1086:
813:
626:
51:
772:
972:
1032:
506:
403:
4892:
30:
678:
4903:
2301:
2288:
834:
1074:
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CE, this repeated when King
Mahasena donated the Jetavana vihara to an individual monk, which led to his expulsion. The Mahinda Mahavihara led to the orthodox Theravada tradition. The Abhayagiri vihara monks, rejected and criticized by the orthodox Buddhist monks, were more receptive to heterodox ideas and they nurtured the Mahayana tradition. The Jetavana vihara monks vacillated between the two traditions, blending their ideas.
1062:
2278:
796:. The rules are preceded by stories telling how the Buddha came to lay them down, and followed by explanations and analysis. According to the stories, the rules were devised on an ad hoc basis as the Buddha encountered various behavioral problems or disputes among his followers. Each major early Buddhist tradition had its own variant text of code of discipline for vihara life. Major vihara appointed a
748:
model is increasingly questioned by the discovery of pre-Kushana era Buddha images outside the northwestern territories. Further, states
Huntington, "archaeological, literary, and inscriptional evidence" such as those in Madhya Pradesh cast further doubts. Devotional worship of Buddha is traceable, for example, to Bharhut Buddhist monuments dated between 2nd and 1st century BCE. The
1047:
562:"caves". It consisted of a roughly square rectangular hall, in rock-cut cases, or probably an open court in structural examples, off which there were a number of small cells. Rock-cut cells are often fitted with rock-cut platforms for beds and pillows. The front wall had one or more entrances, and often a
747:
and other sites". Behrendt's proposal follows the model that states the northwestern influences and
Kushana era during the 1st and 2nd century CE triggered the development of Buddhist art and monastery designs. In contrast, Susan Huntington states that this late nineteenth and early twentieth century
493:
or Hindu monasteries. These shelters were normally accompanied by donation of revenue from villages nearby, who would work and support these cave residences with food and services. The Karle inscription dated to the 1st century CE donates a cave and nearby village, states
Bronkhorst, "for the support
467:
state of India are a group of residential cave monuments all dated to be from pre-common era, reflecting the Maurya architecture. Some of these have Brahmi script inscription which confirms their antiquity, but the inscriptions were likely added to pre-existing caves. The oldest layer of
Buddhist and
946:
Nothing of the superstructure has survived. A number of monastic cells facing a rectangular courtyard have been found. A notable feature is the presence of circular corner cells. It is believed that the general layout of the monastic complex at
Jagjivanpur is by and large similar to that of Nalanda.
803:
Three early influential monastic fraternities are traceable in
Buddhist history. The Mahavihara established by Mahinda was the oldest. Later, in 1st century BCE, King Vattagamani donated the Abhayagiri vihara to his favored monk, which led the Mahavihara fraternity to expel that monk. In 3rd century
561:
in particular, but this is an accident of survival. Originally structural viharas of stone or brick would probably have been at least as common everywhere, and the norm in the south. By the second century BCE a standard plan for a vihara was established; these form the majority of
Buddhist rock-cut
476:
accurately reflect the significance of monks and caves in the times of the Buddha and the
Mahavira, then cave residence tradition dates back to at least the 5th century BCE. According to Allchin and Erdosy, the legend of First Buddhist Council is dated to a period just after the death of the Buddha.
143:
playhouse, convent or temple compound to meet, perform or relax in. Later it referred to a form of temple or monastery construction in
Buddhism and Jainism, wherein the design has a central hall and attached separated shrines for residence either for monks or for dieties and sacred figure such as
142:
The word means a form of rest house, temple or monastery in ascetic traditions of India, particularly for a group of monks. It particularly referred to a hall that was used as a temple or where monks met and some walked about. In the context of the performative arts, the term means the theatre,
484:
The earliest known gift of immovable property for monastic purposes ever recorded in an Indian inscription is credited to Emperor Ashoka, and it is a donation to the Ajivikas. According to Johannes Bronkhorst, this created competitive financial pressures on all traditions, including the Hindu
731:. This is supported by the discovery of clay and bronze Buddha statues, but it is unclear if the statue is of a later date. According to Behrendt, these "must have been the architectural prototype for the later northern and western Buddhist shrines in the Ajanta Caves,
959:. The complex consists of a fairly large vihara of the usual plan of four ranges of monastic cells round a central court, with a temple in cruciform plan situated in the centre. According to a legend on a seal (discovered at the site) the founder of the monastery was
762:
era witnessed the building of numerous viharas, including those at the Ajanta Caves. Some of these viharas and temples though evidenced in texts and inscriptions are no longer physically found, likely destroyed in later centuries by natural causes or due to war.
95:. The term is also found in Jain monastic literature, usually referring to temporary refuge for wandering monks or nuns during the annual Indian monsoons. In modern Jainism, the monks continue to wander from town to town except during the rainy season (
586:
As the vihara acquired a central image, it came to take over the function of the chaitya worship hall, and eventually these ceased to be built. This was despite the rock-cut vihara shrine room usually offering no path for circumambulation or
549:) they stayed in temporary shelters. In Buddhist theology relating to rebirth and merit earning, it was considered an act of merit not only to feed a monk but also to shelter him, sumptuous monasteries were created by rich lay devotees.
650:, have very low platforms running most of the length of the main hall. These were probably used as some combination of benches or tables for dining, desks for study, and possibly beds. They are often termed "dining-hall" or the "
481:, state Allchin and Erdosy, is dated to the Mauryan period. The earlier monastic residences of Ajivikas, Buddhists, Hindus, and Jains were likely outside rock cliffs and made of temporary materials and these have not survived.
578:
on the walls. The verandah might also have sculpture, and in some cases the walls of the main hall. Paintings were perhaps more common, but these rarely survive, except in a few cases such as Caves 2, 10, 11 and 17 at the
90:
texts, it meant any arrangement of space or facilities for dwellings. The term evolved into an architectural concept wherein it refers to living quarters for monks with an open shared space or courtyard, particularly in
920:. According to Sukumar Dutt, the five monasteries formed a network, were supported and supervised by the Pala state. Each of the five had their own seal and operated like a corporation, serving as centers of learning.
931:. Excavations jointly conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India and University of Burdwan in 1971–1972 to 1974–1975 yielded a Buddhist monastic complex at Monorampur, near Bharatpur via Panagarh Bazar in the
521:
Buddhist viharas or monasteries may be described as a residence for monks, a centre for religious work and meditation and a centre of Buddhist learning. Reference to five kinds of dwellings (Pancha Lenani) namely,
657:
Cave 11 at the Bedse Caves is a fairly small 1st-century vihara, with nine cells in the interior and originally four around the entrance, and no shrine room. It is distinguished by elaborate
110:. Here it means a central hall, with small cells connected to it, sometimes with beds carved from the stone. Some have a shrine cell set back at the centre of the back wall, containing a
688:
The earliest Buddhist rock-cut cave abodes and sacred places are found in the western Deccan dating back to the 3rd century BCE. These earliest rock-cut caves include the
2242:
A project aiming to catalogue, crosscheck, verify and interrelate, tag and georeference, chronoreference and map online (using KML markup & Google Maps technology).
951:(45 km south of Paharpur), Parikramana vihara and Yashovarmapura vihara (in Bihar) deserve mention. Other important structural complexes have been discovered at
1727:
Susan L. Huntington (1990), Early Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism, Art Journal, Volume 49, 1990. Issue 4: New Approaches to South Asian Art, pp. 401–408
1231:"He now undertook what were described as 'dharma yatras' instead of the usual royal 'vihara yatras'. Vihara yatras were marked by pleasures such as the hunt" in
494:
of the ascetics living in the caves at Valuraka without any distinction of sect or origin". Buddhist texts from Bengal, dated to centuries later, use the term
3042:
3957:
2432:
477:
It mentions monks gathering at a cave near Rajgiri, and this dates it in pre-Mauryan times. However, the square courtyard with cells architecture of
1981:
3961:
4185:
703:
Vihara with central shrine containing devotional images of the Buddha, dated to about the 2nd century CE are found in the northwestern area of
947:
Beside these, scattered references to some monasteries are found in epigraphic and other sources. Among them Pullahari (in western Magadha),
896:
A range of monasteries grew up during the Pāla period in ancient Magadha (modern Bihar) and Bengal. According to Tibetan sources, five great
1466:"The Aramaic source of the East Asian word for 'Buddhist monastery': on the spread of Central Asian monasticism in the Kushan Period (2014)"
1020:, are held. Many of these Theravada viharas feature a Buddha image that is considered sacred after it is formally consecrated by the monks.
2402:
1319:
Gomaṭeśvara sahasrābdī mahotsava darśana, Niraj Jain, Śravaṇabelagola Digambara Jaina Muzaraī Insṭīṭyuśaṃsa Mainejiṅga Kameṭī, 1984, p. 265
960:
800:, the one who managed the vihara, settled disputes, determined sangha's consent and rules, and forced those hold-outs to this consensus.
447:
The early history of viharas is unclear. Monasteries in the form of caves are dated to centuries before the start of the common era, for
566:. Later the back wall facing the entrance had a fairly small shrine-room, often reached through an ante-chamber. Initially these held
2510:
2245:
758:
Inscriptional evidence on stone and copper plates indicate that Buddhist viharas were often co-built with Hindu and Jain temples. The
2267:
1085:
4777:
4229:
618:
is an example of a structural monastery with 115 cells, where the lower parts of the brick-built structure have been excavated.
4432:
2412:
2143:
2071:
2044:
1890:
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1826:
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1616:
1586:
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1413:
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1192:
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2437:
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4772:
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Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (October 1995). "Buddhist Sites across South Asia as Influenced by Political and Economic Forces".
1073:
583:. As later rock-cut viharas are often on up to three storeys, this was also probably the case with the structural ones.
4669:
4219:
2314:
935:
district of West Bengal. The date of the monastery may be ascribed to the early medieval period. Recent excavations at
955:(Comilla district, Bangladesh). Remains of quite a few viharas have been unearthed here and the most elaborate is the
752:(Cave 19) at Nasik has the central hall with connected cells, and it is generally dated to about the 1st century BCE.
2515:
2214:
2195:
2176:
2008:
1942:
1917:
1677:
1362:
1304:
873:
4762:
1046:
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4192:
642:
Usually the standard form as described above is followed, but there are some variants. Two vihara halls, Cave 5 at
431:
which related to religious pursuits and pilgrimage. After Ashoka converted to Buddhism, states Lahiri, he started
4938:
4839:
4829:
2658:
1105:
386:, and may have been transmitted to China by the first Central Asian translators of Buddhist scriptures, such as
4948:
4943:
4784:
4437:
4239:
4130:
4075:
2648:
2161:
2128:
1709:
1346:
1217:, Monier Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary Etymologically Arranged, Oxford University Press, p. 1003
1150:
1000:, but in Thailand it also took on a narrower meaning referring to certain buildings in the temple complex. The
855:
4933:
4928:
4754:
4452:
4135:
2427:
2260:
1031:
557:
The only substantial remains of very early viharas are in the rock-cut complexes, mostly in north India, the
622:, also in Bangladesh, was a larger vihara, mostly 8th-century, with 177 cells around a huge central temple.
4337:
4209:
4180:
3882:
1140:
107:
545:
dedicated to asceticism and the monastic life, wandered from place to place. During the rainy season (cf.
4028:
3937:
3407:
3052:
2565:
2460:
1061:
3572:
182:, which means "forest". In medieval era, the term meant any monastery, particularly for Buddhist monks.
4877:
4357:
3833:
3319:
2442:
2275:
1985:
1155:
723:, which states Behrendt, possibly were the prototypes for the 4th century monasteries such as those at
188:
is another term for monastery in the Buddhist tradition, today normally used for Hindu establishments.
35:
3767:
851:
485:
Brahmins. This may have led to the development of viharas as shelters for monks, and evolution in the
4767:
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4570:
4442:
3425:
3005:
2766:
2741:
391:
2791:
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were travel stops aimed at enjoyments, pleasures and hobbies such as hunting. These contrasted with
4872:
4224:
4038:
4016:
4009:
3912:
3445:
3065:
2881:
2826:
2447:
2253:
4809:
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4120:
4100:
3857:
3587:
2831:
844:
812:
732:
2230:
4819:
4659:
4327:
4297:
4070:
4021:
3862:
3810:
3805:
3567:
3388:
3285:
3037:
3032:
2781:
2036:
1365:, Pali English Dictionary, T. W. Rhys Davids, William Stede, editors; Pali Text Society; p. 642
1214:
410:, a late multi-story rock-cut vihara. Further decoration of the pillars was probably intended.
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and railing relief carving around the cell-doors, but especially by having a rounded roof and
541:
At some stage of Buddhism, like other Indian religious traditions, the wandering monks of the
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due to the abundance of Buddhist monasteries in that area. The word has also been borrowed in
4824:
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4055:
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3887:
2417:
1816:
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459:. The rock-cut architecture found in cave viharas from the 2nd-century BCE have roots in the
103:
3440:
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4814:
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4045:
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2392:
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917:
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1984:. Information & Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal. Archived from
625:
8:
4654:
4533:
4367:
4342:
4332:
4292:
4269:
4152:
4125:
4085:
4004:
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The History of Architecture in India: From the Dawn of Civilization to the End of the Raj
1960:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries Of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture
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909:
619:
83:
2628:
2555:
771:
50:
4717:
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4302:
4249:
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3979:
3942:
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2958:
2858:
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2407:
2337:
2108:
2029:
75:
4516:
1848:
Managing Monks: Administrators and Administrative Roles in Indian Buddhist Monasticism
990:
As Buddhism spread in Southeast Asia, monasteries were built by local kings. The term
4895:
4857:
4553:
4538:
4501:
4486:
4259:
4175:
4090:
3927:
3892:
3877:
3604:
3594:
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3107:
2978:
2901:
2821:
2756:
2688:
2575:
2332:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2157:
2139:
2124:
2067:
2040:
2004:
1963:
1938:
1913:
1886:
1852:
1822:
1771:
1744:
1705:
1673:
1612:
1582:
1555:
1528:
1501:
1436:
1409:
1382:
1342:
1300:
1270:
1240:
1188:
792:
542:
318:
167:
3839:
2633:
2533:
755:
The early stone viharas mimicked the timber construction that likely preceded them.
594:
In early medieval era, Viharas became important institutions and a part of Buddhist
317:, the word for a Buddhist temple or monastery seems to have a different origin. The
134:
or worship hall nearby. The vihara originated as a shelter for monks when it rains.
4543:
4496:
4491:
4347:
4312:
4287:
4282:
4033:
3989:
3902:
3577:
3233:
3226:
3010:
3000:
2886:
2550:
2422:
2100:
927:
were Traikuta, Devikota (identified with ancient Kotivarsa, 'modern Bangarh'), and
749:
681:
353:
289:
276:
259:
245:
119:
3622:
2104:
4907:
4852:
4804:
4732:
4602:
4400:
4380:
4322:
4234:
3897:
3795:
3642:
3378:
3361:
3346:
3324:
2876:
2746:
2580:
2560:
2061:
1907:
1880:
1846:
1765:
1606:
1576:
1495:
1294:
980:
486:
156:
71:
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2806:
2796:
1578:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
1497:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
366:, all meaning "Buddhist Monastery". These words are apparently derived from the
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4565:
4415:
4197:
3777:
3757:
3677:
3366:
3356:
3290:
3127:
2613:
2476:
1269:. Princeton University Press (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass). pp. 137–138.
956:
820:, the Buddhist monastery that operated between 7th-12th century in what is now
817:
611:
558:
473:
241:
236:
204:
159:
or "dwelling, waiting place" in many medieval era inscriptions and texts, from
148:
2235:
A short article on the meaning of Vassa, and its observation by lay Buddhists.
786:, the senior monks adopted a code of discipline which came to be known in the
602:. Life in "Viharas" was codified early on. It is the object of a part of the
382:"to live together"), rather than from the unrelated Indian word for monastery
4922:
4632:
4481:
3790:
3692:
3550:
3351:
3329:
3265:
2936:
2731:
2726:
2618:
2287:
1120:
1053:
1010:(ordination hall) in which a Buddha image is enshrined. In many temples, the
928:
530:
is found in the Buddhist canonical texts as fit for monks. Of these only the
460:
346:
339:
222:
175:
127:
114:
in early examples, or a Buddha statue later. Typical large sites such as the
96:
3090:
3080:
2452:
2154:
The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
1339:
The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu
790:
as the Vinaya texts. These texts are mostly concerned with the rules of the
211:, denoting a monastery or other non-Muslim place of worship. It is called a
4722:
4707:
4677:
4627:
4617:
4459:
4254:
3747:
3582:
3460:
3248:
3243:
3070:
2941:
2816:
2277:
1115:
1038:
994:
is still sometimes used to refer to the monasteries/temples, also known as
948:
901:
759:
720:
697:
630:
595:
580:
571:
510:
115:
57:
3505:
3490:
3450:
3147:
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1967:
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serves as a sermon hall or an assembly hall where ceremonies, such as the
280:) is preferred. Monks wandering from place to place preaching and seeking
4692:
4521:
3662:
3647:
3430:
3238:
3166:
2946:
2776:
2678:
2525:
2397:
1145:
1092:
936:
924:
776:
693:
689:
651:
588:
505:
360:
152:
144:
123:
39:
4682:
3142:
402:
4637:
4595:
4471:
4277:
4202:
3816:
3800:
3762:
3742:
3637:
3612:
3520:
3455:
3435:
3181:
3112:
2983:
2866:
2836:
2771:
2721:
2379:
2369:
2342:
1135:
1125:
913:
897:
887:
858: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
787:
615:
603:
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2003:. Translated by Tips, Walter E. J. White Lotus Press. pp. 26–27.
4612:
4585:
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3627:
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3255:
3132:
3022:
2995:
2988:
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2908:
2871:
2638:
2603:
2570:
2545:
2500:
1767:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
952:
932:
821:
744:
724:
387:
371:
29:
3221:
3075:
2841:
2623:
2492:
2484:
2239:
1465:
833:
4902:
4742:
4697:
4642:
4607:
4511:
4170:
3737:
3732:
3682:
3617:
3535:
3500:
3495:
3156:
3027:
3015:
2926:
2585:
2282:
984:
939:(Malda district, West Bengal) revealed another Buddhist monastery (
891:
766:
704:
658:
563:
468:
Jain texts mention legends of the Buddha, the Jain Tirthankaras or
452:
92:
3727:
3717:
3702:
3525:
3395:
2663:
677:
16:
Sanskrit and Pāli term for a residence, monastery usually Buddhist
4647:
4590:
4575:
3722:
3712:
3687:
3562:
3557:
3515:
3485:
3417:
3383:
3270:
3211:
3206:
3060:
2963:
2801:
2751:
2538:
2364:
2001:
Buddhist temples of Thailand : An Architectonic Introduction
1016:
905:
740:
728:
712:
708:
666:
647:
599:
469:
456:
448:
367:
310:
131:
79:
3334:
3102:
2188:
Rock-cut Temple Styles: Early Pandyan Art and The Ellora Shrines
4727:
4712:
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4410:
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4165:
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3216:
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2352:
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2123:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
1130:
1110:
1006:
736:
716:
643:
607:
575:
420:
407:
285:
265:
1982:"Jagjivanpur, A newly discovered Buddhist site in west Bengal"
4867:
4702:
4560:
4526:
4506:
4476:
4405:
3822:
3667:
3545:
3540:
3510:
3465:
3312:
3307:
3186:
2891:
2716:
2683:
2673:
2063:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
1882:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
1184:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania
567:
546:
464:
314:
306:
302:
196:
192:
184:
111:
4737:
3530:
3196:
2693:
662:
281:
87:
1574:
1493:
1401:
4395:
2931:
1341:, p. 67 and see individual entries, 1989, Penguin Books,
1160:
996:
102:
Vihara or vihara hall has a more specific meaning in the
1962:. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. pp. 352–353.
472:
monks living in caves. If these records derived from an
1524:
World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction
435:
around mid 3rd century BCE instead of hedonistic royal
99:), and the term "vihara" refers to their wanderings.
1851:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–58, 137–158.
1600:
1598:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
2121:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
1905:
1736:
1604:
1258:
1256:
2136:Buddhism in North-Western India: Up to C. A.D. 650
2028:
1935:Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms
1814:
1547:
263:), means "monastery", but the native Burmese word
2026:
2022:
2020:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1821:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 15–16.
1611:. Brill Academic. pp. 96–97 with footnotes.
1595:
1480:
1079:Simple slab abode beds in vihara at Kanheri Caves
4920:
2066:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–262.
1885:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 197–198.
1844:
1770:. Brill Academic. pp. 61 with footnote 80.
1723:
1721:
1581:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–246.
1500:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–249.
1378:Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion
1288:
1286:
1262:
1253:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1163:– Buddhist temple in Cambodia, Laos or Thailand.
767:Viharas as a source of major Buddhist traditions
334:, it was anciently also written phonetically 天良
2035:. State University of New York Press. pp.
1840:
1838:
1810:
1808:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1328:Tulasī prajñā, Jaina Viśva Bhāratī, 1984, p. 29
1232:
637:
60:with a Buddha statue in the centre shrine cell.
2017:
1865:
1763:
1428:
1374:
1239:. Harvard University Press. pp. 181–183.
1180:
1106:List of Buddhist universities across the world
414:
327:
2261:
1718:
1368:
1283:
1220:
293:
270:
253:
137:
3043:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2059:
1878:
1835:
1805:
1686:
1672:. Singapore: Periplus Editions. p. 34.
1358:
1356:
1354:
1541:
1520:
1292:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
230:
2268:
2254:
2231:Lay Buddhist Practice: The Rains Residence
1514:
807:
292:, an open space inside a home is called a
216:
42:, 1st century BCE, is one of the earliest.
1381:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 151–152.
1351:
874:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:
130:contain several viharas. Some included a
1743:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 66–67.
1697:
1460:
1432:Buddhist Philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D.
1201:
970:
908:, past its prime but still illustrious,
811:
782:As more people joined Buddhist monastic
770:
676:
624:
504:
401:
4230:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1998:
1932:
517:hall for prayer and living, 5th century
4921:
4433:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1740:Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia
1667:
1631:Harle, 48, 54–56, 119–120; Michell, 67
1456:
1454:
1452:
86:. The concept is ancient and in early
2249:
1909:The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture
1661:
1575:F. R. Allchin; George Erdosy (1995).
1494:F. R. Allchin; George Erdosy (1995).
1402:John Powers; David Templeman (2012).
1187:. Taylor & Francis. p. 625.
904:, the premier university of the era;
610:or "basket of monastic discipline".
275:
258:
235:
2031:The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia
1957:
1608:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
856:adding citations to reliable sources
827:
598:with thousands of students, such as
1937:. Wisdom Publications. p. 15.
1784:
1670:Introduction to Indian Architecture
1554:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66.
1449:
1004:is a building, apart from the main
654:" at Kanheri, on no good evidence.
13:
4220:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1818:The Art of Eastern India: 300 –800
1435:Motilal Banarsidass. p. 265.
419:During the 3rd-century BCE era of
14:
4965:
2224:
966:
923:Other notable monasteries of the
524:Vihara, Addayoga, Pasada, Hammiya
4901:
4891:
4890:
4448:Thai temple art and architecture
4193:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2433:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2299:
2286:
2276:
2190:. Mumbai: Somaiya Publications.
1084:
1072:
1060:
1045:
1030:
1023:
941:Nandadirghika-Udranga Mahavihara
832:
633:, cell entries off a vihara hall
591:, an important ritual practice.
49:
28:
2300:
2053:
1992:
1974:
1951:
1926:
1899:
1757:
1730:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1568:
1422:
1408:. Scarecrow. pp. 204–205.
1395:
1299:. Routledge. pp. 203–204.
963:, a ruler of the Deva dynasty.
843:needs additional citations for
552:
4438:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4240:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3320:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2511:Places where the Buddha stayed
2138:. Kolkata: R.N. Bhattacharya.
1405:Historical Dictionary of Tibet
1331:
1322:
1313:
1174:
1151:Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara
1067:Wall carvings at Kanheri Caves
321:word for a Buddhist temple is
1:
4453:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2186:Rajan, K.V. Soundara (1998).
2105:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980303
2084:
1052:Entrance to a vihara hall at
570:, but later a large sculpted
338:, and it is cognate with the
284:often stayed together in the
4210:Buddhism and the Roman world
4186:Decline of Buddhism in India
4181:History of Buddhism in India
2281: Topics in
2240:Mapping Buddhist Monasteries
2171:. Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad.
1906:Susan L. Huntington (1984).
1737:Himanshu Prabha Ray (2017).
1605:Johannes Bronkhorst (2011).
1141:Mahiyangana Raja Maha Vihara
638:Variants in rock-cut viharas
163:which means "to construct".
108:Indian rock-cut architecture
7:
3408:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3148:
1933:English, Elizabeth (2002).
1912:. Brill. pp. 164–165.
1815:Frederick M. Asher (1980).
1704:. Brill. pp. 168–171.
1551:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
1548:Kailash Chand Jain (1991).
1521:Paul Gwynne (30 May 2017).
1099:
415:Viharas as pleasure centers
10:
4970:
4954:Sanskrit words and phrases
4358:The unanswerable questions
2027:Donald K. Swearer (1995).
1701:Handbuch der Orientalistik
1698:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
1156:Vihara Buddhagaya Watugong
885:
672:
463:period. In and around the
397:
138:Etymology and nomenclature
56:5th century Cave 4 at the
4886:
4838:
4753:
4668:
4443:Buddhist temples in Korea
4366:
4268:
4151:
3848:
3776:
3603:
3476:
3416:
3051:
3006:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2917:
2909:Three planes of existence
2857:
2702:
2594:
2524:
2516:Buddha in world religions
2378:
2323:
2295:
1845:Jonathan A. Silk (2008).
1794:. art-and-archaeology.com
1792:"Entrance Cave 9, Ajanta"
1527:. Wiley. pp. 51–52.
1263:Stella Kramrisch (1946).
328:
271:
254:
231:
217:
179:
171:
4225:Persecution of Buddhists
3446:Four stages of awakening
2827:Three marks of existence
2413:Physical characteristics
2134:Khettry, Sarita (2006).
1462:Beckwith, Christopher I.
1233:Nayanjot Lahiri (2015).
1167:
943:) of the ninth century.
3588:Ten principal disciples
2471:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2156:, 1989, Penguin Books,
1764:Pia Brancaccio (2010).
1640:Harle, 132; Michell, 67
1429:Karl H. Potter (2003).
1375:Brian K. Smith (1998).
1236:Ashoka in Ancient India
1181:Sharon La Boda (1994).
975:Vihara, locally called
808:Viharas of the Pāla era
502:for their monasteries.
4939:Buddhist organizations
4298:Buddhism and democracy
3811:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3806:Chinese Buddhist canon
3038:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3033:Early Buddhist schools
1999:Döhring, Karl (2000).
1958:Dutt, Sukumar (1962).
1668:Thapar, Binda (2004).
1091:Doorways of a Vihara,
987:
825:
779:
685:
634:
538:(Cave) have survived.
518:
443:Viharas as monasteries
411:
359:and the reconstructed
294:
199:derives its name from
70:generally refers to a
4949:Architectural history
4944:Buddhist architecture
4308:Eight Consciousnesses
2418:Life of Buddha in art
2060:Peter Harvey (2013).
1879:Peter Harvey (2013).
974:
815:
774:
750:Krishna or Kanha Cave
680:
628:
508:
405:
106:, especially ancient
104:architecture of India
4934:Buddhist monasticism
4929:Buddhist monasteries
4785:East Asian religions
4215:Buddhism in the West
3786:Early Buddhist texts
3401:Four Right Exertions
2867:Ten spiritual realms
2360:Noble Eightfold Path
2205:Tadgell, C. (1990).
1293:Paul Dundas (2003).
852:improve this article
80:Buddhist renunciates
4908:Religion portal
4655:Temple of the Tooth
4534:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3573:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3066:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2849:Two truths doctrine
2669:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2469:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2209:. London: Phaidon.
707:, in sites such as
620:Somapura Mahavihara
151:. The word means a
84:Indian subcontinent
38:Cave vihara in the
4830:Western philosophy
4428:Dzong architecture
4250:Vipassana movement
4245:Buddhist modernism
3673:Emperor Wen of Sui
3441:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3374:Threefold Training
3176:Vipassana movement
2892:Hungry Ghost realm
2712:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2659:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
2408:Great Renunciation
2403:Eight Great Events
2285:
2169:Buddhist Monuments
2167:Mitra, D. (1971).
988:
826:
780:
696:, and some of the
686:
635:
519:
509:Plan of cave 1 at
412:
166:It contrasts with
76:Buddhist monastery
4916:
4915:
4554:Om mani padme hum
4260:Women in Buddhism
4176:Buddhist councils
4046:Western countries
3834:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3595:Shaolin Monastery
3172:Samatha-vipassanā
2782:Pratītyasamutpāda
2586:Metteyya/Maitreya
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2333:Four Noble Truths
2152:Michell, George,
2145:978-81-87661-57-3
2093:World Archaeology
2073:978-0-521-85942-4
2046:978-1-4384-2165-0
1988:on 9 August 2009.
1892:978-0-521-85942-4
1858:978-0-19-532684-0
1828:978-1-4529-1225-7
1777:978-90-04-18525-8
1750:978-1-351-39432-1
1649:Michell, 359, 374
1618:978-90-04-20140-8
1588:978-0-521-37695-2
1561:978-81-208-0805-8
1534:978-1-118-97228-1
1507:978-0-521-37695-2
1470:Journal Asiatique
1442:978-81-208-1968-9
1415:978-0-8108-7984-3
1388:978-81-208-1532-2
1337:Michell, George,
1276:978-81-208-0223-0
1246:978-0-674-91525-1
1194:978-1-884964-04-6
884:
883:
876:
775:Viharas found at
574:, sometimes with
260:[wḭhəɹa̰]
4961:
4906:
4905:
4894:
4893:
4733:Sacred languages
4581:Maya Devi Temple
4544:Mahabodhi Temple
4348:Secular Buddhism
4313:Engaged Buddhism
3153:
3001:Tibetan Buddhism
2952:Vietnamese Thiền
2551:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
2502:
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1260:
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1178:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1049:
1034:
879:
872:
868:
865:
859:
836:
828:
682:Mahabodhi Temple
665:far end, like a
534:(monastery) and
376:dērā/ dairā/ dēr
333:
331:
330:
297:
290:Punjabi language
279:
277:[tɕáʊɰ̃]
274:
273:
262:
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220:
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120:Aurangabad Caves
82:, mostly in the
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4834:
4749:
4664:
4401:Ordination hall
4362:
4264:
4235:Buddhist crisis
4147:
3844:
3796:Mahayana sutras
3772:
3768:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3599:
3472:
3412:
3362:Bodhisattva vow
3047:
2913:
2853:
2812:Taṇhā (Craving)
2747:Five hindrances
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981:Wat Chedi Luang
969:
894:
886:Main articles:
880:
869:
863:
860:
849:
837:
810:
769:
675:
646:and Cave 11 at
640:
555:
500:agrahara-vihara
445:
417:
400:
378:(from the root
325:
237:[ʋihiə]
157:Buddhist temple
140:
72:Buddhist temple
65:
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3357:Eight precepts
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3128:Five Strengths
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Mental factors
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Mahamoggallāna
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:Avalokiteśvara
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2226:
2225:External links
2223:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2117:
2099:(2): 185–202.
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2052:
2045:
2016:
2009:
1991:
1973:
1950:
1943:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1891:
1864:
1857:
1834:
1827:
1804:
1783:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1717:
1710:
1685:
1678:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1594:
1587:
1567:
1560:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1479:
1448:
1441:
1421:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1350:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1305:
1282:
1275:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1200:
1193:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1022:
968:
967:Southeast Asia
965:
957:Shalban Vihara
882:
881:
840:
838:
831:
818:Shalvan Vihara
809:
806:
768:
765:
674:
671:
639:
636:
612:Shalban Vihara
554:
551:
474:oral tradition
444:
441:
416:
413:
399:
396:
149:Gautama Buddha
139:
136:
55:
48:
47:
46:
34:
27:
26:
25:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4670:Miscellaneous
4667:
4661:
4660:Vegetarianism
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Buddha in art
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:United States
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Padmasambhava
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3605:Major figures
3602:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:Western tulku
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Five precepts
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Dhamma vicaya
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Buddhābhiṣeka
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Enlightenment
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Dhamma theory
2730:
2728:
2727:Buddha-nature
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Samantabhadra
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2216:1-85454-350-4
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2197:81-7039-218-7
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2178:0-89684-490-0
2174:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:Harle, J.C.,
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2010:9789747534405
2006:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1944:0-86171-329-X
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1919:90-04-06856-2
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1679:0-7946-0011-5
1675:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1509:
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433:dharma yatras
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429:dharma yatras
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4848:Bodhisattvas
4768:Christianity
4763:Baháʼí Faith
4628:Dharmachakra
4618:Prayer wheel
4608:Prayer beads
4385:
4376:Architecture
4255:969 Movement
4039:Saudi Arabia
4017:Central Asia
4010:South Africa
3832:
3815:
3748:Panchen Lama
3653:Buddhapālita
3249:Satipatthana
3244:Mindful Yoga
3157:Recollection
3071:Brahmavihara
2942:Japanese Zen
2937:Chinese Chan
2897:Animal realm
2704:Key concepts
2526:Bodhisattvas
2338:Three Jewels
2234:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2153:
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1176:
1116:Bahal, Nepal
1039:Ajanta Caves
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
989:
983:in Northern
976:
949:Halud Vihara
945:
940:
922:
902:Vikramashila
895:
870:
861:
850:Please help
845:verification
842:
802:
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791:
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760:Gupta Empire
757:
754:
721:Dharmarajika
702:
698:Ajanta Caves
687:
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631:Ajanta Caves
596:Universities
593:
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581:Ajanta Caves
572:Buddha image
556:
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191:The eastern
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145:Tirthankaras
141:
116:Ajanta Caves
101:
67:
66:
58:Ajanta Caves
4693:Dharma talk
4522:Asalha Puja
4318:Eschatology
4121:Switzerland
4101:New Zealand
4029:Middle East
3938:Philippines
3858:Afghanistan
3663:Bodhidharma
3648:Buddhaghosa
3568:Householder
3478:Monasticism
3431:Bodhisattva
3286:Prostration
3239:Mindfulness
3167:Anapanasati
3150:Kammaṭṭhāna
2947:Korean Seon
2887:Asura realm
2882:Human realm
2822:Ten Fetters
2777:Parinirvana
2679:Uppalavanna
2644:Mahākaccana
2629:Mahākassapa
2561:Kṣitigarbha
2556:Ākāśagarbha
2453:Suddhodāna
2398:Four sights
2325:Foundations
1146:Nava Vihara
1093:Bedse Caves
937:Jagjivanpur
925:Pala Empire
900:stood out:
898:mahaviharas
798:vihara-pala
777:Thotlakonda
694:Karla Caves
690:Bhaja Caves
652:Durbar Hall
589:pradakshina
489:concept to
361:Old Chinese
124:Karli Caves
97:chaturmasya
40:Nasik Caves
4923:Categories
4810:Psychology
4790:Gnosticism
4778:Comparison
4773:Influences
4755:Comparison
4638:Bhavacakra
4596:Kushinagar
4571:Pilgrimage
4517:Māgha Pūjā
4472:Bodhi Tree
4288:Buddhology
4278:Abhidharma
4270:Philosophy
4203:Menander I
4071:Costa Rica
4022:Uzbekistan
3863:Bangladesh
3817:Dhammapada
3801:Pali Canon
3763:Ajahn Chah
3743:Dalai Lama
3643:Kumārajīva
3638:Vasubandhu
3613:The Buddha
3521:Zen master
3456:Sakadagami
3436:Buddhahood
3367:Pratimokṣa
3182:Shikantaza
3138:Meditation
3113:Deity yoga
2984:Madhyamaka
2877:Deva realm
2772:Mindstream
2722:Bodhicitta
2634:Aṅgulimāla
2501:Devadatta
2477:Yaśodharā
2380:The Buddha
2370:Middle Way
2162:0140081445
2129:0300062176
2085:References
1798:2007-03-17
1711:9004135952
1347:0140081445
1136:Mahavihara
1126:Gal Vihara
914:Odantapurā
888:Mahavihara
864:April 2015
788:Pali Canon
733:Aurangabad
616:Bangladesh
604:Pali canon
513:, a large
370:word for "
4878:Festivals
4858:Buddhists
4820:Theosophy
4623:Symbolism
4613:Hama yumi
4586:Bodh Gaya
4353:Socialism
4328:Evolution
4303:Economics
4141:Venezuela
4056:Australia
4051:Argentina
3975:Sri Lanka
3970:Singapore
3888:Indonesia
3850:Countries
3791:Tripiṭaka
3753:Ajahn Mun
3628:Nagarjuna
3623:Aśvaghoṣa
3506:Anagārika
3501:Śrāmaṇerī
3496:Śrāmaṇera
3491:Bhikkhunī
3451:Sotāpanna
3340:Passaddhi
3281:Offerings
3256:Nekkhamma
3133:Iddhipada
3053:Practices
3023:Theravada
2996:Vajrayana
2989:Yogachara
2959:Pure Land
2872:Six Paths
2859:Cosmology
2639:Anuruddha
2614:Sāriputta
2604:Kaundinya
2596:Disciples
2571:Vajrapāṇi
2423:Footprint
2388:Tathāgata
1296:The Jains
961:Bhavadeva
953:Mainamati
933:Bardhaman
918:Jagaddala
822:Mainamati
745:Ratnagiri
725:Devnimori
719:area) or
684:in India.
629:Cave 12,
491:agraharas
453:Buddhists
406:Cave 12,
392:Lokaksema
388:An Shigao
372:monastery
288:. In the
195:state of
4896:Category
4825:Violence
4795:Hinduism
4743:Sanskrit
4698:Hinayana
4683:Amitābha
4643:Swastika
4512:Uposatha
4502:Holidays
4487:Calendar
4333:Humanism
4171:Kanishka
4161:Timeline
3985:Thailand
3953:Kalmykia
3948:Buryatia
3933:Pakistan
3918:Mongolia
3913:Maldives
3908:Malaysia
3873:Cambodia
3738:Shamarpa
3733:Nichiren
3683:Xuanzang
3618:Nagasena
3536:Rinpoche
3266:Pāramitā
3108:Devotion
3028:Navayana
3016:Dzogchen
2979:Nichiren
2927:Mahayana
2919:Branches
2797:Saṅkhāra
2546:Mañjuśrī
2503:(cousin)
2495:(cousin)
2463:(mother)
2455:(father)
2443:Miracles
2393:Birthday
2310:Glossary
2283:Buddhism
1464:(2014).
1100:See also
1037:Cave 4,
985:Thailand
910:Somapura
892:Buddhism
715:(in the
705:Gandhara
659:gavaksha
564:verandah
449:Ajivikas
319:Japanese
168:Sanskrit
93:Buddhism
4873:Temples
4853:Buddhas
4815:Science
4805:Judaism
4800:Jainism
4718:Lineage
4678:Abhijñā
4648:Thangka
4591:Sarnath
4576:Lumbini
4497:Funeral
4492:Cuisine
4368:Culture
4343:Reality
4293:Creator
4283:Atomism
4153:History
4126:Ukraine
4086:Germany
4005:Senegal
3995:Vietnam
3923:Myanmar
3723:Shinran
3713:Karmapa
3688:Shandao
3658:Dignāga
3583:Śrāvaka
3563:Donchee
3558:Kappiya
3516:Sayadaw
3486:Bhikkhu
3461:Anāgāmi
3418:Nirvana
3384:Samadhi
3271:Paritta
3212:Tonglen
3207:Mandala
3162:Smarana
3143:Mantras
3091:Upekkha
3061:Bhavana
3011:Shingon
2964:Tiantai
2817:Tathātā
2807:Śūnyatā
2802:Skandha
2792:Saṃsāra
2787:Rebirth
2762:Kleshas
2752:Indriya
2654:Subhūti
2539:Guanyin
2493:Ānanda
2485:Rāhula
2365:Nirvana
2305:Outline
1017:kathina
906:Nalanda
741:Nalanda
729:Gujarat
713:Kalawan
709:Jaulian
673:History
667:chaitya
663:apsidal
648:Kanheri
600:Nalanda
576:reliefs
487:Ashrama
470:sramana
398:Origins
368:Aramaic
354:Jurchen
311:Vietnam
272:ကျောင်း
246:Burmese
132:chaitya
4868:Sutras
4863:Suttas
4728:Siddhi
4713:Koliya
4688:Brahmā
4603:Poetry
4549:Mantra
4539:Kasaya
4411:Pagoda
4391:Kyaung
4386:Vihāra
4381:Temple
4323:Ethics
4166:Ashoka
4116:Sweden
4111:Poland
4106:Norway
4096:Mexico
4081:France
4066:Canada
4061:Brazil
4000:Africa
3980:Taiwan
3943:Russia
3868:Bhutan
3828:Vinaya
3708:Naropa
3698:Saraha
3633:Asanga
3389:Prajñā
3298:Refuge
3261:Nianfo
3222:Tertön
3217:Tantra
3202:Ganana
3192:Tukdam
3118:Dhyāna
3086:Mudita
3081:Karuṇā
2974:Risshū
2969:Huayan
2902:Naraka
2842:Anattā
2837:Dukkha
2832:Anicca
2737:Dharma
2689:Channa
2624:Ānanda
2609:Assaji
2576:Skanda
2479:(wife)
2448:Family
2428:Relics
2353:Sangha
2348:Dharma
2343:Buddha
2213:
2194:
2175:
2160:
2142:
2127:
2113:125081
2111:
2070:
2043:
2007:
1968:372316
1966:
1941:
1916:
1889:
1855:
1825:
1774:
1747:
1708:
1676:
1615:
1585:
1558:
1531:
1504:
1439:
1412:
1385:
1363:Vihara
1345:
1303:
1273:
1243:
1215:Vihara
1191:
1131:Kyaung
1111:Ashram
1007:ubosot
992:vihara
916:, and
793:sangha
784:sangha
737:Ellora
717:Taxila
692:, the
669:hall.
644:Ellora
606:, the
568:stupas
559:Deccan
543:Sangha
532:Vihara
515:vihara
511:Ajanta
479:vihara
457:Jainas
421:Ashoka
408:Ellora
384:vihara
352:, the
286:sangha
266:kyaung
250:wihara
227:vĭhéar
225:, and
201:vihāra
193:Indian
180:arañña
172:araṇya
161:vi-har
126:, and
68:Vihāra
22:Vihāra
4840:Lists
4708:Kalpa
4703:Iddhi
4566:Music
4561:Mudra
4527:Vassa
4507:Vesak
4477:Budai
4423:Candi
4406:Stupa
4338:Logic
4091:Italy
3990:Tibet
3928:Nepal
3898:Korea
3893:Japan
3883:India
3878:China
3823:Sutra
3778:Texts
3728:Dōgen
3718:Hōnen
3703:Atiśa
3668:Zhiyi
3578:Achar
3546:Tulku
3541:Geshe
3526:Rōshi
3511:Ajahn
3466:Arhat
3426:Bodhi
3396:Vīrya
3313:Sacca
3308:Satya
3303:Sādhu
3291:Music
3234:Merit
3227:Terma
3187:Zazen
3123:Faith
3076:Mettā
2757:Karma
2717:Bardo
2684:Asita
2674:Khema
2664:Upāli
2649:Nanda
2487:(son)
2461:Māyā
2438:Films
2315:Index
2109:JSTOR
2039:–27.
1168:Notes
1012:wihan
1002:wihan
979:, of
977:wihan
547:vassa
465:Bihar
364:dɘiaʁ
357:Taira
345:from
315:China
307:Japan
303:Korea
295:vehra
255:ဝိဟာရ
244:. In
242:Khmer
240:) in
232:វិហារ
221:) in
218:วิหาร
213:wihan
209:biara
205:Malay
197:Bihar
185:Matha
112:stupa
36:Kanha
4738:Pāḷi
4723:Māra
4633:Flag
4034:Iran
3958:Tuva
3903:Laos
3531:Lama
3379:Śīla
3347:Śīla
3335:Pīti
3325:Sati
3276:Puja
3197:Koan
3103:Dāna
2694:Yasa
2581:Tārā
2211:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2041:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1964:OCLC
1939:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1189:ISBN
890:and
536:Guha
528:Guha
526:and
455:and
350:Tiel
343:Chǒl
336:tera
323:Tera
313:and
282:alms
223:Thai
176:Pali
153:Jain
88:Pali
78:for
4460:Art
4396:Wat
2932:Zen
2101:doi
1474:302
1161:Wat
997:wat
854:by
727:in
614:in
498:or
390:or
380:dwr
301:In
207:as
174:or
155:or
74:or
4925::
3962:ru
2233:–
2107:.
2097:27
2095:.
2037:23
2019:^
1867:^
1837:^
1807:^
1720:^
1688:^
1597:^
1482:^
1472:.
1468:.
1451:^
1353:^
1285:^
1255:^
1222:^
1203:^
912:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
711:,
700:.
451:,
439:.
423:,
394:.
374:"
309:,
305:,
298:.
248:,
178::
170::
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3174:(
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2013:.
1970:.
1947:.
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1249:.
1197:.
877:)
871:(
866:)
862:(
848:.
332:)
329:寺
326:(
269:(
252:(
229:(
215:(
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