44:
118:
98:
697:
816:
727:'s expeditionary forces to Saint Domingue. Two further squadron, one from Lorient comprising one ship, two frigates and 1200 soldiers, and the other from Rochefort with six ships, six frigates, two corvettes and 3000 soldiers, joined his fleet off Brest. Conflicts over command led Villaret to return to France with the majority of the fleet.
767:
Upon his return to France, Villaret's conduct was condemned by an inquiry council; he requested in vain a Court-martial to clear his name, and he lived in disgrace for two years. Napoleon granted him a pardon in 1811: "Bravery and fidelity plead in favour of the vice-admiral (...) did his faults lose
611:, Villaret-Joyeuse tried to engage the small British squadron blockading Belle Île. Unable to bring them to battle, Villaret attempted to return to Brest, but contrary winds forced him towards Lorient. Close to Lorient, Villaret-Joyeuse was discovered by British admiral
738:, he faced the threats of slave-uprisings, yellow fever and the possibility of invasion. On 3 November 1802, Villared founded a 94-strong force of Gendarmerie at Martinique, and on 8 July 1803, a company of black Chasseurs Volontaires de la Martinique.
574:
Supported by Saint-André, Villaret-Joyeuse kept his command despite the tactical defeat. He blamed his losses on the conduct of several of his captains who had failed to fulfil their duties. On 27 September 1794, Villaret-Joyeuse was promoted to
428:
after a five-hour fight. When
Villaret surrendered his sword, Graves allegedly told him "Sir, you have given us a fairly beautiful frigate, but you made us pay dearly for her!"; some authors add that Graves returned Villaret his sword.
708:
In 1801, Bonaparte ended
Villaret-Joyeuse's exile and returned him to active command. Initially, Napoleon wanted Villaret-Joyeuse to prepare an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope, then head into the Indian Ocean. With the
309:
in 1809. Returned to France, Villaret fell in disfavour for his perceived weak defence during the invasion. After two years, Napoléon pardoned him and appointed him governor of Venice. Villaret died there of edema on 24 July 1812.
802:
before joining the Navy; however, Villaret is listed on none of the lists of
Gendarmes in the relevant years. Some authors further state that Villaret had to leave the Gendarmes after killing an opponent in a
595:. Although the cruise did lead to the capture of a number of British merchant ships, the French fleet was battered by storms in which several ships were sunk and all the surviving ships suffered heavy damage.
566:
to wait for the arrival of
Vanstabel's convoy. On 28 May, the French and British fleets came in contact 100 leagues off Ushant, and began seeking each other in the fog; the engagement culminated in the
413:
and warn the French blockading squadron, composed of two ships of the line and two frigates, of the imminent arrival of a superior
British force. Three days after her departure, on 11 April 1783,
654:, then considered to constitute the Royalist party, he gave several speeches about the colonies, speaking against the emancipation of slaves. He also lobbied in favour of strengthening the Navy.
331:
768:
the colony? At most, they shortened its keeping for a few days." As
Napoleon prepared for the invasion of Russia, he appointed Villaret General governor of Venice in the
571:. Although suffering severe losses, he rallied his remaining ships and rescued several of his ships; most importantly, the grain convoy reached Brest unmolested.
349:
1295:
255:. After serving in the Indies under Suffren, he rose in rank during the early stages of the French Revolution. He was in command of the French fleet during the
1305:
1280:
795:
A number of legends have been reported as truths on
Villart-Joyeuse. He is often said to have come from a noble family; this appears to be false.
1285:
525:, Villaret reorganised and revitalised the Brest fleet. Among other measures, Saint André and Villaret-Joyeuse founded a naval artillery school.
764:. After the British were able to bring up their heavy artillery, the month-long siege ended on 24 February with the surrender of Villaret.
717:. In December 1801, Villaret set out with ten French and five Spanish ships and nine frigates and corvettes, with his flag on the 120-gun
1182:
543:
In the summer of 1794, Villaret sailed with 23 ships of the line and 16 frigates to protect a 170-ship food convoy under Rear-admiral
1290:
623:, several of Villaret's ships disobeyed his orders and sailed away, with three ships of the line being captured by the British.
424:, under Captain Graves; after trying without success to elude his much stronger opponent, Villaret was forced into battle, and
742:
547:, incoming from the United States. The convoy was necessary to relieve France from famine after a disastrous harvest, and the
612:
1310:
724:
374:
367:
17:
361:
1246:
1213:
512:
broke out among many ships in the fleet, Villaret was one of the few officers who maintained order aboard his ship.
772:, and commander of the 12th military division. Villaret retained this position until 24 July 1812, when he died of
404:
1176:
259:, where despite being handed a heavy tactical defeat, he ensured the passage of a vital grain convoy to France.
1194:
Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers
467:
454:
Villaret was promoted to
Lieutenant in 1784 for his service. After the war, Villaret served in the harbour of
294:
but went into hiding long enough for his sentence to be commuted to exile to Oléron, where he went willingly.
49:
1300:
769:
757:
534:
395:
306:
203:
43:
559:
to the fleet were to stall the
British forces and prevent them from intercepting the convoy at all costs.
863:
Some biographers give a date of 1750 (Levot, p.541). Granier quotes the registers of Sainte-Marie parish.
552:
382:
345:
159:
718:
592:
520:
263:
181:
1275:
588:
497:, he was tasked with watching the coasts of Morbihan and Loire, to prevent the British from aiding the
391:
326:, to the family of a fiscal officer. Unable to enter the elite naval schools, he entered the navy as a
164:
154:
627:
483:
On 14 March 1792, he swore the "civic oath" to the
Republic, while his brother emigrated. Promoted to
275:
746:
714:
690:
489:
298:
198:
171:
484:
301:, and was appointed captain general of Martinique and Sainte-Lucie alongside the colonial prefect,
643:
608:
341:
279:
267:
498:
568:
544:
538:
256:
176:
677:; then, Villaret willingly surrendered himself. He remained on Oléron until the advent of the
516:
799:
548:
444:
186:
1270:
1265:
825:
674:
448:
425:
302:
287:
509:
436:, the British squadron was unable to locate the French ships, which had already departed.
8:
1023:
556:
330:
in 1768. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1773, he served as a lieutenant on the 32-gun frigate
1175:
634:'s army in Ireland; opposed to the project, Villaret was replaced with Morard de Galle.
286:, a party promoting colonies and slavery, and harbouring Royalist sympathies. After the
1028:
750:
477:
418:
218:
1229:
Les gloires maritimes de la France: notices biographiques sur les plus célèbres marins
1242:
1209:
103:
734:
and Sainte-Lucie". Taking control of Martinique in September in accordance with the
832:
735:
710:
696:
678:
666:
519:
appointed him to command the 25-ship Brest fleet. Setting his flag on the 120-gun
340:. In 1778, unemployed in Pondicherry, he volunteered his services to the governor
1227:
1203:
1192:
784:
620:
494:
271:
225:
193:
761:
701:
651:
473:
283:
1259:
1223:
1171:
670:
658:
631:
576:
337:
141:
815:
604:
505:
403:
A few months after, Suffren appointed Villaret to the 20-gun the corvette
603:
In June 1795, he sailed with nine ships to relieve a small squadron near
377:, who made him his aide in 1782. He was later transferred to the frigate
248:
123:
297:
Reinstated in 1801, Villaret took command of the naval component of the
731:
730:
In April 1802, Bonaparte appointed Villaret him "Capitaine-General of
626:
In 1796, Villaret-Joyeuse was appointed to command the fleet for the
713:, Bonaparte decided to attempt to regain control of Haiti with the
647:
616:
555:
had set out to prevent it from reaching France; the orders of the
662:
455:
323:
291:
1239:
L'Amiral Villaret-Joyeuse : des Antilles à Venise 1747-1812
777:
563:
410:
85:
274:. He was relieved when he refused to serve for the disastrous
773:
480:, he helped the governor transport troops around the island.
476:. Arriving shortly before the slave revolt that launched the
819:
Villaret de Joyeuse's name inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
804:
684:
319:
252:
69:
394:
on 20 June 1783, Suffren gave him command of the frigate
466:
In 1791, Villaret was appointed to command the frigate
841:
Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour – 2 February 1805
783:
To honour him, Napoleon had his name engraved on the
440:
was not commissioned in the Royal Navy and was sold.
838:
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour - 14 June 1804
515:
In 1794, Villaret was promoted to Rear-admiral, and
1197:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Regnault éditeur.
749:who sailed into the Caribbean in 1805 during the
432:Villaret was taken prisoner. Despite the loss of
48:Portrait of Villaret-Joyeuse, painted in 1839 by
1257:
876:", "controller of Royal domains" (Granier, p.87)
807:, either and the age of 16 or at the age of 18.
528:
487:in 1792, he was given the command of the 74-gun
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
493:in 1793; in May 1793, part of a squadron under
305:. He served in this capacity until the British
1296:French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
964:
962:
960:
700:Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse, portrait by
591:ordered him to attack British commerce in the
443:Villaret was released in June 1783, after the
262:He led the French fleet during the disastrous
1018:
1016:
1014:
798:Another legend holds that he enlisted in the
669:ordered those who had escaped deportation to
1186:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1109:
1095:
1077:
1045:
268:a British fleet from successfully retreating
1191:Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel (1835).
1154:
1152:
1140:
1131:
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928:
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661:, Villaret was sentenced to deportation to
582:
562:The Brest fleet departed and sailed to the
504:When the rest of the Brest fleet sailed to
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998:
926:
924:
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42:
1306:Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
1281:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
1201:
1190:
1177:"Villaret de Joyeuse, Louis Thomas"
360:In 1781, Villaret commanded the fireship
247:(29 May 1747 – 24 July 1812) was a
1236:
1170:
1149:
1086:
1061:
1022:
889:
814:
695:
689:For broader coverage of this topic, see
685:Saint-Domingue expedition and Martinique
355:
995:
905:
845:
251:officer and politician. He was born at
14:
1286:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
1258:
756:In January 1809, a British expedition
1222:
642:In 1796, Villaret was elected to the
615:'s fleet, guarding the expedition to
461:
238:Thérèse Félicité de Villars de Roche
1241:(in French). Bernard Giovanangeli.
637:
278:. Villaret was then elected at the
24:
760:and laid siege to the fortress at
598:
318:Louis-Thomas Villaret was born in
27:French Navy officer and politician
25:
1322:
290:, Villaret was to be deported to
665:; he went into hiding until the
245:Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
116:
96:
36:Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse
1164:
270:, with his last battle being a
1291:French Governors of Martinique
1036:
866:
857:
381:, and became First Officer on
13:
1:
1032:. 10 January 1784. p. 1.
883:
630:, an attempt to land General
535:Atlantic campaign of May 1794
529:Atlantic campaign of May 1794
1208:. Paris: Osprey Publishing.
741:He cooperated with Admirals
409:. He ordered him to sail to
7:
1311:French proslavery activists
874:contrôleur du domaine royal
770:Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
723:, ferrying 7000 of General
10:
1327:
810:
688:
589:Committee of Public Safety
532:
155:American Revolutionary War
790:
715:Saint-Domingue expedition
691:Saint-Domingue expedition
313:
299:Saint-Domingue expedition
234:
214:
199:Saint-Domingue expedition
172:French Revolutionary Wars
147:
137:
129:
109:
91:
75:
56:
41:
34:
1237:Ortholan, Henri (2006).
1205:Napoleon's Overseas Army
1202:Chartrand, Rene (1989).
850:
593:Croisière du Grand Hiver
583:Croisière du Grand Hiver
264:Croisière du Grand Hiver
182:Croisière du Grand Hiver
1183:Encyclopædia Britannica
646:as a representative of
644:Council of Five Hundred
472:to transport troops to
387:in Suffren's squadron.
280:Council of Five Hundred
1232:(in French). Bertrand.
820:
705:
621:Second Battle of Groix
569:Glorious First of June
539:Glorious First of June
447:, and was awarded the
348:, earning the rank of
266:and failed to prevent
257:Glorious First of June
204:Invasion of Martinique
177:Glorious First of June
818:
699:
650:. As a member of the
549:British Channel Fleet
373:He then served under
356:Service under Suffren
187:First Battle of Groix
130:Years of service
1301:French Navy admirals
1042:Troude, vol.2, p.227
846:Notes and references
826:Order of Saint Louis
659:Coup of 18 Fructidor
628:Expédition d'Irlande
609:Cornwallis's Retreat
499:Revolt in the Vendée
449:Order of Saint Louis
445:Treaty of Versailles
346:siege of Pondicherry
303:Charles-Henri Bertin
288:Coup of 18 Fructidor
276:Expédition d'Irlande
160:Siege of Pondicherry
557:National Convention
517:Jeanbon Saint André
417:spotted the 64-gun
392:battle of Cuddalore
350:capitaine de brûlot
307:captured Martinique
165:Battle of Cuddalore
18:Villaret de Joyeuse
1029:The London Gazette
821:
758:invaded Martinique
751:Trafalgar Campaign
706:
478:Haitian Revolution
426:struck his colours
219:Order of St. Louis
1276:Deaths from edema
835:– 11 October 1803
587:In December, the
510:Quibéron mutinies
462:French Revolution
242:
241:
230:
223:
104:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
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1128:Hennequin, p.220
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1083:Hennequin, p.217
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1058:Hennequin, p.215
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833:Legion of Honour
736:Treaty of Amiens
679:French Consulate
667:French Directory
638:Political career
282:. He joined the
272:defeat off Groix
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533:Main articles:
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495:Morard de Galle
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194:Napoleonic Wars
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1224:Levot, Prosper
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1199:
1188:
1174:, ed. (1911).
1172:Chisholm, Hugh
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831:Knight of the
829:
828:– 15 July 1783
824:Knight of the
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762:Fort-de-France
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673:exiled to the
652:Club de Clichy
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613:Alexander Hood
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584:
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902:Granier, p.87
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1092:Levot, p.543
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1074:Levot, p.542
1038:
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1008:Roche, p.321
954:Levot, p.544
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675:Île d'Oléron
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389:
383:
378:
372:
362:
359:
338:Indian Ocean
332:
327:
317:
296:
261:
244:
243:
148:Battles/wars
142:Vice-admiral
81:(1812-07-24)
79:24 July 1812
29:
1271:1812 deaths
1266:1747 births
1024:"No. 12509"
344:during the
249:French Navy
229:Grand-croix
222:Grand-croix
133:1778 — 1797
124:French Navy
67:29 May 1747
1260:Categories
884:References
787:in Paris.
747:Villeneuve
732:Martinique
657:After the
506:Belle-Isle
390:After the
370:'s fleet.
328:volontaire
92:Allegiance
63:1747-05-29
800:Gendarmes
743:Missiessy
619:. During
607:. During
605:Belle Île
553:Lord Howe
545:Vanstabel
235:Spouse(s)
1226:(1866).
1158:Ortholan
648:Morbihan
617:Quiberon
522:Montagne
508:and the
469:Prudente
384:Brillant
379:Dauphine
333:Atalante
110:Service/
811:Honours
725:Leclerc
663:Cayenne
485:Captain
456:Lorient
421:Sceptre
397:Bellone
375:Suffren
368:Suffren
336:in the
324:Gascony
292:Cayenne
1245:
1212:
791:Legacy
778:Venice
702:Maurin
671:Guyane
564:Azores
490:Trajan
438:Naïade
434:Naïade
415:Naïade
411:Madras
406:Naïade
314:Career
215:Awards
121:
112:branch
101:
86:Venice
50:Guérin
851:Notes
774:edema
720:Océan
632:Hoche
1243:ISBN
1210:ISBN
805:duel
745:and
537:and
419:HMS
320:Auch
253:Auch
138:Rank
76:Died
70:Auch
57:Born
776:in
366:in
1262::
1180:.
1151:^
1111:^
1097:^
1063:^
1047:^
1026:.
1013:^
997:^
973:^
959:^
907:^
891:^
780:.
753:.
681:.
579:.
501:.
458:.
451:.
400:.
352:.
322:,
1251:.
1218:.
872:"
704:.
693:.
65:)
61:(
20:)
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