264:
847:
733:
achieved with bilateral anterior thoracotomies. Intraoperatively, lung transplantation can be performed with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine) or without any mechanical circulatory support. Intraoperative mechanical circulatory support can be required due to severe pulmonary hypertension, haemodynamic instability or inability to tolerate one-lung ventilation. In the case of a sequential transplant the recipient's lung with the poorest
700:
441:. Some patients, on a case by case basis and based on estimated survival after the treatment of malignant disease, may be allowed after the discussion within multidisciplinary teams. There are also certain cases where pre-existing infection is unavoidable, as with many patients with cystic fibrosis. In such cases, transplant centers, at their own discretion, may accept or reject patients with current infections of
1041:
one year after transplant. Since sirolimus is not administered until at least 3–12 months after transplant, these median survival estimates were conditional on surviving 1 year post-transplant. As lung transplantation has improved since the late 20th century with advancements in perioperative management, surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation, 5-year survival has increased even up to 60-70%.
29:
786:
this stage, patients are typically required to attend rehabilitation gym for approximately 3 months to regain fitness. Light weights, exercise bike, treadmill, stretches and more are all a part of the rehabilitation programme. Postoperative rehabilitation is crucial for the outcomes of transplant recipients and has evolved since the late 20th century.
1040:
A 2019 cohort study of nearly 10,000 lung transplant recipients in the US demonstrated significantly improved long-term survival using sirolimus + tacrolimus (median survival 8.9 years) instead of mycophenolate mofetil + tacrolimus (median survival 7.1 years) for immunosuppressive therapy starting at
785:
and giving medications. After a few days, barring any complications, the patient may be transferred to a general inpatient ward for further recovery. The average hospital stay following a lung transplant is generally one to three weeks, though complications may require a longer period of time. After
732:
The transplantation process starts after the donor lungs are inspected and the decision to transplant has been made. An incision is then made from under the patient's armpit, around to the sternum, and then back towards the other armpit; this is known as a clamshell incision. Another approach can be
619:
A lobe transplant is a surgery in which part of a living or deceased donor's lung is removed and used to replace the recipient's diseased lung. In living donation, this procedure requires the donation of lobes from two different people, replacing a lung on each side of the recipient. Donors who have
427:
Some patients with these diseases, if their condition can be made to improve to the point where they are stable enough to survive the operation, are granted an exception- many individuals with end-stage lung disease will have acute or chronic illnesses in other organs). These patients that are often
674:
While the surgical details will depend on the type of transplant, many steps are common to all these procedures. Before operating on the recipient, the transplant surgeon inspects the donor lung(s) for signs of damage or disease. If the lung or lungs are approved, then the recipient is connected to
117:
Lung transplantation is the therapeutic measure of last resort for patients with end-stage lung disease who have exhausted all other available treatments without improvement. A variety of conditions may make such surgery necessary. As of 2005, the most common reasons for lung transplantation in the
33:
Illustration showing the process of a lung transplant. In figure A, the airway and blood vessels between a recipient's diseased right lung and heart are cut. The inset image shows the location of the lungs and heart in the body. In figure B, a healthy donor lung is stitched to the recipient's blood
809:
Evidence suggests that exercise may contribute to speeding up physical recovery in adults after lung transplantation, helping to minimize disability from physical inactivity, both pre and post-transplant. However, there are no detailed guidelines on how exercise should be performed in this type of
711:
In a single-lung transplant the process starts out after the donor lung has been inspected and the decision to accept the donor lung for the patient has been made. An incision is generally made from under the shoulder blade around the chest, ending near the sternum. An alternate method involves an
690:
It takes about one hour for the pre-operative preparation of the patient. A single lung transplant takes about four to eight hours, while a double lung transplant takes about six to twelve hours to complete. A history of prior chest surgery may complicate the procedure and require additional time.
601:
or LAS, which takes into account various measures of the patient's health. The new system allocates donated lungs according to the immediacy of need rather than how long a patient has been on the transplant list. Patients who are under the age of 12 are still given priority based on how long they
605:
Patients who are accepted as good potential transplant candidates must carry a pager with them at all times in case a donor organ becomes available. These patients must also be prepared to move to their chosen transplant center at a moment's notice. Such patients may be encouraged to limit their
813:
The results obtained from a 2021 Systematic Review concluded that the effects of exercise in this population are still very questionable. While some studies do report benefits taken from exercising, while others have not reached the same conclusions. Nonetheless, the articles involved in this
1569:
Sef, D; Verzelloni Sef, A; Trkulja, V; Raj, B; Lees, NJ; Walker, C; Mitchell, J; Petrou, M; De
Robertis, F; Stock, U; McGovern, I (April 2022). "Midterm outcomes of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: Comparison with nonbridged recipients".
665:
A particularly involved example of this has been termed a "domino transplant" in the media. First performed in 1987, this type of transplant typically involves the transplantation of a heart and lungs into recipient A, whose own healthy heart is removed and transplanted into recipient B.
707:
In single-lung transplants, the lung with the worse pulmonary function is chosen for replacement. If both lungs function equally, then the right lung is usually favored for removal because it avoids having to maneuver around the heart, as would be required for excision of the left lung.
793:
connections to the lungs are cut during the procedure, transplant recipients cannot feel the urge to cough or feel when their new lungs are becoming congested. They must therefore make conscious efforts to take deep breaths and cough in order to clear secretions from the lungs. Their
291:
performed the first human lung transplant on June 11, 1963. Following a single-lung transplantation, the patient, identified later as convicted murderer John
Richard Russell, survived for 18 days. From 1963 to 1978, multiple attempts at lung transplantation failed because of
929:. Patients will normally have to take a combination of these medicines in order to combat the risk of rejection. This is a lifelong commitment, and must be strictly adhered to. The immunosuppressive regimen is begun just before or after surgery. Usually the regimen includes
365:, was diagnosed with an irreversible, chronic and fibrotic lung disease. Later on that year, she received a single lung transplant in the UK. In November 2018, Ms. Dwyer was recognized as the world's longest surviving single lung transplant recipient in an event at the
221:
However, more and more often, hepatitis C patients are both being transplanted and are also being used as donors if the recipient is hepatitis C positive. Similarly, select HIV-infected individuals have received lung transplants after being evaluated on a case-by-case
1766:
Sef, D; Verzelloni Sef, A; Mohite, P; Stock, U; Trkulja, V; Raj, B; Garcia Saez, D; Mahesh, B; De
Robertis, F; Simon, A (December 2020). "Utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in DCD and DBD lung transplants: a 2-year single-center experience".
869:
As with any surgical procedure, there are risks of bleeding and infection. The newly transplanted lung itself may fail to properly heal and function. Because a large portion of the patient's body has been exposed to the outside air,
484:
Able to comply with post-transplant regimen. A lung transplant is a major operation with complex follow-up, and the patient must be willing to adhere to a lifetime regimen of medications as well as continuing medical
2541:
518:; ideally, the lung tissue would also match as closely as possible between the donor and the recipient, but the desire to find a highly compatible donor organ must be balanced against the patient's immediacy of need
957:
may be prescribed in order to treat or prevent such infections. In turn, infection may increase the risk of rejection, and generally an interaction may prevail between both risks. Certain medications may also have
952:
The immunosuppressants that are needed to prevent organ rejection also introduce some risks. By lowering the body's ability to mount an immune reaction, these medicines also increase the chances of infection.
833:
drugs which are required every day to prevent transplant rejection. Lack of a strong immune system leaves transplant recipients vulnerable to infections. Care must be taken in food preparation and hygiene as
463:, although some recipients that are heaptitis C positive can receive a lung from a hepatitis C positive donor, and individuals with HIV who can be stabilized and can have a low HIV viral load may be eligible;
985:
These statistics are based on data from 2008. The source data made no distinction between living and deceased donor organs, nor was any distinction made between lobar, single, and double lung transplants.
716:
tube. The donor lung is placed, the blood vessels and bronchial tube reattached, and the lung reinflated. To make sure the lung is satisfactory and to clear any remaining blood and mucus in the new lung a
386:
There are certain requirements for potential lung donors, due to the needs of the potential recipient. In the case of living donors, this is also in consideration of how the surgery will affect the donor:
263:
2066:
Yang, Z; Takahashi, T; Terada, Y; Meyers, BF; Kozower, BD; Patterson, GA; Nava, RG; Hachem, RR; Witt, CA; Byers, DE; Kulkarni, HS; Guillamet, RV; Yan, Y; Chang, SH; Kreisel, D; Puri, V (December 2022).
969:
Chronic rejection, meaning repeated bouts of rejection symptoms beyond the first year after the transplant surgery, occurs in approximately 50% of patients. Such chronic rejection presents itself as
644:, due to the bacterial colonization commonly found within such patients' lungs; if only one lung were transplanted, bacteria in the native lung could potentially infect the newly transplanted organ.
105:, it is imperative that a recipient receive two lungs. While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also extend life expectancy and enhance the quality of life for those with
1373:
Reitz BA, Wallwork JL, Hunt SA, Pennock JL, Billingham ME, Oyer PE, et al. (March 1982). "Heart-lung transplantation: successful therapy for patients with pulmonary vascular disease".
494:
Patients who are being considered for placement on the organ transplant list undergo extensive medical tests to evaluate their overall health status and suitability for transplant surgery.
1516:
892:
is a primary concern, both immediately after the surgery and continuing throughout the patient's life. Because the transplanted lung or lungs come from another person, the recipient's
826:. Eyesight, physical ability to do simple actions such as check blind spots, wear a seat belt safely without the wound site being affected and hand eye coordination are all assessed.
620:
been properly screened should be able to maintain a normal quality of life despite the reduction in lung volume. In deceased lobar transplantation, one donor can provide both lobes.
962:
or other potentially harmful side-effects. Other medications may also be prescribed in order to help alleviate these side effects. There is also the risk that a patient may have an
1631:
Merlo, CA; Weiss, ES; Orens, JB; Borja, MC; Diener-West, M; Conte, JV; Shah, AS (August 2009). "Impact of U.S. Lung
Allocation Score on survival after lung transplantation".
822:
Post-transplant patients are held from driving for the first 3 months pending an assessment of the patient's capacity to drive; this assessment is usually performed by an
941:, but as episodes of rejection may reoccur throughout a patient's life, the exact choices and dosages of immunosuppressants may have to be modified over time. Sometimes
741:. The new lung is then placed and the blood vessels reanastomosed (reconnected). To make sure the bronchial anastomosis is satisfactory before transplanting the other a
662:
which would necessitate a heart transplant. These patients can be treated by a surgery in which both lungs and the heart are replaced by organs from a donor or donors.
729:
A double-lung transplant, also known as a bilateral transplant, can be done either sequentially, en bloc, or simultaneously. Sequential is more common than en bloc.
1338:
Cohen, DJ; Loertscher, R; Rubin, MF; Tilney, NL; Carpenter, CB; Strom, TB (November 1984). "Cyclosporine: a new immunosuppressive agent for organ transplantation".
712:
incision under the breastbone. In the case of a singular lung transplant the lung is collapsed, the blood vessels in the lung tied off, and the lung removed at the
602:
have been on the transplant waitlist. The length of time spent on the list is also the deciding factor when multiple patients have the same lung allocation score.
2980:
2656:
597:
basis to patients on the transplant list. This was replaced by the current system, in which prospective lung recipients of age of 12 and older are assigned a
1605:
1667:
1299:
466:
No alcohol, smoking, or drug abuse (some individuals who can cease these habits and comply with treatment may be allowed after the professional assessment)
2017:"Survival Associated With Sirolimus Plus Tacrolimus Maintenance Without Induction Therapy Compared With Standard Immunosuppression After Lung Transplant"
191:
Despite the severity of a patient's respiratory condition, certain pre-existing conditions may make a person a poor candidate for lung transplantation:
1989:
1492:
628:
Many patients can be helped by the transplantation of a single healthy lung. The donated lung typically comes from a donor who has been pronounced
2249:
2892:
397:
The donated lung or lungs must be large enough to adequately oxygenate the patient, but small enough to fit within the recipient's chest cavity
53:
896:
will see it as an invader and attempt to neutralize it. Transplant rejection is a serious condition and must be treated as soon as possible.
802:
that would normally help regulate it. They may also notice a change in their voice due to potential damage to the nerves that coordinate the
2491:
879:
2973:
1050:
449:
1699:
1131:
414:
While a transplant center is free to set its own criteria for transplant candidates, certain requirements are generally agreed upon:
97:
are replaced by lungs from a donor. Donor lungs can be retrieved from a living or deceased donor. A living donor can only donate one
966:
to the medications. Close follow-up care is required in order to balance the benefits of these drugs versus their potential risks.
347:
2312:
366:
2966:
1812:"Post-operative, inpatient rehabilitation after lung transplant evaluation (PIRATE): A feasibility randomized controlled trial"
814:
systematic review reported enhancements in muscle strength and increased bone mineral density as well as improvements in 6MWT.
3599:
127:
432:. It can allow patients with acute respiratory failure to improve while waiting and to remain eligible for transplantation.
1810:
Tarrant, BJ; Quinn, E; Robinson, R; Poulsen, M; Fuller, L; Snell, G; Thompson, BR; Button, BM; Holland, AE (3 July 2023).
3594:
3330:
2754:
2635:
2630:
2242:
925:
In order to prevent transplant rejection and subsequent damage to the new lung or lungs, patients must take a regimen of
429:
721:
will be performed. When the surgeons are satisfied with the performance of the lung the chest incision will be closed.
2299:
267:
Doctors at the
Sklifosovsky Institute start a lung transplantation operation. The operation will last about 12 hours.
2561:
2546:
2277:
1055:
590:
469:
Within an acceptable weight range (marked undernourishment or obesity are both associated with increased mortality)
1887:
Gutierrez-Arias R, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Gaete-Mahn MC, Osorio D, Bustos L, Melo Tanner J, et al. (July 2021).
1609:
2675:
1725:
Taghavi, S; Bîrsan, T; Pereszlenyi, A; Kupilik, N; Deviatko, E; Wisser, W; Steltzer, H; Klepetko, W (May 1999).
1303:
101:. With some lung diseases, a recipient may only need to receive a single lung. With other lung diseases such as
3589:
3108:
2680:
2651:
2625:
2235:
886:
due to the immune suppressants, and gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and esophagus.
162:
428:
acutely deteriorating and are critically ill can be successfully "bridged" to transplantation with the use of
3524:
3499:
2556:
2536:
283:
and Henry Metras, during the 1940s and 1950s first demonstrated that the procedure was technically feasible.
138:
3494:
3140:
2594:
2521:
606:
travel within a certain geographical region in order to facilitate rapid transport to a transplant center.
443:
2599:
1993:
106:
2958:
3484:
3340:
3335:
2604:
2460:
2382:
762:
557:
1938:"Analysis of time-dependent risks for infection, rejection, and death after pulmonary transplantation"
3202:
2947:
2486:
2357:
2352:
1467:
653:
533:
353:
1988: First successful long-term double lung transplant for cystic fibrosis by Joel Cooper (Toronto).
288:
640:
Certain patients may require both lungs to be replaced. This is especially the case for people with
316:, that organs such as the lungs could be transplanted with a reasonable chance of patient recovery.
3564:
3391:
3358:
3350:
2551:
2377:
2199:
1418:
970:
594:
545:
196:
60:
3118:
3007:
2718:
2663:
2414:
2322:
2069:"A comparison of outcomes after lung transplantation between European and North American centers"
909:
flu-like symptoms, including chills, dizziness, nausea, general feeling of illness, night sweats;
782:
778:
567:
515:
505:
that are present on donated lungs. A mismatch of blood type can lead to a strong response by the
1135:
3554:
3519:
3489:
3424:
3325:
2942:
2927:
2668:
2526:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2362:
1936:
Bando K, Paradis IL, Komatsu K, Konishi H, Matsushima M, Keena RJ, et al. (January 1995).
926:
823:
766:
332:
309:
152:
2848:
1811:
3534:
3197:
2932:
2869:
2816:
2780:
2708:
2389:
2367:
2347:
2258:
2015:
Wijesinha M, Hirshon JM, Terrin M, Magder L, Brown C, Stafford K, et al. (August 2019).
1517:"Sligo lung transplant recipient Vera Dwyer passes away 33 years after life-saving operation"
946:
598:
584:
481:
Financially able to pay for expenses (where medical care is paid for directly by the patient)
320:
284:
1703:
1251:
3406:
3381:
2739:
2496:
2337:
889:
846:
510:
293:
276:
8:
3529:
3511:
3479:
3429:
3054:
2832:
2327:
2289:
2284:
2272:
754:
676:
562:
551:
328:
2093:
2068:
16:
Surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased lungs are partially or totally replaced
3401:
3373:
3227:
3127:
2990:
2703:
2043:
2033:
2016:
1913:
1888:
1839:
1792:
1209:
1184:
1183:
Kern RM, Seethamraju H, Blanc PD, Sinha N, Loebe M, Golden J, et al. (July 2014).
1103:
1076:
1037:
Transplanted lungs typically last three to five years before showing signs of failure.
758:
684:
305:
243:
1954:
1937:
1743:
1726:
3559:
3549:
3062:
2937:
2917:
2912:
2811:
2713:
2465:
2137:
2098:
2048:
1959:
1918:
1843:
1831:
1796:
1784:
1748:
1648:
1587:
1551:
1390:
1355:
1268:
1264:
1214:
1108:
830:
280:
98:
48:
2759:
2317:
2129:
2088:
2080:
2038:
2028:
1949:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1823:
1776:
1738:
1640:
1579:
1547:
1543:
1382:
1347:
1260:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1098:
1088:
921:
increase or decrease in body weight of more than two kilograms in a 24-hour period.
774:
572:
272:
2161:
1827:
1534:
Biscotti, M; Sonett, J; Bacchetta, M (2015). "ECMO as bridge to lung transplant".
1436:
3312:
3284:
3187:
2744:
2584:
2442:
2424:
2342:
2332:
2204:
2084:
1644:
974:
854:
835:
641:
145:
102:
66:
2133:
1386:
1351:
3471:
3450:
3434:
3291:
3240:
3135:
3049:
2806:
2723:
2516:
2452:
1727:"Bilateral lung transplantation via two sequential anterolateral thoracotomies"
959:
938:
790:
680:
340:
235:
175:
1886:
1166:
3583:
3320:
3248:
3212:
3177:
2874:
2864:
2785:
2749:
2579:
2437:
2432:
2394:
2307:
1992:. US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. 1 May 2008. Archived from
893:
789:
There may be a number of side effects following the surgery. Because certain
757:
for monitoring, normally for a period of a few days. The patient is put on a
659:
506:
204:
200:
119:
3416:
3258:
3161:
3091:
3086:
2801:
2775:
2176:
2141:
2102:
2052:
1922:
1835:
1788:
1752:
1652:
1591:
1555:
1272:
1218:
1112:
934:
862:
742:
718:
699:
539:
424:
No other chronic end-stage medical conditions (e.g., heart, kidney, liver)
358:
1963:
1394:
1359:
3396:
3276:
3263:
3253:
3221:
3145:
3096:
3034:
3029:
3024:
2988:
2879:
2531:
2470:
2156:
954:
930:
803:
799:
629:
324:
313:
297:
179:
2227:
2191:
1093:
589:
Before 2005, donor lungs within the United States were allocated by the
231:- depends on estimated survival after the treatment of malignant disease
76:
3386:
3268:
3169:
3070:
3044:
3039:
3016:
1583:
942:
875:
850:
795:
770:
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is collapsed, the blood vessels tied off, and cut at the corresponding
734:
528:
498:
2120:
1780:
1493:"Woman (77) who got new lung, kidney and hip is 'game for everything'"
1185:"The feasibility of lung transplantation in HIV-seropositive patients"
339:
1983: First successful long-term single lung transplant (Tom Hall) by
3544:
3182:
3101:
2210:
1407:
Pulmonary
Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd edition p. 126
1171:
460:
215:
131:
1702:. American College of Chest Physicians. October 2005. Archived from
525:– PA & LAT, to verify the size of the lungs and the chest cavity
489:
3153:
2922:
2609:
2119:
883:
738:
713:
456:
301:
319:
The first successful transplant surgery involving the lungs was a
171:
2% replacing previously transplanted lungs that have since failed;
28:
3363:
2998:
2215:
1868:
Pulmonary
Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p. 133
1856:
Pulmonary
Hypertension: A Patient's Survival Guide 3rd ed. p.134.
1232:
Metras H (1950). "Preliminary note on lung transplants in dogs".
963:
502:
362:
239:
3539:
3236:
3216:
3078:
1724:
871:
858:
753:
Immediately following the surgery, the patient is placed in an
438:
370:
228:
153:
idiopathic (formerly known as "primary") pulmonary hypertension
903:
829:
Hygiene becomes more important in everyday living due to the
761:
to assist breathing. Nutritional needs are generally met via
522:
373:. She died in 2021, thirty-three years after her transplant.
2014:
1765:
798:
responds less quickly to exertion due to the cutting of the
501:; the recipient's blood type must match the donor's, due to
2589:
1809:
1568:
94:
1935:
1337:
777:
may be removed. Because the patient is confined to bed, a
275:
began with several attempts that were unsuccessful due to
2065:
1182:
346:
1986: First successful long-term double lung transplant (
211:
2172:
International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation
1889:"Exercise training for adult lung transplant recipients"
1372:
409:
279:. Animal experimentation by various pioneers, including
2166:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1533:
1468:"Longest surviving transplant recipient receives award"
421:
Has exhausted other available therapies without success
1419:"New Blood Procedure Helps Bolster Transplanted Lungs"
878:
are given preventatively. Other complications include
1447:(11). Canadian Medical Association: 1610. 29 May 2001
1250:
1134:. Aetna intelihealth. 30 January 2006. Archived from
2181:
2171:
1871:
1630:
381:
1668:"In 3-Way Transplant, Living Patient Donates Heart"
1608:. Cleveland Clinic. 7 February 2003. Archived from
781:is used. IV lines are used in the neck and arm for
1975:
1973:
1942:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1324:"Barnett To Free Killer Who Had Lung Transplant",
254:History of noncompliance with medical instructions
1302:. Emory University. 12 April 2005. Archived from
679:line and various monitoring equipment, including
490:Medical tests for potential transplant candidates
3581:
1970:
1864:
1862:
1285:"Transplanting Of Lung Apparently Successful",
703:Incision scarring from a double lung transplant
658:Some respiratory patients may also have severe
93:, is a surgical procedure in which one or both
2893:List of organ transplant donors and recipients
3470:
2974:
2243:
2073:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
1633:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
1437:"First double-lung transplant recipient dies"
687:, and a machine will breathe for him or her.
2492:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
1859:
1850:
1606:"Lung Transplant Evaluation: Required Tests"
880:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
195:Concurrent end-stage chronic illness (e.g.,
1893:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1731:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
1051:Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy
609:
2981:
2967:
2250:
2236:
536:(High Resolution Thoracic & Abdominal)
376:
304:). It was only after the invention of the
27:
2257:
2092:
2042:
2032:
1953:
1912:
1742:
1234:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1208:
1102:
1092:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
845:
698:
578:
300:bronchial healing (i.e. reconnection of
262:
112:
1189:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1126:
1124:
1122:
3582:
1665:
1490:
1465:
1416:
1231:
990:Survival rate after a lung transplant
748:
331:in 1981 on a woman who had idiopathic
2962:
2231:
1685:
1598:
410:Requirements for potential recipients
128:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1982:
1441:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1292:
1150:
1119:
1077:"Lung transplantation for emphysema"
1074:
945:is given instead of ciclosporin and
511:rejection of the transplanted organs
394:Size match (mostly based on height)
186:
3331:High-resolution computed tomography
2989:Tests and procedures involving the
2636:Canadian Society of Transplantation
2631:American Society of Transplantation
1375:The New England Journal of Medicine
1068:
918:increased chest pain or tenderness;
430:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
13:
2113:
2034:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10297
912:increased difficulty in breathing;
357:In 1988, Vera Dwyer, a woman from
308:, coupled with the development of
14:
3611:
2149:
1816:Physiotherapy Theory and Practice
1700:"What Is the Surgical Procedure?"
1300:"History of Lung Transplantation"
915:worsening pulmonary test results;
382:Requirements for potential donors
2562:United Network for Organ Sharing
2547:National Transplant Organization
2167:United Network for Organ Sharing
1265:10.1001/jama.1963.63710120001010
1081:Annals of Translational Medicine
1056:Post-transplant survival measure
817:
724:
694:
591:United Network for Organ Sharing
558:Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan
475:Acceptable psychological profile
437:No current infections or recent
2676:Organ transplantation in Israel
2059:
2008:
1929:
1803:
1759:
1718:
1659:
1624:
1562:
1527:
1509:
1484:
1459:
1429:
1410:
1401:
1366:
1331:
548:(Gated cardiac blood pool scan)
248:Age - relative contraindication
3109:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
2681:Organ transplantation in Japan
2652:Organ transplantation in China
2626:American Society of Nephrology
1990:"2008 OPTN/SRTR Annual Report"
1905:10.1002/14651858.cd012307.pub2
1548:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2014.09.010
1318:
1279:
1244:
1225:
1201:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201402-083OC
1176:
635:
623:
210:Current infections, including
163:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
1:
3500:Positive pressure ventilation
2557:Trillium Gift of Life Network
2537:National Marrow Donor Program
1979:Merck Manual 18th ed. p. 1377
1955:10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70419-1
1828:10.1080/09593985.2022.2041779
1744:10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00078-0
1061:
647:
218:- relative contraindications
139:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
3600:Thoracic surgical procedures
3495:Negative pressure ventilator
2595:Halachic Organ Donor Society
2522:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
2085:10.1016/j.healun.2022.07.014
1645:10.1016/j.healun.2009.04.024
1417:Rundle RL (2 January 2003).
980:
683:. The patient will be given
669:
174:24% other causes, including
7:
2600:Kidney Foundation of Canada
2134:10.1056/nejm199904083401406
1387:10.1056/NEJM198203113061001
1352:10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-667
1340:Annals of Internal Medicine
1044:
769:is sufficient for feeding.
765:, although in some cases a
478:Has a social support system
107:end stage pulmonary disease
10:
3616:
3595:Pulmonary thoracic surgery
3485:Surgical airway management
3341:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3141:Tracheoesophageal puncture
2657:harvesting from Falun Gong
2605:National Kidney Foundation
2461:Non-heart-beating donation
2177:Lung Transplant Foundation
1572:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
763:total parenteral nutrition
651:
582:
554:(Dobutamine/Thallium scan)
472:Age (single vs. double tx)
350:) by Joel Cooper (Toronto)
258:
3510:
3463:
3443:
3415:
3372:
3349:
3311:
3304:
3211:
3117:
3006:
2997:
2905:
2888:
2857:
2841:
2825:
2794:
2768:
2732:
2696:
2689:
2644:
2618:
2570:
2505:
2487:Graft-versus-host disease
2479:
2451:
2423:
2298:
2265:
2185:
1666:Altman LK (13 May 1987).
1287:Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen
949:instead of azathioprine.
289:University of Mississippi
91:pulmonary transplantation
73:
59:
47:
43:Pulmonary transplantation
39:
26:
21:
3565:Pulmonary rehabilitation
3392:Bronchial challenge test
3359:Pneumonia severity index
3351:Clinical prediction rule
2552:NHS Blood and Transplant
2157:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1769:Transplant International
1536:Thoracic Surgery Clinics
1075:Inci I (November 2020).
971:bronchiolitis obliterans
841:
838:becomes more of a risk.
610:Types of lung transplant
595:first-come, first-served
529:Pulmonary function tests
197:congestive heart failure
2928:Immunosuppressive drugs
2664:Organ donation in India
1491:Cullen P (2018-11-20).
1466:Hurley S (2018-11-20).
1423:The Wall Street Journal
927:immunosuppressive drugs
614:
568:Cardiac catheterization
377:Transplant requirements
310:immunosuppressive drugs
3555:Hyperinflation therapy
3520:Artificial respiration
3490:Mechanical ventilation
3425:Bronchoalveolar lavage
3326:CT pulmonary angiogram
2948:Frankenstein's monster
2943:Total body irradiation
2669:Gurgaon kidney scandal
2527:Human Tissue Authority
973:, or less frequently,
866:
824:occupational therapist
704:
418:End-stage lung disease
333:pulmonary hypertension
268:
251:Psychiatric conditions
3590:Organ transplantation
3535:Decompression chamber
3203:Heart–lung transplant
2933:Lung allocation score
2870:Jean-Michel Dubernard
2259:Organ transplantation
1022:Heart-lung transplant
947:mycophenolate mofetil
874:is a possibility, so
849:
702:
654:Heart–lung transplant
599:lung allocation score
585:lung allocation score
579:Lung allocation score
321:heart-lung transplant
266:
113:Qualifying conditions
3407:Impulse oscillometry
3382:Body plethysmography
2740:J. Hartwell Harrison
2497:Transplant rejection
2162:Lung transplantation
1706:on 25 September 2006
1612:on 30 September 2007
1328:, June 26, 1963, p3A
899:Signs of rejection:
890:Transplant rejection
540:Bone mineral density
277:transplant rejection
87:Lung transplantation
22:Lung transplantation
3530:Hyperbaric medicine
3512:Respiratory therapy
3430:Nasopharyngeal swab
3055:Acoustic rhinometry
2849:André van der Merwe
2833:Richard C. Lillehei
2506:Transplant networks
2290:Xenotransplantation
2285:Autotransplantation
2273:Allotransplantation
1289:, June 13, 1963, p1
1138:on 14 November 2006
1094:10.21037/atm-20-805
991:
773:are put in so that
755:intensive care unit
749:Post-operative care
552:Cardiac stress test
329:Stanford University
323:, performed by Dr.
34:vessels and airway.
3402:Diffusion capacity
3374:Lung function test
2991:respiratory system
2704:Christiaan Barnard
2300:Organs and tissues
1672:The New York Times
1584:10.1111/jocs.16253
1003:10 years survival
989:
867:
705:
685:general anesthesia
306:heart-lung machine
302:Bronchial passages
296:and problems with
269:
227:Current or recent
130:(COPD), including
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3560:Pulmonary hygiene
3550:Postural drainage
3459:
3458:
3300:
3299:
2956:
2955:
2938:Machine perfusion
2918:Edmonton protocol
2913:Biomedical tissue
2901:
2900:
2812:Vladimir Demikhov
2714:Adrian Kantrowitz
2466:Organ procurement
2225:
2224:
2128:(14): 1081–1091.
2079:(12): 1729–1735.
1781:10.1111/tri.13754
1775:(12): 1788–1798.
1306:on 2 October 2009
1259:(12): 1065–1074.
1132:"Lung Transplant"
1035:
1034:
964:allergic reaction
831:immunosuppressant
563:Electrocardiogram
281:Vladimir Demikhov
273:organ transplants
187:Contraindications
84:
83:
3607:
3468:
3467:
3464:Other procedures
3309:
3308:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2760:Michael Woodruff
2694:
2693:
2425:Medical grafting
2252:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2183:
2182:
2145:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1884:
1869:
1866:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1822:(7): 1406–1416.
1807:
1801:
1800:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1523:. July 27, 2021.
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1163:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1072:
1000:5 years survival
992:
988:
857:rejection. Lung
779:urinary catheter
767:nasogastric tube
170:
160:
77:edit on Wikidata
69:
31:
19:
18:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3506:
3455:
3439:
3411:
3368:
3345:
3313:Medical imaging
3296:
3285:Mediastinoscopy
3225:
3220:
3207:
3193:Transplantation
3188:Wedge resection
3113:
2993:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2897:
2884:
2853:
2837:
2821:
2790:
2764:
2745:John P. Merrill
2728:
2685:
2640:
2619:Joint societies
2614:
2585:Blood Cancer UK
2572:
2566:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2475:
2447:
2443:Vascular bypass
2419:
2294:
2261:
2256:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2194:
2152:
2116:
2114:Further reading
2111:
2110:
2064:
2060:
2027:(8): e1910297.
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1934:
1930:
1899:(7): CD012307.
1885:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1808:
1804:
1764:
1760:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1567:
1563:
1532:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1497:The Irish Times
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1381:(10): 557–564.
1371:
1367:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1226:
1181:
1177:
1167:Lung Transplant
1164:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1047:
1008:Lung transplant
997:1 year survival
983:
975:atherosclerosis
939:corticosteroids
855:lung transplant
844:
836:gastroenteritis
820:
751:
727:
697:
672:
660:cardiac disease
656:
650:
642:cystic fibrosis
638:
626:
617:
612:
587:
581:
509:and subsequent
492:
412:
384:
379:
271:The history of
261:
234:Current use of
189:
168:
158:
146:cystic fibrosis
115:
103:cystic fibrosis
80:
65:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3613:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3472:Oxygen therapy
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3451:Blood gas test
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3435:Sputum culture
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3292:Nuss procedure
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3241:pleural cavity
3232:
3230:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Cricothyrotomy
3133:
3131:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:Rhinomanometry
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2906:Related topics
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2817:James D. Hardy
2814:
2809:
2807:Joel D. Cooper
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2781:James D. Hardy
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:Elizabeth Ward
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2724:Norman Shumway
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:James D. Hardy
2706:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Eurotransplant
2513:
2511:
2508:and government
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2453:Organ donation
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:Classification
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2151:
2150:External links
2148:
2147:
2146:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2058:
2021:JAMA Netw Open
2007:
1996:on 5 June 2010
1981:
1969:
1928:
1870:
1858:
1849:
1802:
1758:
1717:
1684:
1658:
1623:
1597:
1578:(4): 747–759.
1561:
1526:
1521:Independent.ie
1508:
1483:
1458:
1428:
1409:
1400:
1365:
1330:
1317:
1291:
1278:
1243:
1224:
1195:(6): 882–889.
1175:
1149:
1118:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
982:
979:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
843:
840:
819:
816:
750:
747:
745:is performed.
735:lung functions
726:
723:
696:
693:
681:pulse oximetry
671:
668:
652:Main article:
649:
646:
637:
634:
625:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:Echocardiogram
570:
565:
560:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
526:
519:
513:
491:
488:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
453:
435:
434:
433:
422:
419:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
398:
392:
383:
380:
378:
375:
367:Mater Hospital
355:
354:
351:
344:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
232:
225:
224:
223:
208:
201:kidney disease
188:
185:
184:
183:
176:bronchiectasis
172:
166:
156:
149:
142:
135:
114:
111:
82:
81:
74:
71:
70:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3612:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Bronchography
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Thoracentesis
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Decortication
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Pneumonectomy
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
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3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Donna Mansell
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Alexis Carrel
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
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2828:
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2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2786:Thomas Starzl
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Joseph Murray
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Richard Lower
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Anthony Nolan
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:organizations
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2535:
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2525:
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2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:Complications
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Skin grafting
2436:
2434:
2433:Bone grafting
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2369:
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2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1737:(5): 658–62.
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:(8): 769–75.
1638:
1634:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:(5): 667–82.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
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1228:
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1202:
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1190:
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1179:
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1127:
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1123:
1114:
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1067:
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1042:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
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987:
978:
976:
972:
967:
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961:
956:
950:
948:
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936:
932:
928:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
894:immune system
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
863:H&E stain
860:
856:
852:
848:
839:
837:
832:
827:
825:
818:Miscellaneous
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:excess fluids
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
736:
730:
722:
720:
715:
709:
701:
692:
688:
686:
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663:
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621:
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559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:Tissue typing
514:
512:
508:
507:immune system
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
458:
454:
452:
451:
446:
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423:
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401:
396:
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374:
372:
368:
364:
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352:
349:
345:
342:
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326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
265:
253:
250:
247:
245:
244:illegal drugs
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
220:
219:
217:
213:
209:
206:
205:liver disease
202:
198:
194:
193:
192:
181:
177:
173:
167:
164:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
124:
123:
121:
120:United States
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
25:
20:
3275:
3259:Thoracoscopy
3235:
3192:
3168:
3162:Bronchoscopy
3152:
3126:
3092:Laryngectomy
3087:Laryngoscopy
3077:
3061:
3015:
2802:Fikri Alican
2776:Fikri Alican
2372:
2209:
2198:
2155:
2125:
2122:N Engl J Med
2121:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1984:
1948:(1): 49–59.
1945:
1941:
1931:
1896:
1892:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1710:29 September
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1616:29 September
1614:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1600:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1542:(1): 17–25.
1539:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1444:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1294:
1286:
1281:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1165:
1142:29 September
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1087:(21): 1473.
1084:
1080:
1070:
1039:
1036:
984:
968:
951:
935:azathioprine
924:
898:
888:
882:, a form of
868:
828:
821:
812:
810:population.
808:
788:
752:
743:bronchoscopy
731:
728:
719:bronchoscopy
710:
706:
689:
673:
664:
657:
639:
627:
618:
604:
588:
499:Blood typing
493:
448:
442:
413:
385:
359:County Sligo
356:
348:Ann Harrison
318:
270:
190:
169:
159:
116:
90:
86:
85:
3397:Capnography
3277:mediastinum
3264:Thoracotomy
3254:Pleurodesis
3222:mediastinum
3146:Tracheotomy
3097:Laryngotomy
3035:Somnoplasty
3030:Septoplasty
3025:Rhinoplasty
2880:Bruce Reitz
2532:LifeSharers
2510:departments
2471:Organ trade
2313:Bone marrow
1677:20 February
1310:8 September
960:nephrotoxic
955:Antibiotics
931:ciclosporin
876:antibiotics
804:vocal cords
800:vagus nerve
771:Chest tubes
725:Double-lung
695:Single-lung
636:Double-lung
624:Single-lung
341:Joel Cooper
325:Bruce Reitz
314:ciclosporin
298:anastomotic
285:James Hardy
180:sarcoidosis
40:Other names
3584:Categories
3480:Intubation
3387:Spirometry
3269:Chest tube
3213:Chest wall
3071:Sinusotomy
3045:Rhinectomy
3040:Alarplasty
2383:islet cell
2353:Heart–lung
1502:2018-11-20
1477:2018-11-20
1326:Miami News
1062:References
943:tacrolimus
851:Micrograph
796:heart rate
783:monitoring
759:ventilator
648:Heart–lung
630:brain-dead
444:B. cepacia
405:Blood type
3545:Nebulizer
3336:Spiral CT
3228:diaphragm
3183:Lobectomy
3102:Thyrotomy
2645:Countries
2358:Intestine
2211:SNOMED CT
1844:233532639
1797:222162950
1172:eMedicine
981:Prognosis
714:bronchial
670:Procedure
461:hepatitis
343:(Toronto)
294:rejection
216:hepatitis
132:emphysema
99:lung lobe
3417:Cytology
3154:bronchus
3119:Lower RT
3008:Upper RT
2923:Eye bank
2826:Pancreas
2610:ORGANIZE
2571:Advocacy
2378:Pancreas
2216:88039007
2142:10194239
2103:35970646
2094:10305841
2053:31461151
1923:34282853
1836:35193445
1789:32989785
1753:10386413
1653:19632571
1592:35060184
1556:25430426
1472:RTÉ News
1451:26 March
1273:14061414
1219:24964265
1113:33313218
1045:See also
884:lymphoma
853:showing
503:antigens
312:such as
49:ICD-9-CM
3364:CURB-65
3128:trachea
2999:Surgery
2323:Corneal
2205:D016040
2044:6716294
2000:28 July
1964:7815807
1914:8406964
1395:6799824
1360:6385799
1240:: 1176.
1210:4213997
1104:7723607
739:bronchi
534:CT Scan
391:Healthy
363:Ireland
287:of the
259:History
240:tobacco
236:alcohol
67:D016040
3540:Heliox
3237:pleura
3217:pleura
3079:larynx
2733:Kidney
2690:People
2542:NOD-Lb
2415:Vagina
2410:Uterus
2405:Thymus
2400:Spleen
2363:Kidney
2140:
2101:
2091:
2051:
2041:
1962:
1921:
1911:
1842:
1834:
1795:
1787:
1751:
1651:
1590:
1554:
1393:
1358:
1271:
1217:
1207:
1111:
1101:
1031:28.3%
1017:28.4%
872:sepsis
859:biopsy
521:Chest
439:cancer
371:Dublin
229:cancer
222:basis.
122:were:
3444:Other
3305:Tests
3063:sinus
2858:Other
2842:Penis
2769:Liver
2697:Heart
2390:Penis
2368:Liver
2348:Heart
2318:Brain
2266:Types
1840:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1028:46.5%
1025:73.8%
1014:53.4%
1011:83.6%
904:fever
842:Risks
791:nerve
593:on a
523:X-ray
485:care.
95:lungs
89:, or
75:[
3226:and
3170:lung
3017:nose
2795:Lung
2590:DKMS
2395:Skin
2373:Lung
2343:Head
2338:Hand
2333:Face
2308:Bone
2278:ABOi
2200:MeSH
2138:PMID
2099:PMID
2049:PMID
2002:2010
1960:PMID
1919:PMID
1897:2021
1832:PMID
1785:PMID
1749:PMID
1712:2006
1679:2008
1649:PMID
1618:2006
1588:PMID
1552:PMID
1453:2008
1391:PMID
1356:PMID
1312:2009
1269:PMID
1253:JAMA
1215:PMID
1144:2006
1109:PMID
937:and
615:Lobe
546:MUGA
542:scan
450:MRSA
214:and
178:and
151:12%
144:14%
137:16%
126:27%
61:MeSH
54:33.5
3525:CPR
2328:Eye
2130:doi
2126:340
2089:PMC
2081:doi
2039:PMC
2029:doi
1950:doi
1946:109
1909:PMC
1901:doi
1824:doi
1777:doi
1739:doi
1641:doi
1580:doi
1544:doi
1445:164
1383:doi
1379:306
1348:doi
1344:101
1261:doi
1257:186
1238:231
1205:PMC
1197:doi
1170:at
1099:PMC
1089:doi
675:an
459:or
457:HIV
455:No
447:or
402:Age
369:in
361:in
327:of
242:or
212:HIV
161:5%
3586::
3215:,
2214::
2203::
2160::
2136:.
2124:.
2097:.
2087:.
2077:41
2075:.
2071:.
2047:.
2037:.
2023:.
2019:.
1972:^
1958:.
1944:.
1940:.
1917:.
1907:.
1895:.
1891:.
1873:^
1861:^
1838:.
1830:.
1820:39
1818:.
1814:.
1791:.
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1773:33
1771:.
1747:.
1735:15
1733:.
1729:.
1687:^
1670:.
1647:.
1637:28
1635:.
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1550:.
1540:25
1538:.
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1470:.
1443:.
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1377:.
1354:.
1342:.
1267:.
1255:.
1236:.
1213:.
1203:.
1193:11
1191:.
1187:.
1152:^
1121:^
1107:.
1097:.
1083:.
1079:.
977:.
933:,
861:.
806:.
677:IV
632:.
335:.
238:,
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199:,
109:.
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2192:D
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2105:.
2083::
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2025:2
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1903::
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1620:.
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1091::
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207:)
182:.
165:;
155:;
148:;
141:;
134:;
79:]
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