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skepticism but he maintained a calm demeanor and was able to field all questions that were thrown at him by his critics. Eager to share his ideas and findings with other medical professionals from around the world, he was always happy to welcome visitors to his laboratory to witness his experiments. U.S. physicians started to learn about his innovative techniques in the 1960s, when many of them traveled to the Soviet Union to watch Soviet surgeons at work. By 1962, the opinion of the
American medical community had shifted and they gradually warmed to the idea of one day successfully transplanting human organs.
361:, for which he received his doctoral degree. Later translated into English (1962), German (1963) and Spanish (1967), this became a hugely influential publication for physicians interested in the emerging field of organ and tissue transplantation, and was for some considerable time the only monograph on the subject.
380:
was a real possibility. Barnard twice visited
Demikhov's laboratory in Moscow, in 1960 and 1963, and inspired by his observations there, he successfully performed the world's first heart transplant operation from one person to another in 1967. He would later credit Demikhov's earlier experiments for
181:
pioneer, who performed several transplants in the 1940s and 1950s, including the transplantation of a heart into an animal and a heart–lung replacement in an animal. He is also well known for his dog head transplants, which he conducted during the 1950s, resulting in two-headed dogs. This ultimately
368:
in 1960, where he remained until his retirement in 1986. His main goal was to push for the introduction into routine surgical practice of vital organ transplantation in humans, using "revitalized" (living) organs rather than artificial ones. Demikhov's ideas were initially met with a huge degree of
230:
and successfully implanted it into a dog (which survived for two hours after the surgery). A description of this groundbreaking work was published in April 1938 in the university's student newspaper, and it was presented to the other students at a scientific conference the following month. He then
210:
when
Demikhov was about three years old, so he and his brother and sister were raised by their mother, Domnika Alexandrovna, who managed to provide them with a good education. He began to show an interest in the mammalian circulatory system as a teenager, and is also known to have been inspired by
338:
connections to the host dog's heart. Ignoring the condemnation from his critics, he continued with this particular line of experimentation, becoming more successful with time. His transplantation work was widely reported inside the Soviet Union, where it was continuously criticized for being
33:
343:, but it was not until the late 1950s that news of his experiments spread to the outside world. In fact, by the time American surgeons became aware of Demikhov's dog head transplantations in 1959, he had already been performing these procedures for five years.
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282:
After the war, Demikhov resumed his post in the human physiology department at Moscow State
University, where he continued his experimental research, eventually performing successful heart and lung transplants on
1881:
451:
All of the surgical procedures listed above were carried out on warm-blooded animals (non-human). Between 1963 and 1965, he also assembled the world's first collection of living human organs for surgical use.
298:). The survival rates steadily increased from a few hours to several weeks, and one of the dogs that received a heart transplant in 1953 survived for another seven years after the operation. A successful
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He spent the 1950s carrying out research into organ transplantation surgery, continuously improving his experimental techniques. He successfully performed an isolated orthotopic
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287:. In 1947, he moved to the Institute of Surgery in Moscow where he began to experiment with liver and kidney transplantation in the late 1940s.
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468:, the true value of Demikhov's experiments was not acknowledged by Russia until the year of his death, when he was awarded the
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464:, in his small apartment on the outskirts of Moscow. Although he had received various honors later in life, including a
389:
Demikhov is perhaps most famous for his two-headed dog experiments. He achieved a substantial number of world's firsts:
1936:
1187:
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320:. The ultimate aim of his research was for organ transplantations to be implemented in clinical practice on humans.
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In
February 1954, in arguably his most bizarre experiment, he transplanted a dog's head onto another dog, using
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was achieved in 1953, after unsuccessful attempts the previous year. Demikhov also developed the principles of
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Vladimir P. Demikhov was born on July 31, 1916, into a family of
Russian peasants living on a small
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1019:"A mystery of Vladimir P. Demikhov: the 50th anniversary of the first intrathoracic transplantation"
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Experimental transplantation of vital organs. Authorized translation from the
Russian by Basil Haigh
689:"A Mystery of Vladimir P. Demikhov: The 50th Anniversary of the First Intrathoracic Transplantation"
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Soon after graduation, Demikhov was conscripted into military service and became a soldier in the
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274:. He married Liya Nikolayevna in August 1946, and their daughter Olga was born in July 1947.
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788:"A dog with two heads: How a Soviet doctor pioneered organ transplantation against the odds"
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in a dog in 1951 (where the heart was correctly positioned rather than offset inside the
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Trasplante experimental de órganos vitales (translated by F. Cardenal & A. F. Menú)
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486:– Russian documentary that depicts similar experiments carried out in the Soviet Union
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215:'s experimental work with dogs. When he left school in 1931, his first job was at the
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Experimental transplantation of vital organs. Authorized translation from the
Russian
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The last dog head transplant performed by
Vladimir Demikhov on January 13, 1959, in
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making all this possible, calling him " father of heart and lung transplantation".
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Demikhov died at the age of 82 on
November 22, 1998, as the result of an
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in 1945. He returned home at the end of the war with a number of medals and a
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
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376:, who became convinced through studying Demikhov's experiments that human
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819:"The Phenomenon of Demikhov. In the Sklifosovsky Institute (1960–1986)"
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One particular admirer of his work was South African cardiac surgeon
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1085:(archive) from The Proceedings of the Athanasius Kircher Society
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1951 – first orthotopic (correctly positioned) heart transplant
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206:. His father, Peter Yakovlevich Demikhov was killed during the
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613:
Lamba, Nayan; Holsgrove, Daniel; Broekman, Marike L. (2016).
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1065:. Translated by Basil Haigh. New York: Consultants Bureau.
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Transplantologiya. The Russian Journal of Transplantation
1054:
Die experimentelle Transplantation lebenswichtige Organe
907:
Die experimentelle Transplantation lebenswichtige Organe
949:"A surgeon to remember: notes about Vladimir Demikhov"
748:"A Surgeon to Remember: Notes About Vladimir Demikhov"
612:
316:, which enabled him to perform the first experimental
151:
The transplantation of vital organs in the experiment
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How Vladimir Demikhov Actually Made A Two-Headed Dog
866:
Peresadka zhiznenno vazhnykh organov v eksperimente
113:The founder of the transplantation of vital organs
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909:(in German). Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit.
862:Пересадка жизненно важных органов в эксперименте
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615:"The history of head transplantation: a review"
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254:in June 1941, he served on the front line as a
1781:List of organ transplant donors and recipients
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226:, where in 1937 he created the world's first
219:where he worked as a mechanic and repairman.
1380:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
1016:
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366:Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine
359:Experimental Transplantation of Vital Organs
1083:The 20 Most Bizarre Experiments of All Time
805:
538:Matskeplishvili, Simon (December 7, 2017).
1138:
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472:, 3rd class, shortly before he died.
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1917:Soviet military personnel of World War II
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1078:ASMO-press biography of Vladimir Demikhov
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540:"Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov (1916–1998)"
173:; 31 July 1916 – 22 November 1998) was a
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786:Shevchenko, Nikolay (October 26, 2017).
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222:In 1934, Demikhov began studying at the
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483:Experiments in the Revival of Organisms
400:1946 – first intrathoracic heterotopic
190:, who was inspired by Demikhov's work.
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1907:People from Novonikolayevsky District
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1056:. Berlin: Verlag Volk und Gesundheit.
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438:1953 – first successful experimental
839:10.23873/2074-0506-2018-10-2-142-153
393:1937 – first cardiac assist device (
350:the word "transplantology", meaning
16:Soviet organ transplantation pioneer
1524:Canadian Society of Transplantation
1519:American Society of Transplantation
578:
13:
1887:Recipients of the USSR State Prize
1862:Animal testing in the Soviet Union
1017:Konstantinov, I. E. (April 1998).
817:Glyantsev, S. P. (March 1, 2018).
496:
14:
1948:
1071:
947:Shumacker, H. B. (October 1994).
470:Order of Merit for the Fatherland
266:when the Soviets declared war on
202:in the northern part of Russia's
1450:United Network for Organ Sharing
1435:National Transplant Organization
1089:Top 10 Mad Scientists in History
886:. New York: Consultants Bureau.
440:coronary artery bypass operation
318:coronary artery bypass operation
1564:Organ transplantation in Israel
939:
1912:Moscow State University alumni
1569:Organ transplantation in Japan
1540:Organ transplantation in China
1514:American Society of Nephrology
1023:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
988:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
953:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
924:(in Spanish). Madrid Atlante.
753:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
694:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
687:Konstantinov, Igor E. (1998).
606:
432:1952 – first mammary–coronary
1:
1445:Trillium Gift of Life Network
1425:National Marrow Donor Program
1036:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01308-8
746:Shumacker, Harris B. (1994).
708:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01308-8
490:
193:
1483:Halachic Organ Donor Society
1410:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
1001:10.1016/0003-4975(95)96259-i
966:10.1016/0003-4975(94)90496-0
262:, and spent time serving in
7:
1902:People from Don Host Oblast
1488:Kidney Foundation of Canada
982:Cooper, D. K. (June 1995).
475:
163:Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov
10:
1953:
1545:harvesting from Falun Gong
1493:National Kidney Foundation
1349:Non-heart-beating donation
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224:Voronezh State University
171:Владимир Петрович Демихов
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1937:Animal cruelty incidents
1440:NHS Blood and Transplant
1094:August 21, 2015, at the
1052:Demichow, W. P. (1963).
920:Demikhov, V. P. (1967).
905:Demichow, W. P. (1963).
882:Demichov, V. P. (1962).
563:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx697
455:
217:Stalingrad Tractor Plant
1927:Soviet military doctors
1816:Immunosuppressive drugs
1552:Organ donation in India
1061:Demichov V. P. (1962).
860:Демихов, В. П. (1960).
554:Oxford University Press
385:Scientific contribution
237:Moscow State University
139:Moscow State University
103:Moscow State University
1836:Frankenstein's monster
1831:Total body irradiation
1557:Gurgaon kidney scandal
1415:Human Tissue Authority
1110:All That's Interesting
1100:Bored? Look no further
545:European Heart Journal
331:
177:Russian scientist and
47:18 July] 1916
1922:20th-century surgeons
1821:Lung allocation score
1758:Jean-Michel Dubernard
1147:Organ transplantation
413:heart–lung transplant
378:heart transplantation
352:organ transplantation
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292:heart transplantation
179:organ transplantation
1628:J. Hartwell Harrison
1385:Transplant rejection
619:Acta Neurochirurgica
285:warm-blooded animals
1737:André van der Merwe
1721:Richard C. Lillehei
1394:Transplant networks
1178:Xenotransplantation
1173:Autotransplantation
1161:Allotransplantation
984:"Vladimir Demikhov"
868:] (in Russian).
586:"Transplanted Head"
272:military decoration
250:was drawn into the
231:transferred to the
1932:Russian scientists
1592:Christiaan Barnard
1188:Organs and tissues
1112:(January 15, 2018)
594:. January 17, 1955
374:Christiaan Barnard
332:
81:Russian Federation
43:31 July [
1867:Russian inventors
1857:Soviet scientists
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1826:Machine perfusion
1806:Edmonton protocol
1801:Biomedical tissue
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1700:Vladimir Demikhov
1602:Adrian Kantrowitz
1354:Organ procurement
756:. pp. 1196–8
625:(12): 2239–2247.
314:revascularization
208:Russian Civil War
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119:Scientific career
92:Doctor of Science
69:November 22, 1998
25:Vladimir Demikhov
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1892:Soviet inventors
1648:Michael Woodruff
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402:heart transplant
395:artificial heart
252:Second World War
228:artificial heart
204:Volgograd region
184:head transplants
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1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
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1691:
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1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1674:Thomas Starzl
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Joseph Murray
1636:
1634:
1631:
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1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:Richard Lower
1605:
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1600:
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1576:
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1505:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Anthony Nolan
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:organizations
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
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1402:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:Complications
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Skin grafting
1324:
1322:
1321:Bone grafting
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
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1214:
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1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
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1191:
1189:
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1179:
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1164:
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1015:
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945:
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931:
927:
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916:
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878:
876:
867:
863:
856:
840:
835:
831:
827:
820:
813:
811:
809:
793:
792:Russia Beyond
789:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
755:
754:
749:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
718:
714:
709:
704:
701:(4): 1171–7.
700:
696:
695:
690:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
593:
592:
587:
581:
573:
569:
564:
559:
556:: 3406–3410.
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
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510:
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506:
504:
502:
500:
495:
485:
484:
480:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
453:
447:
444:1954 – first
443:
441:
437:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:1948 – first
422:
420:
417:1947 – first
416:
414:
411:1946 – first
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
391:
390:
382:
379:
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362:
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275:
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191:
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155:
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108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1699:
1690:Fikri Alican
1664:Fikri Alican
1109:
1099:
1062:
1053:
1026:
1022:
991:
987:
956:
952:
940:Bibliography
921:
915:
906:
900:
883:
865:
861:
855:
843:. Retrieved
829:
825:
795:. Retrieved
758:. Retrieved
751:
720:. Retrieved
698:
692:
622:
618:
608:
598:December 16,
596:. Retrieved
589:
580:
549:
543:
481:
459:
450:
406:chest cavity
388:
371:
363:
358:
345:
333:
329:East Germany
289:
281:
248:Soviet Union
241:
221:
197:
188:Robert White
162:
161:
150:
135:Institutions
118:
71:(1998-11-22)
18:
1877:1998 deaths
1872:1916 births
1768:Bruce Reitz
1420:LifeSharers
1398:departments
1359:Organ trade
1201:Bone marrow
994:(6): 1628.
845:October 24,
797:October 21,
760:October 24,
722:October 22,
434:anastomosis
307:anastomosis
260:pathologist
258:expert and
246:; when the
182:led to the
1851:Categories
1271:islet cell
1241:Heart–lung
491:References
311:myocardial
194:Early life
51:Kulikovsky
1533:Countries
1246:Intestine
930:431488355
639:0001-6268
356:monograph
346:Demikhov
341:unethical
200:farmstead
88:Education
1811:Eye bank
1714:Pancreas
1498:ORGANIZE
1459:Advocacy
1266:Pancreas
1092:Archived
657:27738901
572:29232448
476:See also
462:aneurysm
336:vascular
256:forensic
244:Red Army
1211:Corneal
1045:9564962
1010:7771869
975:7944786
892:4816869
717:9564962
648:5116034
300:mammary
167:Russian
1621:Kidney
1578:People
1430:NOD-Lb
1303:Vagina
1298:Uterus
1293:Thymus
1288:Spleen
1251:Kidney
1102:(2018)
1043:
1008:
973:
928:
890:
715:
655:
645:
637:
570:
552:(46).
404:(into
348:coined
278:Career
213:Pavlov
175:Soviet
146:Thesis
125:Fields
105:(1940)
94:(1963)
77:Moscow
1746:Other
1730:Penis
1657:Liver
1585:Heart
1278:Penis
1256:Liver
1236:Heart
1206:Brain
1154:Types
864:[
822:(PDF)
456:Death
268:Japan
264:China
1683:Lung
1478:DKMS
1283:Skin
1261:Lung
1231:Head
1226:Hand
1221:Face
1196:Bone
1166:ABOi
1041:PMID
1006:PMID
971:PMID
926:OCLC
888:OCLC
847:2018
799:2018
762:2018
724:2018
713:PMID
653:PMID
635:ISSN
600:2007
591:Time
568:PMID
66:Died
45:O.S.
40:Born
1216:Eye
1031:doi
996:doi
961:doi
834:doi
703:doi
643:PMC
627:doi
623:158
558:doi
235:of
1853::
1108:,
1098:,
1039:.
1027:65
1025:.
1021:.
1004:.
992:59
990:.
986:.
969:.
957:58
955:.
951:.
874:^
830:10
828:.
824:.
807:^
790:.
770:^
750:.
732:^
711:.
699:65
697:.
691:.
665:^
651:.
641:.
633:.
621:.
617:.
588:.
566:.
550:38
548:.
542:.
498:^
169::
79:,
57:,
53:,
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1047:.
1033::
1012:.
998::
977:.
963::
932:.
894:.
849:.
836::
801:.
764:.
726:.
705::
659:.
629::
602:.
574:.
560::
408:)
397:)
302:–
165:(
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