April
2164:BBC News
2100:Die Welt
1727:18715079
1237:Quisling
1190:Chinilpa
1183:See also
1160:cowardly
1116:Montoire
669:Chetniks
611:and the
600:royalist
556:quisling
534:Quisling
491:Wallonia
481:and the
340:Napoleon
2802:Treason
2459:AP NEWS
2111:7 April
2071:244–245
2048:3649912
1787:1878146
1217:Hanjian
1054:scholar
853:scholar
817:removed
802:sources
719:Vietnam
692:Germany
635:in 1941
406:fascism
366:During
311:Algeria
261:in the
252:mamluks
230:History
159:treason
147:servile
2740:
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2439:13 May
2345:13 May
2317:13 May
2077:
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1955:
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1876:(2008)
1850:(2004)
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1695:(1998)
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1373:
1334:
1324:
1260:, in:
1232:Medism
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
969:, and
929:Israel
855:
848:
841:
834:
826:
709:Allied
705:Aachen
697:German
675:Poland
584:deport
552:German
540:Greece
497:Norway
487:Rexist
483:DeVlag
471:, and
374:France
330:. The
286:zipaio
280:cipayo
268:sipahi
91:labore
2761:(3),
2044:JSTOR
1791:S2CID
1783:JSTOR
1646:S2CID
1522:JSTOR
1470:(PDF)
1371:S2CID
1061:JSTOR
1047:books
932:out.
860:JSTOR
846:books
294:Harki
274:sepoy
2738:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2568:OCLC
2558:ISBN
2533:OCLC
2523:ISBN
2498:OCLC
2488:ISBN
2467:2022
2441:2016
2408:2019
2380:2019
2347:2016
2319:2016
2291:2019
2256:2019
2225:2016
2172:2010
2113:2011
2075:ISBN
2036:ISSN
1953:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1723:OCLC
1713:ISBN
1608:OCLC
1598:ISBN
1570:OCLC
1560:ISBN
1445:OCLC
1435:ISBN
1332:OCLC
1322:ISBN
1033:news
943:ISIL
901:Iraq
832:news
800:any
798:cite
643:, a
598:and
566:and
514:and
354:and
255:and
243:and
196:and
188:and
104:and
2767:doi
2026:doi
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1814:doi
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1363:hdl
1355:doi
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