Organ transplantation

854:, all members of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, are responsible for the identification of suitable donors and collection of the donated organs. UNOS then allocates organs based on the method considered most fair by the leadership in the field. The allocation methodology varies somewhat by organ, and changes periodically. For example, liver allocation is based partially on MELD score (Model of End-Stage Liver Disease), an empirical score based on lab values indicative of the sickness of the person from liver disease. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) was passed; it gave way to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which maintains the organ registry and ensures equitable allocation of organs. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was also established to conduct ongoing studies into the evaluation and clinical status of organ transplants. In 2000 the Children's Health Act passed and required NOTA to consider special issues around pediatric patients and organ allocation. 1667:, who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work. The success of this transplant was mostly due to the family relation between the recipient, a Richard Herrick of Maine, and his donor and identical twin brother Ronald. Richard Herrick was in the Navy and became severely ill with acute renal failure. His brother Ronald donated his kidney to Richard, and Richard lived on for another eight years. Prior to this case, transplant recipients did not survive for more than thirty days. Their close family relation meant there was no need for anti-rejection medications, which was not known until this time, so the case shed light on the cause of rejection and of possible anti-rejection medicine. 1416:, there is a severe organ shortage due to religious objections by some rabbis who oppose all organ donations and others who advocate that a rabbi participate in all decision making regarding a particular donor. One-third of all heart transplants performed on Israelis are done in China; others are done in Europe. Dr. Jacob Lavee, head of the heart-transplant unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, believes that "transplant tourism" is unethical and Israeli insurers should not pay for it. The organization HODS (Halachic Organ Donor Society) is working to increase knowledge and participation in organ donation among Jews throughout the world. 540:

integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6), predisposing them to heightened risks of complications such as graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejections. Recent case studies underscore the significance of HHV-6 reactivation, demonstrating its ability to infect liver grafts and impact recipient outcomes. Clinical management involves early detection, targeted antiviral therapy, and vigilant monitoring post-transplantation, with future research aimed at optimizing preventive measures and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the impact of HHV-6 reactivation on pediatric liver transplant outcomes.

778:, which, in turn, maintains heartbeat. Once brain death has been declared, the person can be considered for organ donation. Criteria for brain death vary. Because less than 3% of all deaths in the US are the result of brain death, the overwhelming majority of deaths are ineligible for organ donation, resulting in severe shortages. It is important to note currently that patients that have been pronounced brain dead are one of the most common and ideal donors, since often these donors are young and healthy, thus leading to high quality organs. 865:, Steven Tsui, the head of the transplant team at Papworth Hospital in the UK, is quoted in raising the ethical issue of not holding out false hope. He stated, "Conventionally we would say if people's life expectancy was a year or less we would consider them a candidate for a heart transplant. But we also have to manage expectations. If we know that in an average year we will do 30 heart transplants, there is no point putting 60 people on our waiting list, because we know half of them will die and it's not right to give them false hope." 2548:(S$ 22,200). The Transplant Ethics Committee must approve living donor kidney transplants. Organ trading is banned in Singapore and in many other countries to prevent the exploitation of "poor and socially disadvantaged donors who are unable to make informed choices and suffer potential medical risks." Toni, 27, the other accused, donated a kidney to an Indonesian patient in March, alleging he was the patient's adopted son, and was paid 186 million rupiah (US$ 20,200). Upon sentence, both would suffer each, 12 months in jail or 10,000 914:. For example, a spouse may be willing to donate a kidney to their partner but cannot since there is not a biological match. The willing spouse's kidney is donated to a matching recipient who also has an incompatible but willing spouse. The second donor must match the first recipient to complete the pair exchange. Typically the surgeries are scheduled simultaneously in case one of the donors decides to back out and the couples are kept anonymous from each other until after the transplant. Paired-donor exchange, led by work in the 1056:. In 2007, two major European conferences recommended against the sale of organs. Recent development of websites and personal advertisements for organs among listed candidates has raised the stakes when it comes to the selling of organs, and have also sparked significant ethical debates over directed donation, "good-Samaritan" donation, and the current US organ allocation policy. Bioethicist Jacob M. Appel has argued that organ solicitation on billboards and the internet may actually increase the overall supply of organs. 812:

potential pool of donors as demand for transplants continues to grow. Prior to the legal recognition of brain death in the 1980s, all deceased organ donors had died of circulatory death. These organs have inferior outcomes to organs from a brain-dead donor. For instance, patients who underwent liver transplantation using donation-after-circulatory-death allografts have been shown to have significantly lower graft survival than those from donation-after-brain-death allografts due to biliary complications and

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probably because they were contracted within three weeks before the donor's death, so antibodies would not have existed in high enough numbers to detect. The crisis has caused many to call for more sensitive screening tests, which could pick up antibodies sooner. Currently, the screens cannot detect the small number of antibodies produced in HIV infections within the last 90 days or Hepatitis C infections within the last 18–21 days before a donation is made.

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suddenly collapsed and died. It was assumed that she died from an acute electrolyte disturbance. At autopsy, the kidneys had not been rejected nor was there any other obvious cause of death. One source states this patient died from pneumonia. Tom Starzl and his team in Colorado used baboon kidneys with six human patients who lived one or two months, but with no longer term survivors. Others in the United States and France had limited experiences.

903: 9550: 9560: 1175: 2517:. Despite these efforts, illegal organ trafficking continues to thrive and can be attributed to corruption in healthcare systems, which has been traced as high up as the doctors themselves in China and Ukraine, and the blind eye economically strained governments and health care programs must sometimes turn to organ trafficking. Some organs are also shipped to Uganda and the Netherlands. This was a main product in the 9540: 1888:. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved on to riskier fields, including multiple-organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On 9 March 1981, the first successful heart-lung transplant took place at 1521: 9530: 2679:

stage, but shows great promise in alleviating the long waiting lists for organ transplants and the number of people in need of transplants outweighs the amount of organs donated. Trials are being done to prevent the pig organ transplant to enter a clinical trial phase until the potential disease transfer from pigs to humans can be safely and satisfactorily managed (Isola & Gordon, 1991).

445:" kidney is transplanted into one of the other recipients, whose donor in turn donates his or her kidney to an unrelated recipient. This method allows all organ recipients to get a transplant even if their living donor is not a match for them. This further benefits people below any of these recipients on waiting lists, as they move closer to the top of the list for a deceased-donor organ. 1571:

particular symptoms that we today have learned to associate with a lack of thyroid hormone. Kocher reversed these symptoms by implanting thyroid tissue to these people and thus performed the first organ transplant. In the following years Kocher and other surgeons used thyroid transplantation also to treat thyroid deficiency that appeared spontaneously, without a preceding organ removal.

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determined by autopsy, 90% of the synthetic windpipe had come loose. He allegedly made several trips to see Macchiarini for his complications, and at one point had surgery again to have his synthetic windpipe replaced, but Macchiarini was notoriously difficult to get an appointment with. According to the autopsy, the old synthetic windpipe did not appear to have been replaced.

418:(CF), where both lungs need to be replaced, it is a technically easier operation with a higher rate of success to replace both the heart and lungs of the recipient with those of the donor. As the recipient's original heart is usually healthy, it can then be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart transplant, thus making the person with CF a living heart donor. 786:

meaning they can be "banked." Also, more than 60 grafts may be obtained from a single tissue donor. Because of these three factors – the ability to recover from a non-heart-beating donor, the ability to bank tissue, and the number of grafts available from each donor – tissue transplants are much more common than organ transplants. The

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these add additional cost and logistical complexity to the organ retrieval, preservation and transplant process, but early results suggest it may well be worth it. Hypothermic perfusion is in clinical use for transplantation of kidneys and liver whilst normothermic perfusion has been used effectively in the heart, lung, liver and, less so, in the kidney.

1427:, nearly 35,000 organ transplants were done in 2017, a 3.4 percent increase over 2016. About 18 percent of these were from living donors – people who gave one kidney or a part of their liver to someone else. But 115,000 Americans remain on waiting lists for organ transplants. By September 2022, the US had reached one million organ transplants overall. 976:

donor's motive, so altruistic donation is not a requirement. Some people choose to do this out of a personal need to donate. Some donate to the next person on the list; others use some method of choosing a recipient based on criteria important to them. Websites are being developed that facilitate such donation. Over half of the members of the

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100 people, mostly women, sold their kidneys for 40,000–60,000 rupees ($ 900–1,350). Thilakavathy Agatheesh, 30, who sold a kidney in May 2005 for 40,000 rupees said, "I used to earn some money selling fish but now the post-surgery stomach cramps prevent me from going to work." Most kidney sellers say that selling their kidney was a mistake.

967:. Surgical teams led by Johns Hopkins continue to pioneer this field with more complex chains of exchange, such as an eight-way multihospital kidney exchange. In December 2009, a 13 organ 13 recipient matched kidney exchange took place, coordinated through Georgetown University Hospital and Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC. 2615:. There is also a powerful opposing view, that trade in organs, if properly and effectively regulated to ensure that the seller is fully informed of all the consequences of donation, is a mutually beneficial transaction between two consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the 2388: 2654:

3,000 ventricular assist devices were inserted in the United States, as compared to approximately 2,500 heart transplants. The use of airbags in cars as well as greater use of helmets by bicyclists and skiers has reduced the number of persons with fatal head injuries, which is a common source of donors hearts.

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Transplantation rates also differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with people beginning long term dialysis showed that the sociodemographic barriers to renal transplantation present themselves even before patients are on the transplant list. For example, different groups express definite

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According to former Chinese Deputy Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu, the practice of transplanting organs from executed prisoners is still occurring as of February 2017. World Journal reported Huang had admitted approximately 95% of all organs used for transplantation are from executed prisoners.

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There have been concerns that certain authorities are harvesting organs from people deemed undesirable, such as prison populations. The World Medical Association stated that prisoners and other individuals in custody are not in a position to give consent freely, and therefore their organs must not be

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by James Stacey Taylor: (Ashgate Press, 2005), advocate using markets to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation. In a 2004 journal article economist Alex Tabarrok argues that allowing organ sales, and elimination of organ donor lists will increase supply, lower costs and diminish

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An isograft is a subset of allograft in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (such as an identical twin). Isografts are differentiated from other types of transplants because while they are anatomically identical to allografts, they do not trigger

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issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or

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examined the impact of direct consent laws on transplant organ availability. Tabarrok found that social pressures resisting the use of transplant organs decreased over time as the opportunity of individual decisions increased. Tabarrok concluded his study suggesting that gradual elimination of organ

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In the United States, tissue transplants are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which sets strict regulations on the safety of the transplants, primarily aimed at the prevention of the spread of communicable disease. Regulations include criteria for donor screening and testing as

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Organ donation is possible after cardiac death in some situations, primarily when the person is severely brain-injured and not expected to survive without artificial breathing and mechanical support. Independent of any decision to donate, a person's next-of-kin may decide to end artificial support.

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According to information uncovered by the Swedish documentary "Dokument Inifrån: Experimenten" (Swedish: "Documents from the Inside: The Experiments") the patient, Andemariam went on to develop an increasingly terrible and eventually bloody cough to dying, incubated, in the hospital. At that point,

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or exploit the poor, to have unintended health consequences, and to provide unequal access to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm. Regardless of the "gift of life", in the context of developing countries, this might be coercive. The practice of coercion could be considered exploitative

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has taken place since the 1960s, and China has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year by 2004. Organ donation, however, is against Chinese tradition and culture, and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law. China's transplant

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estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008. However 2016 reports updated the death toll of the 15-year period since the persecution of Falun Gong began putting the death toll at 150,000 to 1.5 million. In December 2006, after not getting assurances from

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MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting. Organovo anticipates that the bioprinting of human tissues will accelerate the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost. Additionally, Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology

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In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since

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conference. Pakistani donors are offered $ 2,500 for a kidney but receive only about half of that because middlemen take so much. In Chennai, southern India, poor fishermen and their families sold kidneys after their livelihoods were destroyed by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. About

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An example of "line jumping" occurred in 2003 at Duke University when doctors attempted to correct an initially incorrect transplant. An American teenager received a heart-lung donation with the wrong blood type for her. She then received a second transplant even though she was then in such poor

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A further area of active research is concerned with improving and assessing organs during their preservation. Various techniques have emerged which show great promise, most of which involve perfusing the organ under either hypothermic (4–10 °C) or normothermic (37 °C) conditions. All of

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Left ventricular assist devices are often used as a "bridge" to provide additional time while a patient waits for a transplant. For example, former US vice-president Dick Cheney had such a device implanted in 2010 and then 20 months later received a heart transplant in 2012. In year 2012, about

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24 states have no law preventing discrimination against potential organ recipients based on cognitive ability, including children. A 2008 study found that of the transplant centers surveyed in those states 85 percent considered disability when deciding transplant list and forty four percent would

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has had difficulty tracking the flourishing organ black market in their country, but in recent times it has amended its organ transplant law to make punishment more stringent for commercial dealings in organs. It has also included new clauses in the law to support deceased organ donation, such as

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Both developing and developed countries have forged various policies to try to increase the safety and availability of organ transplants to their citizens. However, whilst potential recipients in developing countries may mirror their more developed counterparts in desperation, potential donors in

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being simultaneously transferred through an organ transplant. The donor was a 38-year-old male, considered "high-risk" by donation organizations, and his organs transmitted HIV and Hepatitis C to four organ recipients. Experts say that the reason the diseases did not show up on screening tests is

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In Cyprus in 2010, police closed a fertility clinic under charges of trafficking in human eggs. The Petra Clinic, as it was known locally, brought in women from Ukraine and Russia for egg harvesting and sold the genetic material to foreign fertility tourists. This sort of reproductive trafficking

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One of the more publicized cases of this type was the 1994 Chester and Patti Szuber transplant. This was the first time that a parent had received a heart donated by one of their own children. Although the decision to accept the heart from his recently killed child was not an easy decision, the

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Experiencing somewhat increased popularity, but still very rare, is directed or targeted donation, in which the family of a deceased donor (often honoring the wishes of the deceased) requests an organ be given to a specific person, subverting the allocation system. In the United States, there are

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In living donors, the donor remains alive and donates a renewable tissue, cell, or fluid (e.g., blood, skin), or donates an organ or part of an organ in which the remaining organ can regenerate or take on the workload of the rest of the organ (primarily single kidney donation, partial donation of

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Tissues may be recovered from donors who die of either brain or circulatory death. In general, tissues may be recovered from donors up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. In contrast to organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years,

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which had led to a dangerously abnormal rhythm. The dual operations required three surgical teams, including one to remove the heart and lungs from a recently deceased initial donor. The two living recipients did well and had an opportunity to meet six weeks after their simultaneous operations.

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In a 2016 case at Stanford Medical Center, a woman who was needing a heart-lung transplant had cystic fibrosis which had led to one lung expanding and the other shrinking, thereby displacing her heart. The second patient who in turn received her heart was a woman with right ventricular dysplasia

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Nasralla, David; Coussios, Constantin C.; Mergental, Hynek; Akhtar, M. Zeeshan; Butler, Andrew J.; Ceresa, Carlo D. L.; Chiocchia, Virginia; Dutton, Susan J.; García-Valdecasas, Juan Carlos; Heaton, Nigel; Imber, Charles; Jassem, Wayel; Jochmans, Ina; Karani, John; Knight, Simon R.; Kocabayoglu,

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edited and with chapters by David K.C. Cooper, Ejvind Kemp, Keith Reemtsma, and D.J.G. White; Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991. Please see Case 2 on page 19 for discussion of the 1964 case of the 23-year-old school teacher who lived nine months after receiving a transplant of

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and his colleagues at Tulane University in New Orleans attempted transplants of chimpanzee kidneys into 13 human patients. Most of these patients only lived one to two months. However, in 1964, a 23-year-old woman lived for nine months and even returned to her job as a school teacher until she

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to an extent that he was able to remove the whole organ without the person dying from the operation. Kocher carried out the total removal of the organ in some cases as a measure to prevent recurrent goiter. By 1883, the surgeon noticed that the complete removal of the organ leads to a complex of

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the donor rate is 40–100 per million per year, similar to that of developed countries. However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric donors. Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. There is continuous effort to increase the utilization of

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Organ donors may be living or may have died of brain death or circulatory death. Most deceased donors are those who have been pronounced brain dead. Brain dead means the cessation of brain function, typically after receiving an injury (either traumatic or pathological) to the brain, or otherwise

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Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation emerges as a notable concern in pediatric liver transplantation, potentially influencing both graft and recipient health. HHV-6, prevalent in a substantial portion of the population, can manifest in liver transplant recipients with inherited chromosomally

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Another area of research being explored is the use of genetically engineered animals for transplants. Similar to human organ donors, scientists have developed a genetically engineered pig with the aim of reducing rejection to pig organs by human patients. This is currently at the basic research

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inhibitors, and other means of weaning drugs based on patient outcome and function. While short-term outcomes appear promising, long-term outcomes are still unknown, and in general, reduced immunosuppression increases the risk of rejection and decreases the risk of infection. The risk of early

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Good Samaritan or "altruistic" donation is giving a donation to someone that has no prior affiliation with the donor. The idea of altruistic donation is to give with no interest of personal gain, it is out of pure selflessness. On the other hand, the current allocation system does not assess a

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titers are 1:4 or below, and if there is no matching ABOc recipient. Studies have shown that the period under which a recipient may undergo ABOi transplantation may be prolonged by exposure to nonself A and B antigens. Furthermore, should the recipient (for example, type B-positive with a type

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Because very young children (generally under 12 months, but often as old as 24 months) do not have a well-developed immune system, it is possible for them to receive organs from otherwise incompatible donors. This is known as ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation. Graft survival and people's

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Starting on 1 May 2007, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions in China. Only a few certified hospitals will be allowed to perform organ transplants in order to curb illegal transplants. Harvesting organs without donor's consent was also deemed a crime.

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surgeon Dr. Peter Vasil'evič Kolesnikov. The donor was a convicted murderer, one Ilija Krajan, whose death sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment, and he was led to believe that it was done because he had donated his testis to an elderly medical doctor. Both the donor and the receiver

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In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations, there are long waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ transplants in China, 50,000 waiting in Latin America (90% of whom are waiting for kidneys), as well as

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Matevossian E, Kern H, Hüser N, Doll D, Snopok Y, Nährig J, Altomonte J, Sinicina I, Friess H, Thorban S (December 2009). "Surgeon Yurii Voronoy (1895–1961) – a pioneer in the history of clinical transplantation: in memoriam at the 75th anniversary of the first human kidney transplantation".

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or other mechanical mechanisms until they can be excised for transplantation. Apart from brainstem-dead donors, who have formed the majority of deceased donors for the last 20 years, there is increasing use of after-circulatory-death donors (formerly non-heart-beating donors) to increase the

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Thyroid transplantation became the model for a whole new therapeutic strategy: organ transplantation. After the example of the thyroid, other organs were transplanted in the decades around 1900. Some of these transplants were done in animals for purposes of research, where organ removal and

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to non-human primate) transplant of pancreatic islets. The latter research study was intended to pave the way for potential human use if successful. However, xenotransplantation is often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the increased risk of non-functional compatibility,

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Ejzenberg, Dani; Andraus, Wellington; Baratelli Carelli Mendes, Luana Regina; Ducatti, Liliana; Song, Alice; Tanigawa, Ryan; Rocha-Santos, Vinicius; Macedo Arantes, Rubens; Soares, José Maria; Serafini, Paulo Cesar; Bertocco de Paiva Haddad, Luciana; Pulcinelli Francisco, Rossana; Carneiro

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Many countries have different approaches to organ donation such as the opt-out approach and many advertisements of organ donors, encouraging people to donate. Although these laws have been implemented in a certain country they are not forced upon everyone as it is an individual decision.

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Bernat, James L.; Capron, Alexander M.; Bleck, Thomas P.; Blosser, Sandralee; Bratton, Susan L.; Childress, James F.; DeVita, Michael A.; Fulda, Gerard J.; Gries, Cynthia J.; Mathur, Mudit; Nakagawa, Thomas A.; Rushton, Cynda Hylton; Shemie, Sam D.; White, Douglas B. (March 2010). "The

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as the recipient. Washkansky survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968–1969, but almost all the people died within 60 days. Barnard's second patient,

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Limited success has been achieved in ABO-incompatible heart transplants in adults, though this requires that the adult recipients have low levels of anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Renal transplantation is more successful, with similar long-term graft survival rates to ABOc transplants.

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approve and advocate a legal market elsewhere. They argued that if 0.06% of Americans between 19 and 65 were to sell one kidney, the national waiting list would disappear (which, the Economist wrote, happened in Iran). The Economist argued that donating kidneys is no more risky than

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In an experimental survey, Elias, Lacetera and Macis (2019) find that preferences for compensation for kidney donors have strong moral foundations; participants in the experiment especially reject direct payments by patients, which they find would violate principles of fairness.

932:. A paired exchange is the simplest case of a much larger exchange registry program where willing donors are matched with any number of compatible recipients. Transplant exchange programs have been suggested as early as 1970: "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program." 927:

article "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program" in 1997 by L.F. Ross. It was also proposed by Felix T. Rapport in 1986 as part of his initial proposals for live-donor transplants "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry" in

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This term also refers to a series of living donor transplants in which one donor donates to the highest recipient on the waiting list and the transplant center utilizes that donation to facilitate multiple transplants. These other transplants are otherwise impossible due to

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These institutes all call upon Muslims to donate organs for transplantation:the Shariah Academy of the Organisation of Islamic Conference (representing all Muslim countries), the Grand Ulema Council of Saudi Arabia, the Iranian Religious Authority, the Al-Azhar Academy of

255:, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Corneae and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. 1151:

the Chinese government about allegations relating to Chinese prisoners, the two major organ transplant hospitals in Queensland, Australia stopped transplantation training for Chinese surgeons and banned joint research programs into organ transplantation with China.

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at the age of 18, which is around the age of military conscription. The Organ Donor Registry maintains two types of information, firstly people of Singapore that donate their organs or bodies for transplantation, research or education upon their death, under the

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Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have an emotional investment. The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing someone related to them, or not seeing them suffer the ill effects of waiting on a list.

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Peri; Malagò, Massimo; Mirza, Darius; Morris, Peter J.; Pallan, Arvind; Paul, Andreas; Pavel, Mihai; Perera, M. Thamara P. R.; Pirenne, Jacques; Ravikumar, Reena; Russell, Leslie; Upponi, Sara; Watson, Chris J. E.; Weissenbacher, Annemarie; et al. (2018).

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well as strict regulations on the processing and distribution of tissue grafts. Organ transplants are not regulated by the FDA. It is essential that the HLA complexes of both the donor and recipient be as closely matched as possible to prevent graft rejection.

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rejection, and disease carried in the tissue. In the opposite direction, attempts are being made to devise a way to transplant human fetal hearts and kidneys into animals for future transplantation into human patients to address the shortage of donor organs.

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and kidney. By 1900, the idea that one can successfully treat internal diseases by replacing a failed organ through transplantation had been generally accepted. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the early 1900s by the

4715: 2643:, in Sweden performed the first implantation of a synthetic trachea in July 2011, for a 36-year-old patient who had cancer. Stem cells taken from the patient's hip were treated with growth factors and incubated on a plastic replica of his natural trachea. 1021:

In the illegal black market the donors may not get sufficient after-operation care, the price of a kidney may be above $ 160,000, middlemen take most of the money, the operation is more dangerous to both the donor and receiver, and the receiver often gets

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in fear of organ traffickers. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent. However, doctors in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have accused China of abusing its

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believe body desecration in life or death to be forbidden, and thus many reject organ transplant. However most Muslim authorities nowadays accept the practice if another life will be saved. As an example, it may be assumed in countries such as

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Even within developed countries there is concern that enthusiasm for increasing the supply of organs may trample on respect for the right to life. The question is made even more complicated by the fact that the "irreversibility" criterion for

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In most countries there is a shortage of suitable organs for transplantation. Countries often have formal systems in place to manage the process of determining who is an organ donor and in what order organ recipients receive available organs.

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If the person is expected to expire within a short period of time after support is withdrawn, arrangements can be made to withdraw that support in an operating room to allow quick recovery of the organs after circulatory death has occurred.

850:, or UNOS. (UNOS does not handle donor cornea tissue; corneal donor tissue is usually handled by multiple eye banks with guidance from the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Individual regional 7643:

Richards, Christopher T.; Crawley, LaVera M.; Magnus, David (November 2009). "Use of neurodevelopmental delay in pediatric solid organ transplant listing decisions: Inconsistencies in standards across major pediatric transplant centers".

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In Pakistan, 40 percent to 50 percent of the residents of some villages have only one kidney because they have sold the other for a transplant into a wealthy person, probably from another country, said Dr. Farhat Moazam of Pakistan, at a

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Non-vascular and vascular complications can occur in the initial post-transplant phase and at later stages. Overall postoperative complications after kidney transplantation occur in approximately 12% to 25% of kidney transplant patients.

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various lengths of waiting times due to the different availabilities of organs in different UNOS regions. In other countries such as the UK, only medical factors and the position on the waiting list can affect who receives the organ.

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Cyranoski, David; Gaind, Nisha; Gibney, Elizabeth; Masood, Ehsan; Maxmen, Amy; Reardon, Sara; Schiermeier, Quirin; Tollefson, Jeff; Witze, Alexandra (19 December 2019). "Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2019".

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Autografts are the transplant of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples include skin grafts, vein extraction for

262:, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of 1835:

The heart was a major prize for transplant surgeons. But over and above rejection issues, the heart deteriorates within minutes of death, so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the

6764:, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Bruce Coleman, 13 May 2013. " ... Rowland Medical Library ... restored film in canister No. 97 ... footage of Hardy's initial lung transplant follows – in vivid color. . " 483:

mortality are approximately the same between ABOi and ABO-compatible (ABOc) recipients. While focus has been on infant heart transplants, the principles generally apply to other forms of solid organ transplantation.

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Oberholzer J, Giulianotti P, Danielson KK, Spaggiari M, Bejarano-Pineda L, Bianco F, Tzvetanov I, Ayloo S, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Thielke J, Tang I, Akkina S, Becker B, Kinzer K, Patel A, Benedetti E (March 2013).

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Yacoub, M. H.; Banner, N. R.; Khaghani, A.; Fitzgerald, M.; Madden, B.; Tsang, V.; Radley-Smith, R.; Hodson, M. (1990). "Heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis and subsequent domino heart transplantation".

6821:' . . made no mention of the fact that an animal heart might be used for the procedure. Such was the medicolegal situation at that time that this "informed" consent was not considered in any way inadequate. . . ' 5617: 1907:

make transplants more common, the need for more organs has become critical. Transplants from living donors, especially relatives, have become increasingly common. Additionally, there is substantive research into

5581: 1656:, various strategies of matching donor and recipient, and the use of different agents for immune suppression did not result in substantial improvement so that organ transplantation was largely abandoned after 1155:

the year 2000". People in other parts of the world are responding to this availability of organs, and a number of individuals (including US and Japanese citizens) have elected to travel to China or India as

1013:

In compensated donation, donors get money or other compensation in exchange for their organs. This practice is common in some parts of the world, whether legal or not, and is one of the many factors driving

6035: 3836:

Verloh, Niklas; Doppler, Michael; Hagar, Muhammad Taha; Kulka, Charlotte; von Krüchten, Ricarda; Neubauer, Jakob; Weiß, Jakob; Röthele, Elvira; Schneider, Johanna; Jänigen, Bernd; Uller, Wibke (June 2023).

7837: 5201: 2508:

making it mandatory to request for organ donation in case of brain death. Other countries victimized by illegal organ trade have also implemented legislative reactions. Moldova has made international

4213:, Cory Franklin, 5 March 2003. " . . While other physicians pledge to do their utmost to help the patient in front of them, transplant surgeons must pursue the optimal use of a scarce resource, . . " 3811: 3545:

Tydén, G., Hagerman, I., Grinnemo, K.-H., Svenarud, P., van der Linden, J., Kumlien, G., Wernerson, A. (2012). "Intentional ABO-incompatible heart transplantation: a case report of 2 adult patients".

1079:

Iran has had a legal market for kidneys since 1988. The donor is paid approximately US$ 1200 by the government and also usually receives additional funds from either the recipient or local charities.

1579:

in 1909 for the discovery of the function of the thyroid gland. At the same time, organs were also transplanted for treating diseases in humans. The thyroid gland became the model for transplants of

1142:

stated, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling

7039: 1486:. Most accounts have the saints performing the transplant in the 4th century, many decades after their deaths; some accounts have them only instructing living surgeons who performed the procedure. 1174: 6005: 4029:

Ledinh, H.; Bonvoisin, C.; Weekers, L.; de Roover, A.; Honoré, P.; Squifflet, J.P.; Meurisse, M.; Detry, O. (September 2010). "Results of Kidney Transplantation From Donors After Cardiac Death".

3114: 1371:. Due to a diversity in mindsets and religious viewpoints, while Muslims on this island are generally not expected to donate their organs even upon death, youth in Singapore are educated on the 799:

liver, lung lobe, small bowel). Regenerative medicine may one day allow for laboratory-grown organs, using person's own cells via stem cells, or healthy cells extracted from the failing organs.

6895:, edited by Giuseppe Orlando, Giuseppe Remuzzi, David F. Williams, "Ch. 84.5 Xenotransplantation" by Kazuhiko Yamada, Masayuki Tasaki, Adam Griesemar, Jigesh Shah, London: Academic Press, 2017. 184:

is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a

4619: 2421:

2018: Skin gun invented, which takes a small amount of healthy skin to be grown in a lab, then is sprayed onto burnt skin. This way skin will heal in days instead of months and will not scar.

1406:

removed from the corpses of executed criminals being commercially traded. In 2006 it became clear that about 41,500 organs had been sourced from Falun Gong practitioners in China since 2000.

433:

that damages other organs. The recipient's liver can then be transplanted into an older person for whom the effects of the disease will not necessarily contribute significantly to mortality.

393:

A xenograft is a transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. An example is porcine heart valve transplant, which is quite common and successful. Another example is attempted

286:

to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through

5687: 1420:

interest and complete pretransplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies had focused on people currently on the transplantation waiting list.

4180: 5538:"Average number of Falun Gong in Laogai System at any given time" Low estimate 450,000, High estimate 1,000,000 p. 320. "Best estimate of Falun Gong harvested 2000 to 2008" 65,000 p. 322. 7384:"University of Maryland School of Medicine Faculty Scientists and Clinicians Perform Historic First Successful Transplant of Porcine Heart into Adult Human with End-Stage Heart Disease" 461:

have received significant attention for pioneering transplants of this kind. In February 2012, the last link in a record 60-person domino chain of 30 kidney transplants was completed.

7760: 3670:

Hannolainen, Leo; Pyöriä, Lari; Pratas, Diogo; Lohi, Jouko; Skuja, Sandra; Rasa-Dzelzkaleja, Santa; Murovska, Modra; Hedman, Klaus; Jahnukainen, Timo; Perdomo, Maria Fernanda (2024).

1513:, offering the first suggestion of rejection centuries before that mechanism could possibly be understood. He attributed it to the "force and power of individuality" in his 1596 work 1049: 5597: 1041:

could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($ 15,000) and human livers ($ 32,000).

6136: 3878:

Sibai, Rayan El; Freedman, Sari R.; Gatz, J. David (May 2023). "A Narrative Review of the Evaluation and Management of Liver Transplant Complications in the Emergency Department".

2322:

2008: First baby born from transplanted ovary. The transplant was carried out by Dr Sherman Silber at the Infertility Centre of St Louis in Missouri. The donor is her twin sister.

1364: 6905:

Stabzl, T. E.; Marchioro, T. L.; Peters, G. N.; Kiekpatrick, C. H.; Wilson, W. E. C.; Porter, K. A.; Rifkind, D.; Ogden, D. A.; Hitchcock, C. R.; Waddell, W. R. (November 1964).

6892: 6761: 1946:

promises to solve the problem of organ transplant rejection by regrowing organs in the lab, using person's own cells (stem cells or healthy cells extracted from the donor site).

6995:

Hardy James D., Chavez Carlos M., Kurrus Fred D., Neely William A., Eraslan Sadan, Turner M. Don, Fabian Leonard W., Labecki Thaddeus D. (1964). "Heart Transplantation in Man".

3499:

Fan X, Ang A, Pollock-Barziv SM, Dipchand AI, Ruiz P, Wilson G, Platt JL, West LJ (2004). "Donor-specific B-cell tolerance after ABO-incompatible infant heart transplantation".

5755:"Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review" 332:

is used to replace a more proximal one; typically a foot or ankle joint is used to replace a knee joint. The person's foot is severed and reversed, the knee removed, and the

6831:

Reemtsma, Keith; McCracken, B. H.; Schlegel, J. U.; Pearl, M. A.; Pearce, C. W.; DeWitt, C. W.; Smith, P. E.; Hewitt, R. L.; Flinner, R. L.; Creech, Oscar (September 1964).

3598: 1930:

Recently, researchers have been looking into means of reducing the general burden of immunosuppression. Common approaches include avoidance of steroids, reduced exposure to

1450:

Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The

1010:(minimal reimbursement is offered in the case of other forms of organ harvesting by Singapore). Kidney disease organizations in both countries have expressed their support. 3765:

D'Albuquerque, Luiz Augusto; Chada Baracat, Edmund (December 2018). "Livebirth after uterus transplantation from a deceased donor in a recipient with uterine infertility".

816:. However, given the scarcity of suitable organs and the number of people who die waiting, any potentially suitable organ must be considered. Jurisdictions with medically 6442: 5352: 1381: 1372: 465: 6061: 5614: 7494: 6994: 5572: 5805:

White, SL; Hirth, R; Mahíllo, B; Domínguez-Gil, B; Delmonico, FL; Noel, L; Chapman, J; Matesanz, R; Carmona, M; Alvarez, M; Núñez, JR; Leichtman, A (1 November 2014).

2564:

donation restrictions and move to a free market in organ sales will increase supply of organs and encourage broader social acceptance of organ donation as a practice.

7231:

Hu, W; Lu, J; Zhang, L; Wu, W; Nie, H; Zhu, Y; Deng, Z; Zhao, Y; Sheng, W; Chao, Q; Qiu, X; Yang, J; Bai, Y (2006). "A preliminary report of penile transplantation".

1336:

cadaveric donors in Asia; however, the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 per million population.

4447: 3166: 6879: 6039: 1725:

survived, but charges were brought in a court of law by the public prosecutor against Dr. Kolesnikov, not for performing the operation, but for lying to the donor.

1663:

In 1954, the first ever successful transplant of any organ was done at the Brigham & Women's Hospital in Boston. The surgery was performed by American surgeon

7933:

Isola, L. M., & Gordon, J. W. (1991). Transgenic animals: a new era in developmental biology and medicine. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.), 16, 3–20.

6339: 2434:

2022: First successful heart transplant from a pig to a human patient. (US) The recipient later died as the pig's heart was infected with porcine cytomegalovirus.

2035:

1964: Human patient lived nine months with chimpanzee kidneys, twelve other human patients only lived one to two months, Keith Reemtsma and team (New Orleans, US)

8443: 5209: 3185: 2494:

is now being done by many organ procurement organizations and is able to detect HIV and hepatitis C directly within seven to ten days of exposure to the virus.

7365: 5511: 5325: 3065: 741:

Pancreatic transplantation is a complex surgical procedure performed in patients with severe chronic diabetes, often in association with renal transplantation.

362:

will identify the organ as foreign and attempt to destroy it, causing transplant rejection. The risk of transplant rejection can be estimated by measuring the

278:

Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of

4223: 3802: 5531: 2509: 7495:

Len O, Garzoni C, Lumbreras C, Molina I, Meije Y, Pahissa A, Grossi P; The ESCMID Study Group of Infection in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) (29 January 2014).

744:

Heart transplantation is increasingly performed in patients with end-stage heart failure, most often related to ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.

7816: 6668:

Hardy, James D.; Webb, Watts R.; Dalton, Martin L.; Walker, George R. (21 December 1963). "Lung Homotransplantation in Man: Report of the Initial Case".

6009: 5753:

Rogers, Wendy; Robertson, Matthew P; Ballantyne, Angela; Blakely, Brette; Catsanos, Ruby; Clay-Williams, Robyn; Fiatarone Singh, Maria (February 2019).

918:

as well as at Johns Hopkins University and the Ohio organ procurement organizations, may more efficiently allocate organs and lead to more transplants.

7110: 5404: 3118: 2529: 1380:(MTERA), and secondly people that object to the removal of kidneys, liver, heart and corneas upon death for the purpose of transplantation, under the 3452:"Impact of ABO-Incompatible Listing on Wait-List Outcomes Among Infants Listed for Heart Transplantation in the United States: A Propensity Analysis" 3409:

Urschel S, Larsen IM, Kirk R, Flett J, Burch M, Shaw N, Birnbaum J, Netz H, Pahl E, Matthews KL, Chinnock R, Johnston JK, Derkatz K, West LJ (2013).

1852:

heart, which beat in his patient's chest for approximately one hour and then failed. The first partial success was achieved on 3 December 1967, when

738:

Liver transplantation is the only curative therapy for end-stage liver disease, and the liver is the second most frequently transplanted solid organ.

7497:"Recommendations for Screening of Donor and Recipient Prior to Solid Organ Transplantation and to Minimize Transmission of Donor-Derived Infections" 6083: 5240: 3033: 7536: 7022: 5695: 4165: 3580: 3310: 3255: 8036: 6740:, Jayashree Sood, Vijay Vohra, New Delhi, London, Panama City, Philadelphia: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing, 2014, page 4, "Lung Transplant." 2541: 1733: 5423: 2861: 8679: 2841: 1702:. In 1962, the first successful replantation surgery was performed – re-attaching a severed limb and restoring (limited) function and feeling. 6737: 2666:, designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue for medical research and therapeutic applications. The company utilizes its 1686:. Among his advances was the tubed pedicle graft, which maintained a flesh connection from the donor site until the graft established its own 1439:

have a relatively long history of operative skills that were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered.

5940: 1927:. However, there are still many problems that would need to be solved before they would be feasible options in people requiring transplants. 1377: 839: 531:. As of January 2014, over 100 people who would otherwise have been turned down because of their weight have successfully been transplanted. 358:. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's 321: 7764: 7113:, EBMT Meeting, France, March 2007 C. Paillet, Pharmacist, Pharm D. C. Renzullo, Pharmacist, Pharm D. Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France 6500:

Androutsos, G.; Diamantis, A.; Vladimiros, L. (2008). "The first leg transplant for the treatment of a cancer by Saints Cosmas and Damian".

5594: 5509:"Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann" 3376: 1462:

between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man.

8278: 3986:

Ackerman, Adam; Clark, David; Lipinska, Judyta; Chung, Bruce; Whiting, James (July 2019). "Organ donation after trauma: A 30-year review".

1912:, or transgenic organs; although these forms of transplant are not yet being used in humans, clinical trials involving the use of specific 7383: 6175: 5451: 2387:

2012: First simultaneous robotic bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy) and kidney transplantation (university of Illinois at Chicago). (

1356:

governing body is formed to look after the interests of Singapore's Muslim community over issues that includes their burial arrangements.

7595: 2598:

concerns. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of

1541: 4744: 4599: 9049: 2476: 7572: 7470: 6105: 5854: 5549: 3544: 2822: 9390: 4867: 1045: 148: 7402: 4282:

Ross LF, Rubin DT, Siegler M, Josephson MA, Thistlethwaite JR, Woodle ES (June 1997). "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program".

939:. The first complex multihospital kidney exchange involving 12 people was performed in February 2009 by The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 2650:

Macchiarini's academic credentials have been called into question and he has recently been accused of alleged research misconduct.

2392: 2141: 1803: 320:, etc.). Sometimes an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person before returning it (examples include 5907: 4393:

Horisberger B, Jeannet M, De Weck A, Frei PC, Grob P, Thiel G (October 1970). "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program".

3594: 3411:"ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in early childhood: An international multicenter study of clinical experiences and limits" 3213: 8989: 8099: 6452: 3739: 1768: 5356: 5003:

Elías, Julio J.; Lacetera, Nicola; Macis, Mario (August 2019). "Paying for Kidneys? A Randomized Survey and Choice Experiment".

753:

The main complications are procedural complications, infection, acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy and malignancy.

5957: 2988: 3046: 603:(deceased-donor, which enables donation of a whole liver; and living-donor, where each donor can provide up to 70% of a liver) 7123: 6886: 6264: 4560: 4332: 2616: 2612: 2377:

2010: First full facial transplant by Dr. Joan Pere Barret and team (Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron on 26 July 2010, in

2372: 2268: 2262: 2242: 2236: 2215: 2191: 1625: 520: 329: 3047:"Mayo Clinic Performs First 'Domino' Transplant in Arizona; Rare Procedure Saves Two Lives at Once, Optimizing Organ Supply" 9289: 6369: 787: 6313: 1551:

The first transplant in the modern sense – the implantation of organ tissue in order to replace an organ function – was a

8541: 8422: 8417: 8029: 4898: 2431:

2021: First transplant of both arms and shoulders performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital. (FR)

1112: 3214:

West, L. J., Pollock-Barziv, S. M., Dipchand, A. I., Lee, K.-J. J., Cardella, C. J., Benson, L. N.; et al. (2001).

2448:

Since 2000, there have been approximately 2,200 lung transplants performed each year worldwide. From 2000 to 2006, the

9425: 8767: 6347: 4930: 4831:

Tober, Diane M. (September 2007). "Kidneys and Controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Case of Organ Sale".

2190:

1997: Illinois' first living donor kidney-pancreas transplant and first robotic living donor pancreatectomy in the US.

2066: 1324:

shows the highest worldwide rate of 35.1 donors per million population in 2005 and 33.8 in 2006. In 2011, it was 35.3.

1159:

to receive organ transplants which may have been sourced in what might be considered elsewhere to be unethical manner.

1002:

Monetary compensation for organ donors, in the form of reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, has been legalised in

523:

performed the first robotic renal transplantation in an obese recipient and have continued to transplant people with a

7854: 3141: 2606:

argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of "transplantation tourism" has the potential to violate

2062:

team led by Josep Maria Gil-Vernet and Antoni Caralps. The patient, a woman, had a very long life since the procedure.

1128: 807:

Deceased donors (formerly cadaveric) are people who have been declared brain-dead and whose organs are kept viable by

8086: 7285: 3707:

Nowogrodzki, Julian (9 September 2024). "World's first whole-eye transplant: the innovations that made it possible".

3189: 1489:

The more likely accounts of early transplants deal with skin transplantation. The first reasonable account is of the

1178:

Distribution of solid organ transplantation activity, by region used in the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2006–2011

1138:

The lack of a public organ donation program in China is used as a justification for this practice. In July 2006, the

549: 266:) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of 6193: 5508: 5329: 4420: 8348: 8333: 8064: 7787: 5528: 5488: 4348:

Rapaport FT (June 1986). "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry".

4227: 873:

Szuber family agreed that giving Patti's heart to her father would have been something that she would have wanted.

847: 813: 503:

AB-positive graft) require eventual retransplantation, the recipient may receive a new organ of either blood type.

495: 477: 7346: 4206: 3623:"Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation" 735:

Kidney transplantation is becoming increasingly common and is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal failure.

8462: 6893:

Kidney Transplantation, Bioengineering, and Regeneration: Kidney Transplantation in the Regenerative Medicine Era

5661: 2581: 1410: 1321: 1167:

Some estimates of the number of transplants performed in various regions of the world have been derived from the

923: 838:

The overwhelming majority of deceased-donor organs in the United States are allocated by federal contract to the

426: 2043: 9590: 9543: 9415: 8849: 8467: 8438: 8412: 8022: 7618: 4474: 2460: 2316: 2290: 1387: 1368: 1168: 964: 851: 458: 142: 7812: 6340:"The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs" 5903: 2880: 8343: 8323: 6528: 5868: 5662:"Patients seeking transplants turn to China / Rights activists fear organs are taken from executed prisoners" 3450:

Almond CS, Gauvreau K, Thiagarajan RR, Piercey GE, Blume ED, Smoot LB, Fynn-Thompson F, Singh TP (May 2010).

3069: 2229: 1575:

transplantation became a successful strategy of investigating the function of organs. Kocher was awarded his

1037:

and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a

952: 354:

An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical members of the same

7738: 5635: 5408: 5034: 4181:"An Ontario man chose a medically assisted death at home. In a world first, he was able to donate his lungs" 1771:, improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951, Medawar suggested that 425:

Another example of this situation occurs with a special form of liver transplant in which the recipient has

9395: 8381: 8308: 4375: 4118:"Liver Transplantation Using Donation After Cardiac Death Donors: Long-Term Follow-Up from a Single Center" 3913:

Mervak, Benjamin M.; Roseland, Molly E.; Wasnik, Ashish P. (September 2023). "Pancreatic Transplantation".

1353: 843: 519:

were not considered appropriate candidate donors for renal transplantation. In 2009, the physicians at the

7976: 7205: 609:(deceased-donor only; a very severe type of diabetes ensues if a live person's entire pancreas is removed) 9039: 8386: 5232: 3451: 2628: 2514: 2463:, a kidney transplant operation runs for around $ 70,000, liver for $ 160,000, and heart for $ 120,000. 1384:(HOTA). The Live On social awareness movement is also formed to educate Singaporeans on organ donation. 534: 9019: 8391: 8247: 8169: 7312: 5914: 5882: 5486:

An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China

3672:"Reactivation of a transplant recipient's inherited human herpesvirus 6 and implications to the graft" 2858: 2241:

2004: First liver and small bowel transplants from same living donor into same recipient in the world

1955:

1869: First skin autograft-transplantation by Carl Bunger, who documented the first modern successful

9448: 8734: 8273: 8144: 8139: 7954: 6755: 5174: 3951:

Wu, Markus Y.; Ali Khawaja, Ranish Deedar; Vargas, Daniel (September 2023). "Heart Transplantation".

3092:"Good Morning America Video on four-way domino 47674874 transplant at Northwestern Memorial Hospital" 2838: 2603: 1099: 612: 5070: 4526: 910:

A "paired-exchange" is a technique of matching willing living donors to compatible recipients using

9240: 9162: 9157: 9077: 8837: 8338: 8164: 5529:

The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem

5263: 4548: 4250: 2149: 2119: 1844:

was prepared to attempt a human heart transplant in 1964, but when a premature failure of comatose

1471: 1328:

thousands more in the less documented continent of Africa. Donor bases vary in developing nations.

915: 790:

estimates that more than one million tissue transplants take place in the United States each year.

606: 224: 44: 7052:

Haller, Maria C; Royuela, Ana; Nagler, Evi V; Pascual, Julio; Webster, Angela C (22 August 2016).

5928: 4736: 3380: 1880:

that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer

16:

Medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient

9220: 9194: 8505: 8450: 8201: 8109: 7413: 5929:"La ONT estima en 94.500 los transplantes de órganos solidos realizados en 2006 en todo el mundo" 4797:"Human Organ Donations Under the 'Iranian Model': A Rewarding Scheme for U.S. Regulatory Reform?" 4499: 2585: 2402: 1566:. In the preceding decades Kocher had perfected the removal of excess thyroid tissue in cases of 1116: 454: 363: 291: 244: 7038:, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006, see Chapter 7 "Mississippi Gambling," 4576: 4324: 4318: 3091: 8812: 8760: 8729: 8714: 8455: 8313: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8149: 7327: 5457: 2703: 1772: 1699: 1605: 956: 940: 936: 690: 594: 582: 446: 252: 236: 232: 212: 8635: 7603: 6254: 3271:"Does ABO-incompatible and ABO-compatible neonatal heart transplant have equivalent survival?" 2304:(later reversed after 15 days due to 44-year-old recipient's wife's psychological rejection) ( 674: 468:

performed the first domino heart transplantation in a baby, eventually saving two baby girls.

200:. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called 9463: 9322: 9295: 9247: 9201: 8719: 8656: 8603: 8567: 8495: 8176: 8154: 8134: 7530: 7016: 6749: 5379: 5057: 4159: 3574: 3304: 3249: 2713: 2693: 2384:

2011: First double leg transplant by Dr. Cavadas and team (Valencia's Hospital, La Fe, Spain)

2204: 2180:

1997: First successful allogeneic vascularized transplantation of a fresh and perfused human

2029: 2022: 1943: 1885: 1841: 1799: 1053: 636: 600: 570: 228: 216: 208: 7149: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 2162:

1992: First successful combined liver-kidney transplantation from a living-related donor by

1979:

1908: First skin allograft-transplantation of skin from a donor to a recipient (Switzerland)

858:

physical shape that she normally would not be considered a good candidate for a transplant.

9483: 9443: 9310: 9124: 9119: 9099: 9034: 8886: 8526: 8283: 8159: 8124: 7945: 7894: 6475: 6113: 2819: 2718: 2599: 2591: 2170: 1920: 1807: 1745: 1645: 1497:

in the 2nd century BC, who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction, a

1440: 1139: 684: 649: 576: 279: 220: 101: 5917:

already supports our claim. This link is "dead cold" – archive.is, WayBack, WebCite, etc.)

4875: 4224:"Saved By His Daughter's Heart. Man Dying From Heart Disease Gets Gift From Late Daughter" 4066:"Donation After Cardiac Death as a Strategy to Increase Deceased Donor Liver Availability" 2611:

of the poor population, violating basic human rights according to Articles 3 and 4 of the

8: 9563: 9505: 9488: 9147: 8864: 8619: 8114: 8076: 8071: 8059: 7619:"It's Perfectly Legal in Many States to Deny People With Down Syndrome Organ Transplants" 7267: 7150:"A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: First successful kidney transplant performed" 6873: 6767: 4769: 4064:

Merion, R. M.; Pelletier, S. J.; Goodrich, N.; Englesbe, M. J.; Delmonico, F. L. (2006).

2723: 2197: 2077: 1909: 1889: 1648:, which remained insurmountable for decades. The discovery of transplant immunity by the 1506: 1436: 388: 349: 308: 7983: 7898: 6731: 6287: 5807:"The global diffusion of organ transplantation: trends, drivers and policy implications" 2235:

2000: First robotic donor nephrectomy for a living-donor kidney transplant in the world

560:

Eyeball (First successful transplantation of a non-functional eye was performed in 2024)

498:(UNOS) regulations allow for ABOi transplantation in children under two years of age if 9453: 9410: 9400: 9189: 9142: 9109: 9104: 8854: 8832: 8490: 7918: 7788:"The Celebrity Surgeon Who Used Love, Money, and the Pope to Scam an NBC News Producer" 7715: 7688: 7669: 7446: 7421: 7088: 7053: 6972: 6955: 6931: 6906: 6857: 6832: 6807: 6782: 6650: 6218: 6167: 5931:[The ONT estimated 94,500 solid organ transplants performed in 2006 worldwide] 5831: 5806: 5779: 5754: 5151: 5126: 4985: 4960:

Appel JM, Fox MD (2005). "Organ solicitation on the Internet: every man for himself?".

4848: 4657: 4147: 4090: 4081: 4065: 4042: 4011: 3647: 3622: 3524: 3476: 3350: 3325: 2964: 2939: 2818:

See WHO Guiding Principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation, Annexed to

2556: 2401:

2013: First successful entire face transplantation as an urgent life-saving surgery at

2326: 2185: 2095: 1853: 1837: 1086: 960: 808: 136: 7882: 7550: 6155: 3778: 3467: 1942:

Many other new drugs are under development for transplantation. The emerging field of

1501:. Success or failure of these procedures is not well documented. Centuries later, the 9549: 9523: 9405: 9375: 9354: 9317: 9300: 9215: 9179: 9169: 9064: 8984: 8928: 8891: 8876: 8817: 8784: 8753: 8724: 8704: 8699: 8598: 8500: 8252: 7910: 7720: 7661: 7657: 7518: 7451: 7248: 7093: 7008: 6977: 6936: 6922: 6862: 6848: 6812: 6720: 6716: 6685: 6681: 6642: 6638: 6509: 6424: 6260: 6223: 6159: 5936: 5889: 5862: 5836: 5784: 5735: 5307: 5156: 5107: 4989: 4977: 4852: 4698: 4693: 4676: 4649: 4556: 4402: 4357: 4328: 4299: 4139: 4134: 4117: 4095: 4046: 4015: 4003: 3968: 3930: 3895: 3860: 3843:

RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren

3782: 3720: 3689: 3652: 3562: 3516: 3481: 3432: 3355: 3292: 3237: 3016: 2969: 2920: 2801: 2765: 2698: 2640: 2504: 2491: 2330: 1990: 1904: 1849: 1824:

attempted a liver transplant in the same year, but he was not successful until 1967.

1753: 1691: 1584: 1533: 1317: 829: 700: 658: 535:

Impact of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Reactivation on Pediatric Liver Transplantation

272: 7838:

Cheney, helped for many months by a mechanical heart, is "terrific" after transplant

7673: 6654: 6171: 5615:

China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports

4661: 4448:"Johns Hopkins Leads First 12-Patient, Multicenter "Domino Donor" Kidney Transplant" 3528: 1620:

operations and the new suturing techniques laid the groundwork for later transplant

951:. Another 12-person multihospital kidney exchange was performed four weeks later by 9533: 9225: 9210: 9087: 8962: 8918: 8546: 8104: 7989: 7922: 7902: 7710: 7700: 7653: 7508: 7441: 7433: 7240: 7083: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7004: 6967: 6926: 6918: 6852: 6844: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6712: 6677: 6634: 6604: 6414: 6213: 6205: 6151: 5826: 5818: 5774: 5766: 5727: 5299: 5146: 5138: 5097: 5012: 4969: 4840: 4808: 4688: 4641: 4291: 4151: 4129: 4085: 4077: 4038: 3995: 3960: 3922: 3891: 3887: 3850: 3774: 3712: 3679: 3642: 3634: 3554: 3508: 3471: 3463: 3422: 3345: 3337: 3282: 3227: 3167:"Groundbreaking 'domino' heart surgery at NYC hospital saves lives of 2 baby girls" 3050: 2959: 2951: 2910: 2793: 2755: 2688: 2549: 2518: 2365: 2301: 1963:

by grafting flesh from the inner thigh to the nose, in a method reminiscent of the

1865: 1403: 997: 977: 817: 499: 487: 193: 7995: 5288:

Rothman DJ (October 2002). "Ethical and social consequences of selling a kidney".

3740:"In a first, a woman with a uterus transplanted from a deceased donor gives birth" 9553: 9498: 9359: 9344: 9327: 9267: 9262: 9206: 9184: 8881: 8827: 8807: 8531: 8371: 8229: 8211: 8129: 8119: 7244: 6317: 5621: 5601: 5535: 5515: 5492: 4926: 4722: 4255: 3839:"Interventional Management of Vascular Complications after Renal Transplantation" 3558: 3427: 3410: 2865: 2845: 2826: 2797: 2428:

of a donated kidney, that was then successfully transplanted into a patient. (US)

2361: 2341: 2255: 2070: 2001: 1924: 1870: 1787:

in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive.

1748:

performed the first successful transplant, a kidney transplant between identical

1671: 1463: 1399: 1156: 1015: 877: 722: 678: 662: 528: 524: 415: 283: 189: 181: 50: 7403:"Man who received landmark pig heart transplant died of pig virus, surgeon says" 6377: 5770: 5142: 4677:"Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities" 4295: 4115: 3999: 3232: 3215: 1653: 9385: 9339: 9152: 9082: 8901: 8593: 8510: 8303: 8239: 6405: 6401:"Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor" 6209: 5731: 5504: 5290: 3763: 3716: 2708: 2425: 2286: 2247:

2005: First successful ovarian transplant by Dr. P. N. Mhatre (Wadia Hospital,

2163: 2156: 2145: 2115: 1936: 1913: 1828: 1811: 1760: 1683: 1675: 1563: 1560: 1545: 1451: 442: 325: 290:

to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of

185: 7906: 6880:

Xenotransplantation: The Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Between Species

6661: 5983: 4632:

Bland B (2008). "Singapore legalises compensation payments to kidney donors".

3964: 3926: 3287: 3270: 2398:

2012: First Robotic Alloparathyroid transplant. University of Illinois Chicago

9584: 9468: 9257: 9252: 9114: 9054: 8957: 8661: 8651: 8572: 8536: 8366: 8224: 8219: 8181: 8094: 6419: 6400: 5958:"España alcanza un récord histórico de trasplantes en 2011 / Noticias / SINC" 5477: 5303: 4899:"Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" 4844: 4475:"Kidney donations connect strangers in "Chain of Life" forged by transplants" 3684: 3671: 2955: 2568: 2560: 2294: 2267:

2006: Illinois' first paired donation for ABO incompatible kidney transplant

2225: 2130: 2088: 1881: 1817: 1764: 1741: 1664: 1601: 1597: 1580: 1528:

The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a

1490: 1147: 1081: 948: 710: 704: 359: 275:. There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients. 248: 240: 30: 8001: 7761:"Dokument inifrån: Experimenten – Avsnitt 2: Varje kirurg har sin kyrkogård" 7513: 7496: 5960:[Spain achieved a new record of transplants in 2011 / News / SINC]. 5573:"China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds" 4938: 3341: 2989:"How House Republicans Derailed a Scientist Whose Research Could Save Lives" 2007:

1954: Brazil's first successful corneal transplant, the first liver (Brazil)

1119:

explored illicit fertility networks in Spain, the United States and Israel.

9473: 9458: 9284: 9009: 8859: 8844: 8790: 8588: 8562: 7914: 7858: 7724: 7665: 7522: 7471:"Questions about Tissues – Tissue and Tissue Product Questions and Answers" 7455: 7252: 7097: 7078: 6940: 6866: 6816: 6724: 6689: 6646: 6513: 6227: 6163: 5840: 5788: 5739: 5311: 5160: 5111: 4981: 4702: 4653: 4421:"The Johns Hopkins Hospital | Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, MD" 4185: 4143: 4099: 4050: 4007: 3972: 3934: 3899: 3864: 3786: 3724: 3693: 3656: 3566: 3520: 3485: 3436: 3359: 3296: 3241: 2973: 2924: 2915: 2898: 2805: 2769: 2607: 1897: 1877: 1864:, performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant with patient 1861: 1780: 1695: 1556: 1467: 1108: 775: 653: 36: 7883:"A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation" 7347:"First drone delivery of a donated kidney ends with successful transplant" 6981: 6428: 6231: 5906:[Organ Donors in Spain. Total number and annual rate (p. m. p.)]. 5822: 4973: 4406: 4361: 4303: 3326:"Current status of paediatric heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation" 3020: 2876: 2874: 2572:

deny an organ transplant to a child with a neurodevelopmental disability.

2412:

2014: First successful uterine transplant resulting in live birth (Sweden)

2155:

1990: First successful adult segmental living-related liver transplant by

1073:

Stakes and Kidneys: Why Markets in Human Body Parts are Morally Imperative

9332: 9277: 9174: 9029: 9004: 8822: 8666: 8318: 8257: 7437: 6907:"RENAL HETEROTRANSPLANTATION FROM BABOON TO MAN: EXPERIENCE WITH 6 CASES" 6370:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Halachic Organ Donor (HOD) Society" 5481: 5102: 5085: 5016: 3595:"Robotic transplant an option for obese kidney patients | UIC Today" 3268: 2760: 2743: 2624: 2484: 2282: 2108: 2011: 1973: 1931: 1893: 1795: 1784: 1728:

The first attempted human deceased-donor transplant was performed by the

1721: 1657: 1617: 1576: 1537: 1498: 1444: 1038: 1034: 993: 989: 980:, an Australian religious group, have donated kidneys in such a fashion. 771: 716: 665: 615:(deceased-donor and living-donor; normally refers to the small intestine) 259: 8014: 7174: 7029: 6609: 6592: 3855: 3838: 2214:

1998: United States' first adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant

1939:

immunosuppression are avoided or withdrawn after renal transplantation.

1030:. In legal markets of Iran the price of a kidney is $ 2,000 to $ 4,000. 9420: 9305: 9272: 9044: 8994: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8952: 8942: 6762:

Medical Center marks 50th anniversary of momentous surgical achievement

5485: 4813: 4796: 3619: 2871: 2134: 1956: 1827:

In the early 1960s and prior to long-term dialysis becoming available,

1524:

Alexis Carrel: 1912's Nobel Prize for his work on organ transplantation

1510: 1509:

performed successful skin autografts; he also failed consistently with

1443:

and the side effects of preventing rejection (especially infection and

1395: 1143: 670: 438: 376: 267: 201: 7194:

Roy Calne. Essay History of transplantation. Lancet 2006; 368: S51–S52

6256:

Autonomy and Human Rights in Health Care: An International Perspective

6252: 5633: 5424:"China may still be using executed prisoners' organs, official admits" 5086:"Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation" 4645: 3638: 2590:

The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in

1810:. The patient John Russell survived for eighteen days before dying of 1710: 1520: 1482:

leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased

60: 9493: 9235: 9230: 9094: 9072: 8947: 8911: 7366:"Double greffe des bras et des épaules à Lyon, une première mondiale" 5904:"Donantes de órganos en España. Número total y tasa anual (p. m. p.)" 2594:, while almost always beneficial to those receiving them, raise many 2533: 2378: 2334: 2305: 2174: 2081: 2051: 2047: 1983: 1965: 1857: 1845: 1776: 1679: 1479: 1345: 1091: 1023: 1007: 1003: 944: 694: 450: 197: 6883:

chimpanzee kidneys, which was written by her surgeon Keith Reemtsma.

6556:

The Origins of Organ Transplantation: Surgery and Laboratory Science

6194:"The Falun Gong, organ transplantation, the holocaust and ourselves" 5456:[World Journal – mainland news] (in Chinese). Archived from 4070:

Transactions of the ... Meeting of the American Surgical Association

1006:, and strictly only in the case of kidney transplant in the case of 902: 486:

The most important factors are that the recipient not have produced

8999: 8776: 8709: 8396: 7705: 3512: 3379:. United Network for Organ Sharing. 31 January 2013. Archived from 3188:. American Society of Transplantation. 30 July 2009. Archived from 2784:

circulatory–respiratory determination of death in organ donation".

2663: 2340:

2008: First successful transplantation of near total area (80%) of

1960: 1737: 1718: 1709:(testis) from a living donor was carried out in early July 1926 in 1592: 1494: 1483: 1475: 1455: 911: 767: 630: 287: 165: 113: 7054:"Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients" 6743: 2899:"The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection" 2371:

2009: Worlds' first robotic kidney transplant in an obese patient

2104:

1981 Use of monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytes in organ grafting

9478: 8938: 8906: 8799: 7573:"Two Indonesians plead guilty in Singapore midorgan trading case" 7036:

Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart

5380:"Unpacking the Global Human Egg Trade | Human Eggs for Sale" 2667: 2595: 2537: 2452:

survival period for lung transplant patients has been 5.5 years.

2406: 2315:

transplant by Edgar Biemer, Christoph Höhnke and Manfred Stangl (

2221: 2123: 2059: 1994: 1729: 1649: 1621: 1552: 1529: 1349: 618: 516: 491: 430: 398: 355: 117: 7996:"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant" 6904: 6569: 5752: 4500:"First 16-patient, Multicenter 'Domino Donor' Kidney Transplant" 4379: 3449: 1916:

types have been conducted with promising results, such as using

876:

Access to organ transplantation is one reason for the growth of

7879: 4063: 4028: 2662:

An early-stage medical laboratory and research company, called

2545: 2449: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2248: 2065:

1965: Australia's first successful (living) kidney transplant (

1821: 1714: 1641: 1633: 1609: 1567: 1052:

first made organ sales illegal, and has been superseded by the

624: 263: 196:

that are transplanted within the same person's body are called

169: 6830: 5984:"Prime Minister Organ Donation Compulsion Will Affect Muslims" 5804: 4472: 3066:"Seattle Times Article on domino transplants at Johns Hopkins" 3034:

After rare procedure, woman can hear her heart beat in another

3005: 1783:

was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of

597:(deceased-donor and living-donor; porcine xenograft attempted) 204:. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source. 6499: 4392: 2055: 2039: 2015: 1706: 1687: 1637: 1588: 1502: 1459: 337: 333: 7686: 7268:"Woman to give birth after first ovary transplant pregnancy" 6314:"Illegal Human Organ Trade from Executed Prisoners in China" 3498: 2671:

could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation.

1674:

occurred during the First World War, notably in the work of

935:

The first pair exchange transplant in the US was in 2001 at

207:

Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the

8745: 8376: 7363: 6062:"The Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act (MTERA)" 5208:. The Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. Archived from 4896: 4527:"Massive transplant effort pairs 13 kidneys to 13 patients" 3669: 3036:, Stanford Medicine News Center, Sara Wykes, 29 March 2016. 2741: 2349: 2208: 2181: 2173:

live-donor nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi (

1791: 1749: 1613: 906:

Diagram of an exchange between otherwise incompatible pairs

490:, and that they have low levels of T cell-independent 402: 394: 316: 7855:"3D Human Tissues for Medical Research & Therapeutics" 7051: 6476:"U.S. reaches historic milestone of 1 million transplants" 6346:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 5716: 5634:

Anuj Chopra, Chronicle Foreign Service (9 February 2008).

3985: 3216:"ABO-incompatible (ABOi) heart transplantation in infants" 2897:

Frohn C, Fricke L, Puchta JC, Kirchner H (February 2001).

1959:

on a person. Bunger repaired a person's nose destroyed by

883: 7943: 7593: 7575:. Abs-Cbn Interactive. Agence France-Presse. 28 June 2008 7153: 6447: 5688:"Japan's rich buy organs from executed Chinese prisoners" 4874:. American Association of Kidney Patients. Archived from 4281: 4116:

Vera M.E, Lopez-Solis R., Dvorchik I., Morris W. (2009).

3186:"ABO Incompatible Heart Transplantation in Young Infants" 2896: 2859:

Organ trafficking and transplantation pose new challenges

2480: 2312: 2278: 2274: 1917: 1629: 1027: 6956:"Clinical xenotransplantation: past, present and future" 6783:"A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation" 6750:

Second Wind: Oral Histories of Lung Transplant Survivors

6703:

Griscom, NT (21 December 1963). "Lung Transplantation".

6623: 6549: 6547: 4776:. The Economist Newspaper Limited 2011. 16 November 2006 3115:"Kidney transplant chains shorten the wait for wellness" 2782: 1628:. From 1902, Carrel performed transplant experiments on 1532:

model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a

687:(pancreas islet cells) (deceased-donor and living-donor) 579:(deceased-donor and living-related lung transplantation) 466:

New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital

243:, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), 35:

Reenactment of the first heart transplant, performed in

7739:"Cancer Patient Gets First Totally Artificial Windpipe" 7419: 6253:

David N. Weisstub; Guillermo Díaz Pintos, eds. (2007).

5028: 5026: 4674: 3835: 2415:

2014: First successful penis transplant. (South Africa)

1183:

Transplantation of organs in different regions in 2000

1094:, which can be done legally for pay in most countries. 1071:

by Mark Cherry (Georgetown University Press, 2005) and

510: 6137:"Government policy and organ transplantation in China" 5883:"Deceased Organ Donors, Annual Rate (p. m. p.) Europe" 5090:

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

4226:. CBS Broadcasting Inc. 20 August 2004. Archived from 3408: 2937: 2742:

Manara, A. R.; Murphy, P. G.; O'Callaghan, G. (2011).

7979:

from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients

7642: 6667: 6544: 5407:. World Medical Association. May 2006. Archived from 5264:"Indian police probe kidney sales by tsunami victims" 4931:"Shopped Liver: The worldwide market in human organs" 2940:"Allografts in Soft Tissue Reconstructive Procedures" 2261:

2005: First robotic hepatectomy in the United States

2101:

1978 Use of ciclosporin in clinical renal transplants

2032:

attempts heart transplant using chimpanzee heart (US)

1903:

As the rising success rate of transplants and modern

1848:'s heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a 1756:

was necessary for genetically identical individuals.

1644:, he was one of the first to identify the problem of 1048:

made organ sales illegal. In the United Kingdom, the

7286:"Polish man gets quick face transplant after injury" 6316:. American University Washington D.C. Archived from 5495:(free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net 5230: 5023: 4057: 3912: 1779:

had been recently discovered and the more effective

382: 343: 315: 7687:Whetstine L, Streat S, Darwin M, Crippen D (2005). 6572:[Rejuvenation by surgery in Zajecar 1926]. 6526: 5746: 5405:"WMA Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China" 3950: 2634: 2555:In an article appearing in the April 2004 issue of 1394:programme attracted the attention of international 271:transplantation may occur. A particular problem is 7988:is available for free viewing and download at the 7689:"Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?" 6988: 6960:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 6054: 5571: 5032: 5002: 4675:Budiani-Saberi, D.A.; Delmonico, F.L. (May 2008). 4320:Legal and Ethical Aspects of Organ Transplantation 3801: 3371: 3369: 3269:Saczkowski, R., Dacey, C., Bernier, P.-L. (2010). 2129:1984: First successful double organ transplant by 1162: 820:may co-ordinate organ donations from that source. 573:(deceased-donor only; porcine xenograft attempted) 543: 7328:"Newborn baby is youngest organ donor in Britain" 7313:"Doctors claim first successful penis transplant" 6591:Khadzhynov, Dmytro; Peters, Harm (January 2012). 5328:. Pulitzer Center. 17 August 2010. Archived from 3877: 3377:"OPTN Policy 3.7 – Allocation of Thoracic Organs" 3323: 3112: 1129:Persecution of Falun Gong § Organ harvesting 921:Paired exchange programs were popularized in the 9582: 6590: 5913:(I wasn't sure about this – but I'm pretty sure 5857:. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004. 5636:"Organ-transplant black market thrives in India" 5261: 4794: 3139: 2938:Giedraitis A, Arnoczky SP, Bedi A (March 2014). 2631:and can easily change with changing technology. 2107:1981: First successful heart/lung transplant by 1989:1950: First successful kidney transplant by Dr. 1447:) were, are, and may always be the key problem. 729: 7813:"Karolinskas "superkirurg" utreds och granskas" 7469:Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and. 7364:Sciences et Avenir with AFP (15 January 2021). 6953: 6570:"Podmlađivanje hirurškim putem u Zaječaru 1926" 6398: 6112:. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Archived from 6038:. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Archived from 5326:"Cyprus Clinic Accused of Human Egg Harvesting" 4925: 4868:"A New Outlook on Compensated Kidney Donations" 4600:"Supporting Paid Leave for Living Organ Donors" 3366: 3275:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 2140:1986: First successful double-lung transplant ( 2114:1983: First successful lung lobe transplant by 1398:in the 1990s due to ethical concerns about the 471: 324:and storing blood in advance of surgery). In a 8680:List of organ transplant donors and recipients 6134: 5199: 5175:"Organ transplants: Psst, wanna buy a kidney?" 4524: 4473:Amy Ellis Nutt/The Star-Ledger (5 June 2009). 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3262: 3049:. Mayo Clinic. 28 January 2003. Archived from 2203:1998: First successful hand transplant by Dr. 2076:1966: First successful pancreas transplant by 2000:1954: First living related kidney transplant ( 1884:performed 17 transplants, including the first 1107:violates laws in the European Union. In 2010, 441:or antibody barriers to transplantation. The " 429:, a disease where the liver slowly produces a 8761: 8030: 8006: 7844:, David Brown and Lena H. Sun, 25 March 2012. 7805: 6954:Taniguchi, S.; Cooper, D. K. (January 1997). 5421: 5377: 3547:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 3415:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 1378:Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act 840:Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network 719:(deceased-donor, living-donor and xenograft ) 8279:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 7594:Lee Hui Chieh; Sujin Thomas (28 June 2008). 7535:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7344: 7310: 7124:"R.H. Lawler, Pioneer of Kidney Transplants" 7021:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6473: 6443:"2017 was a record year for organ donations" 6191: 5422:Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (8 February 2017). 5350: 4826: 4824: 4764: 4762: 4164:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3579:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3540: 3538: 3309:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3254:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2403:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology 2311:2008: First successful complete full double 1972:1905: First successful cornea transplant by 1555:transplant in 1883. It was performed by the 814:primary nonfunction in liver transplantation 766:cutting off blood circulation to the brain ( 643: 7998:online exhibit at Waring Historical Library 7779: 7230: 6752:, Mary Jo Festle, Palgrave MacMillan, 2012. 6135:Huang J, Mao Y, Millis JM (December 2008). 5935:(in Spanish). Transplant Commission of the 5800: 5798: 5659: 4577:"Would you give your kidney to a stranger?" 4347: 4316: 3706: 3395: 3209: 3207: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3068:. Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from 2944:Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2418:2014: First neonatal organ transplant. (UK) 2094:1967: First successful heart transplant by 2087:1967: First successful liver transplant by 1348:with a cosmopolitan populace that includes 652:(deceased-donor only), see first recipient 9050:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 8768: 8754: 8037: 8023: 6593:"History of nephrology: Ukrainian aspects" 5604:The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 December 2006 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5287: 5083: 4725:, The Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2010. 3737: 3443: 2196:1998: First successful live-donor partial 2021:1963: First successful lung transplant by 1949: 29: 9391:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 8044: 7714: 7704: 7512: 7445: 7400: 7265: 7087: 7077: 6971: 6930: 6856: 6806: 6780: 6608: 6418: 6217: 5830: 5811:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 5778: 5521: 5202:"To Save Lives, Legalize Trade in Organs" 5150: 5124: 5101: 4821: 4812: 4759: 4692: 4597: 4547: 4445: 4376:"New England Program for Kidney Exchange" 4133: 4089: 3854: 3683: 3646: 3535: 3475: 3426: 3349: 3317: 3286: 3231: 2963: 2914: 2759: 2220:1999: First successful tissue engineered 2042:'s first successful kidney transplant at 1146:practitioners". Investigative journalist 1046:The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 983: 149:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 7785: 6530:The Golden Ledent or Lives of the Saints 6399:Alexander GC, Sehgal AR (October 1998). 6198:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5921: 5896: 5875: 5795: 5233:"WHO says organ demand outstrips supply" 4959: 4734: 4555:. Oxford University Press. p. 148. 3988:Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 3803:"Doctors plan first testicle transplant" 3204: 3173: 1804:University of Mississippi Medical Center 1519: 901: 888: 7616: 7325: 7116: 7058:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6702: 6553: 6502:Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 6128: 5946:from the original on 15 September 2011. 5569: 5484:(6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) 5464: 4737:"Black Market Kidneys, $ 160,000 a Pop" 4631: 4178: 4105:(subscription required for full access) 3492: 3142:"60 lives linked in kidney donor chain" 2986: 1769:National Institute for Medical Research 1466:accounts report the 3rd-century saints 1303:*All numbers per million population 947:and Integris Baptist Medical Center in 916:New England Program for Kidney Exchange 884:Reasons for donation and ethical issues 823: 9583: 7947:Human organ and tissue transplantation 7203: 6288:"China fury at organ snatching 'lies'" 5986:. Ramadhan Foundation. 13 January 2008 5685: 5595:Hospitals ban Chinese surgeon training 5231:Alexander G. Higgins (30 March 2007). 4865: 4427:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 24 June 2011 4323:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4216: 3946: 3944: 3799: 3113:Turnbull, Barbara (24 February 2012). 2438: 1790:There was a successful deceased-donor 1076:social anxiety towards organ markets. 297: 8749: 8018: 8005: 7388:University of Maryland Medical Center 6332: 6076: 6028: 5908:Organización Nacional de Transplantes 5446: 5444: 5353:"Untold Stories: The Cyprus Scramble" 5243:from the original on 25 December 2013 4830: 4622:, Rashida Yosufzai, AAP, 7 April 2013 4248: 3831: 3829: 3738:Cunningham, Aimee (4 December 2018). 3140:Laurence, Jeremy (27 February 2012). 2617:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2613:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2373:University of Illinois Medical Center 2329:using a patient's own stem cells, by 2269:University of Illinois Medical Center 2263:University of Illinois Medical Center 2243:University of Illinois Medical Center 2237:University of Illinois Medical Center 2216:University of Illinois Medical Center 2192:University of Illinois Medical Center 1896:, credited the patient's recovery to 1626:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 774:, etc.). Breathing is maintained via 521:University of Illinois Medical Center 409: 9529: 9290:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 7468: 7266:Randerson, James (9 November 2008). 7206:"Man rejects first penis transplant" 6833:"Renal Heterotransplantation in Man" 5262:R. Bhagwan Singh (16 January 2007). 4620:Live donors to get financial support 4553:ethics and the acquisition of organs 4249:Rosen, Marjorie (19 December 1994). 4207:Trusting the organ transplant system 3063: 3009:The Journal of Heart Transplantation 2455: 1982:1931: First uterus transplantation ( 1515:De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem 788:American Association of Tissue Banks 511:Transplantation in obese individuals 9539: 8423:Canadian Society of Transplantation 8418:American Society of Transplantation 7819:from the original on 9 October 2016 7175:"Transplantation: Catalan pioneers" 5710: 5547: 5498: 5084:Ghods AJ, Savaj S (November 2006). 4897:Gary S. Becker; Julio Jorge Elías. 4709: 4681:American Journal of Transplantation 4625: 4613: 4525:Val Willingham (14 December 2009). 4122:American Journal of Transplantation 3953:Radiologic Clinics of North America 3941: 3915:Radiologic Clinics of North America 3800:Connor, Steve (24 September 1999). 2575: 2200:by David Sutherland (Minnesota, US) 1113:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting 842:, held since it was created by the 180:is a medical procedure in which an 13: 9426:Medical Scientist Training Program 7944:World Health Organization (2008). 7937: 7786:Ciralsky, Adam (31 January 2016). 7551:"China issues new rules on organs" 5686:Coonan, Clifford (21 March 2006). 5607: 5441: 5378:Carney, Scott (1 September 2010). 4747:from the original on 23 April 2011 4082:10.1097/01.sla.0000239006.33633.39 4043:10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.055 3826: 3676:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2987:Bassett, Laura (3 November 2016). 2744:"Donation after circulatory death" 2497: 1632:. Surgically successful in moving 1173: 1122: 897: 14: 9602: 7970: 7422:"History of Lung Transplantation" 7204:Sample, Ian (18 September 2006). 6738:Anesthesia for Transplant Surgery 6474:saramoriarty (9 September 2022). 5584:from the original on 24 May 2022. 5570:Samuels, Gabriel (29 June 2016). 5033:Alexander Tabarrok (April 2004). 4735:Martinez, Edecio (27 July 2009). 4598:Plibersek, Tanya (7 April 2013). 3880:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 3601:from the original on 4 March 2016 3468:10.1161/circulationaha.109.885756 2839:Bibliography on Ethics of the WHO 2503:developing countries do not. The 1794:transplant into an emphysema and 970: 961:Newark Beth Israel Medical Center 802: 760: 725:(deceased-donor and living-donor) 633:(deceased-donor and living-donor) 550:Transplantable organs and tissues 383:Xenograft and xenotransplantation 344:Allograft and allotransplantation 9558: 9548: 9538: 9528: 9519: 9518: 8349:United Network for Organ Sharing 8334:National Transplant Organization 7873: 7847: 7831: 7753: 7731: 7680: 7658:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01072.x 7636: 7617:Stetler, Pepper (14 June 2021). 7610: 7596:"CK Tang boss quizzed by police" 7587: 7565: 7543: 7488: 7462: 7420:Dabak G, Şenbaklavacı Ö (2016). 7394: 7376: 7357: 7338: 7319: 7304: 7278: 7259: 7224: 7197: 7188: 7167: 7142: 7104: 7045: 7009:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008 6947: 6923:10.1097/00007890-196411000-00009 6898: 6849:10.1097/00000658-196409000-00006 6824: 6717:10.1001/jama.1963.03710120070015 6696: 6682:10.1001/jama.1963.63710120001010 6639:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00986.x 6617: 6584: 6562: 6558:. University of Rochester Press. 6520: 6493: 6467: 6435: 6392: 6362: 6306: 6280: 6246: 6185: 6098: 6036:"National Organ Transplant Unit" 5998: 5976: 5950: 4694:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02200.x 4135:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02560.x 3814:from the original on 24 May 2022 3330:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3015:(5): 459–66, discussion 466–67. 2820:World Health Organization, 2008. 2635:Artificial organ transplantation 2536:court for sale of his kidney to 2479:reported the first-ever case of 2443: 2025:with patient living 18 days (US) 1736:in the 1930s; but failed due to 1050:Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 848:United Network for Organ Sharing 748: 496:United Network for Organ Sharing 478:ABO-incompatible transplantation 9559: 8463:Organ transplantation in Israel 7977:Organ Transplant survival rates 6376:. 14 March 2007. Archived from 6086:. Ministry of Health, Singapore 6064:. Ministry of Health, Singapore 5847: 5679: 5653: 5627: 5588: 5563: 5541: 5415: 5397: 5371: 5351:Scott Carney (17 August 2010). 5344: 5318: 5281: 5255: 5224: 5193: 5167: 5118: 5077: 4996: 4953: 4919: 4890: 4859: 4788: 4728: 4668: 4591: 4569: 4541: 4518: 4492: 4466: 4439: 4413: 4386: 4368: 4341: 4310: 4284:New England Journal of Medicine 4275: 4242: 4200: 4179:Ogilvie, Megan (7 March 2021). 4172: 4109: 4022: 3979: 3906: 3871: 3793: 3757: 3731: 3700: 3663: 3613: 3587: 3220:New England Journal of Medicine 3159: 3133: 3117:. Healthzone.ca. Archived from 3106: 3084: 3057: 3039: 3027: 2999: 2887:, Simon Garfield, 6 April 2008. 2582:Ethics of organ transplantation 2254:2005: First successful partial 1322:Spanish Transplant Organization 1163:Organ transplantation by region 924:New England Journal of Medicine 852:organ procurement organizations 793: 544:Organs and tissues transplanted 427:familial amyloid polyneuropathy 282:, during which the body has an 9416:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 8850:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 8468:Organ transplantation in Japan 8439:Organ transplantation in China 8413:American Society of Nephrology 7311:Joseph Netto (13 March 2015). 7070:10.1002/14651858.CD005632.pub3 6799:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783 5550:"Blood Harvest: The Slaughter" 5044:(1). Econ Journal Watch: 11–18 5035:"How to Get Real About Organs" 4446:Eric Vohr (16 February 2009). 3892:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.02.022 3094:. Abcnews.go.com. 8 April 2008 2980: 2931: 2890: 2851: 2831: 2812: 2776: 2748:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2735: 2317:Technical University of Munich 1840:was also needed. Lung pioneer 1608:, with the transplantation of 1369:Ministry of Health (Singapore) 1365:National Organ Transplant Unit 1169:Global Burden of Disease Study 965:New York-Presbyterian Hospital 713:(autograft and deceased-donor) 703:, whole blood or fractionated 661:(deceased-donor only) see the 459:Northwestern Memorial Hospital 143:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 1: 8344:Trillium Gift of Life Network 8324:National Marrow Donor Program 6156:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61359-8 5964:(in Spanish). 10 January 2012 5855:"The Transplantation Society" 5660:Vanessa Hua (17 April 2006). 3779:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31766-5 3064:Blum, Karen (1 August 2003). 2950:(3). Sports Health: 256–264. 2729: 2528:On 27 June 2008, Indonesian, 2300:2006: First successful human 1363:is generally overseen by the 953:Saint Barnabas Medical Center 730:Indication of transplantation 9396:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 9163:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 8775: 8382:Halachic Organ Donor Society 8309:Gift of Life Marrow Registry 7985:A Science of Miracles (2009) 7245:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.026 7111:New Drugs in Transplantation 6527:Jacobus de Voragine (1275). 6084:"Human Organ Transplant Act" 5527:Ethan Gutmann (August 2014) 4866:Schall, John A. (May 2008). 3559:10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.011 3428:10.1016/j.healun.2012.11.022 3324:Burch, M; Aurora, P (2004). 2798:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58916 2515:high capital punishment rate 2325:2008: First transplant of a 2277:transplant to combine donor 1892:Hospital. The head surgeon, 1536:operation, was performed by 1354:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura 861:In an April 2008 article in 844:Organ Transplant Act of 1984 707:(living-donor and autograft) 697:(living-donor and autograft) 515:Until recently, people with 472:ABO-incompatible transplants 302: 258:Organ donors may be living, 7: 8387:Kidney Foundation of Canada 7345:Susan Scutti (1 May 2019). 7326:Kat Lay (20 January 2015). 6192:Tom Treasure (March 2007). 5771:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473 5143:10.1136/bmj.39141.493148.94 4968:(3): 14, discussion 14–15. 4770:"Psst, wanna buy a kidney?" 4296:10.1056/NEJM199706123362412 4031:Transplantation Proceedings 4000:10.1097/TA.0000000000002322 3233:10.1056/NEJM200103153441102 2682: 2657: 2544:, 55, for 150 million 1694:, carried on the work into 369: 10: 9607: 8444:harvesting from Falun Gong 8392:National Kidney Foundation 8248:Non-heart-beating donation 6210:10.1177/014107680710000308 6006:"Islam and Organ Donation" 5732:10.1038/d41586-019-03749-0 5613:Market Wired (8 May 2008) 3717:10.1038/d41586-024-02906-4 2579: 2230:Boston Children's Hospital 2014:allograft into descending 1935:rejection is increased if 1690:flow. Gillies' assistant, 1430: 1382:Human Organ Transplant Act 1373:Human Organ Transplant Act 1134:used for transplantation. 1126: 987: 827: 588: 547: 475: 386: 347: 306: 188:site to another location. 9514: 9436: 9374: 9135: 9063: 9018: 8927: 8798: 8783: 8692: 8675: 8644: 8628: 8612: 8581: 8555: 8519: 8483: 8476: 8431: 8405: 8357: 8292: 8274:Graft-versus-host disease 8266: 8238: 8210: 8085: 8052: 8012: 8007:Links to related articles 7907:10.1038/s41586-018-0047-9 7646:Pediatric Transplantation 6787:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 6554:Schlich, Thomas (2010) . 6259:. Springer. p. 238. 5867:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5624:Retrieved 26 October 2014 4801:Indiana Health Law Review 4795:Movassagh Hooman (2016). 4337:– via Google Books. 3965:10.1016/j.rcl.2023.04.011 3927:10.1016/j.rcl.2023.04.005 3288:10.1510/icvts.2009.229757 2903:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 2604:World Health Organization 2466: 2098:(Cape Town, South Africa) 1411:organ transplantation in 1388:Organ transplantation in 1359:Organ transplantation in 1100:World Health Organization 644:Tissues, cells and fluids 157: 128: 123: 107: 95: 80: 75: 57: 43: 28: 23: 9350:Transplantation medicine 9241:Clinical neurophysiology 9158:Obstetric anesthesiology 9078:Interventional radiology 8838:Digestive system surgery 8339:NHS Blood and Transplant 7401:Maya Yang (6 May 2022). 6627:Transplant International 6420:10.1001/jama.280.13.1148 5694:. London. Archived from 5514:23 February 2016 at the 5452: 5304:10.1001/jama.288.13.1640 5125:Griffin A (March 2007). 5005:American Economic Review 4845:10.1177/1357034x07082257 2956:10.1177/1941738113503442 2864:15 February 2014 at the 2532:, 26, pleaded guilty in 2150:Toronto General Hospital 2120:Toronto General Hospital 2067:Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1798:patient in June 1963 by 1624:and won Carrel the 1912 1069:Kidney for Sale By Owner 564: 9221:Intensive care medicine 9195:Mass gathering medicine 9040:Maternal–fetal medicine 8715:Immunosuppressive drugs 8451:Organ donation in India 7514:10.1111/1469-0691.12557 7390:. U.S. 10 January 2022. 5620:25 October 2016 at the 5600:25 October 2016 at the 5200:David Holcberg (2005). 5131:British Medical Journal 3342:10.1136/adc.2002.017186 2837:Further sources in the 2586:Declaration of Istanbul 2169:1995: First successful 1950:Timeline of transplants 1873:, lived for 19 months. 1773:immunosuppressive drugs 1705:Transplant of a single 455:Northwestern University 364:panel-reactive antibody 292:immunosuppressant drugs 8813:Cardiothoracic surgery 8735:Frankenstein's monster 8730:Total body irradiation 8456:Gurgaon kidney scandal 8314:Human Tissue Authority 5491:4 October 2016 at the 5065:Cite journal requires 4452:Johns Hopkins Medicine 3685:10.1093/infdis/jiae268 2786:Critical Care Medicine 2704:Laboratory-grown organ 2475:In November 2007, the 2133:and Henry T. Bahnson ( 1752:, in 1954, because no 1700:reconstructive surgery 1525: 1179: 1044:In the United States, 984:Financial compensation 957:Livingston, New Jersey 941:Barnes-Jewish Hospital 937:Johns Hopkins Hospital 930:Transplant Proceedings 907: 554: 447:Johns Hopkins Hospital 9591:Organ transplantation 9464:Personalized medicine 9323:Reproductive medicine 9248:Occupational medicine 9202:Evolutionary medicine 8720:Lung allocation score 8657:Jean-Michel Dubernard 8046:Organ transplantation 7953:. Geneva / New York: 7501:Clin Microbiol Infect 7040:pages 122 through 127 6574:Timok Medical Journal 5823:10.2471/BLT.14.137653 4974:10.1353/hcr.2005.0052 4721:11 April 2014 at the 4454:. Baltimore, Maryland 4395:Helvetica Medica Acta 2714:Regenerative medicine 2694:Beating heart cadaver 2285:from the patient, by 2205:Jean-Michel Dubernard 1944:regenerative medicine 1886:heart-lung transplant 1876:It was the advent of 1523: 1458:reportedly exchanged 1177: 1054:Human Tissue Act 2004 905: 889:Living related donors 639:(deceased-donor only) 627:(deceased-donor only) 621:(deceased-donor only) 178:Organ transplantation 9484:Traditional medicine 9444:Alternative medicine 9311:Addiction psychiatry 9125:Transfusion medicine 9120:Medical microbiology 9035:Gynecologic oncology 8887:Reproductive surgery 8527:J. Hartwell Harrison 8284:Transplant rejection 7438:10.5578/ttj.17.2.014 6597:Kidney International 5534:2 March 2016 at the 5103:10.2215/CJN.00700206 5017:10.1257/aer.20180568 4878:on 27 September 2011 4317:David Price (2000). 3773:(10165): 2697–2704. 3053:on 20 February 2003. 2916:10.1093/ndt/16.2.355 2844:4 March 2016 at the 2825:3 March 2016 at the 2719:Transplant rejection 2600:distributive justice 2592:developing countries 2540:'s executive chair, 2492:Nucleic acid testing 2291:Mount Sinai Hospital 1925:type 1 diabetes 1921:islets of Langerhans 1808:Jackson, Mississippi 1746:J. Hartwell Harrison 1696:the Second World War 1672:skin transplantation 1320:, Spain through the 1140:Kilgour-Matas report 1092:surrogate motherhood 824:Allocation of organs 685:Islets of Langerhans 280:transplant rejection 9506:History of medicine 9489:Veterinary medicine 9296:Preventive medicine 9148:Adolescent medicine 8990:Infectious diseases 8636:André van der Merwe 8620:Richard C. Lillehei 8293:Transplant networks 8077:Xenotransplantation 8072:Autotransplantation 8060:Allotransplantation 7899:2018Natur.557...50N 7815:. 13 January 2016. 7767:on 9 September 2016 7553:. BBC. 7 April 2007 6610:10.1038/ki.2011.363 6350:on 30 December 2005 5557:End Organ Pillaging 5411:on 4 December 2010. 5332:on 26 December 2013 5127:"Kidneys on demand" 4425:Hopkinshospital.org 4251:"The Ultimate Gift" 4230:on 22 February 2006 3856:10.1055/a-2007-9649 3192:on 20 December 2013 3121:on 26 February 2012 2881:Heart of the matter 2724:Xenotransplantation 2439:Society and culture 2198:pancreas transplant 2080:and William Kelly ( 2078:Richard C. Lillehei 1910:xenotransplantation 1890:Stanford University 1507:Gasparo Tagliacozzi 1184: 389:Xenotransplantation 350:Allotransplantation 322:stem cell autograft 309:Autotransplantation 298:Types of transplant 72: 9454:Molecular oncology 9411:Doctor of Medicine 9401:Master of Medicine 9318:Radiation oncology 9190:Emergency medicine 9143:Addiction medicine 9110:Clinical chemistry 9105:Clinical pathology 8897:Transplant surgery 8855:Orthopedic surgery 8833:Colorectal surgery 8491:Christiaan Barnard 8087:Organs and tissues 7741:. NPR. 8 July 2011 7370:Sciences et Avenir 7128:The New York Times 6781:Cooper DK (2012). 6580:(2): 115–17. 2004. 6455:on 12 January 2018 6234:on 1 December 2008 5939:. 28 August 2007. 5460:on 9 October 2007. 5212:on 19 October 2013 5181:. 16 November 2006 4906:The New York Times 4833:Body & Society 4814:10.18060/3911.0013 4579:. CNN. 5 June 2006 4356:(3 Suppl 2): 5–9. 3383:on 7 December 2013 2761:10.1093/bja/aer357 2639:Surgeons, notably 2629:adequately defined 2557:Econ Journal Watch 2552:(US$ 7,600) fine. 2186:Gunther O. Hofmann 2096:Christiaan Barnard 1854:Christiaan Barnard 1838:heart-lung machine 1767:, working for the 1759:In the late 1940s 1585:parathyroid glands 1559:surgeon and later 1542:Olomouc Eye Clinic 1526: 1182: 1180: 1087:Ayn Rand Institute 908: 776:artificial sources 410:Domino transplants 239:. Tissues include 137:Doctor of Medicine 130:Education required 71:Transplant surgeon 70: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9406:Master of Surgery 9370: 9369: 9355:Tropical medicine 9301:Prison healthcare 9216:Hospital medicine 9180:Disaster medicine 9170:Aviation medicine 8985:Hospital medicine 8892:Surgical oncology 8877:Pediatric surgery 8871: 8818:Endocrine surgery 8743: 8742: 8725:Machine perfusion 8705:Edmonton protocol 8700:Biomedical tissue 8688: 8687: 8599:Vladimir Demikhov 8501:Adrian Kantrowitz 8253:Organ procurement 7600:The Straits Times 6837:Annals of Surgery 6676:(12): 1065–1074. 6266:978-1-4020-5840-0 6150:(9654): 1937–38. 5937:Council of Europe 5890:Council of Europe 5726:(7787): 361–372. 5518:, National Review 5507:(25 August 2014) 5359:on 18 August 2010 4962:Hastings Cent Rep 4929:(14 April 2007). 4774:Organ transplants 4646:10.1136/bmj.a2456 4562:978-0-19-960786-0 4334:978-0-521-65164-6 3639:10.1111/ajt.12078 2699:Blood transfusion 2641:Paolo Macchiarini 2550:Singapore dollars 2505:Indian government 2456:Comparative costs 2331:Paolo Macchiarini 2152:(Toronto, Canada) 1991:Richard H. Lawler 1905:immunosuppression 1754:immunosuppression 1692:Archibald McIndoe 1665:Dr. Joseph Murray 1616:. Their skillful 1474:as replacing the 1435:Successful human 1318:Council of Europe 1316:According to the 1314: 1313: 1304: 1115:and the magazine 1111:reported for the 830:Organ procurement 701:Blood transfusion 488:isohemagglutinins 273:organ trafficking 175: 174: 151:(M.B.B.S., MBChB) 68: 67: 9598: 9562: 9561: 9552: 9542: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9522: 9521: 9226:Medical genetics 9211:General practice 9088:Nuclear medicine 8963:Gastroenterology 8919:Vascular surgery 8869: 8796: 8795: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8747: 8746: 8547:Michael Woodruff 8481: 8480: 8212:Medical grafting 8039: 8032: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8003: 8002: 7990:Internet Archive 7966: 7964: 7962: 7952: 7927: 7926: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7861:on 23 April 2014 7857:. Archived from 7851: 7845: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7763:. 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Archived from 6439: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6320:on 19 April 2001 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6230:. Archived from 6221: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6181:on 17 July 2011. 6180: 6174:. Archived from 6141: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6012:on 11 March 2012 6008:. Archived from 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5782: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5611: 5605: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5575: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5554: 5548:Kilgour, David. 5545: 5539: 5525: 5519: 5502: 5496: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5355:. Archived from 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5154: 5137:(7592): 502–05. 5122: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5011:(8): 2855–2888. 5000: 4994: 4993: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4937:. Archived from 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4732: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4382:on 14 June 2006. 4378:. Archived from 4372: 4366: 4365: 4350:Transplant. Proc 4345: 4339: 4338: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4155: 4137: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4093: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3858: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3570: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3406: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3300: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3235: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3171: 3170: 3169:. 8 August 2023. 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2967: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2894: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2855: 2849: 2835: 2829: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2739: 2689:Artificial organ 2576:Ethical concerns 2530:Sulaiman Damanik 2519:triangular trade 2510:adoption illegal 2366:Cleveland Clinic 2302:penis transplant 2224:transplanted by 2166:(Ankara, Turkey) 2159:(Ankara, Turkey) 1976:(Czech Republic) 1866:Louis Washkansky 1302: 1185: 1181: 1157:medical tourists 998:Repugnancy costs 978:Jesus Christians 818:assisted suicide 681:(extremely rare) 677:(autograft) and 500:isohemagglutinin 336:joined with the 319: 109:Activity sectors 73: 69: 61:edit on Wikidata 53: 33: 24:Organ transplant 21: 20: 9606: 9605: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9510: 9499:Chief physician 9432: 9377: 9366: 9360:Travel medicine 9345:Sports medicine 9328:Sexual medicine 9268:Palliative care 9263:Pain management 9207:Family medicine 9185:Diving medicine 9131: 9059: 9021: 9014: 8930: 8923: 8882:Plastic surgery 8828:General surgery 8808:Cardiac surgery 8789: 8787: 8779: 8774: 8744: 8739: 8684: 8671: 8640: 8624: 8608: 8577: 8551: 8532:John P. Merrill 8515: 8472: 8427: 8406:Joint societies 8401: 8372:Blood Cancer UK 8359: 8353: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8262: 8234: 8230:Vascular bypass 8206: 8081: 8048: 8043: 8008: 7982:The short film 7973: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7940: 7938:Further reading 7930: 7893:(7703): 50–56. 7878: 7874: 7864: 7862: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7842:Washington Post 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7685: 7681: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7615: 7611: 7606:on 4 July 2008. 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7528: 7527: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7467: 7463: 7418: 7414: 7399: 7395: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7362: 7358: 7343: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7264: 7260: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7158: 7156: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7079:1854/LU-8083451 7064:(8): CD005632. 7050: 7046: 7034: 7030: 7014: 7013: 6993: 6989: 6952: 6948: 6911:Transplantation 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6829: 6825: 6779: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6701: 6697: 6666: 6662: 6633:(12): 1132–39. 6622: 6618: 6589: 6585: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6552: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6413:(13): 1148–52. 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6380:on 30 June 2017 6368: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6116:on 5 March 2016 6106:"About Live On" 6104: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6042:on 8 March 2012 6034: 6033: 6029: 6015: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5803: 5796: 5751: 5747: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5698:on 19 July 2008 5692:The Independent 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5628: 5622:Wayback Machine 5612: 5608: 5602:Wayback Machine 5593: 5589: 5578:The Independent 5568: 5564: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5536:Wayback Machine 5526: 5522: 5516:Wayback Machine 5503: 5499: 5493:Wayback Machine 5476: 5465: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5420: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5298:(13): 1640–41. 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5123: 5119: 5082: 5078: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5001: 4997: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4927:William Saletan 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4864: 4860: 4829: 4822: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4723:Wayback Machine 4716:The Meat Market 4714: 4710: 4673: 4669: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4551:, T.M. (2011). 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4479:The Star-Ledger 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4391: 4387: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4315: 4311: 4290:(24): 1752–55. 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256:People Magazine 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4211:Chicago Tribune 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4177: 4173: 4157: 4156: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4062: 4058: 4027: 4023: 3984: 3980: 3949: 3942: 3911: 3907: 3876: 3872: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3808:The Independent 3798: 3794: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3736: 3732: 3705: 3701: 3668: 3664: 3627:Am J Transplant 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3572: 3571: 3553:(12): 1307–10. 3543: 3536: 3507:(11): 1227–33. 3501:Nature Medicine 3497: 3493: 3462:(17): 1926–33. 3448: 3444: 3407: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3322: 3318: 3302: 3301: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3246: 3226:(11): 793–800. 3212: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3072:on 14 June 2006 3062: 3058: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3004: 3000: 2993:Huffington Post 2985: 2981: 2936: 2932: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2872: 2866:Wayback Machine 2856: 2852: 2846:Wayback Machine 2836: 2832: 2827:Wayback Machine 2817: 2813: 2781: 2777: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2685: 2660: 2637: 2588: 2580:Main articles: 2578: 2500: 2498:Transplant laws 2469: 2458: 2446: 2441: 2362:Maria Siemionow 2256:face transplant 2044:Hospital Clinic 2002:identical twins 1952: 1871:Philip Blaiberg 1775:could be used. 1670:Major steps in 1606:Charles Guthrie 1437:allotransplants 1433: 1409:With regard to 1339:Traditionally, 1165: 1131: 1125: 1123:Forced donation 1016:medical tourism 1000: 986: 973: 900: 898:Paired exchange 891: 886: 878:medical tourism 832: 826: 805: 796: 763: 751: 732: 679:face transplant 663:ophthalmologist 646: 591: 567: 557: 552: 546: 537: 529:robotic surgery 525:body mass index 513: 480: 474: 416:cystic fibrosis 414:In people with 412: 391: 385: 377:immune response 372: 352: 346: 311: 305: 300: 284:immune response 162: 160: 131: 110: 98: 97:Occupation type 64: 49: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9604: 9594: 9593: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9546: 9536: 9526: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9437:Related topics 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9386:Medical school 9382: 9380: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9340:Sleep medicine 9337: 9336: 9335: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9204: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9153:Anesthesiology 9150: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9083:Neuroradiology 9080: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020:Obstetrics and 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8902:Trauma surgery 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8865:Otolaryngology 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8793: 8791:subspecialties 8781: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8693:Related topics 8690: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8604:James D. Hardy 8601: 8596: 8594:Joel D. Cooper 8591: 8585: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8568:James D. Hardy 8565: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8542:Elizabeth Ward 8539: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8511:Norman Shumway 8508: 8503: 8498: 8496:James D. Hardy 8493: 8487: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8304:Eurotransplant 8300: 8298: 8295:and government 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8240:Organ donation 8236: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7980: 7972: 7971:External links 7969: 7968: 7967: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7872: 7846: 7830: 7804: 7778: 7752: 7730: 7706:10.1186/cc3894 7679: 7652:(7): 843–850. 7635: 7623:Slate Magazine 7609: 7586: 7564: 7542: 7487: 7461: 7412: 7393: 7375: 7356: 7337: 7318: 7303: 7277: 7258: 7223: 7196: 7187: 7166: 7141: 7130:. 27 July 1982 7115: 7103: 7044: 7028: 6987: 6946: 6917:(6): 752–776. 6897: 6885: 6872: 6843:(3): 384–408. 6823: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6695: 6660: 6616: 6583: 6576:(in Serbian). 6561: 6543: 6519: 6508:(2): 297–304. 6492: 6466: 6434: 6391: 6361: 6331: 6305: 6294:. 28 June 2001 6279: 6265: 6245: 6184: 6127: 6097: 6075: 6053: 6027: 5997: 5975: 5962:Agenciasinc.es 5949: 5920: 5895: 5874: 5846: 5817:(11): 826–35. 5794: 5765:(2): e024473. 5745: 5709: 5678: 5652: 5626: 5606: 5587: 5562: 5540: 5520: 5505:Jay Nordlinger 5497: 5463: 5440: 5414: 5396: 5370: 5343: 5317: 5280: 5254: 5223: 5192: 5166: 5117: 5096:(6): 1136–45. 5076: 5067:|journal= 5022: 4995: 4952: 4941:on 7 July 2010 4918: 4889: 4858: 4839:(3): 151–170. 4820: 4787: 4758: 4727: 4708: 4687:(5): 925–929. 4667: 4624: 4612: 4590: 4568: 4561: 4540: 4517: 4506:. 11 July 2009 4491: 4465: 4438: 4412: 4385: 4367: 4340: 4333: 4309: 4274: 4241: 4215: 4199: 4171: 4128:(4): 773–881. 4108: 4056: 4037:(7): 2407–14. 4021: 3994:(1): 130–133. 3978: 3959:(5): 847–859. 3940: 3921:(5): 821–831. 3905: 3886:(5): 596–609. 3870: 3849:(6): 495–504. 3825: 3792: 3756: 3730: 3699: 3662: 3612: 3586: 3534: 3513:10.1038/nm1126 3491: 3442: 3394: 3365: 3316: 3281:(6): 1026–33. 3261: 3203: 3172: 3158: 3132: 3105: 3083: 3056: 3038: 3026: 2998: 2979: 2930: 2889: 2870: 2850: 2830: 2811: 2792:(3): 963–970. 2775: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709:Organ donation 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2659: 2656: 2636: 2633: 2577: 2574: 2499: 2496: 2468: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426:drone delivery 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2399: 2396: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2338: 2327:human windpipe 2323: 2320: 2309: 2298: 2287:Eric M. Genden 2271: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2218: 2212: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2167: 2164:Mehmet Haberal 2160: 2157:Mehmet Haberal 2153: 2138: 2127: 2112: 2111:(Stanford, US) 2105: 2102: 2099: 2092: 2085: 2074: 2063: 2036: 2033: 2030:James D. Hardy 2026: 2023:James D. Hardy 2019: 2008: 2005: 1998: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1970: 1951: 1948: 1937:corticosteroid 1829:Keith Reemtsma 1812:kidney failure 1684:United Kingdom 1676:Harold Gillies 1564:Theodor Kocher 1561:Nobel laureate 1546:Czech Republic 1464:Roman Catholic 1432: 1429: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1164: 1161: 1124: 1121: 1033:An article by 985: 982: 972: 971:Good Samaritan 969: 899: 896: 890: 887: 885: 882: 825: 822: 804: 803:Deceased donor 801: 795: 792: 762: 761:Types of donor 759: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 739: 736: 731: 728: 727: 726: 720: 714: 708: 705:blood products 698: 688: 682: 668: 656: 645: 642: 641: 640: 634: 628: 622: 616: 610: 604: 598: 590: 587: 586: 585: 580: 574: 566: 563: 562: 561: 556: 553: 548:Main article: 545: 542: 536: 533: 527:over 35 using 512: 509: 476:Main article: 473: 470: 443:Good Samaritan 411: 408: 387:Main article: 384: 381: 371: 368: 348:Main article: 345: 342: 326:rotationplasty 307:Main article: 304: 301: 299: 296: 173: 172: 163: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 146: 140: 132: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 111: 108: 105: 104: 99: 96: 93: 92: 91: 90: 87: 82: 78: 77: 66: 65: 58: 55: 54: 47: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9603: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9565: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9545: 9537: 9535: 9527: 9525: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9469:Public health 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9449:Allied health 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9373: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9258:Oral medicine 9256: 9254: 9253:Ophthalmology 9251: 9249: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115:Cytopathology 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9055:Urogynecology 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Endocrinology 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8662:Donna Mansell 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Alexis Carrel 8650: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8573:Thomas Starzl 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8537:Joseph Murray 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506:Richard Lower 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Anthony Nolan 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360:organizations 8356: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8291: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267:Complications 8265: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:Skin grafting 8223: 8221: 8220:Bone grafting 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7876: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7740: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7699:(6): 538–42. 7698: 7694: 7693:Critical Care 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7574: 7568: 7552: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426:Turk Thorac J 7423: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7307: 7292:. 22 May 2013 7291: 7287: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7239:(4): 851–53. 7238: 7234: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6557: 6550: 6548: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204:(3): 119–21. 6203: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6085: 6079: 6063: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5985: 5979: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478:David Kilgour 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5179:The Economist 5176: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5059: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4825: 4815: 4810: 4807:(1): 82–118. 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4504:Science Daily 4501: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4401:(4): 239–47. 4400: 4396: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076:(4): 220–27. 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633:(3): 721–28. 3632: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3421:(3): 285–92. 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3336:(4): 386–89. 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3147: 3146:Northern Star 3143: 3136: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2909:(2): 355–60. 2908: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2570: 2569:United States 2565: 2562: 2561:Alex Tabarrok 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:Tang Wee Sung 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2444:Success rates 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:, (including 2343: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295:New York City 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226:Anthony Atala 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131:Thomas Starzl 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089:Thomas Starzl 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Denton Cooley 1879: 1874: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1818:Thomas Starzl 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Peter Medawar 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:Joseph Murray 1739: 1735: 1734:Yurii Voronoy 1731: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Alexis Carrel 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1544:, now in the 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:keratoplastic 1531: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1425:United States 1421: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1333:Latin America 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1287:Latin America 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1223:United States 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1148:Ethan Gutmann 1145: 1141: 1135: 1130: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1082:The Economist 1077: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 981: 979: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Oklahoma City 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 926: 925: 919: 917: 913: 904: 895: 881: 879: 874: 870: 866: 864: 859: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 831: 821: 819: 815: 810: 800: 791: 789: 783: 779: 777: 773: 769: 758: 754: 749:Complications 743: 740: 737: 734: 733: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 711:Blood vessels 709: 706: 702: 699: 696: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 660: 657: 655: 651: 648: 647: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 568: 559: 558: 551: 541: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 479: 469: 467: 464:In May 2023, 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 428: 423: 419: 417: 407: 404: 400: 396: 390: 380: 378: 367: 365: 361: 360:immune system 357: 351: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 310: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 171: 167: 164: 156: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 135: 134: 133: 127: 122: 119: 115: 112: 106: 103: 100: 94: 88: 85: 84: 83: 79: 74: 62: 56: 52: 48: 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 9474:Rural health 9459:Nanomedicine 9349: 9010:Rheumatology 8941: / 8896: 8860:Hand surgery 8845:Neurosurgery 8589:Fikri Alican 8563:Fikri Alican 8045: 7984: 7959:. Retrieved 7957:. p. 13 7946: 7890: 7886: 7875: 7863:. Retrieved 7859:the original 7849: 7841: 7833: 7821:. Retrieved 7807: 7795:. Retrieved 7791: 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7765:the original 7755: 7743:. Retrieved 7733: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7626:. Retrieved 7622: 7612: 7604:the original 7599: 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7567: 7555:. Retrieved 7545: 7531:cite journal 7504: 7500: 7490: 7478:. Retrieved 7474: 7464: 7432:(2): 71–75. 7429: 7425: 7415: 7407:The Guardian 7406: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7359: 7350: 7340: 7331: 7321: 7306: 7294:. Retrieved 7289: 7280: 7272:The Guardian 7271: 7261: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7214:. Retrieved 7210:The Guardian 7209: 7199: 7190: 7178:. Retrieved 7169: 7157:. Retrieved 7144: 7132:. 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