535:", rentals are normally of provincial concern, but as the result of an emergency, the existing provincial laws on the matter become inoperative. The rights of the provinces are not of course permanently suppressed, and their jurisdiction temporarily suspended during the federal invasion, flows afresh when the field is finally abandoned. It is only during the period of occupation that the provincial jurisdiction is overridden. This is the reason that may justify the Dominion Government to offer to some or to all of the provinces to legislate on rentals and to exercise anew their constitutional rights. In order, however, to vest in the Federal Parliament the necessary authority to deal with such matters, there must be an emergency. There is no doubt that such an emergency existed during the war, and that during that period, the jurisdiction of Parliament could not be impugned. But the time that an emergency lasts is not limited to the period of actual hostilities. War is the cause of many social and economic disturbances and its aftermath brings unstable conditions which are settled only after a period of necessary readjustment, during which the emergency may very well persist.
344:
common defence make such orders and regulations as they may deem necessary or advisable for the security, peace, order and welfare of Canada. The enlightened men who framed that section, and the members of parliament who adopted it, were providing for a very great emergency, and they must be understood to have employed words in their natural sense, and to have intended what they have said. There is no doubt, in my opinion, that the regulation in question was passed to provide for the security and welfare of Canada and it is therefore
41:
506:
abdicated its general legislative powers. It has not effaced itself, as has been suggested. It has indicated no intention of abandoning control and has made no abandonment of control, in fact. The subordinate instrumentality, which it has created for exercising the powers, remains responsible directly to
Parliament and depends upon the will of Parliament for the continuance of its official existence.
407:) were classed as enemy aliens under the Act. These enemy aliens were required to always carry identification with them and forbidden from possessing firearms, leaving the country without permission, or publishing or reading anything in a language other than English or French. Thousands of these enemy aliens were also
270:
declares that it no longer exists; but any and all proceedings instituted or commenced by or under the authority of the
Governor in Council before the issue of such last mentioned proclamation, the continuance of which he may authorize, may be carried on and concluded as if the said proclamation had
645:
was created with a wide mandate to regulate all matters dealing with the necessities of life, rental and housing controls, import and export controls, and wage and price controls. In 1942, its responsibilities were expanded to include the reduction of non-essential industrial activities in order to
440:
The extreme security measures permitted by the
Defence of Canada Regulations included the waiving of habeas corpus and the right to trial, internment, bans on political and religious groups, restrictions of free speech including the banning of certain publications, and the confiscation of property.
365:
Canada's first national internment operations of 1914–1920 involved the internment of both genuine POWs and thousands of civilians, most of them
Ukrainians who had come from western Ukrainian lands (Galicia and Northern Bukovina) then held by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Branded as "enemy aliens",
262:
The issue of a proclamation by His
Majesty, or under the authority of the Governor in Council shall be conclusive evidence that war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists and has existed for any period of time therein stated, and of its continuance, until by the issue of a further
505:
Parliament retains its power intact and can, whenever it pleases, take the matter directly into its own hands. How far it shall seek the aid of subordinate agencies and how long it shall continue them in existence, are matters for
Parliament and not for courts of law to decide. Parliament has not
274:
The
Governor in Council shall have the power to do and authorize such acts and things, and to make from time to time such orders and regulations, as he may by reason of the existence of real or apprehended war, invasion or insurrection deem necessary or advisable for the security, defence, peace,
682:
There was, however, frustration on the part of the unions which felt that the government tended to not care about the issues the unions were trying to bring to light. The regulations continued after the war's end until 1948, where they were replaced by similar legislation at both the federal and
492:
The powers conferred upon the
Governor in Council by the War Measures Act constitute a law-making authority, an authority to pass legislative enactments such as should be deemed necessary and advisable by reason of war; and, when acting within those limits, the Governor in Council is vested with
343:
It seems to me obvious that parliament intended, as the language used implies, to clothe the executive with the widest powers in time of danger. Taken literally, the language of the section contains unlimited powers. Parliament expressly enacted that, when need arises, the executive may for the
275:
order and welfare of Canada; and for greater certainty, but not so as to restrict the generality of the foregoing terms, it is hereby declared that the powers of the
Governor in Council shall extend to all matters coming within the classes of subjects hereinafter enumerated, that is to say:-
255:
which, had they been done or omitted after the passing of this Act, would have been authorized by this Act or by orders or regulations hereunder, shall be deemed to have been done or omitted under the authority of this Act, and are hereby declared to have been lawfully done or
441:
S. 21 of the
Defence of Canada Regulations allowed the Minister of Justice to detain without charge anyone who might act "in any manner prejudicial to the public safety or the safety of the state." The government soon interned fascists and Communists as well as opponents of
760:
were deployed to assist the police. They appeared on the streets of Ottawa on 12 October 1970. Upon request of the Quebec government with the unanimous consent of all party leaders in the Quebec National Assembly, troops appeared on the streets of Montreal on 15 October.
221:
In the First World War, a state of war with Germany was declared by the United Kingdom on behalf of the entire British Empire. Canada was notified by telegraphic despatch accordingly, effective 4 August 1914, and that status remained in effect until 10 January 1920.
661:
and keep wartime production going. While the regulations were initially restricted to industries under federal jurisdictions and companies directly involved in the war effort, provision was made for the provinces to co-opt into the scheme (which all eventually did).
501:
The conditions for the exercise of that power are: The existence of a state of war, or of apprehended war, and that the orders or regulations are deemed advisable or 'necessary by the Governor in Council by reason of such state of war, or apprehended war.
497:
as large and of the same nature as those of Parliament itself. Within the ambit of the Act by which his authority is measured, the Governor in Council is given the same authority as is vested in Parliament itself. He has been given a law-making power.
614:
In December 1945, three Orders in Council were issued to provide for the expulsion of Japanese nationals and other persons of Japanese origin, whether or not they were British subjects (either natural born or naturalized). Although the
779:
The use of the Act to address the problem presented by the FLQ was well supported by Canadians in all regions of Canada, according to a December Gallup Poll. However, there were many vocal critics of the government action, including
229:, was subsequently adopted on 22 August 1914 to ratify all steps taken by Canada from the declaration of war, to continue until the war was over. Sections 2 to 6 of the original Act in particular provided for the following:
842:
In May 1981, the Emergency Planning Order was passed, which assigned responsibilities for planning to meet the exigencies of different types of emergencies to various Ministers, departments and agencies of government.
598:
On 26 February, a notice was issued instituting curfews on Japanese Canadians in the protected area of British Columbia, and restricting them from possessing motor vehicles, cameras, radios, firearms, ammunition or
1636:
943:
1335:
1322:
1298:
1285:
1261:
1248:
1118:
1091:
372:. A campaign begun by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association in 1985 aimed at securing official acknowledgement and symbolic restitution for what happened succeeded in 2005, following passage of the
794:
The response by the federal and provincial governments to the incident still sparks controversy. There was a large amount of concern about the act being used, as it was a considered to be a direct threat to
415:
from Canada. It was not until the labour shortage in Canada became dire that these interned individuals were released into the workforce again in an attempt to boost the economy and the war effort.
1170:
Reference as to the Validity of the Regulations in Relation to Chemicals Enacted by Order in Council and of an Order of the Controller of Chemicals Made Pursuant Thereto (The "Chemicals Reference")
285:(c) control of the harbours, ports and territorial waters of Canada and the movements of vessels; (d) transportation by land, air, or water and the control of the transport of persons and things;
366:
they were stripped of what little wealth they had, forced to work for the profit of their jailers and subjected to other state-sanctioned censures, including disenfranchisement under the
391:
organizations, forbidden. Immigration from nations that were connected directly or indirectly with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany was stopped and natives of these countries (
772:, and the Quebec provincial government, and in response to general threats and demands made by the FLQ, the federal government declared a state of apprehended insurrection under the
266:
It is hereby declared that war has continuously existed since the fourth day of August 1914, and shall be deemed to exist until the Governor in Council by proclamation published in
235:
All acts and things done or omitted to be done prior to the passing of this Act and on or after the first day of August, A.D. 1914, by or under the authority of or ratified by,-
1960:
834:
In October 2020, Bloc Quebecois leader Yves-François Blanchet asked PM Justin Trudeau to apologize for the Canadian Government's invocation of the Act.
1982:
665:
As labour unrest was widespread at the time, a system of compulsory conciliation was brought into effect, and no strike or lockout could occur until:
1375:
929:
865:
1061:
523:, which held that regulations instituting rental and housing controls displaced provincial jurisdiction for the duration of the emergency. As
279:(a) censorship and the control and suppression of publications, writings, maps, plans, photographs, communications and means of communication;
1223:
1212:
602:
On 4 March, regulations under the Act were adopted to forcibly remove Japanese Canadians from the protected area. As a result, 12,000 were
532:
259:
The provisions of sections 6, 10, 11 and 13 of this Act shall only be in force during war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended.
1239:
Continuation of Transitional Measures Act, 1947, S.C. 1947, c. 16, as amended by S.C. 1947–48, c. 5, S.C. 1949, c. 3, and S.C. 1950, c. 6
433:, Canada instituted its measures separately from the United Kingdom. A state of apprehended war was declared on 25 August 1939, and the
1782:
1030:
884:
620:
573:
was transformed into full anti-Japanese thoughts and behaviour by many Canadian citizens who saw Japanese Canadians as spies for
2033:
776:
on 16 October. This was done so that police had more power in arrest and detention, in order to find and stop the FLQ members.
623:
declared all of them to be valid. Following various protests among politicians and academics, the orders were revoked in 1947.
2003:
560:
512:
650:
636:
466:
1803:
1722:
728:
383:
in 1917, additional regulations and orders were added to make the membership in a number of organizations, including
1587:
2018:
1735:
446:
569:
in 1941 led to Canada declaring war against Japan on 8 December 1941. An already established racial bias towards
547:, 1947 was enacted, maintaining certain wartime orders and regulations, and stayed in place until 30 April 1951.
172:, and the types of emergency measures that could thereby be taken. The Act was brought into force three times in
470:
to be adopted as well, and many subsequent regulations were brought into force by virtue of both of these Acts.
1472:
642:
632:
2013:
1755:
1049:
592:
582:
434:
424:
360:
323:
1875:
1775:
1612:
1193:
1001:
791:
While the Act was in force, 465 people were arrested and held without charge but were eventually released.
556:
200:
1808:
1173:
821:
805:
from all Canadians. This is the only time that the Act had been put in place during peacetime in Canada.
454:
430:
17:
195:
and personal freedoms, including only for Ukrainians and other Europeans during Canada's first national
709:
1740:
1690:
1535:
1390:
1069:
376:, which resulted in the establishment of the Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund.
1336:"ARCHIVED - Item Display - A Nation's Chronicle: The Canada Gazette - Library and Archives Canada"
1299:"ARCHIVED - Item Display - A Nation's Chronicle: The Canada Gazette - Library and Archives Canada"
1262:"ARCHIVED - Item Display - A Nation's Chronicle: The Canada Gazette - Library and Archives Canada"
577:. This fear towards Japanese Canadians led to the quick restriction of their rights and freedoms:
2028:
2008:
1831:
1768:
1447:
1220:
1197:
1177:
693:
616:
474:
332:
306:
1685:
1209:
2023:
1663:
588:
On 29 January 1942, a protected area was declared by Government Notice within British Columbia.
437:
were implemented under the Act. A state of war was declared with Germany on 10 September 1939.
1613:"Bloc Québécois leader demands apology from Trudeau for War Measures Act, passed 50 years ago"
606:
in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the
481:, ruled that Orders in Council made under the Act were equivalent to an Act of Parliament, as
68:
An act to confer certain powers upon the Governor in Council and to amend the Immigration Act
1451:
757:
368:
21:
1536:"CBC.ca – The Greatest Canadian – Top Ten Greatest Canadians – Tommy Douglas – Did You Know"
1745:
781:
752:
157:
90:
48:
971:
701:
actions taken under the Act were deemed not to be infringements of the latter statute, and
291:(f) appropriation, control, forfeiture and disposition of property and of the use thereof.
8:
1391:"The Malaise of Compulsory Conciliation: Strike Prevention in Canada during World War II"
510:(Citations omitted.) This authority was cited later in support of decisions taken in the
336:
1497:
1359:
913:
1569:
1428:
1420:
1369:
923:
892:
658:
570:
482:
380:
313:
to include the power to amend other Acts by way of regulation. Noting that the British
161:
1836:
1939:
1718:
765:
607:
524:
1841:
1432:
1145:
581:
On 17 December 1941, persons of Japanese descent were required to register with the
263:
proclamation it is declared that the war, invasion or insurrection no longer exists.
1410:
1402:
1017:
809:
788:, who said, "The government, I submit, is using a sledgehammer to crack a peanut."
705:
450:
173:
1929:
1826:
1818:
1227:
1216:
848:
796:
704:
proclamations to bring the Act into force were subject to abrogation by both the
209:
192:
145:
119:
1862:
1934:
1924:
1901:
1880:
1870:
1791:
1641:
1123:
1096:
976:
948:
813:
747:
raised fears in Canada of a militant faction rising up against the government.
744:
740:
722:
328:
314:
204:
185:
595:
were amended to restrict Japanese Canadians from owning land or growing crops.
1997:
1976:
1965:
1846:
1760:
801:
785:
654:
494:
26:
Canadian legislation which provided the government emergency powers (1914–88)
1885:
1741:"War Measures Act Debate Oct 16, 1970" from the Douglas-Coldwell Foundation
1684:
Smith, Denis; Foot, Richard; Yarhi, Eli; McIntosh, Andrew (18 March 2020).
769:
566:
464:
In 1940, the more complex nature of organizing the war effort required the
458:
442:
181:
169:
1031:"Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act, SC 2005, c.52"
1944:
1907:
1852:
732:
412:
346:
177:
1573:
1424:
918:. Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves: London, Ontario: P. Anas Pub.
408:
196:
59:
1522:
Tetley, William. The October Crisis, 1970: An Insider's View, pg. 103.
1415:
1406:
388:
384:
1746:
Internment Camps in World War I and World War II in British Columbia
1221:
An Act to amend The National Emergency Transitional Powers Act, 1945
489:
There follows from the principles so enunciated these consequences:
40:
603:
354:
165:
288:(e) trading, exportation, importation, production and manufacture;
1360:
War Measures Act Conference (1977: McMaster University). (1978).
914:
War Measures Act Conference (1977: McMaster University). (1978).
404:
400:
396:
392:
242:(b) any Minister or officer of His Majesty's Imperial Government;
153:
831:
in November 1970, which subsequently expired on 30 April 1971.
736:
130:
574:
539:
The Act was in force until 31 December 1945, after which the
972:"Order in council terminating the state of war with Germany"
305:
The Act conferred broad authority, and was even held by the
1445:
743:, who was later murdered. What is now referred to as the
374:
Internment of Persons of Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act
678:
fourteen days after the conciliation period had elapsed.
248:(d) any Minister or officer of the Government of Canada;
1560:
LaPierre, Laurier (Fall 1971). "Quebec: October 1970".
646:
maintain minimum requirements only for civilian goods.
543:, 1945 was in force until 31 March 1947. In 1947, the
1750:
1683:
672:
an attempt had been made to negotiate a new agreement,
1715:
Trudeau's Darkest Hour: War Measures in Time of Peace
1362:
The Japanese Canadian experience: the October crisis
916:
The Japanese Canadian experience: the October crisis
1756:
Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
1050:
Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
300:
1664:"Emergencies Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. 22 (4th Supp.)"
550:
429:In contrast to the previous war, by virtue of the
350:of the statute under which it purports to be made.
327:possessed similar wide powers with respect to the
626:
282:(b) arrest, detention, exclusion and deportation;
1995:
1446:Peter Niemczak; Philip Rosen (10 October 2001).
1210:National Emergency Transitional Powers Act, 1945
827:The Act's 1970 regulations were replaced by the
675:compulsory conciliation had been undertaken, and
355:Internment during First World War and afterwards
199:operations of 1914–1920, the Second World War's
1530:
1528:
207:. In 1988, it was repealed and replaced by the
1790:
1751:Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association
1219:, S.C. 1945 (2nd Sess.), c. 25, as amended by
519:The Act's effect was further clarified in the
1776:
1196: at p. 140, SCR 124 (1 March 1950),
191:The Act was questioned for its suspension of
1525:
1176: at 17–18, SCR 1 (5 January 1943),
1092:"Proclamation of a state of apprehended war"
1054:
866:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada
1374:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1364:. London, Ontario: P. Anas. pp. 12–14.
928:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1783:
1769:
1190:Reference re Wartime Leasehold Regulations
541:National Emergency Transitional Powers Act
1414:
545:Continuation of Transitional Measures Act
1717:, Baraka Books, Montreal, 2010, 212 p.
1559:
1498:"Historical Events on October 16, 1970"
621:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
619:gave a mixed ruling on the matter, the
521:Wartime Leasehold Regulations Reference
1996:
1388:
1764:
1323:Government Notice of 26 February 1942
829:Public Order (Temporary Measures) Act
716:
561:Reference re Persons of Japanese Race
513:Reference re Persons of Japanese Race
445:. The regulations were later used to
1637:"Emergency Planning Order, SI/81-76"
1286:Government Notice of 29 January 1942
944:"Despatch concerning a state of war"
691:In 1960, the Act was amended by the
651:Wartime Labour Relations Regulations
649:The Act was also used to create the
637:Wartime Labour Relations Regulations
239:(a) His Majesty the King in Council;
669:a collective agreement had expired,
467:National Resources Mobilization Act
418:
13:
1708:
686:
251:(e) any other authority or person;
216:
14:
2045:
1729:
731:(FLQ) kidnapped British diplomat
641:At the beginning of the war, the
449:on a large scale as well as some
301:Extent of authority under the Act
1119:"Proclamation of a state of war"
39:
1677:
1656:
1629:
1605:
1580:
1553:
1516:
1490:
1465:
1439:
1382:
1353:
1328:
1316:
1291:
1279:
1254:
1249:Proclamation of 8 December 1941
1242:
1233:
1203:
1183:
1163:
1138:
1111:
1084:
1004:, 57 SCR 150 (19 July 1918)
856:was repealed as a consequence.
551:Treatment of Japanese Canadians
1389:Webber, Jeremy (Spring 1985).
1043:
1023:
1007:
991:
964:
936:
907:
877:
837:
643:Wartime Prices and Trade Board
633:Wartime Prices and Trade Board
627:Control of the wartime economy
1:
2034:Repealed Canadian legislation
1804:Front de libération du Québec
871:
822:separatist movement in Quebec
820:as more of a reaction to the
729:Front de libération du Québec
593:Defence of Canada Regulations
583:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
495:plenary powers of legislation
435:Defence of Canada Regulations
425:Defence of Canada Regulations
361:Ukrainian Canadian internment
324:Defence of the Realm Act 1914
152:; 5 George V, Chap. 2) was a
150:Loi sur les mesures de guerre
2004:Canadian federal legislation
739:provincial cabinet minister
557:Japanese Canadian internment
321:, had held in 1917 that the
245:(c) the Governor in Council;
201:Japanese Canadian internment
16:Not to be confused with the
7:
1809:Quebec sovereignty movement
1340:www.collectionscanada.gc.ca
1303:www.collectionscanada.gc.ca
1266:www.collectionscanada.gc.ca
859:
697:, in order to ensure that:
431:Statute of Westminster 1931
18:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
10:
2050:
1020:, AC 260 (1 May 1917)
799:, removing rights such as
720:
630:
554:
422:
358:
15:
1953:
1917:
1894:
1861:
1817:
1799:
1691:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1562:The North American Review
812:, accused Prime Minister
533:Property and Civil Rights
447:intern Japanese Canadians
126:
117:
112:
104:
96:
86:
76:
54:
47:
38:
33:
1592:faculty.marianopolis.edu
1477:faculty.marianopolis.edu
750:Under provisions of the
727:In 1970, members of the
527:(as he then was) noted:
2019:World War I legislation
1832:Jacques Cossette-Trudel
998:In Re George Edwin Gray
694:Canadian Bill of Rights
617:Supreme Court of Canada
475:Supreme Court of Canada
379:With the advent of the
333:Chief Justice of Canada
307:Supreme Court of Canada
233:
764:At the request of the
537:
508:
352:
298:
227:War Measures Act, 1914
160:that provided for the
149:
1904:(kidnapped, murdered)
1568:(3): 30–31 of 23–33.
1452:Library of Parliament
1018:[1917] UKHL 1
852:was passed, and the
824:by criminalizing it.
758:Canadian Armed Forces
529:
487:
369:Wartime Elections Act
341:
231:
22:Wartime Elections Act
2014:1914 in Canadian law
1066:Canada in the Making
895:on 13 September 2018
782:New Democratic Party
753:National Defence Act
653:in order to control
610:at sugar beet farms.
591:On 24 February, the
158:Parliament of Canada
91:Parliament of Canada
80:5 George V, Chap. 2
49:Parliament of Canada
1849:(aka Pierre Seguin)
1146:"History - Pier 21"
816:'s move to suspend
683:provincial levels.
479:Chemicals Reference
457:who were viewed as
337:Charles Fitzpatrick
1792:The October Crisis
1401:: 57–62 of 57–88.
1230:, S.C. 1946, c. 60
1226:2013-07-29 at the
1215:2013-07-29 at the
885:"War Measures Act"
717:The October Crisis
571:Japanese Canadians
381:Russian Revolution
268:The Canada Gazette
162:declaration of war
1991:
1990:
1940:Jean-Pierre Goyer
1686:"Emergencies Act"
1504:. 16 October 1970
1448:"Emergencies Act"
1395:Labour/Le Travail
889:www.lermuseum.org
808:Critics, such as
766:Mayor of Montreal
455:Italian Canadians
136:
135:
2041:
1971:War Measures Act
1954:Related articles
1785:
1778:
1771:
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1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1588:"Quebec History"
1584:
1578:
1577:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1473:"Quebec History"
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1407:10.2307/25140553
1386:
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1373:
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1357:
1351:
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1332:
1326:
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1237:
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1207:
1201:
1187:
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1158:
1156:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:. Archived from
1058:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1005:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
968:
962:
960:
958:
957:
940:
934:
933:
927:
919:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
891:. Archived from
881:
854:War Measures Act
810:Laurier LaPierre
774:War Measures Act
710:House of Commons
419:Second World War
182:Second World War
174:Canadian history
141:War Measures Act
97:Assented to
43:
34:War Measures Act
31:
30:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1949:
1930:Robert Bourassa
1913:
1890:
1857:
1837:Jacques LanctĂ´t
1827:Marc Carbonneau
1819:Liberation Cell
1813:
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217:First World War
210:Emergencies Act
193:civil liberties
184:, and the 1970
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120:Emergencies Act
100:August 22, 1914
87:Enacted by
82:RSC 1985 c. W-2
81:
72:
69:
64:
63:
27:
24:
12:
11:
5:
2047:
2037:
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2009:Emergency laws
2006:
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1935:Robert Lemieux
1932:
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1902:Pierre Laporte
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1642:Canada Gazette
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906:
875:
873:
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869:
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846:In 1988, the
839:
836:
814:Pierre Trudeau
745:October Crisis
741:Pierre Laporte
723:October Crisis
721:Main article:
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715:
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688:
685:
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628:
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612:
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420:
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356:
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329:United Kingdom
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57:
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36:
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25:
9:
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2:
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1174:1943 CanLII 1
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1062:"Immigration"
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802:habeas corpus
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786:Tommy Douglas
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684:
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528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
514:
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503:
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486:
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476:
473:In 1943, the
471:
469:
468:
462:
460:
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452:
448:
444:
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416:
414:
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176:: during the
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1983:FLQ Timeline
1970:
1961:Bibliography
1886:Jacques Rose
1863:Chénier Cell
1714:
1695:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1645:. 1981-06-06
1640:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
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1543:. Retrieved
1539:
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1506:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
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1455:. Retrieved
1441:
1398:
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1384:
1361:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
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1235:
1205:
1189:
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1169:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1127:. 1939-09-16
1122:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1100:. 1939-09-09
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:the original
1065:
1056:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1025:
1014:R v Halliday
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
982:. Retrieved
980:. 1920-02-10
975:
966:
954:. Retrieved
952:. 1914-08-08
947:
938:
915:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
888:
879:
853:
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770:Jean Drapeau
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567:Pearl Harbor
564:
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525:Taschereau J
520:
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511:
509:
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472:
465:
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459:enemy aliens
443:conscription
439:
428:
411:in camps or
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322:
319:R v Halliday
318:
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226:
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208:
190:
170:insurrection
140:
139:
137:
127:
118:
58:
28:
1945:Nigel Hamer
1910:(kidnapped)
1908:James Cross
1853:Nigel Hamer
1736:Text of Act
1617:Global News
838:Replacement
733:James Cross
599:explosives.
347:intra vires
271:not issued.
113:Repealed by
1998:Categories
1670:2012-01-14
1649:2012-01-14
1622:2020-10-28
1251:at p. 2071
1131:2012-01-14
1104:2012-01-14
1036:2012-07-14
984:2012-01-14
956:2012-01-14
872:References
485:observed:
423:See also:
359:See also:
339:declared:
311:In re Gray
197:internment
60:Long title
1876:Paul Rose
1416:1828/7796
1370:cite book
961:at p. 466
924:cite book
483:Rinfret J
477:, in the
389:communist
385:socialist
1597:18 April
1574:25117224
1545:18 April
1508:18 April
1482:18 April
1457:7 August
1433:56010435
1425:25140553
1345:18 April
1308:18 April
1271:18 April
1224:Archived
1213:Archived
1200:(Canada)
1180:(Canada)
1155:18 April
1076:18 April
899:18 April
860:See also
708:and the
659:lockouts
608:prairies
604:interned
413:deported
409:interned
256:omitted.
166:invasion
131:Repealed
105:Repealed
77:Citation
1895:Victims
1794:of 1970
1697:9 April
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1000:,
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655:strikes
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146:French
1570:JSTOR
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317:, in
168:, or
1719:ISBN
1699:2020
1599:2018
1547:2018
1510:2018
1484:2018
1459:2013
1376:link
1347:2018
1310:2018
1273:2018
1157:2018
1078:2018
930:link
901:2018
735:and
657:and
635:and
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