Vlachs - Knowledge

3426: 3505: 44: 7334:„Crainich Miochouich et Stiepanus Glegieuich ad meliustenendem super se et omnia eorum bona se obligando promiserunt ser Тhome de Bona presenti et acceptanti conducere et salauum dare in Souisochi in Bosna Dobrassino Veselcouich nomine dicti ser Тhome modia salis mille quingenta super equis siue salmis sexcentis. Et dicto sale conducto et presentato suprascripto Dobrassino in Souisochi medietatem illius salis dare et mensuratum consignare dicto Dobrassino. Et aliam medietatem pro eorum mercede conducenda dictum salem pro ipsius conductoribus retinere et habere. Promittentes vicissim omnia et singularia suprascripta firma et rata habere et tenere ut supra sub obligatione omnium suorum bonorum. Renuntiando" (09.08. 1428.g.), Div. Canc., XLV, 31v. 3517: 851: 485: 3537: 4661:

practice, are mutually intelligible) diverged only in the ninth or tenth century. While Romanian historians have tried to argue that the Romanian-speakers have always lived in the territory of Romania (originating, it is claimed, from Romanized Dacian tribes and/or Roman legionaries), there is compelling evidence to show that the Romanian-speakers were originally part of the same population as the Vlachs, whose language and way of life were developed somewhere to the south of the Danube. Only in the twelfth century did the early Romanian-speakers move northwards into Romanian territory.

3469: 1292: 863: 2418: 3442: 2876: 3489: 704: 1458: 7418:"Et qui e regione Danubio item adiacent Ripenses Daci, sive Valachi, originem, quam ad decus prae se ferunt praedicantque Romanam, loquela ostendunt, quos catholice christianos Romam quotannis et Apostolorum limina invisentes aliquando gavisi sumus ita loquentes audire, ut, quae vulgari communique gentis suae more dicunt, rusticam male grammaticam redoleant latinitatem." 890:. On the other hand, opponents of this theory say that the Romanians and the Vlachs, including the ancestors of present-day Aromanians, were originally part of the same group of speakers of Eastern Romance languages, and that their origins should be sought in the southern Balkans. Early Romanian-speakers would have then moved northwards from the 12th century onwards. 7105: 7400:"Apud superiores Sarmatas colonia est ab Traiano, ut aiunt, derelicta, quae nunc etiam inter tantam barbariem multa retinet latina vocabula, ab Italis, qui eo profecti sunt, notata. Oculum dicunt, digitum, manum, panem multaque alia quibus apparet ab Latinis, qui coloni ibidem relicti fureant manasse, eamque coloniam fuisse latino sermone usam." 2143:, confirms the right of the archdiocese to tithes from mining wages and from animal taxes collected from the Szeklers and Vlachs to the king or anyone else, among the judicial, accommodation and taxation privileges of the archdiocese, with the exception of land rents from Saxons, but also from Vlachs from everywhere and from anywhere they came. 1209:

opinion they should not be believed even if the Vlachs take an oath. Kekaumenos arbitrarily identified the Vlachs with the Dacians according to the archaizing efforts of his time, because the tendency to refer to later peoples with classical names was common in Byzantium at the time of Kekaumenos. Kekaumenos also confused the Roman province

1917:, but they are not credible in the subject and the chronicle is not evidence for presence of Vlachs in Transylvania. Madgearu attempts to prove that a Vlach-Slav population existed in Transylvania before the arrival of the Hungarians by recounting place names of Slavic origin he believes weren't adopted to Romanian via Hungarian. 2128:, for his services in various foreign embassies, donates to Vince, Comes of the Szekler of Sebus, the land called Zek between the territory of the Vlachs of Kyrch, the Saxons of Barasu, and the Szeklers of Sebus, which once belonged to a Saxon estate called Fulkun, but has been uninhabited since the Mongol invasion. 1208:

According to Hungarian historians, Kekaumenos made the Dacians the ancestors of the Vlachs because he knew about the deceitfulness of the Dacians against the Romans, and according to him the Dacians and Vlachs had a perfectly matching nature, treachery and political unreliability, so much that in his

4660:

The name 'Vlach' was a word used by the Slavs for those they encountered who spoke a strange, usually Latinate, language; the Vlachs' own name for themselves is 'Aromanians' (Aromani). As this name suggests, the Vlachs are closely linked to the Romanians: their two languages (which, with a little

1256:

region is made, the document is kept in the archive of the monastery Great Lavra on Mount Athos. According to this Emperor Alexios I Komnenos replies to the monks of the monastery complaining that people on their domain are not paying taxes. The document contains some of the first Romanian names,

2549:

In 1335, a royal commissioner, on the orders of the King of Hungary, arranges for a Vlach voivode named Bogdan to move to the Kingdom of Hungary "with his entire household and people". According to the charter, the settlement of the Vlach voivode and his people lasted from 1 November 1334 to 15

2404:

to keep the 60 households of Romanians (mansiones Olacorum) free from all taxes and services on the lands of Dalya, Ompaycza, Fylesd and Enugd, separated from the episcopal estates. These Romanians should not be forced by any royal tax collector to pay taxes, dues, or fiftieths. The charter,

5651: 3425: 727:, one that was also often engaged in the transport of goods, colonisation of empty lands, and military service. It will then expand to local interpretations with religious, ethnic, and social status particularities across the wider region, being employed as a name for 2269:

only in the 12th century, therefore Hungarian chroniclers identified the semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Vlachs as a distinguishing characteristic. Kézai wrote that the Vlachs gave script to the Székelys, but the reality is different, because Kézai wrote about the

3516: 3048:

In addition to the ethnic groups of Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians who emerged during the Migration Period, other Vlachs could be found as far north as Poland, as far west as Moravia and Dalmatia. In search of better pasture, they were called

1856:, are not a sufficient reason to discredit the entire document as a historical source. It is important to note, however, that the chronicle mentions many rulers, but none of them is mentioned in any other contemporary chronicle. According to Romanian historian 793:(also known under other names, such as "Koutsovlachs", "Tsintsars", "Karagouni", "Chobani", "Vlasi", etc.) is used in scholarship for the Romance-speaking communities in the Balkans, especially those in Greece, Albania and North Macedonia. In Serbia the term 2176:

From 1276 King Ladislaus allows the chapter of Alba Iulia to settle 60 Romanian households (mansiones) on the border of his estates called Fülesd and Enyed, separated from the episcopal lands, and to exempt them from all royal taxes, fiftieth and tithes.

6034:, Românii în secolul al XIII-lea între cruciată şi imperiul mongol, București, 1993, 36; A. Lukács, Ţara Făgăraşului, 156; T. Sălăgean, Transilvania în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIII-lea. Afirmarea regimului congregaţional, Cluj-Napoca, 2003, 26-27 2672:

cities bloom with industry and commerce, while the fertile lands of Hungarian farmers produce good wine, fat cattle, and plenty of grain for bread. High upon the mountains Vlach herdsmen tend to their sheep, and bring down good tasting cheese to the

2993:

notes that "the Dacians or Vlachs claim to have Roman origins and they think this fact is a decoration in itself" and that "when they spoke the language of their common and simple people it scent of a grammatically incorrect peasant Latin".

735:

population in opposition to Catholic population, for the rural population of the hinterlands, the Christian population in general as opposed to Muslim population, or a combination of these aspects. During the early history of the

820:, more commonly apprentice shepherds. The term originated following Vlachian arrival in mounts and hills of present-day Slovakia in 14th century and coinciding development in sheep herding and dairy industry. Further west, in 7805:

Though focussed on the Vlachs of North Macedonia, has in-depth discussion of many topics, including the origins of the Vlachs, their status as a minority in various countries, their political use in various contexts, and so

3504: 5330:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, Szegedi Tudományegyetem - Középkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszék (University of Szeged - Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences - Department of Medieval History). pp. 18–20. 1874:, however no archaeological evidence was found to prove the subject. Hungarian archaeologist István Bóna also accused Romanian archaeologists of hiding evidence that did not fit their interpretation regarding the 3564:, but the problem is that many migrations were in multiple directions during the same time. These migrations were not just part of the history of the Balkans and the Carpathians, they exist in the Caucasus, the 6127:

History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 – III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) – 1. Transylvania's Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest

1066:

in contexts taking place decades before the earliest appearance of the Cumans in the Pontic steppe, and that translating the name to "Black Cumans" is not concordant with the Varangian ethnic terminology.

2274:, and his opinion was based on the observation that the Vlach shepherds engraved symbols while counting their sheep. Kézai confused the Székely runs with the Cyrillic script which was used by the Vlachs. 1671:. The chronicle describes how the Crusaders captured several Vlachs who told them that the Vlachs live in Macedonia, Thessaly and Bulgaria, and that because they were heavily taxed, they were rebelling. 3363:

groups. During the Middle Ages, many Vlachs were shepherds who drove their flocks through the mountains of Central and Eastern Europe. Vlach shepherds may be found as far north as southern Poland (

1473:

living in the theme of Paristrion of the Byzantine Empire, caused by a tax increase. It began on 26 October 1185, the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and ended with the creation of the

2867:

included segregation policies stating that "a Serb shall not marry a Vlach". However, these laws were not successful and intermarriage between Slavs, Vlachs and also Albanians did take place.

2397:, publishes an "angry" charter to the Transylvanian nobility, mentions that all the Vlachs were supposed to be settled on the royal crown's property called "Székes", not on their own estates. 2237:) "Vlach newcomer", the adjective classifying Romanians as immigrants was omitted from the Romanian translation. Some Hungarian scholars noted that Simon of Kéza used different spellings for 1217:, and even he placed it further west where it actually was, that is why he mentioned the Serbian territory as the homeland, the Bessus tribe was a neighbor of the Roman province Macedonia. 1905:

shows that is too naive to claim it is an immaculate source, just as it is foolhardy to totally discredit its reliability, and the conclusion, the cases for and against the existence of

7264: 6818: 6569:

sed siculi, olachi et Saxones omnes vias ipsorum cum indaginibus stipaverunt sive giraverunt et sic (de vita ipsorum omnino sunt de) necessitate cogente ibidem castra eorum sunt metati

2678:

In 1359, the King of Hungary allowed a Vlach noble family and their household to settle in the country, first giving them 13 villages, and then 6 years later another 5 villages in the

6837:

History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 2. From the Hungarian Conquest to the Mongol Invasion

2531: 1058:

people, since the "Blakumen" in the texts are "non-christian heathens" and nomadic horsemans. Spinei contrasts Pritsak's view by claiming that there are several mentions of the

1042:

is mentioned in Nordic sagas dating between the 11th and 13th centuries, with respect to events that took place in either 1018 or 1019 somewhere at the northwestern part of the

3558:

for several recent centuries the investigation of the Vlachian ethnogenesis was so much dominated by political issues that any progress in this respect was incredibly difficult

2842:

In 1383 the so-called "Peace convention of Christian" is signed by Saxons and Romanians (Vlachs) from the area of Sibiu, aimed to ensure the peace between the two communities.

2162:

on 12 July 1260, on the border between Hungary and Austria, near the castle and town of Hemburg on the Moraua River. Among the people that fought in Béla's army Vlachs, called

1784:

Sándor Timaru-Kast alleges that the Venetian Chronicle refers to the land that would become Wallachia as "Black Cumania", "the colony of black Vlachs who migrated northwards".

7967:

Octavian Ciobanu, "The Role of the Vlachs in the Bogomils' Expansion in the Balkans.", Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, Year 4, Issue 7, December 2021, pp. 11–32.

1450:

described Leon Vatatzes' military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars (Hungarians) in 1166.

7970:

A.J.B Wace, M.A. & M.S. Thompson, M.A. 'The Nomads of The Balkans' An Account Of Life And Customs Among The Vlachs of Northen Pindus, Methuen & Co. LTD. London, 1914.

4004: 1860:

and leading Romanian medievalist Radu Popa, during the 1960–1989 period, the archaeological evidences were manipulated to meet the demands of the nationalist policies of the

1488:

lost his wife, he wanted to marry the daughter of Bela III of Hungary, but there was not enough money for the wedding, so he imposed taxes in the regions and cities of the

994:, Alans, Greeks and many other peoples." According to other non-Romanian historians, based on the context, the "Waladj" are not the Vlachs, but a people living around the 7946: 1588:, and among the defenders there were many Vlachs. The King used the opportunity and "... took home a number of these valiant mountain soldiers, and settled them in the 748:, made up of Christians who served as auxiliary forces and were exempted of certain taxes until the beginning of the 17th century. In this context, a large part of the 3468: 1995:

around 1202, which was granted land, mentions it was built in the land of the Vlachs/Romanians. This is also the first mention of the Vlachs in Hungarian documents.

1351:

away, took their land and settled among the Slavs. The Primary Chronicle thus contains a possible reference to Romanians. Other non-Romanian historians consider the

5316:

Ferincz, István; Balogh, László; Font, Márta; Kovács, Szilvia; Polgár, Szabolcs; Zimonyi, István (2015). Zimonyi, István; Balogh, László; Kovács, Szilvia (eds.).

4740:

Ibn al Nadim, al-Fihrist. English translation: The Fihrist of al-Nadim. Editor și traducător: B. Dodge, New York, Columbia University Press, 1970, p. 37 with n.82

7017: 6640: 7616:

Z. Konečný, F. Mainus, Stopami minulosti: Kapitoly z dějin Moravy a Slezska/Traces of the Past: Chapters from the History of Moravia and Silesia, Brno:Blok,1979

2796:

Papal documents from late 14th century reference the conquest of Medieș fortress "from the hands of schismatic Vlachs" by an unnamed King of Hungary. Historian

3536: 6031: 1132:). The same text describes that the homeland of the Vlachs is Thessaly, precisely the part of the region divided by the river Pleres. Florin Curta adds that 5549:

provoking the barbarians who lived in the vicinity of Mount Haimos, formerly called Mysians and now named Vlachs, to declare war against him and the Romans.

1836:, a Turkic people. László Makkai writes that "this hypothesis does not bear the test of scholarly scrutiny". The chronicle's authenticity is in question in 47: 5910:

Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania] . Center for Transylvanian Studies. pages 84-85

5507: 5495: 1245:

According to the Alexiad, in 1094–1095, Emperor Alexius Komnenos was notified by a Vlach chieftain called Poudila about the crossing of the Danube by a

3662: 2793:" and to "settle them on his estates". Also in the same letter, he asks the "border nobles" that "if strangers come from Wallachia, do not stop them". 1663: 778:) and is still used as a derogatory term to refer to the rural inhabitants of the hinterland, both Croats and Serbs, as "peasants" and "ignorants". In 43: 3040:"—"This Inscription was translated from Valachian (Romanian) into Latin, but the King has received it written in the Ruthenian language (Slavic)." 7956:

Adina Berciu-Drăghicescu, Aromâni, meglenoromâni, istroromâni : aspecte identitare şi culturale, Editura Universităţii din București, 2012.

2390:

In 1292, Andrew III of Hungary allows some Hungarian nobles to invite Vlachs to the country, to their estates called "Ilye", "Szád" and "Fenes".

1667:

mention the Vlachs as people living in the mountains and forests of the Balkans. The chronicle also describes the Vlachs' homeland as being near

1428:, and from there they sometimes come down to plunder, which they do quickly, as swift as deers, for which reasons there is no king to rule them. 7922:, a documentary film by Alastair Kenneil and Tod Sedgwick (US) 1971 describes life in the Vlach village of Samarina in Epiros, Northern Greece. 7302: 5586: 4718: 3523: 5428: 4749:

Spinei, Victor, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill. 2009, p. 83

5454:

V. Spinei, The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta From the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009, p. 132.

4731:

Spinei, V. (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. Brill, p. 152

7662: 4362:"Zef Mirdita, Vlasi u historiografiji [Vlachs in historiography], "Hrvatski institut za povijest", Zagreb 2004., 562 str" 1840:, because it confuses the peoples living in the area in the 12th century and the peoples of the 9th century. Among others, it includes the 1600: 6669:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6402:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6376:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6350:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6324:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6298:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 6250:"Erdélyi okmánytár I. (1023-1300) (Magyar Országos Levéltár kiadványai, II. Forráskiadványok 26. Budapest, 1997) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana" 4462: 1128:, in the high mountains of Bulgaria, where it is very cold. (it is clear from the text that we are talking about the mountains of today's 7737: 7587:, vol. IV, ed. Kister, Geneve, Switzerland, 1970, pp. 290-291, and many other maps & old atlases – these names disappear after 1980. 4642:

is an obvious fact: Thraco-Romans haven't vanished in the soil & Vlachs haven't appeared after 1000 years by spontaneous generation.

4518: 1871: 1801: 3149:), mentioned by Pope Honorius III in 1222. Vlachs led by Ploskanea supported the Tatars in the 1223 Battle of Kalka. Vlach lands near 2756:

special privileges to the Transylvanian noblemen to take measures against malefactors belonging to any nation, especially the Vlachs.

1249:

army, and that to prepare himself for the attack, then the Vlachs likewise led the Cumans through the gorges of the Balkan Mountains.

1124:

In 1071, a Byzantine document mentions that the herds of the Vlachs and their household spend the months of April to September beyond

5136:[Mátyás Gyóni: The oldest opinion about the origin of the Romanian people. Kekaumenos' works as sources of Romanian history] 3634: 3441: 2610:

appears, which can be interpreted as an expression of the papal chancellery's conviction about the Roman origin of the Wallachians.

4279:

Locators of the settlements under Wallachian law in the Sambor starosty in XVth and XVIth c. Territorial, ethnic and social origins

4008: 2914: 2068:

to let them into his country: "for the sake of God, give refuge to those poor Vlachs who tried to escape from their Cuman rulers."

3579:

of Vlach heritage in the Balkans, denial of Vlach descend of various groups and personalities, and exclusion from political life.

3488: 2563:

styles himself "Imperator Raxie et Romanie, dispotus Lartae et Blachie comes" – Emperor of Rascia and Romania, despot of Arta and

7605:

that in 1550 a foreign writer, the Italian Gromo, called the Banat "Valachia citeriore" (the Wallachia that stands on this side).

6161:

J. DEER, Der Weg zur Goldenen Bulle Andreas II. Von 1222, în Schweizer Beitrage zur Allgemeinen Geschichte, 10, 1952, pp. 104-138

2189: 4335:"Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity(ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th–18th Centuries)" 8004: 6839:. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 504:

found in Western sources derived from medieval German, while the Germanic population from Transylvania used also the variants

7961: 7943: 7925:

John Kennedy Campbell, 'Honour Family and Patronage' A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community,

7895: 7851: 7835: 7716:

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor

7533: 7474: 7286: 6523: 6462: 6107: 6088: 5961: 5933: 5684: 5335: 4480: 4416: 4194: 3962: 3913: 3858: 2553:

In 1341, a Hungarian royal document notes that the Hungarian Czibak noble family can invite and settle more Vlachs to their

1956:. After this, all Hungarian battles in the Carpathian region were supported by Romance-speaking soldiers from Transylvania. 1331:

people attacked the Slavs, settled among them and did them violence, leading to the Slavs departing and settling around the

4899: 3015:

wrote about Vlachs in Medieval Poland – Małopolska region, theorizing their origin as a population that came from Italy or

2136: 5363:. Translated by A. S. Dawes, Elizabeth. Ontario: In parentheses Publications Byzantine Series Cambridge. pp. 90, 141. 5166:"Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii Cruciadei a IV-a. Până unde răzbate ecoul discuțiilor intelectuale de la Constantinopol?" 4951:

David Jacoby, Byzantium, Latin Romania and the Mediterranean, St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 1984, p. 522

4820:

A. Decei, V. Ciocîltan, "La mention des Roumains (Walah) chez Al-Maqdisi", in Romano-arabica I, Bucharest, 1974, pp. 49–54

4056: 3978: 1398:

and Androneia. In the same work she also describes the Vlachs as "the nomadic tribes, called Vlachs in popular parlance".

6073:". Povijesni Prilozi (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian History Institute. 14 (14): 27-31 (Serbian), 31-33 (Crusades). 1014:. On the peninsula, the Vlachs were famous for their cheese and meat products. In these texts sometimes they are called " 947:

mentions that 300 Vlach families live near the mountain, and in their own language they call their settlements "Catuns".

816:, other than denoting people of Vlachian ethnicity or origin, is synonymously and even more prominently used to describe 6949: 5749: 5524: 2986:

and many other things, from which it appears that the Latins, who remained there as settlers, used the Latin language."

8067: 6870:(in Hungarian). Szeged: University of Szeged, Magyar Medievisztikai Kutatócsoport (Hungarian Medieval Research Group). 5082: 3572:. Because of this, our knowledge concerning primary migrations of the Vlachs and the ethnogenesis is more than modest. 2173:

donates the royal lands or villages of Budula and Tohou, also known as Olahteleky, to Simon's son, Nicholas of Brașov.

723:, the word also acquired a socio-economic component, being used as an internal name for the pastoral population in the 341:

took on the meaning 'foreigner' or 'Romance-speaker' and later "shepherd', 'nomad'. The term was adopted into Greek as

7994: 7689:

Ilie Gherghel, Câteva consideraţiuni la cuprinsul noţiunii cuvântului "Vlach". Bucuresti: Convorbiri Literare, (1920).

6668: 6401: 6375: 6349: 6323: 6297: 6249: 4082: 7866: 7818: 7383: 6844: 6783: 6540:"The Mongol domination and the detachment of the Romanians of Wallachia from the domination of the Hungarian Kingdom" 6134: 5860: 5459: 5275: 5016: 4924: 4805: 4627: 4600: 4262: 3810: 3752: 2290: 1728: 1616: 1402: 1011: 6129:. Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). 5617: 5201:

Historical Aspects Regarding the Megleno-Romanian Groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania

6432:"IUS VALACHICUM – The Valachian Way of Life in Stories About Domestic Origins in the Hungarian Medieval Chronicles" 4159: 3629: 3599: 3479: 2450:

Stefan Milutin, in another medieval Serbian document, mentions that 30 Vlach families live on a church estate near

8017: 5200: 4450:

Studii şi cercetări. Actele Simpozionului "Banat – istorie şi multiculturalitate". Zrenianin – 2012, Reşiţa – 2013

1914: 544:. But testimonies from the 13th and the 14th centuries show that, although in Europe and beyond, they were called 8062: 206:

for the social category of shepherds, and was also used for non-Romance-speaking peoples, in recent times in the

7739:

SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)

1852:

states that some exaggerations and inaccuracies, typical of a chronicle at the time and mostly in favour of the

7980: 7786:

Victor A. Friedman, "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in

7252: 5990: 5570: 5300: 4302: 2520: 2465: 828:

and the inhabitants as Valaši, names usually translated in English as Wallachia and Wallachians, respectively.

786:

Croatian inhabitants to refer to the Istro-Romanians and the Slavs who settled in the 15th and 16th centuries.

7775: 6539: 3023:(Slavic) population from the Danube settlements, and then they themselves settled in the fertile lands there. 1424:

for a Romance-speaking population. In his work he mentions that these Vlachs live high up in the mountains of

7827:

The Forgotten Minorities of Eastern Europe: The History and Today of Selected Ethnic Groups in Five Countries

5134:"Gyóni Mátyás: A legrégibb vélemény a román nép eredetéről. Kekaumenos művei, mint a román történet forrásai" 4877:

Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana, in Drei lygisogur, ed. Å. Lagerholm (Halle/Saale, 1927), p. 29

4030: 2906: 2801: 1242:. Melissenos recruited, among others, Bulgarians and "the nomadic tribes called Vlachs in popular parlance". 484: 6627:

D. CĂPRĂROIU, ON THE BEGINNINGS OF THE TOWN OF CÂMPULUNG, ″Historia Urbana″, t. XVI, nr. 1-2/2008, pp. 37-64

2629: 2042:, in his writing about the conquests of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen, notes that the "Magna Vlachia" is next to 540:

The term 'Vlach' first appeared in medieval sources and was generally used as an exonym for speakers of the

489: 7769:

A. Koukoudis, Oi mitropoleis kai i diaspora ton Vlachon , publ. University Studio Press, Thessaloniki 1999.

4960:

Alan Harvey, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 172

3614: 3026:

An attested reference to Romanian comes from a Latin title of an oath made in 1485 by the Moldavian Prince

2864: 2857: 2201: 724: 8047: 6861: 5819:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century

4892:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century

3938:

Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century. The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State

2476: 2461:, a priest gave land to the church, and the given land extended to the land of Kneže, where Vlachs lived. 1185:

live now. They feigned loyalty to the Romans while they were constantly attacked and pillaged, therefore,

4782:

G. Murnu, Când si unde se ivesc românii întâia dată în istorie, în "Convorbiri Literare", XXX, pp. 97-112

3609: 2265:

who were confused with the Vlachs. According to Polish historian Ryszard Grzesik, the Vlachs appeared in

1747: 7745:. Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from 2640: 2225:) in the border mountains, mingling with them, and adopting their alphabet. After the withdrawal of the 898:

During the Middle Ages, the term "Magna Vlachia" appears in Byzantine documents. This name was used for

7802: 4107: 3954:

Culture and Power at the Edges of the State: National Support and Subversion in European Border Regions

2810:

complained that the Vlachs living in its territory are not willing to give up their nomadic lifestyle.

1470: 1220:

Alexius Komnenos mentions that in 1082 he passed through a Vlach settlement called Exeva in Macedonia.

1194: 850: 3725: 2588: 1678:

documents from the very end of the 12th century speak of Vlach shepherds in the mountains between the

4586: 3624: 2880: 2324: 1735: 1704: 1165: 956: 845: 728: 708: 541: 167: 144: 7702:

A.Hâciu, Aromânii, Comerţ. Industrie. Arte. Expasiune. Civiliytie, tip. Cartea Putnei, Focşani 1936.

7106:"Seasonal pastoral exploitation of forests in the area of Subcarpathia in the 15th and 16th century" 6865: 5317: 3560:". The transhumance of Vlachs, the heirs of Roman citizens, may be a key for solving the problem of 1077:

In 1022, Vlach shepherds from Thessaly and the Pindus mountains provided cheese for Constantinople.

3150: 2229:, the only people left in Pannonia were immigrants, Slavs, Greeks, Germans, Moravians, and Vlachs ( 2019:

The Orthodox Vlachs spread further northward along the Carpathians to the present day territory of

1978: 1959: 1910: 1647: 31: 7423:

Ad Alphonsum Aragonensem serenissimum regem de expeditione in Turchos Blondus Flavius Forliviensis

4441: 3157:

in the north, Moldova in the south and the Bolohoveni lands in the east were conquered by Galicia.

2731: 35: 7926: 7467:

Romanische Sprachgeschichte: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Geschichte der romanischen Sprachen

7465:. In Ernst, Gerhard; Gleßgen, Martin-Dietrich; Schmitt, Christian; Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). 6743:"In the Name of the Morlachs. The Memory of an Identity Along Centuries: Some working Hypotheses" 3124: 2789:

complains that he has only 9 Vlach villages, and asks for permission "to invite more Vlachs into

2347: 2316:, but after the victorious battle, the Vlachs refused to go home and settled in the territory of 2297: 2170: 2039: 1937: 1821: 1474: 1462: 1198: 875: 841: 20: 4133: 908:

mentioned the Vlachs in 976, as guides and guards of Byzantine caravans in the Balkans. Between

7852:

Les Aroumains, un peuple qui s'en va (Paris, 2005); Cincari, narod koji nestaje (Beograd, 2010)

7844:

Th Capidan, Aromânii, Dialectul Aromân, ed2 Εditură Fundaţiei Culturale Aromâne, București 2005

7772:

A. Keramopoulos, Ti einai oi koutsovlachoi , publ 2 University Studio Press, Thessaloniki 2000.

7746: 6864:[The list of papal tithes from 1332–1337 and the number of Romanians in Transylvania]. 3876:"Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History" 3576: 3277: 3081: 2929: 2155: 2100: 1432: 27: 7825: 7652: 7462: 7425:

in: Mirko Tavoni, Latino, grammatica, volgare: storia di una questione umanistica, 1984, p. 58

7407:

in: Mirko Tavoni, Latino, grammatica, volgare: storia di una questione umanistica, 1984, p. 58

6567:] (in Hungarian). Kolozsvár: Erdélyi Múzeum-Egyesület (Transylvanian Museum Association). 5600: 5254:

C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire: 1790–1918, Faber & Faber, 4 sept. 2014, paragraf.185

3952: 3431:

Théodore Valerio, Paysans valaques des environs de Lugos. Vlach/Romanian peasants from around

3359:, new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the 3001:

confirmed the liberties of the Vlachs in an open letter, issued March 31, 1474 in the town of

1913:

writes in his critical and analytical guide of Anonymus that all Romanian historians refer to

1577: 52: 7511:"The Slavonian Census of 1698. Part I: Structure and Meaning, European Journal of Population" 5226: 5224: 4282: 3903: 3742: 2775: 2400:

In November 1293, King Andrew confirms King Ladislaus's earlier concession to the chapter of

2394: 2380: 2369: 2147: 1929: 1754: 1724: 1368: 1291: 1235: 1121:, nephew of the homonymous 10th century military commander, and father in law of the writer. 1118: 741: 684:". In late Byzantine documents, the Vlachs are sometimes mentioned as Bulgaro-Albano-Vlachs ( 662: 6431: 5985:. Vol. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 71, 85. 4510: 2822: 2159: 2132: 2125: 2072: 2065: 2053: 1276: 1025:

In 1013, a Byzantine document mentions the settlement of "Kimbalongu" in the mountains near

3067: 3037:

Haec Inscriptio ex Valachico in Latinam versa est sed Rex Ruthenica Lingua scriptam accepta

3031: 2968: 2705: 2669: 2636: 2524: 2286: 2271: 2080: 2013: 2005: 1992: 1982: 1921: 1296: 749: 7583:

Map of Yugoslavia, file East, sq. B/f, Istituto Geografico de Agostini, Novara, in :

5888:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

5769: 5672:

The Asanids: the political and military history of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1280)

5221: 2376:

noble families the right to invite Vlachs into the country "from South of the mountains".

1861: 8: 7776:

Birgül Demirtaş-Coşkun; Ankara University. Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (2001).

6565:

The role of Székelys in border defense during the Middle Ages and the age of Principality

4705:

Eroberer und Eingesessene. Geographische Lehnnamen Sùdosteuropas im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr

4380: 3905:

Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies

2925: 2818: 2574: 2107: 1739: 1707: 1694: 1504: 805:) is also used to refer to Romanian speakers, especially those living in eastern Serbia. 199: 8044: – a short Czech film from 1955 depicting life of Vlachs in Czech Moravia 7714: 7510: 5701: 5233:. Demetrius Dvoichenko-Markov Byzantion Vol. 49 (1979), pp. 175-187, Peeters Publishers. 4592:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

3805:

qui illo tempore Romani vocabantur, modo vero Moroulachi, hoc est Nigri Latini vocantur.

2932:, and juzi from Croatia vow to respect the property right of the local St. John church. 2826: 2724: 928: 7296: 5979:"Ethnos and Mythos in the History of Transylvania: the case of the chronicler Anonymus" 5792: 5580: 5526:

A románok eredetéről, Magna Vlachiától Ungrovlachiáig. A Kárpát -régió magyar földrajza

5289:"Ethnos and Mythos in the History of Transylvania: the case of the chronicler Anonymus" 4712: 4561: 4254:

A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian

3604: 3380: 3327: 3241: 3227: 2971: 2910: 2790: 2760: 2709: 2665: 2644: 2622: 2539: 2205:

mentions the Vlachs in his work three times: After the land had been conquered by King

2185: 1853: 1636: 1417: 1413: 1231: 1104: 977: 837: 825: 745: 689: 443: 387: 281: 211: 7686:("History of the Romanians of the Pindus, Greater Vlachia, 980–1259"), Bucharest, 1913 6951:

A románok eredetéről, Magna Vlachiától Ungrovlachiáig. A Kárpát-régió magyar földrajza

5751:

A románok eredetéről, Magna Vlachiától Ungrovlachiáig. A Kárpát-régió magyar földrajza

4444:[Vlachs from the Island Krk in the Primary Historical and Literature Sources] 2894:, who lived in Ostravica, whose castle has even been taken by them. The leader of the 2505: 2486:

Goods sold by the Vlachs are mentioned in after 1328 by Ragusan documents, among them

2217:) were elected to remain in Pannonia who had been their shepherds and husbandmen. The 1650:, most probably 1198–1199, and it is related to a donation act towards restoration of 7957: 7934:

Memory, Identity, Typology: An Interdisciplinary Reconstruction of Vlach Ethnohistory

7901: 7891: 7862: 7831: 7814: 7625:

Silviu Dragomir: "Vlahii din nordul peninsulei Balcanice în evul mediu"; 1959, p. 172

7529: 7470: 7379: 7345: 7282: 7248: 7188: 6871: 6840: 6779: 6519: 6458: 6130: 5986: 5957: 5929: 5856: 5796: 5709: 5680: 5566: 5455: 5341: 5331: 5296: 5271: 5012: 4920: 4895: 4801: 4623: 4596: 4565: 4422: 4412: 4298: 4258: 4211: 4190: 3958: 3909: 3854: 3748: 3569: 3292: 3137: 3027: 2998: 2782: 2632:

Szeri Pósa invited Vlachs to Hungary, to populate the area around the Mutnok stream.

2444: 2406: 2151: 2076: 2000: 1766: 1743: 1646:

The first mention of Vlachs in Serbian medieval chronicles is dated from the time of

1551: 1535:

brothers' court was given military command by Emperor Isaac and expanded his rule to

1508: 1481: 1440: 1436: 1308: 1300: 990:, "They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, 917: 882:. For proponents of this theory, Eastern Romance languages prove the survival of the 732: 356: 195: 7732:(First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.) 3720: 3589: 3510:

Vlach women in traditional dress, North Macedonia/Greece, Van Den Brule Alfred, 1907

2713: 2481:

etiam vicinorum populorum, videlicet Ruthenorum, Walachorum et Lithwanorum stipatusc

7405:

Historia convivalis, utrum priscis Romanis latina lingua omnibus communis fuerit...

6114: 5784: 5676: 4639: 4553: 3565: 3376: 3339: 3298: 3129: 2946: 2697: 2587:

Morlachs are first recorded in 1344, during the struggle between the counts of the

2181: 1901: 1876: 1866: 1805: 1789: 1717: 1581: 1566: 1512: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1152: 1092: 1081: 887: 862: 720: 407: 365: 152: 148: 104: 78: 7318:"Esad Kurtović, Konj u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Filozofski fakultet, Sarajevo 2014" 5508:

Octavian Ciobanu: The Role of the Vlachs in the Bogomils’ Expansion in the Balkans

5496:

Octavian Ciobanu: The Role of the Vlachs in the Bogomils’ Expansion in the Balkans

5133: 4653: 3853:. Dept. of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures, University of Helsinki. 3791: 3282: 2846: 2606:

A letter from 1345 from Pope Clement VI to the Hungarian king Louis I, the phrase

2509: 2196: 1933: 1864:

regime, and Romanian archaeologists made every possible attempt to prove that the

1295:

Map of Central-Southern Europe during the late Middle Ages/early Modern period by

8021: 7950: 7777: 7692: 7598: 6513: 6007: 5670: 5485:(in Hungarian) (I. ed.). Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia . p. 274. 5429:"Aging levee. On the 25th anniversary of Gottfried Schramm's Ein Damm Bricht" 4590: 4252: 3934:

Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX–XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania

3848: 3663:"On the Significance of Certain Names: Romanian/Wallachian and Romania/Wallachia" 3407: 3384: 3174: 3165: 3085: 3076: 2764: 2753: 2701: 2049: 1896: 1628: 1214: 1129: 1051: 809: 716: 411: 327: 219: 207: 183: 6937:(in Hungarian) (IV. ed.). Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. p. 79. 3826:

Inheritance versus lexical borrowing: a case with decisive sound-change evidence

3318: 2581: 2570: 2560: 2534:

in the Kingdom of Hungary, one settlement mentioned in the source as Romanian: "

923: 855: 760:

by the inhabitants of the Dalmatian coast and islands. In these areas, the term

7847: 7548:

A. Boldur, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Victor Frunza, Bucuresti 1992, pp 98-106

7265:

State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule

6832: 6819:

State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule

5401: 3825: 3452: 3395: 3356: 3343: 3331: 2845:

In 1385, the King of Hungary settles 10 Vlachs villages on the royal estate of

2797: 2746: 2730:

counties in the Kingdom of Hungary, and he was also invested with the title of

2440: 2305: 2028: 1849: 1837: 1608: 1528: 1202: 1074:

was founded, which was responsible for "the spiritual care of all the Vlachs".

1055: 969: 905: 821: 737: 680:

In historical sources the term "Vlach" could also refer to different peoples: "

513: 323: 315: 299: 8039: 7676:

G. Weigand, Die Aromunen, Bd.Α΄-B΄, J. A. Barth (A.Meiner), Leipzig 1895–1894.

6122: 5848: 4630:, chap. II, "Historical landmarks", p. 50 (English text), the survival of the 4426: 4236:

H. C. Darby (1957). "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries".

4108:"Italians in Malá Strana / English – Open House Praha : Open House Praha" 3008: 2936: 2339:. The same emperor, in 1289, confirms the rights of St. Andrew Monastery from 1565:

According to Niketas Choniates, the Vlachs are the barbarians who live in the

496:

Other forms which were recognised by linguists to designate the "Vlachs" are:

8056: 7905: 7634:

Marian Wenzel, "Bosnian and Herzegovinian Tombstobes—Who Made Them and Why?"

6875: 5738:

Florin Curta: Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii cruciadei a IV-a, page 29, 2015

5729:

Florin Curta: Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii cruciadei a IV-a, page 27, 2015

5713: 5471:

Florin Curta: Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii cruciadei a IV-a, page 40, 2015

5345: 5154:

Florin Curta: Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii cruciadei a IV-a, page 39, 2015

5064:

Florin Curta: Imaginea vlahilor la cronicarii cruciadei a IV-a, page 37, 2015

3399: 2990: 2982:

which still retains much of the Latin vocabulary, and that its members say: "

2720: 2417: 2309: 1793:("The deeds of the Hungarians"), written in the early 13th century, when the 1683: 1589: 1451: 1447: 1272: 752:

was repopulated by Slavic settlers, both Orthodox and Catholic, speaking the

7877: 7707:

Romanus şi valachus sau Ce este romanus, roman, român, aromân, valah şi vlah

6479: 5702:"Ideas of federation and personal union with regard to Bulgaria and Romania" 4541: 3002: 2943:, as part of the local population subject to mayor of Busk legal authority. 2233:) who had been servants of Attila. Hungarian historians point out that the ( 1870:

is a reliable source for the Romanian presence in Transylvania prior to the

7939: 7679: 7663:

Octavian Ciobanu: Cultural appropriation of the Vlachs' heritage in Balkans

5547:. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 5295:. Vol. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. 4631: 4406: 3846: 3561: 3495: 3372: 3360: 2659: 2618: 2613:

In 1349, another Hungarian royal charter mentions the Vlachs, allowing the

2543: 2515:

Croatian chronicler Miha de Barbazanis writes that Vlachs from the area of

2373: 2278: 2266: 1988:

A royal chancellery document from 1223, connected to the foundation of the

1857: 1845: 1668: 1532: 1387: 1223: 987: 883: 867: 602: 7526:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

6515:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

5788: 2648: 2538:". This Romanian place-name is the first recorded Romanian toponym in the 2362: 2317: 2118: 2110:

is excepted, while the voivodate of Seneslaus the king keeps for himself.

1477:, also known in its early history as the Empire of Bulgarians and Vlachs. 210:

derogatively. The term is also used to refer to the ethnographic group of

8034:

Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj, Youth Aromanian community and their Projects

7766:Τ. Winnifrith, The Vlachs. The History of a Balkan People, Duckworth 1987 7722:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325 7216:"Northern Extent of Settlements on the Wallachian Law in Medieval Poland" 5928:(Urbańczyk, Przemysław ed.). Warsaw: Wydawn. DiG. pp. 141–165. 3097: 2875: 2771: 2088: 1989: 1881: 1540: 1265: 1210: 944: 430:

has also been used to designate Italians. The same name is still used in

214:

who speak a Slavic language but originate from Romanians, as well as for

136: 62: 2712:

the confiscated domains of his opponent. Later, Balc became the head of

2282: 2218: 8014: 7999: 7989: 6972: 6922:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. pp. 287–298. 6715: 6173:"Traces of Vlach Migrations in the Toponymy of Polish Podtatrze Region" 4408:

Multiethnic regionalisms in Southeastern Europe: statehood alternatives

3875: 3686: 3020: 2979: 2401: 2384: 2354: 2332: 1963: 1941: 1813: 1798: 1794: 1406: 1360: 1344: 1261: 1156: 1137: 1133: 1110: 1019: 1007: 951: 753: 191: 140: 7189:"Enacted "Jus Valachicum" in South Transylvania (14th-18th Centuries)" 6862:"Az 1332-1337. évi pápai tizedjegyzék és az erdélyi románság létszáma" 6238:]. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române. pp. 329–333. 5236: 2957: 2592: 692:, the name "Vlach" in medieval sources had the same rank as the name " 688:), or Serbo-Albano-Bulgaro-Vlachs. According to the Serbian historian 526:

Rumer, Tzintzars, Morlachs, Maurovlachs, Armâns, Cincars, Koutzovlachs

7944:

a photo-essay on the Valchs published by GEO magazine (France), 2010.

7495: 6560:

A székelység szerepe a középkori és fejedelemség kori határvédelemben

6495: 6493: 6491: 5770:"The Gesta Hungarorum of Anonymus, the Anonymous Notary of King Béla" 4557: 3619: 3209: 3196: 3062: 2940: 2902: 2614: 2383:

presides over a meeting of "Nobles, Saxons, Szeklers, and Vlachs" in

2358: 2140: 2061: 2032: 1971: 1949: 1925: 1376: 1239: 1190: 1043: 1026: 973: 961: 783: 703: 163: 8009: 7699:("Aromanians, Aromanian dialect, Linguistic Study"), Bucharest, 1932 7436: 7317: 7215: 7161: 7131: 7061: 6742: 6602: 6172: 6070: 6044: 5978: 5375: 5288: 5165: 4677:

The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide

4361: 3403: 2092: 1339:. According to the chronicle the Slavs settled there first, and the 682:

Slovak, Hungarian, Balkan, Transylvanian, Romanian, or even Albanian

524:

appear, respectively. In the Balkan Peninsula various names such as

7372:

Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică]

6772:

Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică]

6558: 5837:; Rásonyi, László (1979), Bulaqs and Oguzs in Medieval Transylvania 5005:

Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică]

4794:

Originea medievală a focarelor de conflict din peninsula Balcanică]

4452:(in Croatian). Novi Sad, Zrenjanin: Editura Fundaţiei. p. 348. 4334: 4322:. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. p. 309. 3594: 3269: 3217: 3182: 3154: 3146: 3101: 3092: 2895: 2891: 2821:

from settle further "foreigners" to the border areas of Bónafalva,

2652: 2512:

monastery the Vlach pastures and katuns along Drim and Lim rivers.

2451: 2426: 2422: 2340: 2210: 2180:

In a grant (around 1280) Queen Helena confirmed the grant given by

2024: 1651: 1640: 1425: 1125: 1114: 1091:

The same chronicle the Annales Barenses describes that in 1027 the

1034: 965: 913: 899: 817: 757: 403: 338: 215: 175: 7469:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 738. 6488: 6009:

The medieval Hungarian historians: a critical and analytical guide

5921: 4615:

According to Cornelia Bodea, Ştefan Pascu, Liviu Constantinescu: "

4031:"Nyelvek, többnyelvűség, nyelvhasználati szabályok | Európai Unió" 3322: 2564: 2114: 1409:

and that the presence of women disturbed the monachal activities.

1022:" a Slavic tribe who settled in the same area in the 7th century. 26:"Vlach", "Wallach", and "Oláh" redirect here. For other uses, see 7562:

Since Theophanes Confessor and Kedrenos, in : A.D. Xenopol,

7092:

Documenta Romaniae Historica, vol. XIII, Transilvania (1366-1370)

5900:

Magyar historiográfia I.: Történetírás a középkori Magyarországon

5815:

Magyar historiográfia I.: Történetírás a középkori Magyarországon

4917:

The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas

4388:

Facta Universitatis. Series: Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology

3475: 3368: 3364: 3245: 3231: 3204: 3192: 2742: 2554: 2351: 2103: 2043: 1655: 1555: 1536: 1524: 1520: 1395: 1391: 1372: 1364: 1332: 1253: 1227: 1170: 1141: 981: 879: 581: 311: 203: 171: 7508: 6453:

Simon, of Kéza (1999). Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank (eds.).

5638:

A román nemzetiségi törekvések története és jelenlegi állapota 1

3295:, an older name for the region of Muntenia, southeastern Romania 2960:, allowing the Vlachs to enter the town if they call themselves 2628:

A Hungarian charter of 1352 states that, the lord lieutenant of

1895:

or not is disputed among historians. British-Romanian historian

1832:

are the Vlachs, some Hungarian scholars claim that they are the

1523:. A similar event is recorded by the same author in the area of 1054:, however, point out that the texts probably refer to a nomadic 7376:

The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula

6776:

The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula

6286:. Florida, Astor: The Danubian Research Centre. pp. 15–19. 5956:(in Romanian). Cetatea de Scaun. pp. 42, 43, 78, 150–151. 5172:(in Romanian). București/Suceava: Romanian Academy. p. 38. 5009:

The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula

4798:

The Medieval Origin of Conflict Centers in the Balkan Peninsula

4635: 4542:"Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia" 3950: 3543: 3411: 3301:, an older name for the region of Oltenia, southwestern Romania 3258: 3249: 3235: 3200: 3169: 3071: 2975: 2961: 2814: 2807: 2786: 2690: 2686: 2600: 2516: 2498: 2469: 2336: 2328: 2313: 2262: 2206: 2057: 2020: 1945: 1841: 1833: 1700:

imperator Caloihannes dominus omnium Bulgarorum atque Blachorum

1632: 1596: 1570: 1559: 1544: 1516: 1497: 1380: 1356: 1324: 1246: 1186: 1174: 1160: 1096: 1085: 909: 878:, the ancestors of modern Vlachs and Romanians originated from 779: 693: 431: 307: 295: 286: 231: 187: 179: 156: 132: 5231:

The Russian Primary Chronicle and the Vlachs of Eastern Europe

1620:, the authenticity of which is highly disputed by historians, 1280: 1275:

were attacked by Vlachs, in the mountains along the road from

7990:

The Vlach Connection and Further Reflections on Roman History

7736:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) .

5618:

Octavian Ciobanu : The heritage of Western Balkan Vlachs

5108: 5106: 5104: 3527: 3448: 3432: 3305: 3285:, a former county of southern Wallachia (derived from Slavic 2913:

was recorded on 9 August 1428, where Vlachs transported 1500

2887: 2679: 1953: 1906: 1885: 1809: 1679: 1675: 1604: 1585: 1320: 1182: 1145: 1100: 1071: 995: 697: 399: 277: 166:, the term "Vlach" today refers primarily to speakers of the 90: 7713:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953).

4987:

A felhasználhatatlan Bizánci forrás a Román nép történetéhez

4057:"Olaszország – Az uniós tagország bemutatása | Európai Unió" 3410:

between 12th and 16th century, could be attributed to Vlach

3266:, a region in southwestern part of Croatia mentioned in 1373 3057:

by the Slavs. States mentioned in medieval chronicles were:

1515:

who established an autonomous polity in the upper region of

920:. The Vlachs killed David in their first documented battle. 7346:"Kolonizacja wołoska na obszarach Wołynia w XV i XVI wieku" 4867:(in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. pp. 60–71. 4468: 3979:"Włochy – profil kraju członkowskiego UE | Unia Europejska" 3799:. Split: Muzej hrvatski arheoloških spomenika. p. 66 ( 3213: 3016: 2918: 2853: 2836: 2832:

In 1376 the ban of Knin is also called "comes Holachorum".

2738: 2596: 2479:

attacks Brandenburg with neighboring Vlach reinforcements "

2301: 2277:

Several sources cite that the passes of the Carpathians in

2226: 1967: 1558:

and Acarnata are called "Little Vlachia" and north-eastern

1394:, mentions a Vlach settlement called Ezeba, which was near 1178: 661:, 'vlach'. Megleno-Romanians designate themselves with the 93: 6143: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5101: 4933: 2890:

saved 3000 ducats to organise an army against the looting

2658:

In 1358, a Hungarian royal chronicler named Márk mentions

2113:

In 1247, a Hungarian royal document allowed the nobles of

2106:

which was left to the Vlachs as they held it. The land of

1981:

proclaimed that all Vlachs of his kingdom belonged to the

1909:

and the Vlachs simply cannot be proven. British historian

1703:("Emperor Kaloyan, Lord of All Bulgarians and Vlachs") by 7596: 7279:

The Morlachs of Dalmatia during the 15th and 16th century

6217:

Separating Myths and Facts In the History of Transylvania

6051:(in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian History Institute. 2752:

In June 1366 King Louis I of Hungary grants through the

2458: 2421:

Fra Mauro's map, sector XXIX, showing Vlachia Piccola in

2357:

and his people across the Carpathians, where they formed

2350:

was assassinated; the new Hungarian king allegedly drove

2312:. Constantinople sent an army of Vlachs from what is now 1457: 1084:

mentions a people called "Vlach" who live near the river

398:, etc. The root word was notably adopted in Germanic for 276:, etc.) is etymologically derived from the ethnonym of a 116: 8027: 5725: 5723: 4989:(in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. p. 514. 4442:"Vlasi i krčki Vlasi u literaturi i povijesnim izvorima" 4005:"Dlaczego mówimy "Włochy", a nie "Italia"? – Nasz Swiat" 3847:

Juhani Nuorluoto; Martti Leiwo; Jussi Halla-aho (2001).

2064:). In one of his letters he mentions the Vlachs, asking 1880:

during the excavation of the early medieval hillfort at

1595:

A Byzantine church document mentions that in 1190, "the

1163:

in connection about their origin and way of life in the

8033: 7651:

p. 14; BALCANICA POSNANIENSIA XXII/1 IUS VALACHICUM I,

5408: 5319:

Régmúlt idők elbeszélése - A Kijevi Rusz első krónikája

5315: 5176: 5060: 5058: 4595:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 10. 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 2060:

who lived in the southern part of present-day Romania (

1848:, who arrived only centuries later. Romanian historian 1738:

mentions twelve times the Vlachs part of the armies of

1193:

was also killed, and then the Vlachs were scattered in

1169:

in 1075–1078. According to Kekaumenos, the Vlachs were

7735: 7712: 7492:

Istoria cărții românești de la începuturi până la 1918

7094:, Editura Academiei Române, Bucharest 1994, p. 161-162 6095: 5242: 4998: 4996: 4189:. Ljubljana: Modrijan Založba ZRC. pp. 106, 227. 3355:

As national states appeared in the area of the former

2584:, mentions that, Dobrodoliane is inhabited by Vlachs. 7788:

Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies

7437:"Census Valachorum in mid 16th century Upper Hungary" 6076: 6071:

Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora

6045:

Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora

5720: 1136:

calls Vlachs "migrants from the northern parts", as

119: 7566:, Nicolae Iorga, Teodor Capidan, C. Giurescu : 6765: 6763: 6123:"Anonymus on the Hungarian Conquest of Transylvania" 5855:, vol. 1, New York: Columbia University Press, 5853:

History of Transylvania: From the Beginnings to 1606

5849:"Anonymus on the Hungarian Conquest of Transylvania" 5055: 3940:]. Center for Transylvanian Studies. p. 32. 3842: 3840: 3838: 3761: 2778:

was first documented in 1373 as a Vlach settlement.

2405:

confirmed by a double seal, is dated by the hand of

1828:) inhabited Pannonia. Most researchers say that the 1554:, Thessaly and Macedonia is called "Magna Vlachia", 1268:

by order of the Byzantine emperor Alexios Komnenos.

858:

between Latin- and Greek-language Roman inscriptions

113: 110: 87: 84: 7890:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Magyarságkutató Intézet. 7590: 6966: 6964: 6894:Az erdélyi Románok a középkori Magyar oklevelekben 5085:[Romanization of the Danube-Balkan region] 4993: 4297:. New York: New York University Press. p. 74. 4212:"Vlachs and Scandinavians in the Early Middle Ages" 3088:

or Wallachia Transalpina in administrative sources;

1826:

sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum

1787:According to the medieval Hungarian chronicle, the 1777:(Slav). From there on the country will be known as 1018:", which may be a mixture of the name "Vlach" and " 656: 650: 162:Although it has also been used to name present-day 107: 81: 7585:Le Million, encyclopédie de tous les pays du monde 7020:, Edit. „George Barițiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, p.473 6833:"The Cumanian Country and the Province of Severin" 6643:, Edit. „George Barițiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, p.467 4487: 4479:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2001 ( 4439: 2708:, moves to the Kingdom of Hungary and is given by 2188:, the Vlachs are separately mentioned, along with 1664:History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick 1492:, but he angered the "barbarians who dwelt in the 1010:around 1000, according to monastic documents from 426:became an exonym for Italians. The Slovenian term 7801:, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 2001. 26–50. 7454: 7160:Tanașoca, Anca; Tanașoca, Nicolae-Șerban (2004). 7130:Tanașoca, Anca; Tanașoca, Nicolae-Șerban (2004). 7060:Tanașoca, Anca; Tanașoca, Nicolae-Șerban (2004). 6760: 6601:Tanașoca, Anca; Tanașoca, Nicolae-Șerban (2004). 6065: 6063: 6061: 5374:Tanașoca, Anca; Tanașoca, Nicolae-Șerban (2004). 5142:Századok – A magyar történelmi társulat közlönye 3835: 3744:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 3530:(today in northern Greece), between 1900 and 1908 2935:Vlachs are mentioned in a document of Grand Duke 2745:, are rewarded for their military support by the 2693:that "the first Vlach inhabitants have arrived". 1454:says Vlachs were "colonists brought from Italy". 1113:writes about the revolt in 1066 in the region of 8054: 7983: – Maria Magiru about Aromanians 7684:Istoria românilor din Pind, Vlahia Mare 980–1259 7528:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–143. 7159: 7129: 7059: 6961: 6635: 6633: 6600: 6425: 6423: 5545:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates 5373: 4381:"Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs" 3944: 2817:obliges his successors not to prevent the Vlach 2763:decreed that only those Vlach settlers who were 2621:, thus encouraging more Vlachs to settle in the 2343:over the village Praktikatous or Vlachokatouna. 2056:, in which he talks about the conversion of the 190:. These people include the ethnic groups of the 8010:French Vlachs Association (in Vlach, EN and FR) 7779:The Vlachs: a forgotten minority in the Balkans 7047:Magyarország világi archontológiája (1301-1457) 7034:. Budapest: Szent István Társulat. p. 729. 6973:"Obraz Wołochów w piśmiennictwie Jana Długosza" 6970: 6716:"Obraz Wołochów w piśmiennictwie Jana Długosza" 6713: 5831:Az Árpád-kori Magyarország Történeti Földrajza; 4772:(in Hungarian). Székely és Illés. pp. 4–7. 4474: 2956:In 1450, the Vlachs are granted a privilege in 2647:, crosses the mountains with other Vlachs from 2603:, when a region called "Morlacorum" mentioned. 632: 622: 616: 606: 7995:Orbis Latinus: Wallachians, Walloons, Welschen 7697:Aromânii, dialectul aromân. Studiul lingvistic 7558: 7556: 7554: 7155: 7153: 6896:(in Hungarian). Minerva Nyomda. pp. 7–15. 6058: 5051:(in Spanish). Translated by J. Signes Codoner. 4187:Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen 3927: 3925: 3873: 3747:. University of Washington Press. p. 39. 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3524:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 1639:and the "land of the black Latins, now called 1469:The uprising of brothers Asen and Peter was a 1343:seized the territory of the Slavs; later, the 740:in the Balkans, there was a military class of 590: 584: 359: 7936:, B.A., University of British Columbia, 1992. 6947: 6630: 6420: 6281: 5947: 5945: 5846: 5783:(4). Modern Humanities Research Association. 5747: 4885: 4883: 3809:In some Croatian and Latin redactions of the 2863:In the 14th century, royal charters from the 2737:Vlachs from the domain of Vidčeselo, between 1716:("King of the Bulgarians and the Vlachs") by 1654:with aid from the inhabitants of the area of 1420:was one of the first writers to use the word 1260:In 1097, many Vlachs were resettled from the 1173:and Bessi, who lived near and south from the 1006:Vlachs were present in large numbers, on the 824:, the area of Moravian Wallachia is known as 7884:Timely questions of the Romanian Middle Ages 7239: 7237: 6284:Documented Facts and Figures on Transylvania 6006:Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (2 January 1953). 3850:Papers in Slavic, Baltic, and Balkan studies 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3575:Researcher have also raised a concern about 3257:("the Old Vlach"), a region in southwestern 1257:such as Stan, Radu cel Şchiop, and Peducel. 1252:Also in 1094 the first mention of Vlachs in 1095:army led by Orestes that tried to recapture 520:. In English and in modern German the forms 350: 331: 7551: 7416: 7398: 7162:"Unitate romanică și diversitate balcanică" 7150: 7132:"Unitate romanică și diversitate balcanică" 7062:"Unitate romanică și diversitate balcanică" 6603:"Unitate romanică și diversitate balcanică" 6505: 5563:Magyar Térvesztés Román Térnyerés Erdélyben 5376:"Unitate romanică și diversitate balcanică" 5036:(in German). Translated by Hans Georg Beck. 4411:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 110. 4404: 4281:. p. 274–275; BALCANICA POSNANIENSIA xxVI, 4235: 3922: 3793:Hrvatska kronika u Ljetopisu pop Dukljanina 3647: 3568:and possibly over the entire region of the 3391:became a synonym for apprentice shepherds. 3035: 2335:, fearing their possible alliance with the 2255: 2247: 2239: 2121:to settle Vlach families on their estates. 1711: 1698: 1103:, also included many Vlachs recruited from 644: 638: 596: 16:Romance-speaking populations in the Balkans 8005:Cultural appropriation of Vlachs' heritage 7463:"Externe Sprachgeschichte des Rumänischen" 7434: 7301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7029: 6971:Obara-Pawłowska, Anna (20 February 2018). 6714:Obara-Pawłowska, Anna (20 February 2018). 6701:Vlasi u starijoj hrvatskoj historiografiji 6518:, Cambridge University Press, p. 29, 6214: 5983:Historians and the History of Transylvania 5942: 5585:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5293:Historians and the History of Transylvania 5046: 5031: 4880: 4844: 4717:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4687: 4504: 4502: 4378: 3951:Thomas M. Wilson; Hastings Donnan (2005). 3789: 3660: 3013:Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae 2685:Also in 1359, the village of Lakság "near 2281:were defended by the Vlachs together with 1576:In 1183 Hungarian documents mention, that 1439:, captured Andronicus and returned him to 1046:and believed by some to be related to the 707:Map depicting the current distribution of 7875: 7234: 7018:Istoria României. Transilvania, Volumul I 6641:Istoria României. Transilvania, Volumul I 6499: 6202:Szkenderbég, a történelmi és irodalmi hős 6106:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMakkai1994 ( 6005: 5605:Medieval Historical Sources East and West 5414: 5187: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5112: 4939: 4539: 3818: 3705: 3635:Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina 3414:of Bosnia and Herzegovina of that times. 3108:; Bogdan's Wallachia, Moldo-Wallachia or 1635:, then, attacking further south, ravaged 528:were used, while Muslim sources speak of 131:(and many other variants), is a term and 7603:. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 7369: 7315: 6798: 6769: 6657:. Magyar Történelmi Társulat. p. 7. 6537: 6087:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCurta2006 ( 5976: 5951: 5811:Romanitatea românilor: Istoria unei idei 5699: 5668: 5286: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5002: 4791: 4317: 4209: 2874: 2689:", reports in a letter to the bishop of 2416: 2409:, provost of Fehérvár, vice-chancellor. 2296:According to the old Russian chronicle, 2031:, and were granted autonomy under the '' 1456: 1290: 870:paths of the Vlach shepherds in the past 861: 849: 702: 483: 202:. The term also became a synonym in the 42: 7489: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6887: 6885: 6807:]. Cultura Națională. pp. 3–4. 6694: 6692: 6690: 6556: 6429: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6195: 6193: 6055:(14): 27-31 (Serbian), 31-33 (Crusades) 5542: 5358: 5011:]. Editura Corint. pp. 57–58. 4914: 4702: 4651: 4508: 4499: 4292: 3736: 3734: 940:could refer to Wallachians/Romanians. 8055: 7856: 7823: 7649:The Vlachs – several research problems 7523: 7509:Hammel, E. A. and Kenneth W. Wachter. 7460: 7276: 6891: 6859: 6830: 6801:Originea coloniilor române din Istria] 6740: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6511: 6436:Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia 6229: 6199: 6149: 6120: 6101: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5518: 5516: 5262: 5260: 5212: 5118: 5083:"A dunai-balkáni térség romanizációja" 4984: 4969: 4889: 4858: 4856: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4493: 4463:The Balkan Vlachs: Born to Assimilate? 4359: 4332: 3880:The Proceedings of the Friesian School 3774: 2447:to the church of St. Nikita in Bania. 936:". According to B. Dodge the ethnonym 7343: 7213: 7186: 7103: 6853: 6805:Origin of Romanian Colonies in Istria 6698: 6452: 6170: 6082: 5919: 5560: 5426: 5163: 5080: 5067: 4849:. Societatea Académica Moscopolitană. 4671: 4669: 4509:Horváth, Stanislav (9 October 2017). 3957:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 122–. 3785: 3783: 3740: 3542:Vlachs returning to their village in 2901:The biggest caravan shipment between 2464:In a battle, Vlachs fought alongside 2308:because he feared an invasion by the 1359:, as their country is placed west to 886:in the lower Danube basin during the 7600:From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania 7597:Mircea Mușat; Ion Ardeleanu (1985). 7572:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie 7517: 6990: 6900: 6882: 6687: 6646: 6268: 6236:Documents Regarding Romanian History 6232:Documente privind istoria românilor] 6190: 5954:Expansiunea maghiară în Transilvania 5767: 5480: 5433:Historical Studies on Central Europe 4658:. London: Macmilan. pp. 22–40. 4585: 4250: 4184: 3731: 3371:) by following the Carpathians, the 2852:Vlachs are a documented presence in 1962:donates 200 families of Vlachs from 1769:conquers this land and awards it to 782:, the ethnonym Vlach is used by the 580:in Spanish), the Romanians used the 7811:The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora 7564:Istoria Românilor din Dacia Traiană 7378:]. Editura Corint. p. 58. 6778:]. Editura Corint. p. 59. 6574: 6481:Kézai Simon mester Magyar Krónikája 5880: 5868: 5823: 5622: 5601:"Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja" 5513: 5257: 4853: 4800:]. Editura Corint. p. 52. 4752: 4579: 4515:Centrum pre tradičnú ľudovú kultúru 3931: 3350: 3311:("Wallachia on this side") in 1550. 2532:list of Papal Tithes from 1332–1337 2135:, upon the complaint of Archbishop 1431:Vlachs living by the border of the 1386:The Byzantine princess and scholar 670: 628: 612: 605:'. Also Aromanians use the endonym 500:found in Western medieval sources, 477:) it was replaced with the endonym 13: 7913: 7879:A román középkor időszerű kérdései 7830:. East-West Books. pp. 203–. 7498:: Editura Științifică. p. 40. 7001: 6932: 6917: 5635: 5522: 5243:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013 5131: 4865:Hogyan csinálódik némely história? 4767: 4675:Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (1953). 4666: 4645: 3780: 3482:), Christian Geissler, before 1844 3367:) and the eastern Czech Republic ( 3128:, between the Carpathians and the 3080:in Romanian); Bassarab-Wallachia ( 2879:Map showing the migrations of the 2839:mention "universitas Valachorum". 2806:In 1374, the Cathedral chapter of 2617:voivode to send a Vlach priest to 2573:donates 320 Vlach families to the 1757:writes about the country he calls 1727:mentions the Vlachs as enemies of 1599:and the Vlachs take the relics of 1238:to raise an army against invading 535: 14: 8079: 7974: 7044: 6652: 6477: 5777:Slavonic and East European Review 5324:The first chronicle of Kievan Rus 4829: 4617:România: Atlas Istorico-geografic 4440:Spicijarić Paškvan, Nina (2014). 3811:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja 2325:Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos 2291:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary 1617:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja 902:and present-day North Macedonia. 170:who live south of the Danube, in 7656: 7641: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7577: 7542: 7502: 7483: 7428: 7410: 7392: 7363: 7337: 7328: 7309: 7270: 7257: 7207: 7180: 7123: 7097: 7080: 7053: 7038: 7023: 7010: 6941: 6926: 6824: 6811: 6792: 6734: 6707: 6661: 6621: 6594: 6550: 6531: 6471: 6446: 6394: 6368: 6342: 6316: 6290: 6242: 6223: 6208: 6164: 6155: 6037: 6025: 6016: 5999: 5970: 5913: 5904: 5892: 5840: 5803: 5761: 5741: 5732: 5427:Curta, Florin (1 January 2022). 4521:from the original on 29 May 2023 4238:The New Cambridge Modern History 3630:Vlachs in the history of Croatia 3600:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 3535: 3526:against the Ottoman Empire from 3515: 3503: 3487: 3467: 3440: 3424: 3402:, theorized that the origins of 3034:, in which it is reported that " 2835:In 1381 Croatian documents from 2493:First mention of a Vlach called 2327:decides to move the Vlachs from 2261:were actually the Turkic people 2192:(Albanians), Latins, and Serbs. 1891:Whether archeology supports the 1511:who writes about a Vlach called 1496:mountains, who were once called 1029:, which was a Vlach settlement. 866:Hypothetical map projecting the 103: 77: 7316:Kurtović, Esad (January 2014). 6590:(in Hungarian). pp. 61–66. 6457:. Central European University. 5922:"Transylvania around A.D. 1000" 5809:E.g. Armbruster, Adolf (1972). 5693: 5662: 5644: 5611: 5593: 5554: 5536: 5501: 5489: 5474: 5465: 5448: 5439: 5420: 5394: 5367: 5352: 5309: 5280: 5248: 5206: 5193: 5157: 5148: 5040: 5025: 4978: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4908: 4871: 4862: 4838: 4823: 4814: 4785: 4776: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4696: 4681: 4609: 4533: 4456: 4433: 4398: 4372: 4360:Škegro, Ante (1 January 2004). 4353: 4326: 4311: 4286: 4271: 4244: 4229: 4210:Pintescu, Florin (April 2020). 4203: 4178: 4152: 4126: 4100: 4075: 4049: 4023: 3997: 3971: 3896: 3187:Small Wallachia (Μικρή Βλαχία, 2898:was a person called Sandallor. 2870: 2800:places this event close to the 2781:In a letter dates to 1374, the 2412: 2365:, as a Hungarian vassal state. 2346:According to a legend, in 1290 1689: 1471:revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs 1286: 1001: 960:(1078), writes about a leader, 932:mentioning "Turks, Bulgars and 893: 876:theory of Daco-Roman continuity 290:, which meant 'stranger', from 7344:Jawor, Grzegorz (April 2023). 6948:Timaru - Kast, Sándor (2019). 6741:Caciur, Dana (4 August 2023). 6282:Wass de Czege, Albert (1977). 5748:Timaru - Kast, Sándor (2019). 3867: 3679: 3556:According to Ilona Czamańska " 3406:tombstones, which appeared in 3134:Regnum Bulgarorum et Blachorum 2984:oculum, digitum, manum, panem, 2664:It is the richest part of the 2595:families, in the regions near 2372:, in a document, grants three 2221:were settled with the Vlachs ( 1742:, either as defenders against 1580:, in his campaign against the 1500:, but are now called Vlachs". 1189:launched a war, their leader, 769: 373: 1: 7859:Early Transylvania (895–1324) 7670: 7322:Filozofski Fakultet, Sarajevo 7263:Srđan Rudić, Selim Aslantaş: 7187:Cosma, Ela (September 2022). 7004:A Váradi Püspökség Története 6817:Srđan Rudić, Selim Aslantaş: 5829:E.g. Györffy, György (1963). 5768:Rady, Martyn (October 2009). 5268:Early Transylvania (895–1324) 4379:Gavrilović, Danijela (2003). 4366:Časopis za suvremenu povijest 4007:. 21 May 2022. Archived from 3908:. Brill. 2013. pp. 42–. 3522:Vlach revolutionaries in the 3456: 3304:An Italian writer called the 3222:Upper Wallachia (Άνω Βλαχία, 2860:, probably as early as 1388. 2802:Fourth Council of the Lateran 2430: 2361:along with its first capital 2052:wrote several letters to the 1621: 1313: 508:. French sources used mostly 7370:Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). 7006:(in Hungarian). p. 192. 6770:Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). 6538:Madgearu, Alexandru (2018). 5952:Madgearu, Alexandru (2019). 5700:Nyagulov, Blagovest (2012). 5669:Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). 5532:(in Hungarian). p. 334. 5217:. Magna Lingua. p. 212. 5215:Út a trianoni békeparancshoz 5170:Archeologia Moldovei XXXVIII 5003:Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). 4919:. Harvard University Press. 4792:Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). 3691:Dicționare ale limbii române 3615:Vlach (Ottoman social class) 2858:Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia 2767:could receive royal grants. 2202:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 2010:silva blacorum et bissenorum 1920:In 1213, an army of Vlachs, 1070:In 1020, the Archdiocese of 756:dialect and called Vlach or 649:are also the Albanian forms 446:for Italy, while in Slovak ( 244:(and other variants such as 225: 7: 7981:Romănii Balcanici Aromânii 7513:. University of California. 7435:Diaconescu, Marius (2015). 6455:The Deeds of the Hungarians 6215:Dr. Balogh, Sándor (2010). 6204:(in Hungarian). p. 79. 5926:Europe around the year 1000 5706:Bulgarian Historical Review 5543:Niketas, Choniates (1984). 4894:. Brill. pp. 106–107. 4845:Bujduveanu, Tănase (2002). 4770:Az Oláh erdei pásztornépről 4703:Schramm, Gottfried (1981). 4405:Stjepanović, Dejan (2018). 3610:Supplex Libellus Valachorum 3582: 3480:Vlachs that live in Croatia 3043: 2643:, but now in conflict with 1899:states the analysis of the 1713:Rex Bulgarorum et Blachorum 1562:is called "Upper Vlachia". 1367:by the author of the work, 1159:writes about the Vlachs in 916:, they met and fought with 61:("Wallachian Shepherd from 10: 8084: 7876:Miskolczy, Ambrus (2021). 5874:Thoroczkay, Gábor (2009). 5445:A. Decei, op. cit., p. 25. 4688:Blagojević, Miloš (1997). 4240:. Vol. 1. p. 34. 3891:Note: The Vlach Connection 3417: 3394:Some researchers, such as 3240:Magna Vlachia in southern 2813:In 1374, Bishop László of 2557:estate, "from the south". 1531:, formerly a boyar at the 1465:, seat of Dobromir Chrysos 964:, who is given command by 926:published in 998 the work 835: 831: 725:medieval Kingdom of Serbia 280:tribe, adopted into Proto- 229: 151:—south of the Danube (the 25: 18: 8068:Transhumant ethnic groups 7461:Dahmen, Wolfgang (2008). 7247:p. 130; Wiley-Blackwell, 6799:Dragomir, Silviu (1924). 6430:Grzesik, Ryszard (2016). 5977:Deletant, Dennis (1992). 5817:; Spinei, Victor (2009). 5287:Deletant, Dennis (1992). 4915:Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). 4540:Košťálová, Petra (2022). 3625:Vlachs in medieval Serbia 3551: 2951:Bosniae and Valachiae Rex 2521:Mladen II Šubić of Bribir 2457:In 1321 on the island of 2425:and Monte de Murlachi in 1736:Geoffrey of Villehardouin 943:A monastic document from 846:History of the Aromanians 677:) in their own language. 542:Eastern Romance languages 406:, and in Switzerland for 351: 319: 168:Eastern Romance languages 145:Eastern Romance languages 143:to designate speakers of 7647:Ilona Czamańska; (2015) 7490:Tomescu, Mircea (1968). 7214:Jawor, Grzegorz (2016). 7104:Jawor, Grzegorz (2016). 6557:Sófalvi, András (2012). 5813:; Kristó, Gyula (2002). 4985:Olajos, Terézia (1988). 4847:Aromâni si Muntele Athos 4690:Lexikon des Mittelalters 4622:, Academia Română 1996, 4061:european-union.europa.eu 4035:european-union.europa.eu 3983:european-union.europa.eu 3932:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). 3741:Sugar, Peter F. (1996). 3641: 3342:(Czech: Beskydy) of the 3161:Regions and places are: 2978:left a colony among the 2886:In 1412, the captain of 2849:in the area of Szilágy. 1979:Stefan the First-Crowned 1960:Stefan the First-Crowned 1911:Carlile Aylmer Macartney 1748:attackers of Adrianopole 1708:Basil I of Bulgaria 1578:King Béla III of Hungary 1486:Emperor Isaac II Angelos 709:Eastern Romance-speaking 492:, Bosnia and Herzegovina 59:Pâtre valaque de Zabalcz 32:Wallach (disambiguation) 8024:, by Asterios Koukoudis 7927:Oxford University Press 7809:Asterios I. Koukoudis, 7790:, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, 7524:Vásáry, István (2005). 7281:. Poznań. p. 154. 7030:Dr. Karácsonyi, János. 6831:Makkai, László (2001). 6512:Vásáry, István (2005), 6502:, p. 127, 155–156. 6230:Roller, Mihail (1951). 6200:Lóránt, Ballai (1990). 6121:Makkai, László (2001). 5886:Róna-Tas, András (1999) 5561:Árpád, Kosztin (2003). 5523:Sándor, Timaru - Kast. 5049:Consilia et Narrationes 4890:Spinei, Victor (2009). 4655:Kosovo, a short history 4546:Revue des Études Slaves 4465:at culturalsurvival.org 4333:Kursar, Vjeran (2013). 4318:Ćirković, Sima (2020). 4295:Bosnia. A Short History 4293:Malcolm, Noel (1996) . 4251:Orel, Vladimir (2000). 3874:Kelley L. Ross (2003). 3726:Encyclopædia Britannica 3494:Romanian immigrants in 3125:Second Bulgarian Empire 2881:Eastern Romance peoples 2443:Serbian king donated 6 2298:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 2066:King Béla IV of Hungary 2040:Constantine Akropolites 1938:Second Bulgarian Empire 1822:shepherds of the Romans 1475:Second Bulgarian Empire 984:by the Bulgarian Tsar. 842:Origin of the Romanians 657: 651: 633: 623: 617: 607: 488:Medieval necropolis in 333: 21:Vlachs (disambiguation) 8063:Eastern Romance people 8020:13 August 2007 at the 7857:Kristó, Gyula (2003). 7417: 7399: 7243:Sima Ćirković; (2004) 6860:Kristó, Gyula (1986). 6673:library.hungaricana.hu 6406:library.hungaricana.hu 6380:library.hungaricana.hu 6354:library.hungaricana.hu 6328:library.hungaricana.hu 6302:library.hungaricana.hu 6254:library.hungaricana.hu 5920:Curta, Florin (2001). 5898:Gyula, Kristó (2002). 5876:Írások az Árpád-korról 5847:László Makkai (2001), 5359:Comnena, Anna (2000). 5266:Kristó, Gyula (2003). 5213:László, Botos (2001). 5164:Curta, Florin (2015). 5081:Mócsy, András (1987). 4652:Malcolm, Noel (1998). 3577:cultural appropriation 3379:in the south, and the 3335: 3278:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3120:in Byzantine sources); 3036: 2883: 2668:, where Hungarian and 2527:and Ban John Babonić. 2437: 2256: 2248: 2240: 2209:, several people left 1729:Boniface of Montferrat 1712: 1699: 1503:Mentions of Vlachs in 1484:, after the Byzantine 1466: 1433:Principality of Halych 1405:mention the Vlachs in 1303: 980:after the conquest of 871: 859: 712: 645: 639: 597: 591: 585: 564:(Воло́хи) in Russian, 493: 436:Włochy, Włosi, włoskie 415: 360: 303: 66: 28:Vlach (disambiguation) 8048:Western Balkan Vlachs 8036:(in Vlach, EN and RO) 8015:Studies on the Vlachs 7861:. Budapest: Lucidus. 7824:Tanner, Arno (2004). 7705:Steriu T. Hagigogu, " 7277:Caciur, Dana (2021). 7032:Történelmi hazugságok 7002:István, Lipovniczky. 6920:Biharvármegye Oláhjai 6586:Dr. Jancsó, Benedek. 6069:Zef Mirdita (1995). " 6043:Zef Mirdita (1995). " 5835:Térképészeti földrajz 5833:Faragó, Imre (2017). 5789:10.1353/see.2009.0062 4974:. Budapest: ELTE BTK. 4972:A román nép története 4970:Sándor, Bíró (1977). 4257:. Brill. p. 58. 4112:www.openhousepraha.cz 4087:slovnik.juls.savba.sk 2878: 2732:Count of the Székelys 2580:A charter, issued by 2420: 2395:Andrew III of Hungary 2381:Andrew III of Hungary 2370:Andrew III of Hungary 2148:Ottokar II of Bohemia 1755:Henry of Valenciennes 1753:Around the same time 1725:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras 1718:Pope Innocent II 1527:where a Vlach called 1461:Plan of the fortress 1460: 1369:Nestor the Chronicler 1294: 1236:Nikephoros Melissenos 1140:associates them with 1119:Nikoulitzas Delphinas 976:switched alliance to 865: 853: 706: 522:Wallachians, Walachen 498:Blaci, Blauen, Blachi 487: 230:Further information: 46: 36:Oláh (disambiguation) 7949:14 July 2014 at the 7795:Slavica Helsingiensa 7570:, Petre Ș. Năsturel 7403:Poggio Bracciolini, 7086:I. Dani, K. Gündish 6892:Dr. Makkai, László. 6699:Mužić, Ivan (2010). 6171:Oczko, Anna (2016). 5652:"A "ROMÁNOK FÖLDJE"" 5483:Az Oláhok Története 4587:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 4475:Demirtaş-Coşkun 2001 4185:Snoj, Marko (2009). 4134:"Fran/iskanje/laški" 4083:"Slovenské slovníky" 3813:, from 16th century. 3082:Bassarab's Wallachia 3068:Southern Carpathians 2974:claims in 1450 that 2641:Voivode of Maramureș 2525:Charles I of Hungary 2490:, a type of cheese. 2477:Władysław I Łokietek 2300:asked for help from 2081:Knights Hospitallers 2006:Andrew II of Hungary 1697:was given the title 1611:with a great pomp." 1446:Byzantine historian 1435:during the reign of 1262:Chalcidice peninsula 1008:Chalcidice peninsula 750:Dalmatian hinterland 686:Bulgaralbanitoblahos 198:and, in Serbia, the 19:For other uses, see 6821:, 2017, pages 33-34 6022:Curta, 2006, p. 385 5640:. pp. 126–129. 5047:Kekaumenos (2000). 5032:Kekaumenos (1964). 4320:Živeti sa istorijom 4277:Jan Gawron; (2020) 3790:Ivan Mužić (2011). 3315:Valahia transalpina 3112:; Black Wallachia, 3030:to the Polish King 2949:styled himself as " 2488:formaedi vlacheschi 2348:Ladislaus the Cuman 2083:with two polities ( 2012:" was given to the 1740:Kaloyan of Bulgaria 1416:(1130–1173) of the 1375:stretched from the 1323:settled beside the 1297:Transylvanian Saxon 988:Mutahhar al-Maqdisi 968:over the Vlachs in 789:Nowadays, the term 560:(Βλάχοι) in Greek, 512:while the medieval 155:) and north of the 7709:", Bucharest, 1939 7638:21 (1962): 102–143 7636:Sudost-Forschungen 7168:. pp. 282–283 7110:bibliotekanauki.pl 6918:Vincze, Bunyitay. 6152:, p. 140–141. 6032:Papacostea, Șerban 6012:. pp. 61, 75. 4341:. pp. 116–118 3605:Statuta Valachorum 3447:Vlach shepherd of 3381:Caucasus Mountains 3328:Moravian Wallachia 3309:Valachia citeriore 2972:Poggio Bracciolini 2911:Republic of Ragusa 2884: 2856:since the rule of 2823:Királybányatoplica 2761:Louis I of Hungary 2710:Louis I of Hungary 2662:and its peoples: " 2645:Louis I of Hungary 2608:quod Olachi Romani 2540:Kingdom of Hungary 2438: 2186:Vranjina monastery 2160:Béla IV of Hungary 2133:Béla IV of Hungary 2126:Béla IV of Hungary 2073:Béla IV of Hungary 1872:Hungarian conquest 1799:Grand Prince Árpád 1781:(Great Valachia). 1652:Hilandar monastery 1467: 1418:Kingdom of Navarre 1414:Benjamin of Tudela 1401:In 1109, monks on 1335:under the name of 1304: 978:Samuel of Bulgaria 872: 860: 838:History of Romania 784:Chakavian-speaking 713: 494: 440:Olasz, Olaszország 67: 8028:Vlachs' in Greece 7962:978-606-16-0148-6 7932:Gheorghe Bogdan, 7897:978-615-6117-41-0 7837:978-952-91-6808-8 7568:Istoria Românilor 7535:978-0-521-83756-9 7476:978-3-11-014694-3 7288:978-83-66355-68-2 6703:. pp. 10–11. 6525:978-1-139-44408-8 6464:978-963-9116-31-3 6049:Povijesni Prilozi 5963:978-606-537-443-0 5935:978-83-7181-211-8 5686:978-90-04-33319-2 5636:Jancsó, Benedek. 5337:978-963-506-970-5 5199:Emil Țîrcomnicu: 5034:DAS "STRATEGIKON" 4834:. pp. 62–63. 4638:basin during the 4418:978-1-137-58585-1 4196:978-961-241-360-6 4114:. 2 November 2022 3964:978-3-8258-7569-5 3915:978-90-04-25076-5 3860:978-952-10-0246-5 3570:Mediterranean Sea 3375:in the west, the 3336:Moravské Valašsko 3293:Greater Wallachia 3143:Terra Prodnicorum 3138:Pope Innocent III 3106:Bogdano-Wallachia 3028:Stephen the Great 3019:who expeled the 2921:with 600 horses. 2865:Kingdom of Serbia 2783:Cathedral chapter 2700:, son of Voivode 2666:Hungarian Kingdom 2623:Hungarian kingdom 2499:Istrian Peninsula 2152:Pope Alexander IV 2001:Diploma Andreanum 1767:Henry of Flanders 1744:Henry of Flanders 1723:In 1204 and 1205 1614:According to the 1552:Niketas Choniates 1509:Niketas Choniates 1505:Medieval Bulgaria 1482:Niketas Choniates 1437:Yaroslav Osmomysl 1309:Primary Chronicle 1301:Johannes Honterus 950:Byzantine writer 918:David of Bulgaria 874:According to the 746:Ottoman Macedonia 731:speaking people, 595:, from the Latin 530:Ulak, Ilak, Iflak 466:) and Slovenian ( 438:) and Hungarian ( 418:), and in Poland 196:Megleno-Romanians 8075: 8000:Vlachs in Greece 7986: 7909: 7889: 7872: 7841: 7783: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7744: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7721: 7665: 7660: 7654: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7574:, vol. XVI, 1998 7560: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7292: 7274: 7268: 7261: 7255: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7095: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7027: 7021: 7016:Ioan Aurel Pop: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6999: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6915: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6828: 6822: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6644: 6639:Ioan Aurel Pop: 6637: 6628: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6588:Erdély Története 6583: 6572: 6571: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6485: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5844: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5774: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5520: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5284: 5278: 5270:.Lucidus Kiadó. 5264: 5255: 5252: 5246: 5245:, pp. 2, 8. 5240: 5234: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5129: 5116: 5115:, p. 97–98. 5110: 5099: 5098: 5093:(in Hungarian). 5088: 5078: 5065: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4942:, p. 96–97. 4937: 4931: 4930: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4901:9-789-04742880-0 4887: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4830:Huart, Clément. 4827: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4640:Migration Period 4621: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4558:10.4000/res.5138 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4506: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3844: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3772: 3759: 3758: 3738: 3729: 3718: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3661:Ioan-Aurel Pop. 3658: 3566:Adriatic islands 3539: 3519: 3507: 3491: 3471: 3461: 3458: 3444: 3428: 3383:in the east. In 3377:Pindus Mountains 3351:Shepherd culture 3340:Beskid Mountains 3299:Lesser Wallachia 3274:Romanija planina 3177:(Μεγάλη Βλαχία, 3136:in documents by 3130:Balkan Mountains 3039: 2947:Nicholas of Ilok 2625:from the south. 2497:in 1329, in the 2435: 2432: 2259: 2251: 2243: 2182:Stefan Vladislav 1902:Gesta Hungarorum 1877:Gesta Hungarorum 1867:Gesta Hungarorum 1806:Carpathian Basin 1790:Gesta Hungarorum 1715: 1702: 1626: 1623: 1582:Byzantine Empire 1567:Balkan mountains 1513:Dobromir Chrysos 1319:states that the 1318: 1315: 1273:crusading armies 1226:mentions in her 1082:Annales Barenses 954:, author of the 929:Kitāb al-Fihrist 888:Migration Period 777: 771: 733:Eastern Orthodox 721:High Middle Ages 672: 660: 654: 648: 642: 636: 630: 626: 620: 614: 610: 600: 594: 588: 381: 375: 363: 354: 353: 336: 321: 153:Balkan peninsula 149:Southeast Europe 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 76: 56: 48:Théodore Valerio 8083: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8053: 8052: 8022:Wayback Machine 7984: 7977: 7951:Wayback Machine 7916: 7914:Further reading 7898: 7887: 7869: 7848:Trifon, Nicolas 7838: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7693:Theodor Capidan 7673: 7668: 7661: 7657: 7646: 7642: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7582: 7578: 7561: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7503: 7494:(in Romanian). 7488: 7484: 7477: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7433: 7429: 7421:Flavio Biondo, 7415: 7411: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7314: 7310: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7275: 7271: 7267:, 2017, page 31 7262: 7258: 7242: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7158: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7102: 7098: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7058: 7054: 7043: 7039: 7028: 7024: 7015: 7011: 7000: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6969: 6962: 6957:(in Hungarian). 6954: 6946: 6942: 6931: 6927: 6916: 6901: 6890: 6883: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6829: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6768: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6712: 6708: 6697: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6651: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6599: 6595: 6584: 6575: 6555: 6551: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6489: 6484:(in Hungarian). 6478:Szabó, Károly. 6476: 6472: 6465: 6451: 6447: 6428: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6280: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6228: 6224: 6213: 6209: 6198: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5845: 5841: 5828: 5824: 5808: 5804: 5772: 5766: 5762: 5757:(in Hungarian). 5754: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5667: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5634: 5623: 5616: 5612: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5559: 5555: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5481:Hunfalvy, Pál. 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5338: 5327: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5285: 5281: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5137: 5132:Elekes, Lajos. 5130: 5119: 5111: 5102: 5086: 5079: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5001: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4863:Pál, Hunfalvy. 4861: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4768:Földes, János. 4766: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4650: 4646: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4383: 4377: 4373: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4327: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4287: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4160:"Fran/Pravopis" 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3884: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3845: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3773: 3762: 3755: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3585: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3531: 3520: 3511: 3508: 3499: 3498:, United States 3492: 3483: 3472: 3463: 3459: 3445: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3408:medieval Bosnia 3385:Slovak language 3353: 3175:Great Wallachia 3166:White Wallachia 3086:Ungro-Wallachia 3077:Ţara Românească 3046: 2873: 2827:Keresztényfalva 2770:The village of 2754:Decree of Turda 2702:Sas of Moldavia 2651:and takes over 2637:Bogdan of Cuhea 2506:Stefan Dečanski 2433: 2415: 2253:, arguing that 2077:Land of Severin 2050:Pope Gregory IX 2004:issued by King 1983:Eparchy of Žiča 1936:, attacked the 1897:Dennis Deletant 1820:, and also the 1808:, at that time 1779:Blakie la Grant 1692: 1648:Stefan Nemanjić 1624: 1507:also come from 1373:Frankish Empire 1316: 1289: 1232:Emperor Alexios 1215:Dacia Aureliana 1130:North Macedonia 1052:Omeljan Pritsak 1004: 896: 848: 834: 772: 729:Eastern Romance 717:Western Balkans 538: 536:Historical uses 502:Balachi, Walati 376: 234: 228: 220:Istro-Romanians 212:Moravian Vlachs 208:western Balkans 200:Timok Romanians 184:North Macedonia 106: 102: 80: 74: 73: 50: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8081: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7976: 7975:External links 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7954: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7896: 7873: 7867: 7854: 7845: 7842: 7836: 7821: 7807: 7784: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7752:on 30 May 2014 7710: 7703: 7700: 7690: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7655: 7640: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7589: 7576: 7550: 7541: 7534: 7516: 7501: 7482: 7475: 7453: 7427: 7409: 7391: 7384: 7362: 7336: 7327: 7308: 7287: 7269: 7256: 7233: 7206: 7179: 7149: 7122: 7096: 7079: 7052: 7037: 7022: 7009: 6989: 6960: 6940: 6933:István, Nagy. 6925: 6899: 6881: 6867:Acta Historica 6852: 6845: 6823: 6810: 6791: 6784: 6759: 6733: 6706: 6686: 6660: 6653:Tamás, Lajos. 6645: 6629: 6620: 6593: 6573: 6549: 6530: 6524: 6504: 6500:Miskolczy 2021 6487: 6470: 6463: 6445: 6419: 6393: 6367: 6341: 6315: 6289: 6267: 6241: 6222: 6207: 6189: 6163: 6154: 6142: 6135: 6113: 6104:, p. 189. 6094: 6085:, p. 354. 6075: 6057: 6036: 6024: 6015: 5998: 5991: 5969: 5962: 5941: 5934: 5912: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5861: 5839: 5822: 5802: 5760: 5740: 5731: 5719: 5708:(3–4): 36–61. 5692: 5685: 5661: 5643: 5621: 5610: 5592: 5571: 5553: 5535: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5473: 5464: 5447: 5438: 5419: 5415:Miskolczy 2021 5407: 5393: 5366: 5351: 5336: 5308: 5301: 5279: 5256: 5247: 5235: 5220: 5205: 5192: 5188:Miskolczy 2021 5175: 5156: 5147: 5117: 5113:Miskolczy 2021 5100: 5066: 5054: 5039: 5024: 5017: 4992: 4977: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4940:Miskolczy 2021 4932: 4925: 4907: 4900: 4879: 4870: 4852: 4837: 4822: 4813: 4806: 4784: 4775: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4695: 4680: 4665: 4644: 4608: 4601: 4578: 4532: 4498: 4486: 4467: 4455: 4432: 4417: 4397: 4394:(10): 717–730. 4371: 4352: 4325: 4310: 4303: 4285: 4270: 4263: 4243: 4228: 4202: 4195: 4177: 4166:(in Slovenian) 4151: 4140:(in Slovenian) 4125: 4099: 4074: 4063:(in Hungarian) 4048: 4037:(in Hungarian) 4022: 4011:on 21 May 2022 3996: 3970: 3963: 3943: 3921: 3914: 3895: 3866: 3859: 3834: 3817: 3779: 3777:, p. 203. 3760: 3753: 3730: 3704: 3693:. dexonline.ro 3678: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3546:, Greece, 1915 3541: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3453:Auguste Raffet 3446: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412:burial culture 3396:Bogumil Hrabak 3357:Ottoman Empire 3352: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3344:Czech Republic 3325: 3312: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3238: 3226:) in southern 3220: 3207: 3185: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3121: 3118:Rousso-Vlachia 3096:– between the 3089: 3066:– between the 3045: 3042: 2924:In 1433 Vlach 2872: 2869: 2847:Aranyosmedgyes 2798:Ioan-Aurel Pop 2747:ban of Croatia 2704:, defeated by 2673:market-places. 2441:Stefan Milutin 2414: 2411: 2323:Also in 1285, 2306:Constantinople 2235:Ulahis advenis 2213:, the Vlachs ( 2195:In the 1280s, 2169:In 1272, King 2124:In 1252 King 2054:Hungarian king 2029:Czech Republic 1993:abbey at Cârța 1977:In 1220, king 1930:Count of Sibiu 1850:Ioan-Aurel Pop 1838:historiography 1710:and the title 1691: 1688: 1441:Emperor Manuel 1390:, in her book 1288: 1285: 1148:of Antiquity. 1016:Vlachorynhinii 1003: 1000: 906:John Skylitzes 895: 892: 833: 830: 822:Czech Republic 744:in Serbia and 738:Ottoman Empire 700:" or "Latin". 556:in Hungarian, 537: 534: 514:Song of Roland 422:or in Hungary 227: 224: 135:used from the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8080: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8049: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8041:Old Wallachia 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7985:(in Romanian) 7982: 7979: 7978: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7868:963-9465-12-7 7864: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7819:960-7760-86-7 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7782:. Frank Cass. 7781: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7748: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7718: 7717: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7631: 7622: 7613: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7545: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7387: 7385:973-653-191-0 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7331: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7138:. p. 283 7137: 7133: 7126: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6965: 6953: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6848: 6846:0-88033-479-7 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6785:973-653-191-0 6781: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6722:. p. 209 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6675:. p. 300 6674: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6624: 6608: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6544:De Medio Aevo 6541: 6534: 6527: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6424: 6408:. p. 238 6407: 6403: 6397: 6382:. p. 231 6381: 6377: 6371: 6356:. p. 203 6355: 6351: 6345: 6330:. p. 197 6329: 6325: 6319: 6304:. p. 196 6303: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6256:. p. 191 6255: 6251: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6196: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6138: 6136:0-88033-479-7 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6098: 6090: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5862:0-88033-479-7 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5461: 5460:9789004175365 5457: 5451: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5417:, p. 96. 5416: 5411: 5403: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5276:963-9465-12-7 5273: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5190:, p. 98. 5189: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5151: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5091:Világtörténet 5084: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5018:973-653-191-0 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4926:0-674-64465-4 4922: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4817: 4809: 4807:973-653-191-0 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4779: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4641: 4637: 4634:in the Lower 4633: 4632:Thraco-Romans 4629: 4628:973-27-0500-0 4625: 4618: 4612: 4604: 4602:0-472-08149-7 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4520: 4517:(in Slovak). 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4264:90-04-11647-8 4260: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3832:January 2009. 3831: 3830:Language Log, 3827: 3824:Ringe, Don. " 3821: 3814: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3754:0-295-96033-7 3750: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:Marian Wenzel 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283:Vlașca County 3281: 3279: 3276:) in eastern 3275: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264:Maior Vlachia 3262: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179:Megáli vlahía 3176: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3153:in the west, 3152: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2991:Flavio Biondo 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635:Around 1355, 2633: 2631: 2630:Krassó County 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2550:August 1335. 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2510:Visoki Dečani 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2374:Transylvanian 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2272:Székelys runs 2268: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2197:Simon of Kéza 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2166:, are named. 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131:In 1256 King 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Joachim Türje 1931: 1928:, led by the 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1888:capital city. 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1746:or among the 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1590:Szeben County 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550:According to 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Philippopolis 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:According to 1478: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1452:John Kinnamos 1449: 1448:John Kinnamos 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1311: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:that in 1091 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1211:Dacia Traiana 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1080:In 1025, the 1078: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958: 953: 948: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 930: 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 901: 891: 889: 885: 884:Thraco-Romans 881: 877: 869: 864: 857: 852: 847: 843: 839: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 776: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719:, during the 718: 710: 705: 701: 699: 695: 691: 690:Sima Ćirković 687: 683: 678: 676: 668: 664: 659: 653: 647: 643:. From Latin 641: 635: 625: 619: 609: 604: 599: 593: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506:Woloch, Blôch 503: 499: 491: 486: 482: 480: 476: 473: 472:Láh, Láhinja, 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 371: 367: 362: 358: 348: 344: 340: 335: 329: 325: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 233: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 124: 98: 71: 64: 60: 54: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 8040: 7940:Franck Vogel 7933: 7920:The Watchmen 7919: 7883: 7878: 7858: 7826: 7810: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7778: 7754:. Retrieved 7747:the original 7738: 7724:. Retrieved 7715: 7706: 7696: 7683: 7680:George Murnu 7658: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7630: 7621: 7612: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7584: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7544: 7525: 7519: 7504: 7491: 7485: 7466: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7441:Academia.edu 7440: 7430: 7422: 7412: 7404: 7394: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7353:. Retrieved 7350:ResearchGate 7349: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7311: 7278: 7272: 7259: 7244: 7224:. Retrieved 7222:. p. 44 7220:Academia.edu 7219: 7209: 7197:. Retrieved 7193:ResearchGate 7192: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7166:Academia.edu 7165: 7140:. Retrieved 7136:Academia.edu 7135: 7125: 7113:. Retrieved 7109: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7070:. Retrieved 7068:. p. 36 7066:Academia.edu 7065: 7055: 7046: 7045:Engel, Pál. 7040: 7031: 7025: 7012: 7003: 6980:. Retrieved 6976: 6950: 6943: 6934: 6928: 6919: 6893: 6866: 6855: 6836: 6826: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6775: 6771: 6750:. Retrieved 6747:Academia.edu 6746: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6719: 6709: 6700: 6677:. Retrieved 6672: 6663: 6654: 6648: 6623: 6611:. Retrieved 6609:. p. 33 6607:Academia.edu 6606: 6596: 6587: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6552: 6543: 6533: 6514: 6507: 6480: 6473: 6454: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6410:. Retrieved 6405: 6396: 6384:. Retrieved 6379: 6370: 6358:. Retrieved 6353: 6344: 6332:. Retrieved 6327: 6318: 6306:. Retrieved 6301: 6292: 6283: 6258:. Retrieved 6253: 6244: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6219:. p. 7. 6216: 6210: 6201: 6180:. Retrieved 6177:Academia.edu 6176: 6166: 6157: 6145: 6126: 6116: 6097: 6078: 6052: 6048: 6039: 6027: 6018: 6008: 6001: 5982: 5972: 5953: 5925: 5915: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5870: 5852: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5780: 5776: 5763: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5705: 5695: 5671: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5565:. Budapest. 5562: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5525: 5503: 5491: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5422: 5410: 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5382:. p. 64 5380:Academia.edu 5379: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5292: 5282: 5267: 5250: 5238: 5230: 5214: 5208: 5195: 5169: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5094: 5090: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5008: 5004: 4986: 4980: 4971: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4935: 4916: 4910: 4891: 4873: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4707:. Stuttgart. 4704: 4698: 4692:. p. 8. 4689: 4683: 4676: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4616: 4611: 4591: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4549: 4545: 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4514: 4489: 4470: 4458: 4449: 4435: 4407: 4400: 4391: 4387: 4374: 4365: 4355: 4343:. Retrieved 4339:Academia.edu 4338: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4294: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4253: 4246: 4237: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4216:ResearchGate 4215: 4205: 4186: 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4163: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4137: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4111: 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4086: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4060: 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4009:the original 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3982: 3973: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3933: 3904: 3898: 3890: 3883:. Retrieved 3879: 3869: 3849: 3829: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3743: 3724: 3695:. Retrieved 3690: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3574: 3562:ethnogenesis 3557: 3555: 3496:Ellis Island 3393: 3388: 3373:Dinaric Alps 3361:transhumance 3354: 3317:, including 3314: 3308: 3286: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3223: 3189:Mikrí vlahía 3188: 3178: 3160: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3117: 3114:Moldovlachia 3113: 3110:Maurovlachia 3109: 3105: 3091: 3075: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3025: 3012: 3007: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2966: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2934: 2923: 2900: 2885: 2871:15th century 2862: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2812: 2805: 2795: 2780: 2769: 2758: 2751: 2736: 2727: 2716: 2695: 2684: 2677: 2663: 2660:Transylvania 2657: 2634: 2627: 2619:Transylvania 2612: 2607: 2605: 2586: 2582:Stefan Dušan 2579: 2571:Stefan Dušan 2569: 2567:of Vlachia. 2561:Stefan Dušan 2559: 2552: 2548: 2544:Transylvania 2542:, including 2535: 2529: 2517:Cetina River 2514: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2466:Mladen Šubić 2463: 2456: 2449: 2439: 2413:14th century 2399: 2392: 2389: 2378: 2367: 2345: 2322: 2295: 2279:Transylvania 2276: 2267:Transylvania 2254: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2200: 2194: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2156:the defeated 2145: 2130: 2123: 2112: 2096: 2084: 2070: 2048: 2037: 2018: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1987: 1976: 1958: 1919: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1875: 1865: 1858:Florin Curta 1846:Transylvania 1829: 1825: 1817: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1733: 1722: 1693: 1690:13th century 1673: 1669:Thessaloniki 1662: 1660: 1645: 1615: 1613: 1594: 1575: 1564: 1549: 1517:Vardar river 1502: 1479: 1468: 1445: 1430: 1421: 1411: 1400: 1388:Anna Komnene 1385: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1307: 1305: 1287:12th century 1270: 1259: 1251: 1244: 1224:Anna Komnene 1222: 1219: 1207: 1181:, where the 1164: 1150: 1123: 1109: 1090: 1079: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1047: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1015: 1005: 1002:11th century 991: 986: 970:Hellas theme 955: 949: 942: 937: 933: 927: 924:Ibn al-Nadīm 922: 904: 897: 894:10th century 873: 868:transhumance 856:Jireček Line 813: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 788: 774: 765: 761: 714: 685: 681: 679: 674: 666: 577: 573: 572:in Italian, 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 539: 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 505: 501: 497: 495: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 439: 435: 427: 423: 419: 395: 391: 383: 378: 369: 346: 342: 291: 284: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 235: 186:and eastern 161: 128: 69: 68: 58: 40: 7195:. p. 4 6150:Kristó 2003 6102:Makkai 1994 5656:Arcanum.com 5361:The Alexiad 4494:Tanner 2004 3985:(in Polish) 3801:Crni Latini 3775:Tanner 2004 3460: 1837 3387:, the term 3098:Carpathians 3009:Jan Długosz 2937:Švitrigaila 2854:Belz region 2791:the country 2728:(Maramureș) 2577:monastery. 2555:Mező-Telegd 2519:fought for 2434: 1450 2289:during the 2154:that about 2150:reports to 2075:gives the " 1974:monastery. 1862:Ceaușescu's 1854:Royal House 1734:After 1207 1541:Mosynopolis 1403:Mount Athos 1327:, then the 1317: 1113 1266:Peloponnese 1166:Strategikon 1012:Mount Athos 957:Strategikon 945:Mount Athos 764:evolved to 601:, meaning ' 576:in French, 568:in German, 550:Wallachians 410:-speakers ( 178:, northern 137:Middle Ages 51: [ 8057:Categories 8030:(in Greek) 7756:26 January 7726:26 January 7671:References 7253:0631204717 6977:Core.ac.uk 6720:Core.ac.uk 6546:: 219–220. 6083:Curta 2006 5992:0880332298 5572:9639289604 5302:0880332298 5144:: 310–312. 4552:: 99–124. 4427:1004716379 4304:0814755615 3885:13 January 3338:), in the 3272:mountain ( 3255:Stari Vlah 3224:Áno Vlahía 3145:(or Terra 3003:Ružomberok 2980:Sarmatians 2615:Wallachian 2589:Kurjaković 2402:Alba Iulia 2385:Alba Iulia 2355:Radu Negru 2333:Asia-Minor 2164:Walachorum 2095:), except 2016:settlers. 2008:in 1224, " 1990:Cistercian 1964:Prokletije 1942:Bulgarians 1814:Bulgarians 1795:Hungarians 1765:(Borilă). 1631:conquered 1625: 600 1601:Saint Ryli 1407:Chalkidiki 1361:Baltic Sea 1347:drove the 1345:Hungarians 1312:, written 1157:Kekaumenos 1138:Kekaumenos 1134:Kekaumenos 1111:Kekaumenos 1032:The names 952:Kekaumenos 836:See also: 808:In modern 754:Shtokavian 663:Macedonian 462:), Czech ( 242:Wallachian 192:Aromanians 147:living in 141:Modern Era 139:until the 129:Wallachian 75:English: 7906:2677-0261 7803:full text 7496:București 7297:cite book 7245:The Serbs 7199:31 August 7172:21 August 7142:21 August 7115:10 August 7090:. (eds.) 7072:21 August 6935:Anjou-kor 6876:0324-6965 6679:18 August 6613:21 August 6442:. 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