1054:(NETs), which are extracellular fibers secreted by neutrophils that are used to trap and destroy pathogens, are hyperactive in bronchiectasis. Increased NET activity is associated with more severe bronchiectasis. Neutrophil elastase, which is an extracellular protein secreted by neutrophils to destroy pathogens as well as host tissue, is also hyperactive in many cases of bronchiectasis. An increased neutrophil elastase activity is also associated with worse outcomes and more severe disease in bronchiectasis. The initial lung injury in bronchiectasis leads to an impaired mucociliary clearance of the lung airways, which leads to mucous stasis. This mucous stasis leads to bacterial colonization in bronchiectasis which leads to neutrophil activation. This neutrophil activation leads to further tissue destruction and airway distortion by neutrophils in addition to direct tissue destruction by the pathogenic bacteria. The distorted, damaged lung airways thus have impaired mucociliary clearance; leading to mucous stasis and bacterial colonization leading to further neutrophil activation and thus fueling a self-perpetuating "vicious cycle" of inflammation in bronchiectasis. This "vicious cycle" theory is the generally accepted explanation for the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis.
380:
1158:
1174:
1004:
1391:
1515:
the prevalence of bronchiectasis was 701 per 100,000 persons. A similar prevalence rate of bronchiectasis has been reported in other countries including China, Germany, the United
Kingdom, Spain and Singapore. Those with a dual COPD and bronchiectasis diagnosis are more likely to be cigarette smokers and more likely to be hospitalized as compared to those with bronchiectasis without COPD. It became less common since the 1950s, with the introduction of antibiotics. It is more common among certain ethnic groups such as
1474:. Additionally, surgery is used to remove an airway obstruction that is contributing to bronchiectasis. The goals are conservative, aiming to control specific disease manifestations rather than cure or eliminate all areas of bronchiectasis. Surgical case series have shown low operative mortality rate (less than 2%) and improvement of symptoms in the majority of patients selected to receive surgery. However, no randomized clinical trials have been performed evaluating the efficacy of surgery in bronchiectasis.
32:
1418:, to suppress the burden of chronic bacterial colonization, and to treat exacerbations. The use of daily oral non-macrolide antibiotic treatment has been studied in small case series, but not in randomized trials. The role of inhaled antibiotics in non-CF bronchiectasis has recently evolved with two society guidelines and a systematic review suggesting a therapeutic trial of inhaled antibiotics in patients with three or more exacerbations per year and
1074:
1438:. However, there arises a problem with inhaled antibiotic treatments, such as ciprofloxacin, of staying in the desired area of the infected lung tissues for sufficient time to provide optimal treatment. To combat this and prolong the amount of time the antibiotic spends in the lung tissue, current study trials have moved to develop inhalable nanostructured lipid carriers for the antibiotics.
2509:
1502:) to predict clinical outcomes in bronchiectasis. The Bronchiectasis Severity Index uses the same criteria as the FACED scale in addition to including criteria related to number of hospital admissions, annual exacerbations, colonization with other organisms and BMI (body mass index) less than 18.5. A decreased FEV-1, increasing age, presence of chronic infection (especially
755:. The presence of an airway obstruction leads to a cycle of inflammation. It is important to identify the presence of an obstruction because surgical resection is often curative if obstruction is the cause. In adults, foreign body aspiration is often associated with an altered state of consciousness. The foreign body is often unchewed food, or part of a tooth or
1506:), a greater extent of lung involvement, high clinical dyspnea scale ratings, increased hospital admissions, a high number of annual exacerbations, and a BMI less than 18.5 lead to higher scores on both clinical scales and are associated with a poor prognosis in bronchiectasis; including increased mortality.
1514:
The prevalence and incidence of bronchiectasis is unclear as the symptoms are variable. The disease affects between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 250,000 adults. The disease is more common in women and in the elderly. In a
Medicare cohort study in the United States, consisting of adults 65 years and older,
1553:
The prevalence and incidence of bronchiectasis has increased greatly in the 21st century. In a
Medicare cohort analysis, consisting of adults 65 years and older in the United States; the annual rates of diagnosis have increased by 8.7% every year between 2000 and 2007. This large increase in the
3406:
Agarwal, R.; Chakrabarti, A.; Shah, A.; Gupta, D.; Meis, J. F.; Guleria, R.; Moss, R.; Denning, D. W.; ABPA complicating asthma ISHAM working group (August 2013). "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: review of literature and proposal of new diagnostic and classification criteria".
5112:
Henkle, Emily; Chan, Benjamin; Curtis, Jeffrey R.; Aksamit, Timothy R.; Daley, Charles L.; Winthrop, Kevin L. (1 December 2018). "Characteristics and Health-care
Utilization History of Patients With Bronchiectasis in US Medicare Enrollees With Prescription Drug Plans, 2006 to 2014".
1084:
The goals of a diagnostic evaluation for bronchiectasis are radiographic confirmation of the diagnosis, identification of potential treatable causes, and functional assessment of the patient. A comprehensive evaluation consists of radiographic imaging, laboratory testing, and
1300:. Many airway clearance techniques and devices exist. The choice of a technique or device is based on the frequency and tenacity of phlegm, patient comfort, cost, and the patient's ability to use the technique or device with minimal interference to their lifestyle. The
403:. Exacerbations of symptoms may occur, these exacerbations occur more frequently in advanced or severe disease. Systemic symptoms, including fevers, chills, night sweats, fatigue and weight loss may be seen with bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis may also present with
3491:
Soto-Cardenas, M.-J.; Perez-De-Lis, M.; Bove, A.; Navarro, C.; Brito-Zeron, P.; Diaz-Lagares, C.; Gandia, M.; Akasbi, M.; Siso, A.; Ballester, E.; Torres, A. (September 2010). "Bronchiectasis in primary Sjögren's syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance".
288:. Cystic fibrosis eventually results in severe bronchiectasis in nearly all cases. The cause in 10–50% of those without cystic fibrosis is unknown. The mechanism of disease is breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response. Involved airways (
362:
The disease affects between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 250,000 adults. The disease is more common in women and increases as people age. It became less common since the 1950s with the introduction of antibiotics. It is more common among certain ethnic groups (such as
445:: collapse or closure of a lung. Respiratory failure occurs when not enough oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood. Atelectasis occur when one or more segments of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly. Other pulmonary complications include lung
4016:
Martínez-García, Miguel Ángel; Soler-Cataluña, Juan José; Donat Sanz, Yolanda; Catalán Serra, Pablo; Agramunt Lerma, Marcos; Ballestín
Vicente, Javier; Perpiñá-Tordera, Miguel (November 2011). "Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with COPD".
1454:, the use of inhaled bronchodilators resulted in improved dyspnea, cough, and quality of life without any increase in adverse events. However, overall there is a lack of data to recommend use of bronchodilators in all patients with bronchiectasis.
410:
Exacerbations in bronchiectasis present as a worsening of cough, increasing sputum volume or thickened consistency lasting at least 48 hours, worsening shortness of breath (breathlessness), worsening exercise intolerance, increased fatigue or
1369:
therapy can reduce sputum production and decrease airway constriction over a period of time, helping prevent progression of bronchiectasis. Long term use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids can lead to adverse consequences such as
1173:
6716:
2622:
Lonni, Sara; Chalmers, James D.; Goeminne, Pieter C.; McDonnell, Melissa J.; Dimakou, Katerina; De Soyza, Anthony; Polverino, Eva; Van de
Kerkhove, Charlotte; Rutherford, Robert; Davison, John; Rosales, Edmundo (December 2015).
4197:
Polverino, Eva; Goeminne, Pieter C.; McDonnell, Melissa J.; Aliberti, Stefano; Marshall, Sara E.; Loebinger, Michael R.; Murris, Marlene; Cantón, Rafael; Torres, Antoni; Dimakou, Katerina; De Soyza, Anthony (September 2017).
1220:. Aggressively treating bronchial infections with antibiotics to prevent the destructive cycle of infection, damage to bronchi and bronchioles, and more infection is also standard treatment. Regular vaccination against
5506:
5487:
2893:
Priftis, Kostas N.; Mermiri, Despina; Papadopoulou, Athina; Anthracopoulos, Michael B.; Vaos, George; Nicolaidou, Polyxeni (October 2005). "The role of timely intervention in middle lobe syndrome in children".
1205:, and other acute respiratory infections of childhood. Additionally, parents should stay alert to keep children from inhaling objects such as pieces of food or small toys that may get stuck in small airways.
6709:
1146:
is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and is also used to describe the distribution and grade the severity of the disease. Radiographic findings include airway dilation, bronchial wall thickening, and
1351:. Three large multicenter, randomized trials have shown reduced rates of exacerbations and improved cough and dyspnea with use of macrolide therapy. The impact of adverse effects of macrolides such as
39:
Figure A shows a cross-section of the lungs with normal airways and widened airways. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway with bronchiectasis.
1011:
The development of bronchiectasis requires two factors: an initial injury to the lung (such as from infection, auto-immune destruction of lung tissue, or other destruction of lung tissue (as seen in
3707:
Goutaki, Myrofora; Meier, Anna
Bettina; Halbeisen, Florian S.; Lucas, Jane S.; Dell, Sharon D.; Maurer, Elisabeth; Casaulta, Carmen; Jurca, Maja; Spycher, Ben D.; Kuehni, Claudia E. (October 2016).
1584:, in the late 1800s. It is suspected that Osler himself died of complications from undiagnosed bronchiectasis. His biographies mention that he had frequent severe chest infections for many years.
6702:
3117:
Woodworth, Michael H.; Saullo, Jennifer L.; Lantos, Paul M.; Cox, Gary M.; Stout, Jason E. (March 2017). "Increasing
Nocardia Incidence Associated with Bronchiectasis at a Tertiary Care Center".
4754:
Chang, Anne B.; Bell, Scott C.; Torzillo, Paul J.; King, Paul T.; Maguire, Graeme P.; Byrnes, Catherine A.; Holland, Anne E.; O'Mara, Peter; Grimwood, Keith; extended voting group (2015-01-19).
676:
is identified as a cause in up to half of cases. Bronchiectasis without CF is known as non-CF bronchiectasis. Historically, about half of all case of non-CF bronchiectasis were found to be
767:
A range of bacterial, mycobacterial, and viral lung infections are associated with the development of bronchiectasis. Bacterial infections commonly associated with bronchiectasis include
1872:
1256:
A comprehensive approach to the management of bronchiectasis is recommended. It is important to establish whether an underlying modifiable cause, such as immunoglobulin deficiency or
3033:
Kim, C. K.; Chung, C. Y.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, W. S.; Park, Y.; Koh, Y. Y. (February 2000). "Late abnormal findings on high-resolution computed tomography after
Mycoplasma pneumonia".
4849:
Almurshedi, Alanood S.; Aljunaidel, Hessah A.; Alquadeib, Bushra; Aldosari, Basmah N.; Alfagih, Iman M.; Almarshidy, Salma S.; Eltahir, Eram KD; Mohamoud, Amany Z. (2021-03-25).
3938:
Parr, David G.; Guest, Peter G.; Reynolds, John H.; Dowson, Lee J.; Stockley, Robert A. (2007-12-15). "Prevalence and impact of bronchiectasis in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency".
5031:
Chalmers JD, Haworth CS, Metersky ML, Loebinger MR, Blasi F, Sibila O, O'Donnell AE, Sullivan EJ, Mange KC, Fernandez C, Zou J, Daley CL, WILLOW Investigators (September 2020).
801:
can lead to damage of the airways that predisposes to bacterial colonization. Severe viral infections in childhood can also lead to bronchiectasis through a similar mechanism.
1498:(forced expiratory volume in 1 second), age of the affected person, presence of chronic infection, extent of disease (number of lung lobes involved) and dyspnea scale rating (
1494:
Two clinical scales have been used to predict disease severity and outcomes in bronchiectasis; the
Bronchiectasis Severity Index and the FACED scale. The FACED scale uses the
2025:
995:
in bronchiectasis has not been demonstrated. Nonetheless, tobacco smoking can worsen pulmonary function and accelerate the progression of disease that is already present.
875:
have increased rates of bronchiectasis. In these diseases, the symptoms of bronchiectasis usually presents later in the disease course. Other autoimmune diseases such as
6002:
2546:
McShane, Pamela J.; Naureckas, Edward T.; Strek, Mary E. (July 2012). "Bronchiectasis in a diverse US population: effects of ethnicity on etiology and sputum culture".
1482:
Results from a phase 2 clinical trial were published in 2018. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted in 256 patients worldwide, patients who received
832:. Additionally, these impairments may be localized to the lungs, or systemic throughout the body. In these states of immunodeficiency, there is a weakened or absent
672:
There are many causes that can induce or contribute to the development of bronchiectasis. The frequency of these different causes varies with geographic location.
4756:"Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines"
2976:
Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia: Overview of Aspiration Pneumonia, Predisposing Conditions for Aspiration Pneumonia, Pathophysiology of Aspiration Pneumonia
3218:
Rook, Mieneke; Postma, Dirkje S.; van der Jagt, Eric J.; van Minnen, Cees A.; van der Heide, Jaap J. Homan; Ploeg, Rutger J.; van Son, Willem J. (2006-01-27).
4993:
Zhang, Peng; Jiang, Gening; Ding, Jiaan; Zhou, Xiao; Gao, Wen (July 2010). "Surgical treatment of bronchiectasis: a retrospective analysis of 790 patients".
1343:
effects on the host inflammatory response without systemic suppression of the immune system. These effects include modifying mucus production, inhibition of
2992:
Kwak, Hyun Jung; Moon, Ji-Yong; Choi, Yo Won; Kim, Tae Hyung; Sohn, Jang Won; Yoon, Ho Joo; Shin, Dong Ho; Park, Sung Soo; Kim, Sang-Heon (December 2010).
6900:
4525:
Hill, Adam T.; Barker, Alan F.; Bolser, Donald C.; Davenport, Paul; Ireland, Belinda; Chang, Anne B.; Mazzone, Stuart B.; McGarvey, Lorcan (April 2018).
1216:
Treatments to slow down the progression of this chronic disease include keeping bronchial airways clear and secretions weakened through various forms of
759:. Bronchiectasis that results from foreign body aspiration generally occurs in the right lung in the lower lobe or posterior segments of the upper lobe.
5088:
5444:
859:
cough. Imaging often shows peripheral and central airway bronchiectasis, which is unusual in patients with bronchiectasis caused by other disorders.
1193:
In preventing bronchiectasis, it is necessary to prevent the lung infections and lung damage that can cause it. Children should be immunized against
1157:
5621:
1913:
418:
People often report frequent bouts of "bronchitis" requiring therapy with repeated courses of antibiotics. People with bronchiectasis may have
6466:
1876:
1666:
1538:
have significantly higher rates than other populations. Overall, a shortage of data exists concerning the epidemiology of bronchiectasis in
4630:"Comparison of the Active Cycle of Breathing Technique ( ACBT ) versus Active Cycle of Breathing Technique with Flutter in Bronchiectasis"
1080:
of the lungs showing findings diagnostic of bronchiectasis. White and black arrows point to dilated bronchi characteristic of the disease.
351:
may be used during sudden worsening, but there are no studies to determine effectiveness. There are also no studies on the use of inhaled
6895:
2135:
1522:
An estimated 350,000 to 500,000 adults have bronchiectasis in the United States. Specifically, children of the indigenous populations of
1209:
and other toxic fumes and gases should be avoided by all patients with bronchiectasis to decrease the development of infections (such as
3076:
Dimakou, Katerina; Triantafillidou, Christina; Toumbis, Michail; Tsikritsaki, Kyriaki; Malagari, Katerina; Bakakos, Petros (July 2016).
2197:
2166:
1119:
Lung function testing is used for the assessment and monitoring of functional impairment due to bronchiectasis. These tests may include
6870:
2011:
1822:
1316:
is a hyperosmolar agent that is thought to hydrate airway secretions, however, clinical trials with it have not demonstrated efficacy.
6221:
6245:
6017:
5414:
1631:
848:
576:
3175:
Chalmers, James D.; Chang, Anne B.; Chotirmall, Sanjay H.; Dhar, Raja; McShane, Pamela J. (15 November 2018). "Bronchiectasis".
2033:
3316:
Greenberger, Paul A.; Bush, Robert K.; Demain, Jeffrey G.; Luong, Amber; Slavin, Raymond G.; Knutsen, Alan P. (November 2014).
5992:
5208:
Chandrasekaran, Ravishankar; Mac Aogáin, Micheál; Chalmers, James D.; Elborn, Stuart J.; Chotirmall, Sanjay H. (2018-05-22).
3691:
2102:
1151:. There are three types bronchiectasis that can be seen on CT scan, namely cylindrical, varicose, and cystic bronchiectasis.
301:
188:
4719:
Elborn JS, Johnston B, Allen F, Clarke J, McGarry J, Varghese G (1992). "Inhaled steroids in patients with bronchiectasis".
3078:"Non CF-bronchiectasis: Aetiologic approach, clinical, radiological, microbiological and functional profile in 277 patients"
4851:"Development of Inhalable Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ciprofloxacin for Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Treatment"
2581:
Gao, Yong-Hua; Guan, Wei-Jie; Liu, Shao-Xia; Wang, Lei; Cui, Juan-Juan; Chen, Rong-Chang; Zhang, Guo-Jun (November 2016).
6678:
6461:
6216:
5614:
3519:
Chatzidionisyou, Aikaterini; Catrina, Anca I. (January 2016). "The lung in rheumatoid arthritis, cause or consequence?".
4672:"Primary care summary of the British Thoracic Society Guideline on the management of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis"
4527:"Treating Cough Due to Non-CF and CF Bronchiectasis With Nonpharmacological Airway Clearance: CHEST Expert Panel Report"
6471:
6267:
1264:
and bronchial secretions, relieving airway obstructions, removing affected portions of lung by surgery, and preventing
1236:
and regular doctor visits may have beneficial effects on the prevention of progressing bronchiectasis. The presence of
1061:
or secondary traction from fibrosis. Traction bronchiectasis characteristically affects peripheral bronchi (which lack
6668:
6448:
5948:
5643:
5638:
4151:
Pasteur, M. C.; Bilton, D.; Hill, A. T.; British Thoracic Society Bronchiectasis non-CF Guideline Group (July 2010).
2191:
2160:
2129:
2005:
1304:(ACBT), which can be employed with or without a flutter device, is beneficial in treating those with bronchiectasis.
968:
967:, or Mournier-Kuhn syndrome is a rare condition characterized by significant tracheobronchial dilation and recurrent
3562:
Black, Hugh; Mendoza, Mark; Murin, Susan (February 2007). "Thoracic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease".
1047:
are affected. The result is permanent abnormal dilation and destruction of the major bronchi and bronchiole walls.
383:
The typical symptoms of bronchiectasis are shown. Also, the change in bronchi under bronchiectasis are illustrated.
6694:
727:
expressed in epithelial cells. Lung disease results from clogging of the airways due to mucus build-up, decreased
6412:
5259:
Seitz, Amy E.; Olivier, Kenneth N.; Adjemian, Jennifer; Holland, Steven M.; Prevots, D. Rebecca (1 August 2012).
1554:
diagnosis of bronchiectasis may be due to increased recognition of the disease (including more widespread use of
1012:
855:. It is suspected in patients with a long history of asthma and symptoms of bronchiectasis such as a productive,
4902:"Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis"
457:, in which there is enlargement and failure of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs.
6683:
6149:
5607:
4490:
Flude, Lizzie J.; Agent, Penny; Bilton, Diana (June 2012). "Chest physiotherapy techniques in bronchiectasis".
4150:
1257:
1051:
972:
565:
555:
4629:
1183:
tumor (not shown) that was completely obstructing the bronchus proximally. Dilation of the airways is present.
836:
response to severe infections that repeatedly affect the lung and eventually result in bronchial wall injury.
6257:
3973:
Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?".
5080:
6456:
6407:
6240:
6178:
2152:
Blueprints pathophysiology II : pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and rheumatology : notes & cases
1531:
601:
975:
have been found to be particularly susceptible to bronchiectasis, due to the loss of inhibition to enzyme
316:
produced may be useful to determine treatment in those who have acute worsening and at least once a year.
6417:
806:
802:
695:
is the most common life-threatening autosomal recessive disease in the United States and Europe. It is a
296:
in the lungs, resulting in airway blockage and further breakdown of the airways. It is classified as an
6603:
1379:
1281:
1217:
1086:
960:
940:
825:
498:
1905:
379:
6476:
6101:
6075:
5800:
5701:
4239:
McShane, PJ; Naureckas, ET; Tino, G; Strek, ME (Sep 15, 2013). "Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis".
1749:
McShane, PJ; Naureckas, ET; Tino, G; Strek, ME (Sep 15, 2013). "Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis".
1301:
884:
867:
Several autoimmune diseases have been associated with bronchiectasis. Specifically, individuals with
605:
2994:"High prevalence of bronchiectasis in adults: analysis of CT findings in a health screening program"
2216:"Long-term macrolides for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
6827:
6252:
6080:
6065:
6058:
5963:
5924:
5871:
5849:
5807:
5735:
5525:
1450:
in certain people with bronchiectasis. In people with demonstrated bronchodilator reversibility on
1360:
1352:
1277:
1128:
1124:
952:
780:
503:
297:
6231:
2625:"Etiology of Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis in Adults and Its Correlation to Disease Severity"
1658:
840:
is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency that can lead to the development of bronchiectasis.
292:) become enlarged and thus less able to clear secretions. These secretions increase the amount of
6865:
6801:
6737:
6380:
6022:
5938:
5813:
3641:
Li, A. M.; Sonnappa, S.; Lex, C.; Wong, E.; Zacharasiewicz, A.; Bush, A.; Jaffe, A. (July 2005).
3220:"Mycophenolate mofetil and bronchiectasis in kidney transplant patients: a possible relationship"
1265:
1050:
Disordered neutrophil function is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis.
1032:
752:
620:
454:
1486:
reported prolonged time to the first exacerbation and also reduced rate of yearly exacerbation.
6506:
6359:
6320:
6235:
6188:
5887:
5730:
4670:
Hill, Adam T; Pasteur, Mark; Cornford, Charles; Welham, Sally; Bilton, Diana (1 January 2011).
1581:
1523:
1503:
1409:
1366:
1297:
1135:
may be performed when sputum studies are negative and a focal obstructing lesion is suspected.
951:. When situs inversus is accompanied by chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, this is known as
856:
829:
790:
786:
774:
768:
183:
5565:
2181:
2119:
5768:
5740:
4952:
Agasthian, T.; Deschamps, C.; Trastek, V. F.; Allen, M. S.; Pairolero, P. C. (October 1996).
2150:
1995:
1348:
1020:
887:
in patients who have undergone stem cell transplantation can lead to bronchiectasis as well.
852:
728:
196:
4370:
Onen ZP, Eris Gulbay B, Sen E, Akkoca Yildiz O, Saryal S, Acican T, Karabiyikoglu G (2007).
3748:
Mishra, Mayank; Kumar, Naresh; Jaiswal, Ashish; Verma, Ajay K.; Kant, Surya (October 2012).
3709:"Clinical manifestations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: systematic review and meta-analysis"
3686:. illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
2937:
Rafanan, A. L.; Mehta, A. C. (June 2001). "Adult airway foreign body removal. What's new?".
2097:. illustrated by Robert Britton (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1814:
1003:
6860:
6837:
6385:
6337:
6325:
6139:
6097:
5696:
4274:
Milliron, Bethany; Henry, Travis S.; Veeraraghavan, Srihari; Little, Brent P. (July 2015).
2674:"The etiologies of non-CF bronchiectasis in childhood: a systematic review of 989 subjects"
1093:
1016:
964:
900:
868:
663:
641:
546:
479:
387:
Symptoms of bronchiectasis commonly include a cough productive of frequent green or yellow
356:
5997:
5261:"Trends in Bronchiectasis Among Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States, 2000 to 2007"
3850:"Generalized Bronchiectasis associated with Deficiency of Cartilage in the Bronchial Tree"
371:
in 1819. The economic costs in the United States are estimated at $ 630 million per year.
8:
6725:
6653:
6620:
6366:
6315:
5943:
5763:
5630:
5576:
5510:
4276:"Bronchiectasis: Mechanisms and Imaging Clues of Associated Common and Uncommon Diseases"
4131:
2975:
2498:
1467:
1293:
1143:
1028:
983:. This decreases the ability of the alveoli to return to normal shape during expiration.
956:
824:
Impairments in host defenses that lead to bronchiectasis may be congenital, such as with
560:
524:
438:
392:
309:
246:
131:
5210:"Geographic variation in the aetiology, epidemiology and microbiology of bronchiectasis"
4807:"Inhaled antibiotics for stable non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review"
2317:
Kapur, Nitin; Petsky, Helen L.; Bell, Scott; Kolbe, John; Chang, Anne B. (16 May 2018).
1039:
that results in progressive destruction of normal lung architecture. In particular, the
872:
735:. In later stages, changes to the structure of the lung, such as bronchiectasis, occur.
483:
6729:
6511:
6376:
6332:
6164:
6085:
6012:
5882:
5519:
5342:
5317:
5293:
5236:
5209:
5182:
5158:"Prevalence and incidence of noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis among US adults in 2013"
5157:
5138:
5062:
4926:
4901:
4877:
4850:
4696:
4671:
4605:
4578:
4551:
4526:
4347:
4322:
3998:
3915:
3898:
3874:
3849:
3825:
3800:
3776:
3749:
3615:
3598:
3544:
3432:
3342:
3317:
3293:
3268:
3249:
3200:
3142:
3058:
2919:
2831:
2788:
2700:
2673:
2649:
2624:
2475:
2405:
2392:
2367:
2343:
2318:
2289:
2264:
2245:
1963:
1248:
level and radiographic extent can greatly affect the mortality rate from this disease.
880:
876:
677:
590:
586:
335:. Antibiotics, such as erythromycin, may also be used to prevent worsening of disease.
125:
5422:
5391:
5366:
4732:
4052:
Goeminne, P. C.; Nawrot, T. S.; Ruttens, D.; Seys, S.; Dupont, L. J. (February 2014).
3236:
3219:
2950:
2819:
2776:
1938:
Corris, PA (Jun 2013). "Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis".
1639:
1023:, obstruction, or a defect in host defense. This triggers a host immune response from
6633:
5877:
5706:
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3015:
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2125:
2098:
2072:
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2001:
1955:
1849:
1793:
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1516:
1499:
1325:
1289:
908:
756:
681:
513:
364:
170:
113:
5515:
5142:
4577:
McIlwaine, Maggie; Bradley, Judy; Elborn, J. Stuart; Moran, Fidelma (January 2017).
4200:"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis"
4106:
4015:
4002:
3548:
3436:
3253:
3146:
3062:
2835:
2792:
2728:
Rowe, Steven M.; Miller, Stacey; Sorscher, Eric J. (2005-05-12). "Cystic Fibrosis".
2409:
1967:
6810:
6724:
6576:
6569:
6433:
6354:
6193:
6129:
5978:
5386:
5378:
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5329:
5288:
5272:
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5221:
5177:
5169:
5122:
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5002:
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4921:
4917:
4913:
4872:
4862:
4818:
4777:
4767:
4728:
4691:
4683:
4641:
4600:
4590:
4546:
4538:
4499:
4464:
4427:
4383:
4342:
4334:
4287:
4248:
4211:
4164:
4075:
4065:
4026:
3982:
3947:
3910:
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3861:
3820:
3812:
3771:
3761:
3720:
3654:
3610:
3571:
3528:
3463:
3416:
3378:
3337:
3329:
3288:
3280:
3231:
3184:
3130:
3126:
3089:
3042:
3005:
2946:
2923:
2903:
2865:
2815:
2772:
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2695:
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2644:
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2636:
2594:
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2459:
2387:
2379:
2338:
2334:
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2284:
2280:
2276:
2249:
2227:
2064:
1947:
1758:
1390:
1305:
1113:
1112:
levels. Additional tests that are sometimes indicated include testing for specific
1057:
Endobronchial tuberculosis commonly leads to bronchiectasis, either from bronchial
724:
696:
652:
340:
52:
3643:"Non-CF bronchiectasis: does knowing the aetiology lead to changes in management?"
1378:. It is not recommended for routine use in children. One commonly used therapy is
6754:
6598:
6550:
6438:
6389:
6310:
6226:
6034:
5587:
5530:
4645:
4275:
3681:
3659:
3642:
3532:
3284:
2526:
2092:
1340:
1233:
992:
932:
692:
673:
625:
550:
494:
285:
214:
159:
5126:
4542:
4216:
4199:
4054:"Mortality in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort analysis"
3725:
3708:
1566:
1535:
368:
6832:
6822:
6787:
6777:
6536:
6198:
6109:
5839:
5834:
5382:
4669:
4595:
4388:
4371:
4252:
4070:
4053:
3333:
3269:"Bronchiectasis and other chronic lung diseases in adolescents living with HIV"
3094:
3077:
1762:
1527:
1447:
1356:
1333:
1280:
is to loosen secretions and interrupt the cycle of inflammation and infection.
1109:
1097:
948:
437:
The complications of bronchiectasis include serious health conditions, such as
352:
348:
344:
313:
258:
210:
5541:
5500:
5318:"Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The Man Behind the Stethoscope"
5226:
4823:
4806:
4503:
4432:
4415:
4372:"Analysis of the factors related to mortality in patients with bronchiectasis"
3951:
3816:
3188:
2690:
2383:
2124:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 518.
1558:) or it may be due to an increase in the underlying causes of bronchiectasis.
680:, or without a known cause. However, more recent studies with a more thorough
6889:
6628:
6342:
6053:
5284:
5173:
4805:
Brodt, Alessandra Monteiro; Stovold, Elizabeth; Zhang, Linjie (August 2014).
4299:
3986:
3766:
2907:
2672:
Brower, Kelly S.; Del Vecchio, Michael T.; Aronoff, Stephen C. (2014-12-10).
2513:
1603:
1577:
1547:
1427:
1101:
1040:
928:
912:
833:
794:
528:
431:
281:
254:
5496:
4687:
4169:
4152:
3450:
Wilczynska, Maria M.; Condliffe, Alison M.; McKeon, Damian J. (April 2013).
1092:
Laboratory tests that are commonly part of the initial evaluation include a
6565:
6518:
5903:
5855:
5724:
5400:
5351:
5302:
5245:
5191:
5134:
5058:
5014:
4935:
4886:
4832:
4791:
4705:
4614:
4560:
4511:
4476:
4441:
4397:
4338:
4307:
4260:
4225:
4178:
4089:
4038:
3959:
3924:
3883:
3865:
3785:
3734:
3668:
3624:
3583:
3540:
3505:
3477:
3468:
3451:
3428:
3392:
3351:
3302:
3245:
3196:
3138:
3103:
3054:
3046:
3019:
2958:
2915:
2827:
2784:
2763:
O'Sullivan, Brian P.; Freedman, Steven D. (2009-05-30). "Cystic fibrosis".
2749:
2709:
2658:
2608:
2567:
2471:
2450:
O'Donnell, Anne E. (11 August 2022). "Bronchiectasis — A Clinical Review".
2401:
2352:
2298:
2241:
2076:
1959:
1951:
1853:
1797:
1770:
1394:
1375:
1309:
1284:
improve difficulty breathing, cough, and help patients cough up phlegm and
1132:
904:
851:(ABPA) is an inflammatory disease caused by hypersensitivity to the fungus
798:
744:
732:
328:
277:
5276:
5049:
5032:
4979:
4740:
4356:
4291:
4030:
3994:
3834:
3575:
2879:
2559:
2463:
6782:
6663:
6610:
6593:
6588:
6541:
6496:
6347:
6295:
6262:
6134:
5863:
5795:
5758:
5713:
5648:
5560:
3383:
3366:
3010:
2993:
2741:
1784:
Maguire, G (November 2012). "Bronchiectasis – a guide for primary care".
1611:
1570:
1483:
1241:
1164:
1148:
1139:
812:
are found to be a cause in some patients. Recent studies have also shown
442:
332:
324:
320:
118:
5333:
5260:
4867:
4782:
4772:
4755:
3267:
Attia, Engi F.; Miller, Robert F.; Ferrand, Rashida A. (February 2017).
3075:
2892:
6746:
6583:
6183:
6169:
6144:
6119:
6114:
6048:
5919:
5895:
5844:
5718:
5683:
5658:
5582:
2599:
2583:"Aetiology of bronchiectasis in adults: A systematic literature review"
2582:
2232:
2215:
1873:"Quality Standards for Clinically Significant Bronchiectasis in Adults"
1495:
1471:
1451:
1423:
1405:
1210:
1120:
1024:
419:
404:
400:
250:
206:
192:
163:
31:
5207:
5156:
Weycker, Derek; Hansen, Gary L.; Seifer, Frederic D. (November 2017).
4080:
3420:
2852:
Kwon, K. Y.; Myers, J. L.; Swensen, S. J.; Colby, T. V. (March 1995).
407:
in the absence of sputum, which has been called "dry bronchiectasis."
355:
in children. Surgery, while commonly done, has not been well studied.
6658:
6290:
6159:
6154:
6124:
5675:
5571:
4848:
4136:
2980:
2531:
1607:
1431:
1422:
in their sputum. Options for inhaled antibiotics include aerosolized
1398:
1329:
1261:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1202:
1198:
1180:
1062:
716:
657:
636:
273:
265:
233:
is a disease in which there is permanent enlargement of parts of the
5479:
5033:"Phase 2 Trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor Brensocatib in Bronchiectasis"
4414:
Chalmers, James D.; Aliberti, Stefano; Blasi, Francesco (May 2015).
3682:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
3490:
2214:
Wu, Qibiao; Shen, Weixing; Cheng, Haibo; Zhou, Xiqiao (April 2014).
2093:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
6814:
6759:
6673:
6558:
5958:
5691:
4649:
4628:
Athawale, Vrushali; Lalwani, Lajwanti; Mishra, Gyanshankar (2020).
3452:"Coexistence of bronchiectasis and rheumatoid arthritis: revisited"
1435:
1371:
1313:
1058:
1036:
976:
936:
837:
813:
704:
508:
423:
308:. The diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and confirmed using
293:
4196:
3801:"Was Young's syndrome caused by exposure to mercury in childhood?"
2854:"Middle lobe syndrome: a clinicopathological study of 21 patients"
1073:
5911:
5787:
3799:
Hendry, W. F.; A'Hern, R. P.; Cole, P. J. (18–25 December 1993).
2512:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1555:
1463:
1344:
1245:
1206:
1194:
1077:
1044:
980:
896:
712:
646:
450:
446:
427:
412:
319:
Periods of worsening may occur due to infection. In these cases,
289:
269:
234:
176:
5030:
4273:
3217:
2527:
Bronchiectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
2148:
1994:
Cottin, Vincent; Cordier, Jean-Francois; Richeldi, Luca (2015).
1312:
are not recommended for individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis.
923:
Bronchiectasis may result from congenital disorders that affect
6769:
6008:
5821:
5750:
5491:
4369:
1573:, used his invention to first discover bronchiectasis in 1819.
1543:
1466:
in the management of bronchiectasis is in localized disease to
1105:
944:
396:
388:
305:
242:
4951:
4153:"British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis"
2621:
1632:"Bronchiectasis | Definition of Bronchiectasis by Lexico"
5829:
1285:
1007:"Vicious cycle" theory of the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis.
924:
748:
708:
700:
616:
534:
1614:
died of bronchiectasis on August 5, 2022, at the age of 79.
883:
also have an association with bronchiectasis. Additionally,
6847:
5778:
5258:
4576:
3899:"Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a rare cause of bronchial dilation"
3405:
3322:
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
3174:
1997:
Orphan Lung Diseases: A Clinical Guide to Rare Lung Disease
1539:
1415:
720:
238:
88:
79:
67:
4241:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3940:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3706:
3315:
2155:(1st ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. p. 12.
1751:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
64:
5445:"Judith Durham, lead singer of The Seekers, dies aged 79"
5415:"Bronchiectasis | Definition of Bronchiectasis by Lexico"
4718:
4524:
4323:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Bronchiectasis: I. Diagnosis"
4238:
4051:
3597:
Magis-Escurra, Cecile; Reijers, Monique He (2015-02-25).
3449:
2806:
Elborn, J. Stuart (19 November 2016). "Cystic fibrosis".
1748:
684:
work-up have found an etiology in 60 to 90% of patients.
94:
73:
4579:"Personalising airway clearance in chronic lung disease"
3116:
2671:
5111:
5081:"Bronchiectasis, Chapter 4, Dean E. Schraufnagel (ed.)"
3937:
3747:
2149:
Michael Filbin; Lisa M. Lee; Shaffer, Brian L. (2003).
1446:
Some clinical trials have shown a benefit with inhaled
391:
lasting months to years. Other common symptoms include
5629:
4455:
José, RJ; Brown, JS (October 2014). "Bronchiectasis".
3518:
3367:"Bronchiectasis and Aspergillus: How are they linked?"
2762:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2368:"Surgery vs non-surgical treatment for bronchiectasis"
4753:
4627:
4413:
4409:
4407:
2851:
2545:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2180:
Brent, Andrew; Davidson, Robert; Seale, Anna (2014).
1993:
1875:. British Thoracic Society. July 2012. Archived from
1587:
The term "bronchiectasis" comes from the Greek words
97:
91:
82:
70:
55:
5469:
3897:
Celik, Burcin; Bilgin, Salih; Yuksel, Canan (2011).
3798:
3596:
2316:
2263:
Lee, AL; Burge, AT; Holland, AE (23 November 2015).
2055:
José, R. J.; Brown, J. S. (2014). "Bronchiectasis".
1844:
Bird, K; Memon, J (January 2019). "Bronchiectasis".
1659:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchiectasis?"
1576:
The disease was researched in greater detail by Sir
359:
may be an option in those with very severe disease.
85:
61:
58:
5155:
3365:De Soyza, Anthony; Aliberti, Stefano (2017-01-01).
76:
5085:Breathing in America: Diseases, Progress, and Hope
4992:
4404:
3266:
2727:
2416:
2179:
1940:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1288:. Airway clearance usually uses an inhaled agent (
1142:is abnormal in most patients with bronchiectasis.
241:. Symptoms typically include a chronic cough with
4804:
4101:
4099:
3896:
3640:
3561:
2505:. US National Library of Medicine. 24 March 2022.
2503:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
2118:Brant, William E.; Helms, Clyde A., eds. (2006).
1339:Despite also being antibiotics, macrolides exert
895:Bronchiectasis could be caused by: inhalation of
828:, or acquired, such as with the prolonged use of
816:infections to been implicated in bronchiectasis.
743:An airway obstruction can be caused by either an
323:are recommended. Common antibiotics used include
257:may also occur. Those with the disease often get
6887:
4489:
4146:
4144:
3847:
3364:
2365:
2265:"Airway clearance techniques for bronchiectasis"
2088:
2086:
5107:
5105:
2991:
2847:
2845:
2262:
2213:
1260:is present. The next steps include controlling
5026:
5024:
4096:
3684:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3675:
3032:
2580:
2095:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
943:, a rare disorder that leads to immotility of
6710:
5615:
4844:
4842:
4141:
3841:
2449:
2083:
2026:"Durham's voice stays pure despite the blows"
1809:
1807:
1653:
1651:
1649:
5102:
2936:
2842:
2319:"Inhaled corticosteroids for bronchiectasis"
5252:
5021:
4906:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4900:Goyal, Vikas; Chang, Anne B. (2014-06-10).
2998:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
2372:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2323:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2269:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
264:Bronchiectasis may result from a number of
6901:Congenital disorders of respiratory system
6871:Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
6717:
6703:
5622:
5608:
4899:
4839:
4663:
2117:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1804:
1646:
1131:can be seen in advanced disease. Flexible
399:(a whistling sound when you breathe), and
284:problems, as well as the genetic disorder
30:
6222:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
5390:
5341:
5315:
5292:
5235:
5225:
5181:
5048:
4969:
4925:
4876:
4866:
4822:
4781:
4771:
4695:
4604:
4594:
4550:
4454:
4431:
4387:
4346:
4320:
4215:
4168:
4079:
4069:
3914:
3873:
3824:
3775:
3765:
3724:
3658:
3636:
3634:
3614:
3467:
3382:
3341:
3318:"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis"
3292:
3235:
3093:
3009:
2869:
2699:
2689:
2648:
2598:
2391:
2342:
2288:
2231:
2209:
2207:
2054:
1933:
1931:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1580:, one of the four founding professors of
1065:support) in areas of end-stage fibrosis.
819:
16:Permanent enlargement of the lung airways
4416:"Management of bronchiectasis in adults"
4192:
4190:
4188:
2723:
2721:
2719:
1891:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1408:are used in bronchiectasis to eradicate
1389:
1072:
1002:
939:ion transport. Another genetic cause is
378:
6246:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
5364:
4954:"Surgical management of bronchiectasis"
4232:
3119:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
2629:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
2541:
2539:
2256:
1974:
1837:
1783:
849:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
577:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
453:. Cardiovascular complications include
422:from active infection. On examination,
6888:
5442:
4947:
4945:
3972:
3750:"Kartagener's syndrome: A case series"
3631:
3494:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
3273:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
2805:
2204:
1937:
1928:
1860:
1598:
1324:The two most commonly used classes of
1319:
862:
367:in the US). It was first described by
6698:
5603:
5203:
5201:
4855:International Journal of Nanomedicine
4572:
4570:
4185:
3848:WILLIAMS H, CAMPBELL P (April 1960).
2970:
2968:
2716:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1681:
1298:high-frequency chest wall oscillation
738:
374:
336:
302:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
189:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
4634:National Journal of Medical Research
4457:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
4111:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2536:
2183:Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine
2121:Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology
2057:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
1179:Bronchiectasis secondary to a large
986:
955:. Other rare genetic causes include
6679:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
5087:. American Thoracic Society. 2010.
5037:The New England Journal of Medicine
4942:
3153:
2366:Corless, JA; Warburton, CJ (2000).
1825:from the original on 10 August 2016
1669:from the original on 23 August 2016
1302:active cycle of breathing technique
1271:
1108:, testing for cystic fibrosis, and
719:. It is caused by mutations in the
415:and the development of hemoptysis.
245:production. Other symptoms include
13:
6896:Chronic lower respiratory diseases
6728:malformations and deformations of
6268:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
5631:Diseases of the respiratory system
5198:
5149:
4964:(4): 976–978, discussion 979–980.
4567:
4124:
2965:
2486:
2305:
1636:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1477:
1441:
998:
969:lower respiratory tract infections
789:are more commonly implicated than
762:
687:
14:
6912:
5465:
3409:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
3237:10.1097/01.tp.0000188638.28003.96
1916:from the original on 28 July 2016
1232:are generally advised. A healthy
345:Medications to dilate the airways
5007:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.064
4811:The European Respiratory Journal
4760:The Medical Journal of Australia
4676:Primary Care Respiratory Journal
4469:10.12968/hmed.2014.75.Sup10.C146
4420:The European Respiratory Journal
4204:The European Respiratory Journal
3713:The European Respiratory Journal
3647:The European Respiratory Journal
2507:
2200:from the original on 2016-08-21.
2169:from the original on 2017-09-06.
2138:from the original on 2017-09-06.
2069:10.12968/hmed.2014.75.Sup10.C146
2014:from the original on 2016-08-21.
1906:"How Is Bronchiectasis Treated?"
1401:commonly used in bronchiectasis.
1363:needs ongoing review and study.
1172:
1163:Bronchiectasis primarily in the
1156:
843:
430:may be heard with auscultation.
51:
5436:
5407:
5358:
5309:
5091:from the original on 2017-04-15
5073:
4986:
4893:
4798:
4747:
4712:
4621:
4518:
4483:
4448:
4363:
4314:
4267:
4045:
4009:
3966:
3931:
3890:
3792:
3741:
3700:
3590:
3555:
3521:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
3512:
3484:
3443:
3399:
3358:
3309:
3260:
3211:
3177:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
3110:
3069:
3026:
2985:
2930:
2886:
2799:
2756:
2730:New England Journal of Medicine
2665:
2615:
2574:
2519:
2452:New England Journal of Medicine
2359:
2173:
2142:
2111:
2063:(Suppl 10:C146–51): C146–C151.
2048:
2032:. 22 April 2010. Archived from
2018:
1509:
1347:production, and suppression of
1127:is the most common finding but
1013:gastroesophageal reflux disease
899:and other toxic gases, chronic
268:and acquired causes, including
253:, and chest pain. Wheezing and
6684:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
5443:Graham, Jackson (2022-08-06).
4995:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
4958:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
4918:10.1002/14651858.CD010327.pub2
3131:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-907OC
2641:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201507-472OC
2335:10.1002/14651858.CD000996.pub3
2281:10.1002/14651858.CD008351.pub3
1777:
1624:
1385:
1258:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
1052:Neutrophil extracellular traps
973:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
890:
566:Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
1:
6258:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
5419:Lexico Dictionaries | English
4733:10.1016/S0954-6111(06)80227-1
3903:Texas Heart Institute Journal
2951:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70046-0
2820:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00576-6
2777:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60327-5
1617:
1251:
1213:) and further complications.
1188:
918:
6241:Respiratory hypersensitivity
6179:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
4971:10.1016/0003-4975(96)00469-9
4646:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.13727290
3660:10.1183/09031936.05.00127704
3533:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000238
3285:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000325
2871:10.1016/0046-8177(95)90062-4
1489:
1068:
931:. A common genetic cause is
602:Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
162:, other genetic conditions,
7:
6150:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
5162:Chronic Respiratory Disease
5127:10.1016/j.chest.2018.07.014
4583:European Respiratory Review
4543:10.1016/j.chest.2018.01.014
4217:10.1183/13993003.00629-2017
3805:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
3726:10.1183/13993003.00736-2016
2186:. OUP Oxford. p. 223.
1786:Australian Family Physician
1569:, the man who invented the
1468:remove segments of the lung
1282:Airway clearance techniques
1129:restrictive lung impairment
1125:Obstructive lung impairment
1019:)) which leads to impaired
803:Nontuberculous mycobacteria
583:Inflammatory bowel disease
10:
6917:
6003:Acute exacerbation of COPD
5383:10.1177/014107680309600914
4596:10.1183/16000617.0086-2016
4389:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.002
4253:10.1164/rccm.201303-0411CI
4071:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.015
3334:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.08.007
3095:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.05.001
1763:10.1164/rccm.201303-0411CI
1561:
1457:
1380:beclometasone dipropionate
961:Williams-Campbell syndrome
941:primary ciliary dyskinesia
826:primary ciliary dyskinesia
556:Williams–Campbell syndrome
499:Primary ciliary dyskinesia
6846:
6809:
6800:
6768:
6745:
6736:
6646:
6619:
6549:
6535:
6489:
6447:
6426:
6400:
6303:
6289:
6280:
6209:
6094:
6074:
5957:
5937:
5777:
5657:
5637:
5551:
5473:
5227:10.1186/s12890-018-0638-0
4824:10.1183/09031936.00018414
4504:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.02.009
4492:Clinics in Chest Medicine
4433:10.1183/09031936.00119114
3952:10.1164/rccm.200703-489OC
3817:10.1136/bmj.307.6919.1579
3189:10.1038/s41572-018-0042-3
2939:Clinics in Chest Medicine
2691:10.1186/s12887-014-0299-y
2384:10.1002/14651858.CD002180
1815:"What Is Bronchiectasis?"
1353:gastrointestinal symptoms
885:graft-versus-host disease
606:Graft-versus-host disease
460:
220:
202:
182:
169:
154:
146:
138:
124:
112:
43:
38:
29:
24:
6066:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
6059:Bronchiolitis obliterans
5925:Laryngotracheal stenosis
5872:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
5850:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
5808:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
5736:Nasal septum perforation
5174:10.1177/1479972317709649
3987:10.1378/chest.104.5.1384
3767:10.4103/0970-2113.102831
2908:10.1378/chest.128.4.2504
2000:. Springer. p. 30.
1361:antimicrobial resistance
1278:airway clearance therapy
504:Primary immunodeficiency
343:, are also recommended.
298:obstructive lung disease
224:1–250 per 250,000 adults
6866:Pulmonary sequestration
5814:Retropharyngeal abscess
4688:10.4104/pcrj.2011.00007
4170:10.1136/thx.2010.136119
1591:(meaning "airway") and
1033:reactive oxygen species
830:immunosuppressive drugs
621:Foreign body aspiration
491:Impaired host defenses
6507:Pulmonary hypertension
6236:Eosinophilic pneumonia
5888:Vocal cord dysfunction
5731:Nasal septum deviation
5214:BMC Pulmonary Medicine
4339:10.1136/bmj.1.5489.721
4132:Bronchiectasis Imaging
3866:10.1136/adc.35.180.182
3469:10.4187/respcare.01857
3047:10.1542/peds.105.2.372
1952:10.1055/s-0033-1348469
1582:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1470:or to control massive
1402:
1367:Inhaled corticosteroid
1349:inflammatory mediators
1081:
1008:
820:Impaired host defenses
791:gram-positive bacteria
787:Gram-negative bacteria
660:-induced lung disease
384:
339:techniques, a type of
184:Differential diagnosis
6634:Mediastinal emphysema
6413:Healthcare-associated
6343:Legionnaires' disease
5769:Peritonsillar abscess
5741:Nasal septal hematoma
5367:"Osler and my father"
5277:10.1378/chest.11-2209
5050:10.1056/NEJMoa2021713
4463:(Suppl 10): C146-51.
4333:(5489): 721–3 contd.
4292:10.1148/rg.2015140214
4031:10.1378/chest.10-1758
3603:BMJ Clinical Evidence
3576:10.1378/chest.06-1074
2560:10.1378/chest.11-1024
2464:10.1056/NEJMra2202819
2030:Sydney Morning Herald
1595:meaning "widening").
1393:
1087:lung function testing
1076:
1021:mucociliary clearance
1006:
953:Kartagener's syndrome
853:Aspergillus fumigatus
729:mucociliary clearance
382:
314:Cultures of the mucus
197:Tracheobronchomalacia
6861:Pulmonary hypoplasia
6838:Tracheobronchomegaly
6381:Mendelson's syndrome
6253:Hamman–Rich syndrome
4058:Respiratory Medicine
3082:Respiratory Medicine
3011:10.1620/tjem.222.237
2742:10.1056/NEJMra043184
1642:on November 9, 2019.
1462:The primary role of
1094:complete blood count
1017:aspiration syndromes
965:Tracheobronchomegaly
901:pulmonary aspiration
869:rheumatoid arthritis
664:Yellow nail syndrome
547:Tracheobronchomegaly
480:Rheumatoid arthritis
393:difficulty breathing
357:Lung transplantation
6654:Respiratory failure
6621:Mediastinal disease
6189:Bird fancier's lung
5764:Adenoid hypertrophy
5425:on November 9, 2019
5334:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230
4868:10.2147/IJN.S286896
4773:10.5694/mja14.00287
2771:(9678): 1891–1904.
1599:Society and culture
1320:Anti-inflammatories
1294:chest physiotherapy
1144:Computed tomography
1123:and walking tests.
1035:, and inflammatory
971:. Individuals with
863:Autoimmune diseases
808:Mycobacterium avium
805:infections such as
797:infections such as
525:Bacterial pneumonia
476:Autoimmune disease
439:respiratory failure
434:is a rare symptom.
310:computed tomography
247:shortness of breath
175:Based on symptoms,
132:shortness of breath
6730:respiratory system
6559:Pleuritis/pleurisy
6512:Pulmonary embolism
6408:Community-acquired
6333:Atypical bacterial
6232:Löffler's syndrome
6013:Status asthmaticus
5998:Chronic bronchitis
5883:Vocal fold paresis
5697:Vasomotor rhinitis
5552:External resources
5316:Roguin, A (2006).
4321:Crofton J (1966).
4163:(Suppl 1): i1–58.
3384:10.1093/mmy/myw109
2814:(10059): 2519–31.
2600:10.1111/resp.12832
2233:10.1111/resp.12233
1434:, and aerosolized
1403:
1167:of the right lung.
1082:
1009:
991:A causal role for
877:ulcerative colitis
739:Airway obstruction
587:Ulcerative colitis
385:
375:Signs and symptoms
130:Productive cough,
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6828:Tracheal stenosis
6796:
6795:
6692:
6691:
6642:
6641:
6599:Empyema/pyothorax
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6485:
6484:
6418:Hospital-acquired
6276:
6275:
6140:Caplan's syndrome
5933:
5932:
5878:Vocal fold nodule
5702:Atrophic rhinitis
5597:
5596:
3811:(6919): 1579–82.
3693:978-0-7020-3085-7
3421:10.1111/cea.12141
2736:(19): 1992–2001.
2104:978-0-7020-3085-7
1517:indigenous people
1500:MRC dyspnea scale
1326:anti-inflammatory
1290:hypertonic saline
1114:genetic disorders
987:Cigarette smoking
909:esophageal reflux
699:that affects the
670:
669:
573:Hypersensitivity
405:coughing up blood
365:indigenous people
251:coughing up blood
228:
227:
171:Diagnostic method
19:Medical condition
6908:
6807:
6806:
6743:
6742:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6577:Pleural effusion
6570:Hemopneumothorax
6547:
6546:
6301:
6300:
6287:
6286:
6130:Bauxite fibrosis
6095:External agents/
6092:
6091:
6023:Exercise-induced
5979:Acute bronchitis
5955:
5954:
5655:
5654:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5471:
5470:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5421:. Archived from
5411:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5365:Wrong O (2003).
5362:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5121:(6): 1311–1320.
5109:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5052:
5028:
5019:
5018:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4929:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4870:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4775:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4648:. Archived from
4625:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4286:(4): 1011–1030.
4271:
4265:
4264:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4194:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4148:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4107:"Bronchiectasis"
4103:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3854:Arch. Dis. Child
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3599:"Bronchiectasis"
3594:
3588:
3587:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3456:Respiratory Care
3447:
3441:
3440:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3371:Medical Mycology
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3296:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3172:
3151:
3150:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2989:
2983:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2725:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:"Bronchiectasis"
2495:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2275:(11): CD008351.
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:on 9 August 2022
2022:
2016:
2015:
1991:
1972:
1971:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:. June 2, 2014.
1902:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:. June 2, 2014.
1811:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1746:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1665:. June 2, 2014.
1655:
1644:
1643:
1638:. Archived from
1628:
1359:, and increased
1341:immunomodulatory
1306:Mucolytic agents
1272:Airway clearance
1218:airway clearance
1176:
1160:
957:Young's syndrome
947:and can lead to
935:, which affects
873:Sjögren syndrome
731:, and resulting
725:chloride channel
697:genetic disorder
653:Smoke inhalation
561:Young's syndrome
484:Sjögren syndrome
465:
464:
341:physical therapy
337:Airway clearance
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
34:
22:
21:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6875:
6842:
6792:
6764:
6755:Choanal atresia
6732:
6723:
6693:
6688:
6638:
6615:
6551:Pleural disease
6540:
6523:
6481:
6443:
6427:By distribution
6422:
6401:By vector/route
6396:
6294:
6282:
6272:
6227:Pulmonary edema
6205:
6100:
6096:
6083:
6079:
6070:
6035:Cystic fibrosis
5962:
5946:
5942:
5929:
5773:
5647:
5641:
5633:
5628:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5547:
5546:
5482:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5453:
5451:
5441:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5363:
5359:
5314:
5310:
5257:
5253:
5206:
5199:
5154:
5150:
5110:
5103:
5094:
5092:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5043:(22): 2127–37.
5029:
5022:
4991:
4987:
4950:
4943:
4912:(6): CD010327.
4898:
4894:
4847:
4840:
4803:
4799:
4752:
4748:
4717:
4713:
4668:
4664:
4655:
4653:
4626:
4622:
4589:(143): 160086.
4575:
4568:
4523:
4519:
4488:
4484:
4453:
4449:
4412:
4405:
4368:
4364:
4319:
4315:
4272:
4268:
4237:
4233:
4195:
4186:
4149:
4142:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4050:
4046:
4014:
4010:
3971:
3967:
3946:(12): 1215–21.
3936:
3932:
3895:
3891:
3860:(180): 182–91.
3846:
3842:
3797:
3793:
3746:
3742:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3680:
3676:
3639:
3632:
3595:
3591:
3560:
3556:
3517:
3513:
3489:
3485:
3448:
3444:
3404:
3400:
3363:
3359:
3314:
3310:
3265:
3261:
3224:Transplantation
3216:
3212:
3173:
3154:
3115:
3111:
3074:
3070:
3031:
3027:
2990:
2986:
2973:
2966:
2935:
2931:
2891:
2887:
2858:Human Pathology
2850:
2843:
2804:
2800:
2761:
2757:
2726:
2717:
2670:
2666:
2635:(12): 1764–70.
2620:
2616:
2579:
2575:
2544:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2448:
2417:
2378:(4): CD002180.
2364:
2360:
2329:(5): CD000996.
2315:
2306:
2261:
2257:
2212:
2205:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2091:
2084:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2008:
1992:
1975:
1936:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1601:
1564:
1512:
1492:
1480:
1478:Clinical trials
1460:
1448:bronchodilators
1444:
1442:Bronchodilators
1388:
1334:corticosteroids
1322:
1274:
1254:
1234:body mass index
1191:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1098:sputum cultures
1071:
1001:
999:Pathophysiology
989:
933:cystic fibrosis
921:
893:
881:Crohn's disease
865:
846:
822:
793:. A history of
765:
763:Lung infections
747:mass such as a
741:
703:, but also the
693:Cystic fibrosis
690:
688:Cystic fibrosis
674:Cystic fibrosis
626:Lymphadenopathy
591:Crohn's disease
551:Marfan syndrome
521:Post-infective
495:Cystic fibrosis
463:
426:and expiratory
377:
286:cystic fibrosis
259:lung infections
215:lung transplant
211:bronchodilators
160:cystic fibrosis
108:
54:
50:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6914:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:Bronchiectasis
6852:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6833:Bronchomalacia
6830:
6825:
6823:Tracheomalacia
6819:
6817:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6788:Laryngomalacia
6785:
6780:
6778:Laryngeal cyst
6774:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6699:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6544:
6537:Pleural cavity
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6383:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6298:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6199:Lycoperdonosis
6196:
6191:
6186:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6110:Pneumoconiosis
6106:
6104:
6089:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6051:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6030:Bronchiectasis
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6006:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5952:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5842:
5840:Laryngeal cyst
5837:
5835:Laryngomalacia
5832:
5827:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5791:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:Bronchiectasis
5579:
5577:article/296961
5568:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5533:
5522:
5503:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:Classification
5467:
5466:External links
5464:
5461:
5460:
5435:
5406:
5357:
5308:
5271:(2): 432–439.
5251:
5197:
5168:(4): 377–384.
5148:
5101:
5072:
5020:
5001:(1): 246–250.
4985:
4941:
4892:
4838:
4817:(2): 382–393.
4797:
4746:
4711:
4662:
4640:(4): 178–180.
4620:
4566:
4537:(4): 986–993.
4517:
4498:(2): 351–361.
4482:
4447:
4426:(5): 1446–62.
4403:
4382:(7): 1390–97.
4362:
4313:
4266:
4231:
4210:(3): 1700629.
4184:
4140:
4123:
4095:
4064:(2): 287–296.
4044:
4008:
3981:(5): 1384–86.
3965:
3930:
3889:
3840:
3791:
3740:
3719:(4): 1081–95.
3699:
3692:
3674:
3630:
3589:
3570:(2): 524–532.
3554:
3511:
3500:(5): 647–653.
3483:
3462:(4): 694–701.
3442:
3415:(8): 850–873.
3398:
3357:
3308:
3259:
3210:
3152:
3125:(3): 347–354.
3109:
3068:
3025:
3004:(4): 237–242.
2984:
2964:
2945:(2): 319–330.
2929:
2902:(4): 2504–10.
2885:
2841:
2798:
2755:
2715:
2678:BMC Pediatrics
2664:
2614:
2593:(8): 1376–83.
2573:
2554:(1): 159–167.
2535:
2518:
2485:
2458:(6): 533–545.
2415:
2358:
2304:
2255:
2203:
2192:
2172:
2161:
2141:
2130:
2110:
2103:
2082:
2047:
2017:
2006:
1973:
1946:(3): 297–304.
1927:
1890:
1879:on 7 July 2017
1859:
1836:
1803:
1792:(11): 842–50.
1776:
1680:
1645:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1600:
1597:
1563:
1560:
1511:
1508:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1459:
1456:
1443:
1440:
1430:, aerosolized
1387:
1384:
1357:hepatotoxicity
1328:therapies are
1321:
1318:
1273:
1270:
1253:
1250:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1110:immunoglobulin
1100:for bacteria,
1070:
1067:
1041:elastic fibers
1000:
997:
988:
985:
979:which cleaves
949:situs inversus
920:
917:
892:
889:
864:
861:
845:
842:
821:
818:
764:
761:
740:
737:
689:
686:
668:
667:
634:
630:
629:
614:
610:
609:
599:
595:
594:
584:
580:
579:
574:
570:
569:
544:
540:
539:
522:
518:
517:
514:Job's syndrome
492:
488:
487:
477:
473:
472:
469:
462:
459:
376:
373:
231:Bronchiectasis
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
204:
200:
199:
186:
180:
179:
173:
167:
166:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
107:
106:
47:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
25:Bronchiectasis
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6913:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:Other/general
6645:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:Mediastinitis
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6372:noninfectious
6370:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6281:Obstructive /
6279:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Farmer's lung
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6054:Bronchiolitis
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5377:(6): 462–64.
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5328:(3): 230–35.
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4861:: 2405–2417.
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4682:(2): 135–40.
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4652:on 2021-09-05
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:RadioGraphics
4277:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4247:(6): 647–56.
4246:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:(5): 1130–7.
4024:
4020:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
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2514:public domain
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1609:
1605:
1604:Judith Durham
1596:
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1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:William Osler
1574:
1572:
1568:
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1549:
1548:South America
1545:
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1487:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:ciprofloxacin
1425:
1421:
1420:P. aeruginosa
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:P. aeruginosa
1407:
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1392:
1383:
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1377:
1373:
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1279:
1269:
1267:
1266:complications
1263:
1259:
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1227:
1223:
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994:
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984:
982:
978:
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958:
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950:
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930:
929:ion transport
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913:hiatal hernia
910:
906:
902:
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886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
844:Aspergillosis
841:
839:
835:
834:immune system
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:mycobacterial
792:
788:
784:
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782:S. pneumoniae
778:
777:
776:H. influenzae
772:
771:
770:P. aeruginosa
760:
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746:
736:
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612:
611:
608:
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603:
600:
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545:
542:
541:
538:
536:
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529:Mycobacterium
526:
523:
520:
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516:
515:
511:
510:
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
458:
456:
455:cor pulmonale
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:Nail clubbing
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
372:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:, along with
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:immune system
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
255:nail clubbing
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
185:
181:
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149:
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141:
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44:Pronunciation
42:
37:
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28:
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6855:
6566:Pneumothorax
6519:Lung abscess
6501:
6371:
6360:Pneumocystis
6321:Pneumococcal
6102:lung disease
6098:occupational
6076:Interstitial
6041:
6029:
5985:
5971:
5944:lung disease
5910:
5904:Epiglottitis
5894:
5862:
5856:Laryngospasm
5820:
5801:Strep throat
5786:
5749:
5725:nasal septum
5723:
5682:
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5581:
5570:
5559:
5535:
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5505:
5486:
5452:. Retrieved
5448:
5438:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:the original
5418:
5409:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5325:
5322:Clin Med Res
5321:
5311:
5268:
5264:
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5093:. Retrieved
5084:
5075:
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4994:
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4957:
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4763:
4759:
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4727:(2): 121–4.
4724:
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4654:. Retrieved
4650:the original
4637:
4633:
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4586:
4582:
4534:
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4491:
4485:
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4279:
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4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4022:
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4011:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3909:(2): 194–6.
3906:
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3892:
3857:
3853:
3843:
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3804:
3794:
3760:(4): 366–9.
3757:
3753:
3743:
3716:
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3683:
3677:
3650:
3646:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3527:(1): 76–82.
3524:
3520:
3514:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3377:(1): 69–81.
3374:
3370:
3360:
3328:(6): 703–8.
3325:
3321:
3311:
3279:(1): 21–30.
3276:
3272:
3262:
3230:(2): 287–9.
3227:
3223:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3041:(2): 372–8.
3038:
3034:
3028:
3001:
2997:
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2974:
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2938:
2932:
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2864:(3): 302–7.
2861:
2857:
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2807:
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2758:
2733:
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2681:
2677:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2551:
2547:
2525:
2521:
2502:
2455:
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2375:
2371:
2361:
2326:
2322:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2226:(3): 321–9.
2223:
2219:
2182:
2175:
2151:
2144:
2120:
2113:
2094:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2029:
2020:
1996:
1943:
1939:
1918:. Retrieved
1909:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:the original
1856:. NBK430810.
1845:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1818:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1640:the original
1635:
1626:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1575:
1567:René Laennec
1565:
1552:
1521:
1513:
1510:Epidemiology
1493:
1481:
1461:
1445:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1395:Azithromycin
1376:osteoporosis
1365:
1338:
1323:
1310:dornase alfa
1276:The goal of
1275:
1255:
1215:
1192:
1137:
1133:bronchoscopy
1118:
1102:mycobacteria
1091:
1083:
1056:
1049:
1010:
990:
927:motility or
922:
905:stomach acid
894:
866:
857:mucopurulent
847:
823:
807:
799:tuberculosis
781:
775:
769:
766:
753:foreign body
745:intraluminal
742:
733:inflammation
721:CFTR protein
691:
671:
662:
656:
651:
645:
639:
624:
619:
613:Obstruction
604:
589:
564:
559:
554:
549:
533:
527:
512:
507:
502:
497:
482:
436:
424:crepitations
417:
409:
386:
369:René Laennec
361:
347:and inhaled
329:erythromycin
318:
278:tuberculosis
263:
230:
229:
158:Infections,
134:, chest pain
6783:Laryngocele
6664:Common cold
6611:Fibrothorax
6594:Chylothorax
6589:Hydrothorax
6542:mediastinum
6502:circulatory
6497:Atelectasis
6304:By pathogen
6296:pneumonitis
6283:Restrictive
6263:Sarcoidosis
6135:Berylliosis
6081:restrictive
6042:unspecified
5964:obstructive
5947:(including
5864:vocal cords
5796:Pharyngitis
5759:Tonsillitis
5714:Nasal polyp
5649:common cold
5642:(including
5561:MedlinePlus
5371:J R Soc Med
4376:Respir. Med
3653:(1): 8–14.
2587:Respirology
2220:Respirology
1846:StatPearls
1612:The Seekers
1571:stethoscope
1536:New Zealand
1504:pseudomonas
1484:Brensocatib
1406:Antibiotics
1386:Antibiotics
1286:mucus plugs
1242:hypercapnia
1165:middle lobe
1149:atelectasis
1140:chest x-ray
1025:neutrophils
891:Lung injury
649:inhalation
598:Malignancy
543:Congenital
443:atelectasis
333:doxycycline
325:amoxicillin
321:antibiotics
207:Antibiotics
139:Usual onset
119:Pulmonology
6890:Categories
6726:Congenital
6584:Hemothorax
6386:Aspiration
6348:Chlamydiae
6338:Mycoplasma
6326:Klebsiella
6184:Bagassosis
6170:Byssinosis
6145:Chalicosis
6120:Asbestosis
6115:Aluminosis
6049:Bronchitis
5920:Tracheitis
5896:epiglottis
5845:Laryngitis
5719:Rhinorrhea
5583:Patient UK
5537:DiseasesDB
5454:2023-08-10
5429:2019-11-21
5095:2017-04-30
4721:Respir Med
4656:2021-09-05
4081:1942/16765
3754:Lung India
3035:Pediatrics
1618:References
1608:Australian
1472:hemoptysis
1452:spirometry
1426:, inhaled
1424:tobramycin
1330:macrolides
1296:, such as
1262:infections
1252:Management
1211:bronchitis
1189:Prevention
1121:spirometry
919:Congenital
682:diagnostic
678:idiopathic
642:aspiration
537:infection
531:infection
420:bad breath
401:chest pain
266:infectious
193:Asbestosis
164:idiopathic
6659:Influenza
6604:Malignant
6367:Parasitic
6316:Bacterial
6291:Pneumonia
6160:Silicosis
6155:Siderosis
6125:Baritosis
5959:Bronchial
5707:Hay fever
5676:Sinusitis
5572:eMedicine
5285:0012-3692
5220:(1): 83.
5067:221540296
4300:0271-5333
4137:eMedicine
3205:231984729
3183:(1): 45.
2981:eMedicine
2532:eMedicine
2480:251495311
1920:10 August
1829:10 August
1673:10 August
1593:ektasis (
1524:Australia
1490:Prognosis
1432:aztreonam
1399:macrolide
1372:cataracts
1238:hypoxemia
1230:pertussis
1226:influenza
1222:pneumonia
1203:pneumonia
1199:pertussis
1181:carcinoid
1069:Diagnosis
1063:cartilage
1037:cytokines
1029:elastases
717:intestine
658:Radiation
637:Pneumonia
468:Category
274:pneumonia
221:Frequency
203:Treatment
150:Long term
114:Specialty
6815:bronchus
6802:Lower RT
6760:Arrhinia
6738:Upper RT
6674:COVID-19
6467:BOOP-COP
6434:Broncho-
6377:Chemical
6165:Talcosis
6086:fibrosis
5939:Lower RT
5692:Rhinitis
5639:Upper RT
5401:12949207
5352:17048358
5303:22302301
5246:29788932
5192:28555504
5143:51864771
5135:30055168
5089:Archived
5059:32897034
5015:20609785
4936:24913725
4887:33814907
4833:24925920
4792:25588439
4706:21336465
4615:28223396
4561:29355548
4512:22640850
4477:25289486
4442:25792635
4398:17374480
4327:Br Med J
4308:26024063
4261:23898922
4226:28889110
4179:20627931
4090:24445062
4039:21546440
4003:72998738
3960:17872489
3925:21494536
3884:13844857
3786:23243352
3735:27492829
3669:15994383
3625:25715965
3584:17296657
3549:24189458
3541:26599384
3506:20883638
3478:22782500
3437:24077597
3429:23889240
3393:27794529
3352:25439360
3303:27753690
3254:36043580
3246:16436974
3197:30442957
3147:11712217
3139:28231023
3104:27296814
3063:25928060
3055:10654958
3020:21127394
2959:11444115
2916:16236916
2836:20948144
2828:27140670
2793:46011502
2785:19403164
2750:15888700
2710:25492164
2659:26431397
2609:27321896
2568:22267679
2472:35947710
2410:72965871
2402:11034745
2353:29766487
2299:26591003
2242:24417869
2198:Archived
2167:Archived
2136:Archived
2077:25289486
2040:9 August
2012:Archived
1968:32614762
1960:23821505
1914:Archived
1883:29 April
1854:28613561
1823:Archived
1798:23145413
1771:23898922
1667:Archived
1589:bronkhia
1556:CT scans
1436:colistin
1314:Mannitol
1308:such as
1059:stenosis
977:elastase
937:chloride
838:HIV/AIDS
814:Nocardia
705:pancreas
640:Chronic
509:HIV/AIDS
397:wheezing
353:steroids
349:steroids
294:bacteria
147:Duration
126:Symptoms
6811:Trachea
5986:chronic
5912:trachea
5788:pharynx
5668:sinuses
5531:D001987
5449:WAtoday
5343:1570491
5294:3425339
5237:5964678
5183:5729734
4980:8823075
4927:6483496
4878:8012696
4741:1615177
4697:6549837
4606:9488523
4552:6689075
4357:5909486
4348:1844268
3995:8222792
3916:3066798
3875:2012546
3835:8292944
3826:1697782
3777:3519024
3616:4356176
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