Mahavira - Knowledge

1826: 2866: 3274: 2702: 3288: 2490:... plurality ... ... benign attitude to other positions"; however, this misreads Jain historical texts and Mahavira's teachings. Mahavira's "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings are a doctrine about the nature of reality and human existence, not about tolerating religious positions such as sacrificing animals (or killing them for food) or violence against nonbelievers (or any other living being) as "perhaps right". The five vows for Jain monks and nuns are strict requirements, with no "perhaps". Mahavira's Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism beyond the renunciant Jain communities, but each religion was "highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of their rivals". 3315: 1400: 3245: 1603: 1236: 3007: 1981: 2984: 3303: 2958: 3260: 1668: 3114: 3095: 3137: 1271:(the capital of Bihar), his birthplace remains a subject of dispute. Mahavira renounced his material wealth and left home when he was twenty-eight, by some accounts (thirty by others), lived an ascetic life for twelve and a half years in which he did not even sit for a time, attained Kevalgyana and then preached Dharma for thirty years. Where he preached has been a subject of disagreement between the two major traditions of Jainism: Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions. 3079: 1846: 363: 3023: 2205: 9209: 3334: 902: 1422: 3054: 3510:, D i.47: "Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. Just as if a person, when asked about a mango, were to answer with a breadfruit; or, when asked about a breadfruit, were to answer with a mango: In the same way, when asked about a fruit of the contemplative life, visible here and now, Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. The thought occurred to me: 'How can anyone like me think of disparaging a 3035: 8047: 7087: 7056: 7021: 6824: 58: 2439:(many-sided reality). Although the word does not appear in the earliest Jain literature or the Agamas, the doctrine is illustrated in Mahavira's answers to questions posed by his followers. Truth and reality are complex, and have a number of aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is impossible to express it fully with language alone; human attempts to communicate are 2543:, Mahavira believed that life existed in myriad forms which included animals, plants, insects, bodies of water, fire, and wind. He taught that a monk should avoid touching or disturbing any of them (including plants) and never swim, light (or extinguish) a fire, or wave their arms in the air; such actions might injure other beings living in those states of matter. 1032:, which involves positioning oneself as a pure soul, separate from body, mind and emotions, and being aware of the soul's true nature; and to remain grounded and steadfast in soul's unchanging essence during varying auspicious or inauspicious external circumstances. He also preached that the observance of the vows of 1496:. Its location in present-day Bihar is unclear, partly because of migrations from ancient Bihar for economic and political reasons. According to the "Universal History" in Jain texts, Mahavira underwent many rebirths (total 27 births) before his 6th-century birth. They included a denizen of hell, a lion, and a god ( 2443:("partial expression of the truth"). Language itself is not truth, but a means of expressing it. From truth, according to Mahavira, language returns—not the other way around. One can experience the "truth" of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempt to express the experience is 2513:

The digambar sect (the sky-clad, naked mendicant order) believed that a woman is unable to fully practice asceticism and cannot achieve spiritual liberation because of her gender; she can, at best, live an ethical life so she is reborn as a man. According to this view, women are seen as a threat to a

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The goal of these principles is to achieve spiritual peace, a better rebirth, or (ultimately) liberation. According to Chakravarthi, these teachings help improve a person's quality of life. However, Dundas writes that Mahavira's emphasis on non-violence and restraint has been interpreted by some Jain

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According to Melton and Baumann, the Digambaras state that "women's physical and emotional character makes it impossible for them to genuinely engage in the intense path necessary for spiritual purification. (...) Only by being reborn as a man can a woman engage in the ascetic path. Later Digambara

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married and had children. If Mahavira also married it would make no difference. There is thus no reason whatsoever for the Digambaras to deny a simple incident like this. But there may be a reason for the Swetambaras making the assertion; the desire to ante-date their own origin. As a matter of fact

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According to Mahavira, this understanding is crucial for attainment of nischay Samyak darshan (experiential self realization). He emphasized that human suffering arises from the false identification of the soul with material objects, including the body and mind. The teachings of bhedvijnān guide an

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Mahavira also taught the concept of Bhedvijnān, or the science of distinguishing between the soul (jiva) and the non-soul (ajiva). Central to his teachings, bhedvijnān is the practice of realizing the distinction between the pure soul, which is eternal, formless, and independent, and the temporary,

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because of superficial similarities in iconography and meditative and ascetic practices. As scholarship progressed, differences between the teachings of Mahavira and the Buddha were found so divergent that the religions were acknowledged as separate. Mahavira, says Moriz Winternitz, taught a "very

1553:. Jain traditions differ about whether Mahavira married. The Digambara tradition believes that his parents wanted him to marry Yashoda, but he refused to marry. The Śvētāmbara tradition believes that he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter, Priyadarshana, also called Anojja. 3514:

or contemplative living in his realm?' Yet I neither delighted in Nigantha Nātaputta's words nor did I protest against them. Neither delighting nor protesting, I was dissatisfied. Without expressing dissatisfaction, without accepting his teaching, without adopting it, I got up from my seat and

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century CE to reconcile the differences. The reconciliation efforts failed, with Svetambara and Digambara Jain traditions holding their own incomplete, somewhat-different versions of Mahavira's teachings. In the early centuries of the common era, Jain texts containing Mahavira's teachings were

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wrote: ""Of the two versions of Mahavira's life — the Swetambara and the Digambara— it is obvious that only one can be true: either Mahavira married, or he did not marry. If Mahavira married, why should the Digambaras deny it? There is absolutely no reason for such a denial. The Digambaras

1506:. Svetambara texts state that his embryo first formed in a Brahman woman before it was transferred by Hari-Naigamesin (the divine commander of Indra's army) to the womb of Trishala, Siddhartha's wife. The embryo-transfer legend is not believed by adherents of the Digambara tradition. 3525:

secondary arguments appealed to human physiology in order to exclude women from the path: by their very biological basis, women constantly generate and destroy (and therefore harm) life forms within their sexual organs. Svetambara oppose this view by appealing to scriptures."

1903:. In some texts Mahavira is described, at age 72, as delivering his final preaching over a six-day period to a large group of people. The crowd falls asleep, awakening to find that he has disappeared (leaving only his nails and hair, which his followers cremate). 2847:

Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India, winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes, a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their

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individual to recognize what is truly the soul and what is not. By distinguishing between the pure soul and the transient elements of life, one can cultivate detachment (vairagya) and move toward liberation (moksha). This was expounded in detail in works of

2447:: valid "in some respect", but still a "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete". Spiritual truths are also complex, with multiple aspects, and language cannot express their plurality; however, they can be experienced through effort and appropriate karma. 1713:) and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience. According to the Śvētāmbara, he traveled throughout India to teach his philosophy for thirty years after attaining omniscience. However, the Digambara believe that he remained in his 1302:

of the Mahavira. However, palaeographic analysis dates the inscription to the 2nd-1st century BCE. According to Buddhist and Jain texts, Buddha and Mahavira are believed to have been contemporaries which is supported by much ancient Buddhist literature.

2556:(actions) as a human, animal, element, microbe, or other form, on earth or in a heavenly (or hellish) realm. Nothing is permanent; everyone (including gods, demons and earthly beings) dies and is reborn, based on their actions in their previous life. 2622:

According to Dundas, Jains believe that the lineage of Parshvanatha influenced Mahavira. Parshvanatha, as the one who "removes obstacles and has the capacity to save", is a popular icon; his image is the focus of Jain temple devotion. Of the 24

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Bhedvigyan plays a key role in the progression towards self-realization. It serves as a stepping stone in the process of spiritual awakening, where the aspirant first becomes aware of their mistaken identity with the non-soul as their witness

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whom modern Western historians consider a historical figure, lived in about the 8th century BCE. Jain texts suggest that Mahavira's parents were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. When Mahavira revived the Jain community in the 6th century BCE,

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Mahavira proclaimed in India that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention. It is really true that salvation can not be had by merely observing external ceremonies. Religion cannot make any difference between man and

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scholars to "not be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures" but by "continual self discipline": a cleansing of the soul which leads to spiritual development and release.

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kingdom dispersed the Jain monks. Attempts were made by later monks to gather, recite the canon, and re-establish it. These efforts identified differences in recitations of Mahavira's teachings, and an attempt was made in the

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At age thirty, Mahavira abandoned royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening. He undertook severe fasts and bodily mortifications, meditated under the

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elaborate belief in the soul" (unlike the Buddhists, who denied such elaboration). His ascetic teachings have a higher order of magnitude than those of Buddhism or Hinduism, and his emphasis on

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Mahavira had preached about men and women equality. The Svetambaras have interpreted Mahavira's teaching as encouraging both sexes to pursue a mendicant, ascetic life with the possibility of

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Anatta .. in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying .. soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self").

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found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works. and downcast eyes in digamber tradition while in Shetamber tradition it is wide open.

4351: 2229:(Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. 1875:

Accounts of Mahavira's nirvana vary among Jain texts, with some describing a simple nirvana and others recounting grandiose celebrations attended by gods and kings. According to the

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Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the

2765: 1926:). Artworks in Jain temples and texts depict his final liberation and cremation, sometimes shown symbolically as a small pyre of sandalwood and a piece of burning camphor. 2498:

A historically contentious view in Jainism is partially attributed to Mahavira and his ascetic life; he did not wear clothing, as a sign of renunciation (the fifth vow,

997:. They were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. Mahavira abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an 3481:

their own books contain clear refutation of the statement that Mahavira had married. In the Samavayanga Sutra (Hyderabad edition) it is definitely stated that nineteen

2745:). Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so-called deities that are famous in the world, and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes, adore your doctrine. 2683:(the current time cycle). During Mahavir JanmaKalyanak, the five auspicious events of Mahavira's life are re-enacted. Diwali commemorates the anniversary of Mahavira's 1267:

uses the name "Kundagrama", said to be located in present-day Bihar, India. Although it is thought to be the town of Basu Kund, about 60 kilometres (37 miles) north of

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that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism.

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at the same time that Hindus celebrate it. His chief disciple, Gautama, is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.

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The Jain Śvētāmbara tradition believes that Mahavira's nirvana occurred in 527 BCE, and the Digambara tradition holds that date of 468 BCE. In both traditions, his

5381: 4007:, p. 106:"The Barli inscription, which was placed by Ojha in fifth century B.C., can really be assigned to the first century B.C., on paleographic grounds." 6130: 2930:

century CE. According to John Cort, the earliest archaeological evidence of Jina iconography with inscriptions precedes its datable texts by over 250 years.

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on the bank of the River Rijubalika near Jrimbhikagrama at age 43 after twelve years of rigorous penance. The details of the event are described in the Jain

5042: 4693:, pp. 29–31, 205–206: "At the end of almost thirty years of preaching, he died in the chancellory of King Hastipala of Pavapuri and attained Nirvana.". 2464:, rejecting the extremes of "it is" or "it is not"; Mahavira accepted both "it is" and "it is not", with reconciliation and the qualification of "perhaps". 5250: 2371:, souls who are liberated from rebirth. Enlightenment, to Mahavira, is the consequence of self awareness, self-cultivation and restraint from materialism. 2957: 6385:

Chakravarthi, Ram-Prasad (2003), "Non-violence and the other A composite theory of multiplism, heterology and heteronomy drawn from Jainism and Gandhi",

3006: 2983: 2776:(ranked 53rd). According to Pantheon's 2024 Historical Popularity Index (HPI), Mahavira is ranked 19th among the most famous Indian people of all time. 6056: 3113: 3053: 2460:(in which he is called Nigantha Nātaputta), and is a key difference between the teachings of Mahavira and those of the Buddha. The Buddha taught the 7572: 3273: 3078: 3287: 2881:

has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Mahavira's lion emblem is usually carved below his legs. Like all

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O Lord Jina! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence (

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Many images of Mahavira have been dated to the 12th century and earlier; an ancient sculpture was found in a cave in Sundarajapuram,

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are believed to have remembered and to have verbally transmitted Mahavira's teachings after his death. His teachings became known as

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BCE is accurate; the Buddha was younger than Mahavira and "might have attained nirvana a few years later". The place of his nirvana,

10186: 8036: 3724: 3022: 2408:). This process ultimately leads to the direct experience of the soul in a state of pure awareness, destroying karmic attachments. 10557: 2591:

also espoused it. Mahavira is placed in Parshvanatha's lineage as his spiritual successor and ultimate leader of shraman sangha.

10482: 9188: 4360:, pp. 99, Quote: "According to the Digambara sect, Mahavira did not marry, while the Svetambaras hold a contrary belief.". 3136: 5382:

https://archive.org/details/oEvU_samaya-sara-of-acharya-kundkund-with-vijay-k.-jain-vikalap-printers-dehradun/page/n8/mode/1up

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Mahavira taught that the soul exists. There is no soul (or self) in Buddhism, and its teachings are based on the concept of

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Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history, the

7783: 6852: 5447: 6807:, The Sacred Books of the East, vol. XXII, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House (original: Oxford University Press) 2926:-era artwork. Differences in Mahavira's depiction between the Digambara and Svetambara traditions appear in the late 5th 2130:(chief disciple). The canonical scriptures are in twelve parts. Mahavira's teachings were gradually lost after about 300 10532: 10512: 7240: 6446: 1709:

expands it to all-knowing, and describes his other qualities. Jains believe that Mahavira had a most auspicious body (

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lived as householders, that is, all the twenty-four excepting Shri Mahavira, Parashva, Nemi, Mallinath and Vaspujya."

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Kshatriyakund (the place of Mahavira's birth) is traditionally believed to be near Vaishali, an ancient town on the

1001:. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained 2411:

In Jainism, this knowledge is considered the foundation for developing right belief (samyak darshan) and attaining

2257:(chastity): Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures for monks, and faithfulness to one's partner for householders 9652: 4793: 2186: 1825: 713: 9237: 5030: 1527:. These events, illustrated in a number of Jain temples, play a part in modern Jain temple rituals. Although the 9292: 7005:

Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation

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Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him; each

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because he remained steadfast in the midst of dangers, fears, hardships and calamities. He is also known as a

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Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (

3183:, for example, is a hilly part of southern Bihar, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 2701: 1733:

is believed to have been their leader, and the others included Agnibhuti, Vayubhuti, Akampita, Arya Vyakta,

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Mahavira preached that the nature of existence is cyclic, and the soul is reborn after death in one of the

2073: 1546: 6802: 3302: 8974: 8933: 3192: 2975: 2220:(vows) which ascetics and householders must observe. These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira: 1243:

It is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India. According to the

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during the rainy season of the forty-first year of his ascetic life, which is traditionally dated to 491

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Historically, Mahavira, who revived and preached Jainism in ancient India, was an older contemporary of

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Jain texts document eleven Brahmanas as Mahavira's first disciples, traditionally known as the eleven

10131: 9717: 9287: 8888: 8262: 7726: 7661:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 6769: 3216: 2713: 1213:("the one who grows") because of the kingdom's prosperity at the time of his birth. According to the 1014: 748: 666: 638: 31: 5496: 2346:(the effects of one's actions). Karma, in Jainism, includes actions and intent; it colors the soul ( 2006:

recounts nearly all the events of Mahavira's life in a form convenient for memorisation. Jinasena's

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are a part of the same cycle of birth and death. The goal of spiritual practice is to liberate the

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It is uncertain when Mahavira was born and when he died. One view is that Mahavira was born in 540

1137: 1103:, and is dated from between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as 994: 881: 284: 17: 9815: 8242: 2737: 2534: 2338: 1944: 1383: 467: 10567: 10031: 10011: 9701: 9393: 9106: 8726: 8022: 7776: 6496: 3427: 2456: 2359:

and existence has neither beginning nor end. Deities and demons however exist in Jainism , whose

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Mahavira is erroneously called the founder of Jainism, but Jains believe that the 23 previous

1399: 10492: 9489: 9183: 8954: 8822: 8731: 7632: 7374: 3013: 2835:); and resolved to bring about the unity of the community. For the duration of the year four 1813: 1253: 925: 215: 7070:Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra: The Jewel-casket of Householder's Conduct 2161:

restored, compiled, and wrote down the teachings of Mahavira which were the subjects of the

1298:, which can be interpreted as "dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year", 84 years after the 9875: 9168: 9132: 8918: 8913: 8883: 8868: 8848: 8817: 8788: 7971: 6420: 3208: 2145: 1969: 1881: 9531: 8363: 2820: 1868:. His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as 1365: 121: 113: 8: 10221: 10161: 9935: 9509: 9433: 9267: 9173: 9052: 9015: 8989: 8928: 8878: 8438: 8306: 6348: 3375: 3232: 2780: 2487: 2012: 1997: 1602: 1493: 1474: 1308: 1291: 831: 382: 10096: 9830: 9356: 2869:

Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a

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Rebirth and realms of existence are fundamental teachings of Mahavira. According to the

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external aspects of existence such as body, thoughts, emotions, and karmic influences.

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was the last ascetic with partial knowledge of the original canon. Later, some learned

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accounts of Mahavira's birth legends are recited by Svetambara Jains during the annual

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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Mahavira grew up as a prince. According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text

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represents Mahavira as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the

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has a graphic description of his hardships and self-mortification. According to the

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by Jain monks, are believed to have been largely lost by about the 1st century CE.

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BCE. His birth date falls on the thirteenth day of the rising moon in the month of

1451: 1378: 1122: 1025: 1009: 918: 841: 826: 816: 720: 447: 432: 427: 422: 346: 270: 266: 236: 188: 9910: 2233:, Jainism's first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought. 1537:

festival, the same festival is observed by the Digambaras without the recitation.

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Colonial-era Indologists considered Jainism (and Mahavira's followers) a sect of

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Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara

6398: 3765:"Mahavir Jayanti | What, When, Why & How To Celebrate Mahavir Swami Jayanti" 2870: 10356: 10306: 10296: 9945: 9840: 9722: 9665: 9635: 9504: 9277: 9086: 8984: 8959: 8773: 8690: 8660: 8594: 8528: 8496: 8483: 8478: 8423: 8289: 8284: 8143: 8128: 8058: 7877: 7857: 7792: 7309: 6816: 6732: 3358: 3265: 3196: 3069: 2934: 2923: 2540: 2404:), and later become aware of the existence and true nature of the soul itself ( 2286: 2002: 1891: 1886: 1755: 1688: 1498: 1347: 1089: 755: 741: 727: 706: 571: 517: 457: 412: 232: 164: 10341: 9526: 9457: 8523: 3458:

This mythology has similarities with those found in the mythical texts of the

2941:. K. Ajithadoss, a Jain scholar in Chennai, dated it to the 9th century. 2285:(which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering). According to 2057: 1989: 1980: 1621: 1407: 1202: 734: 10466: 9805: 9778: 9641: 9628: 9615: 9569: 9514: 9127: 8979: 8964: 8630: 8396: 8003: 7986: 7862: 7837: 7827: 7500: 7190:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

7091: 7060: 7025: 6959: 6844: 6828: 6580: 6334: 5941: 3062: 2990: 2356: 2115: 1705: 1458: 1235: 1118: 986: 601: 566: 531: 372: 334: 30:

This article is about the 24th tirthankara of Jainism. For other topics, see

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Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience

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Mahavira is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that

2018: 1714: 1684: 1662: 1550: 1478: 1248: 1064: 1052: 1003: 978: 876: 606: 576: 437: 407: 174: 103: 9371: 8227: 7164:

Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998), Ganeri, Jonardon; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.),

6742:

Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices

5275: 4261:, pp. 320, note: Indra is referred to as Sakra in some Indian texts.. 2639:, Mahavira may be considered a reformer of an existing Jain sect known as 1625:, Mahavira spent the first forty-two monsoons of his life in Astikagrama, 974:(Supreme Preacher) of Jainism. He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd 963: 953: 134: 62:

Pratima of Shri Mahavir Swami at Shri Mahavir Ji temple, Kurauli Rajasthan

10431: 10321: 10301: 10071: 9895: 9855: 9845: 9647: 9462: 9346: 9076: 8650: 8518: 8349: 8334: 8316: 8296: 8279: 8133: 8066: 7922: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7867: 7852: 7847: 7818: 7589: 7332: 6759: 6631: 3459: 3294: 3220: 3160: 2967: 2899: 2653:, which can be interpreted as "dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year". 2599: 2567: 2468: 2416: 2281:

covers all living beings, and injuring any being in any form creates bad

2109: 1912: 1784: 1612: 1561: 1455: 1223: 1096: 1085: 970: 866: 762: 648: 596: 452: 117: 48: 10266: 6724: 4004: 1845: 10381: 10361: 10271: 10226: 10201: 10141: 10136: 10086: 10006: 9980: 9915: 9741: 9694: 9499: 9447: 9081: 9057: 8718: 8566: 8433: 8428: 8386: 8247: 8167: 7993: 7917: 7832: 4801: 3204: 3168: 3105: 2998: 2948: 2938: 2769: 2461: 2389: 2385: 2261: 1960:. Jain texts describe Mahavira's 26 births before his incarnation as a 1957: 1917: 1850: 1830: 1737:, Manditaputra, Mauryaputra, Acalabhraataa, Metraya, and Prabhasa. The 1626: 1533: 1524: 1129: 1058: 998: 949: 798: 793: 643: 633: 628: 536: 507: 462: 9671: 8680: 8014: 7533:(First paperback edition, 2014 ed.), Cambridge University Press, 7318:, vol. X: Jain Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 7214:

Kalpa Sutra (by Jerome Bauer) in South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia

7147:

Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues

1775:(female lay followers). Jain tradition mentions Srenika and Kunika of 362: 10406: 10241: 10066: 10041: 9960: 9920: 9905: 9860: 9658: 9452: 9022: 8685: 8640: 8609: 8561: 8546: 8301: 8271: 8094: 8071: 7976: 7932: 7927: 7882: 6293: 5782: 3380: 3128: 3101: 2887: 2825: 2607:

was already an established, strictly observed rule. The followers of

2237: 2154: 2126: 1807: 1796: 1780: 1734: 1646: 1638: 1577: 1519: 1435: 1324:

century BCE. According to Jain tradition, the traditional date of 527

1244: 871: 861: 836: 671: 623: 502: 244: 9406: 9222: 6660:, vol. XII, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 5917: 5623: 5621: 5146: 5144: 2898:

Mahavira's earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the

1152:

Surviving early Jain and Buddhist literature uses several names (or

10401: 10291: 10231: 10181: 10176: 10021: 10016: 9940: 9890: 9825: 9820: 9574: 9411: 9208: 9096: 9091: 8604: 8578: 8311: 7966: 7912: 7194: 6563: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 4034: 3811: 3809: 3333: 3251: 3180: 3164: 3124: 2486:

doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as "promot a universal

2352:), affecting how, where, and as what a soul is reborn after death. 2092: 2045: 1934:

Mahavira's previous births are recounted in Jain texts such as the

1876: 1861: 1834: 1817:). Chandana is believed to be the leader of female monastic order. 1642: 1584:, who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98 1447: 1443: 1421: 1329: 990: 901: 290: 258: 10411: 7211:

Mills, Margaret A.; Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah, eds. (2003),

4264: 2048: 1568:. According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four 1556:

Jain texts portray Mahavira as tall; his height was given as four

1376:-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a 10421: 10416: 10396: 10336: 10326: 10316: 10256: 10206: 10196: 10121: 10111: 10101: 10046: 9880: 9760: 9484: 9361: 9336: 9272: 8445: 8221: 8216: 8187: 8050: 7761: 7748:

Ancient Indian Inscriptions: Recent Finds and New Interpretations

7090:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7059:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7024:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6840: 6827:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6793: 6344: 6265:

Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories

6029: 5874: 5618: 5363: 5141: 4908: 4906: 3974: 3877: 3875: 3511: 3045: 2994: 2903: 2824:

sects assembled on the same platform, agreed upon a common flag (

2628: 2476: 2318:

To Mahavira, the metaphysical nature of the universe consists of

2135: 1965: 1900: 1857: 1788: 1761: 1672: 1469: 1299: 1287: 1196: 1153: 1141: 1109: 1100: 1013:(liberation) in the 6th century BCE, although the year varies by 354: 262: 93: 10146: 7641:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House (Reprinted 1999), 6469:

Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History

5959:

https://www.dhammabharat.com/famous-personalities-of-india-2024/

5898: 5814: 5386: 5327: 4852: 4816: 4550: 4526: 4276: 4087: 3806: 3725:"Lakshmi Puja Timings for Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands" 2506:) could achieve the spiritual liberation like a male mendicant ( 1899:

are left behind; the rest of the body dissolves in the air like

228: 10426: 10376: 10366: 10261: 10246: 10166: 10156: 10116: 10056: 10051: 10036: 10001: 9950: 9870: 9536: 9366: 9307: 9101: 8599: 8339: 8206: 8172: 7805: 6559:

Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia

6519:

Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History

6110: 6005: 5918:"The 100: A ranking of the most influential persons in history" 5657: 5528: 4725: 4723: 4591: 4589: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4143: 3595: 2798:

An event associated with the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's

2773: 2724: 2690: 2645:(fetter-less) which was mentioned in early Buddhist texts. The 2368: 2312: 2308: 2245: 2100:(non-violence) is greater than that in other Indian religions. 2097: 1920:

stands at the place where he is said to have attained nirvana (

1792: 1606:

Tirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as alms

1217:, he was called Mahavira ("the great hero") by the gods in the 1046: 783: 442: 129: 6437:

Collins, Steven (1994), Reynolds, Frank; Tracy, David (eds.),

5606: 4903: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4387: 4375: 4182: 4022: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3872: 3405:) period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" ( 2467:

The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahavira's approach to answering

2134:

BCE, according to Jain tradition, when a severe famine in the

10441: 10436: 10346: 10216: 10171: 10081: 9885: 9835: 9784: 9765: 9341: 9302: 8736: 8713: 8182: 7998: 5886: 5596: 5594: 5545: 5543: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5129: 4957: 4740: 4738: 4399: 4363: 4211: 4209: 3922: 3583: 2766:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

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Two major annual Jain festivals associated with Mahavira are

2553: 2348: 2328: 2249:(non-stealing): Not "taking anything that has not been given" 2217: 2052: 1984: 1865: 1838: 1557: 1510: 1502:) in a heavenly realm just before his last birth as the 24th 1316:

BCE (with Mahavira's nirvana). The 12th-century Jain scholar

1268: 1209:

According to later Jain texts, Mahavira's childhood name was

1182: 1040: 240: 8046: 7701:

History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature

6677:

Theology of Religions: A Sourcebook for Interreligious Study

6539:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

5645: 5442: 5057: 4930: 4893: 4891: 4774: 4762: 4720: 4586: 4509: 4194: 3962: 3860: 2204: 1895:

of Digambara tradition says that only the nails and hair of

1427:

Mahavira, Kshatriyakund (birthplace in Śvetāmbara tradition)

1306:

A firmly-established part of the Jain tradition is that the

1239:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira

981:. Mahavira was born in the early 6th century BCE to a royal 10446: 10211: 10191: 9297: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5674: 5672: 5516: 5504: 5419: 4750: 4672: 4655: 4621: 4619: 4574: 4473: 4411: 3887: 3444: 2839:, a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the 2741:) reigns supreme even in this strife-ridden spoke of time ( 1907: 1194:(derived from "Vedas", but meaning "wise"). He is known as 982: 146: 7615:

Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence

6492:

Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India

5838: 5810:. Meerut: Kusumanjali Prakashan. pp. 83, 84, 85, 103. 5724:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 15. 5684: 5591: 5540: 5475:"Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life" 5407: 5180: 5105: 4735: 4315: 4206: 3838: 3836: 3409:). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" ( 2454:

doctrine is also summarized in Buddhist texts such as the

2190:, among the oldest-known Digambara texts, on palm leaves. 57: 6725:

Swarajya Prakash Gupta; K. S. Ramachandran, eds. (1979).

6607:

Dowling, Elizabeth M.; Scarlett, W. George, eds. (2006),

6076: 6074: 5339: 4888: 4876: 4840: 4828: 4562: 4538: 4063: 4010: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 7658:

Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects

6086: 5696: 5669: 5633: 5351: 5069: 4947: 4945: 4616: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4240: 4053: 4051: 4049: 3681: 3679: 2673:, Jains celebrate Mahavira's birth as the 24th and last 2367:

from its karmic accumulation and enter the realm of the

2180:

and Bhutabali as they wrote down the teachings. The two

1290:

language which was inscribed in 443 BCE (year 84 of the

7272:

Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE

6413:

Chapelle, Christopher (2011), Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.),

5555: 5218: 5216: 5156: 4708: 4463: 4461: 4293: 4291: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 3848: 3833: 3779: 1509:

Jain texts state that after Mahavira was born, the god

6697:

Brāhmī Script: An Invention of the Early Maurya Period

6098: 6071: 6017: 5850: 5579: 5567: 5303: 5093: 4969: 4131: 3941: 3796: 3794: 3747: 3745: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 1849:

The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at

1332:

in present-day Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Jains.

7423:, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6861:

Jain, Hiralal; Jain, Dharmachandra (1 January 2002),

6203: 6179: 6167: 6131:"Ancient Mahavira sculpture found in cave near Theni" 5862: 5201: 4942: 4696: 4631: 4606: 4604: 4446: 4423: 4075: 4046: 3821: 3676: 3619: 3203:

century. Important Mahavira temple complexes include

3028:

Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj

2055:

in 853 CE , which narrates the life of Mahavira. The

1683:

According to traditional accounts, Mahavira achieved

1007:(omniscience). He preached for 30 years and attained 7618:(2 ed.), Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6215: 6191: 5993: 5722:

A comprehensive history of Jainism, 1 (2nd rev. ed.)

5315: 5213: 5117: 5081: 4918: 4864: 4497: 4458: 4339: 4327: 4288: 4221: 4005:

Swarajya Prakash Gupta & K. S. Ramachandran 1979

3631: 3329: 2779:

Mahavira's teachings were influential. According to

7252:

Contemporary Approaches to Value Education in India

6610:

Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development

6556:Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002), 6365:Charitrapragya, Samani (2004), Sethia, Tara (ed.), 6155: 5168: 3791: 3742: 3655: 3643: 3556: 2475:). A version of this doctrine is also found in the 7312:(2007), Dalsukh Malvania and Jayendra Soni (ed.), 6981: 6938: 6918: 6438: 4858: 4643: 4601: 4532: 4303: 4149: 4040: 3986: 3980: 3815: 3601: 2528: 7210: 6834: 5904: 4485: 4282: 4258: 3607: 3476:acknowledge that nineteen out of the twenty-four 2594:Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira. 2471:, philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" ( 2071:is a collection of Mahavira's teachings, and the 10464: 7571:(1 ed.), New Delhi: Publications Division, 6811: 6416:The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence 6289:Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism 4381: 3723:LLP, Adarsh Mobile Applications (20 July 2024). 3439:The Adipurana By Acharya Jinasena mentions that 2753:is a 64-verse poem which also praises Mahavira. 1454:. The Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by the First 326:Priyadarshana, also known as Anojja (Śvetāmbara) 7546: 7436: 7107:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6979: 6847:: Achārya Shāntisāgar Chani Smriti Granthmala, 6606: 6555: 6116: 6011: 5820: 4405: 4393: 4369: 4357: 4188: 3968: 3881: 3589: 2502:). It was disputed whether a female mendicant ( 1795:as his royal followers. Mahavira initiated his 7066: 6888:Mahavira, his times and his philosophy of life 6711:, vol. 3, Atlantic Publishers & Dis, 6364: 5401: 5333: 4580: 4107:"Tirthankara | Definition, Names, & Facts" 2631:archaeological site have been dated to the 1st 2241:(truthfulness): Applies to oneself and others. 9238: 8030: 7777: 7631: 7499: 7459: 7416: 7183: 7031: 7001: 6958: 6329: 6035: 5892: 5880: 5627: 5612: 5063: 4963: 4936: 4780: 4756: 4729: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4595: 4556: 4520: 4479: 4417: 4200: 4093: 3898: 3866: 2311:(non-self). Mahavira taught that the soul is 1687:(omniscience, or infinite knowledge) under a 1354:have appeared on earth; Mahavira is the last 926: 7479: 6384: 5835:, pp. 25–32, 120–122, 166–171, 189–192. 5436: 5434: 5425: 5135: 5024: 5022: 5020: 3187:preached, along with Rishabha. According to 3119:16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in 2689:, and is celebrated at the same time as the 2277:is the supreme moral virtue. He taught that 1952:is reckoned from the time he determines the 1464:According to Jains, Mahavira was born in 599 1434:Tirthankara Mahavira was born into a royal 7744: 7483:Asian Perspectives on the World's Religions 7331: 6899:Jain, Jyotindra; Fischer, Eberhard (1978), 6898: 6880: 6285: 5844: 5534: 4882: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4798:Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation 4768: 4568: 4544: 4321: 4069: 3703:Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation 3534:A special symbol that marks the chest of a 2315:(substantial), eternal, and yet temporary. 9245: 9231: 8037: 8023: 7784: 7770: 7731:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 7694: 6801:Jacobi, Hermann (1964), Max Muller (ed.), 6704: 5762:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5719: 5031:"Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism" 4912: 4897: 4215: 4099: 1916:(the home of liberated souls). Mahavira's 1889:arrived to perform his funeral rites. The 933: 919: 56: 7233:Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy 7231:Nagel, Bruno (2000), Perrett, Roy (ed.), 5431: 5017: 3911:Chaudhary, Pranava K. (14 October 2003). 3910: 3084:Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century ( 2649:dating back to 443 BCE contains the line 2289:, Mahavira was the greatest authority on 2038:, or sections, (74–76) and 1,818 verses. 1964:. According to the texts, he was born as 7704:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 7638:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation 7573:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 7526: 7268: 7193:, vol. One: A–B (Second ed.), 7150:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6945:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6925:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6860: 6412: 6371:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, 6261: 5750:Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition 5747: 5651: 5162: 5111: 4270: 4161: 4137: 2864: 2700: 2203: 2034:, Mahavira's life is described in three 1979: 1844: 1824: 1717:and delivered sermons to his followers. 1666: 1601: 1576:were believed to have been taller, with 1234: 1080:. Mahavira's teachings were compiled by 8044: 7403:(2nd ed.), New Age International, 7400:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 7373: 7163: 7143: 6988:, Bhopal (M.P.): Jnanodaya Vidyapeeth, 6785: 6657:Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian 6579: 6436: 5522: 5510: 5309: 5233: 5231: 4975: 4744: 3956: 3685: 3625: 3413:); ava- means "down" and ut- means up." 2693:. Diwali marks the New Year for Jains. 14: 10465: 7717: 7588: 7566: 7550:A dictionary of philosophy of Religion 7480:Sharma, Arvind; Khanna, Madhu (2013), 7466:, State University of New York Press, 7356: 7308: 7288: 7170:, State University of New York Press, 6800: 6738: 6693: 6673: 6653: 6630: 6309: 6185: 6023: 5868: 5856: 5743: 5741: 5707: 5690: 5663: 5639: 5600: 5573: 5549: 5413: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5207: 5195: 5150: 4870: 4714: 4702: 4637: 4503: 4452: 4440: 4345: 4297: 4246: 4234: 4081: 4057: 4016: 3992: 3854: 3842: 3827: 3785: 3670: 3649: 3637: 3577: 2120:Mahavira's teachings were compiled by 1703:describes Mahavira as all-seeing. The 1629:, Prstichampa, Vaishali, Vanijagrama, 1230: 9252: 9226: 8018: 7765: 7674: 7611: 7443:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography 7248: 7230: 7097: 6758: 6535: 6237: 6209: 6173: 5999: 5805: 5321: 5288:from the original on 10 December 2015 5222: 5174: 5123: 5045:from the original on 31 December 2014 5005:from the original on 5 September 2015 4951: 4625: 4610: 4467: 4333: 3800: 3751: 3613: 2574:, the "realm of the perfected ones". 2479:school of ancient Indian philosophy. 2065:, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. 1820: 1811:(recitations) and a set of lectures ( 1805:(Five Vows). He delivered fifty-five 1147: 7654: 7120: 6512: 6485: 6462: 6221: 6197: 6161: 6128: 6104: 6092: 6080: 5832: 5678: 5585: 5561: 5441:Webb, Mark Owen (14 November 2003). 5440: 5243:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences 5228: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5035:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences 4924: 4649: 4309: 4119:from the original on 15 October 2013 4028: 3929:from the original on 3 November 2017 3716: 3040:Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in 2764:ranked him 100th in his 1978 book, “ 2615:; this obligation was part of their 1940:Tri-shashti-shalaka-purusha-charitra 1856:According to Jain texts, Mahavira's 1513:came from the heavens along with 56 1481:. It falls in March or April of the 7595:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature 7396: 7315:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 6705:Gupta, K. R.; Gupta, Amita (2006), 5776: 5738: 5448:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4491: 3722: 3320:Meguti Jain temple, 5th—6th century 2705:Mahavira worship in a manuscript c. 2355:According to Mahavira, there is no 1637:, Bhadrika, Alabhika, Panitabhumi, 1549:, his parents were lay devotees of 24: 10543:5th-century BC Indian philosophers 10523:6th-century BC Indian philosophers 7791: 7383:(5 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, 6964:Uttarapurāṇa of Āchārya Guṇabhadra 6447:State University of New York Press 6049:"Jainism: Jinas and Other Deities" 4168:(in Hindi). Bhāratīya Jñānapītha. 3142:Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the 3012:Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in 2989:Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in 2951:pose wearing crown and ornaments. 2061:is a collection of biographies of 1929: 1771:(male lay followers), and 318,000 1517:, anointed him, and performed his 1136:every year on the 13th day of the 25: 10579: 7757: 7104:Collected Papers on Jaina Studies 6864:Jaina Tradition in Indian Thought 6143:from the original on 22 July 2016 5485:from the original on 16 June 2006 3370:Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence 2727:(songs) adore Mahavira. One such 2651:Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase 2570:) are not reborn; they enter the 2022:) was completed by his disciple, 1679:, the highest level of meditation 1615:, and discarded his clothes. The 1335: 1296:Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase 9207: 8045: 7420:Jainism: The World of Conquerors 7187:; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010), 7085: 7054: 7019: 6822: 6122: 6059:from the original on 26 May 2017 6041: 5948: 5910: 5799: 5770: 5713: 5467: 5455:from the original on 28 May 2010 5375: 5268: 5253:from the original on 16 May 2018 5028: 4987: 4981: 3913:"Row over Mahavira's birthplace" 3528: 3518: 3501: 3383:(city named after Mahaviraswami) 3332: 3313: 3301: 3286: 3272: 3258: 3243: 3135: 3112: 3093: 3077: 3052: 3033: 3021: 3005: 2982: 2956: 2888:Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition 2435:Mahavira taught the doctrine of 1860:(death) occurred in the town of 1759:(male ascetic devotees), 36,000 1485:, and is celebrated by Jains as 1420: 1405:The birth of Mahavira, from the 1398: 900: 361: 7167:The Character of Logic in India 7144:Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990), 6586:Encyclopedia of World Religions 5720:Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000). 4786: 4283:Mills, Claus & Diamond 2003 4259:Mills, Claus & Diamond 2003 4155: 3904: 3757: 3691: 3488: 3465: 3452: 3433: 3416: 3395: 2529:Rebirth and realms of existence 2422: 2216:The Jain Agamas enumerate five 2148:. According to the Digambaras, 1910:(soul) is believed to abide in 1591: 1113:(salvation) and also his first 10558:People from the Vajjika League 9585:Progressive utilization theory 9143:List of Digambar Jain ascetics 7397:Sen, Shailendra Nath (1999) , 7363:The Cambridge History of India 7295:, Concept Publishing Company, 6708:Concise Encyclopaedia of India 6640:(Second ed.), Routledge, 6368:Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jaininsm 6129:Saju, M. T. (3 October 2015). 4794:"Destinations : Pawapuri" 3280:Jain Center of Greater Phoenix 2860: 2374: 1656: 1645:. He is said to have lived in 1382:, a passage across the sea of 1020:Mahavira taught attainment of 120:of the ascending next half of 13: 1: 10483:Indian Jain religious leaders 7655:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995), 6441:Religion and Practical Reason 6313:Let's Know Festivals of India 5239:"Great Men's view on Jainism" 3545: 1540: 1206:, "devoid of love and hate". 207: 10553:6th-century BC Indian people 10488:Indian nonviolence advocates 7567:Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) , 7530:Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk 6939:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), 6919:Jain, Kailash Chand (1972), 6867:, Sharada Publishing House, 6310:Bhalla, Kartar Sing (2005), 6241:The Story of World Religions 5934:10.1016/0007-6813(80)90119-6 5808:A history of Indian Buddhism 5781:. London and New York City: 5495:Translated from the Pali by 3550: 3068:and Mahavira, 11th century ( 2756: 2656: 2342:(transmigration) because of 2193: 2080: 1720: 1084:(his chief disciple) as the 7: 10538:5th-century BC Indian monks 10528:5th-century BC Indian Jains 10518:6th-century BC Indian monks 10508:6th-century BC Indian Jains 8228: 7275:, Oxford University Press, 6942:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times 6835:Jain, Gokulchandra (2015), 6728:The Origin of Brahmi script 6522:, Oxford University Press, 6399:10.1080/0969725032000154359 6286:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2015), 4189:Dowling & Scarlett 2006 3882:Taliaferro & Marty 2010 3590:Davidson & Gitlitz 2002 3422:Trishala was the sister of 3325: 2976:Mahavira Jain temple, Osian 1765:(female ascetics), 159,000 1252:text, Mahavira was born in 964: 954: 742:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara) 518:Aparigraha (non-possession) 135: 27:24th tirthankara of Jainism 10: 10584: 7547:Taliaferro; Marty (2010), 7368:Cambridge University Press 7269:Olivelle, Patrick (2006), 6804:Jaina Sutras (Translation) 6674:Gorski, Eugene F. (2008), 6654:George, Vensus A. (2008), 6270:Cambridge University Press 6246:The Rosen Publishing Group 6230: 6053:Victoria and Albert Museum 5372:, pp. 91–92, 104–105. 5153:, pp. 88–89, 257–258. 4993:"Mahavira | Jaina teacher" 4273:, pp. 397 footnote 4. 4031:, pp. 69–70, 587–588. 3150: 2918:mark on his chest and his 2696: 2635:century BCE. According to 2582: 2532: 2428: 2300: 2197: 2113: 2107: 2084: 1660: 1595: 1339: 1320:placed Mahavira in the 6th 1156:) for Mahavira, including 993:and his father's name was 728:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara) 707:Pravachanasara (Digambara) 29: 10533:5th-century BC Jain monks 10513:6th-century BC Jain monks 9994: 9793: 9593: 9562: 9477: 9392: 9323: 9316: 9260: 9204: 9156: 9120: 9003: 8942: 8906: 8836: 8754: 8747: 8699: 8623: 8587: 8537: 8464: 8379: 8325: 8270: 8261: 8085: 8057: 7957: 7816: 7799: 7751:. Kusumanjali Book World. 7675:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), 7380:Aspects of Jaina religion 7289:Pandey, Janardan (1998), 6980:Jain, Shanti Lal (1998), 6883:Upadhye, Adinath Neminath 6770:New York University Press 5613:Melton & Baumann 2010 5263:Jainism Literature Center 4730:Melton & Baumann 2010 4667:Caillat & Balbir 2008 3217:Kumbharia Mahavira Temple 2577: 2525:, spiritual liberation). 2493: 2482:According to Dundas, the 2332:(inanimate objects). The 2103: 2077:recounts his asceticism. 1675:attaining omniscience in 1088:. The texts, transmitted 330: 322: 312: 300: 277: 252: 199: 194: 180: 170: 160: 152: 142: 128: 109: 99: 89: 67: 55: 45: 40: 32:Mahavira (disambiguation) 9772:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 7527:Sunavala, A. J. (1934), 7446:, Abhinav Publications, 7417:Shah, Natubhai (2004) , 7255:, Regency Publications, 7127:Jainism: An Introduction 6786:Hubbard, Thomas (1807). 6739:Harvey, Graham (2014) , 6700:, Kusumanjali Book World 6694:Goyala, Śrīrāma (2006), 6262:Appleton, Naomi (2014), 5666:, pp. 41–42, 90–93. 5426:Sharma & Khanna 2013 4112:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3699:"Jain Mandir, Kundalpur" 3494:Not to be confused with 3388: 3308:Jain temple in Tirumalai 3086:Seattle Asian Art Museum 2885:, he is depicted with a 2719:praises the twenty-four 1975: 1580:or Aristanemi —the 22nd 1389: 1121:is observed by Jains as 1028:through the practice of 989:. His mother's name was 882:Parasparopagraho Jivanam 735:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara) 525:Anuvratas (further vows) 9702:Samkhyapravachana Sutra 9107:Jain terms and concepts 8727:Digambar Jain Mahasabha 7598:, Bloomsbury Academic, 7575:, Government of India, 7460:Sharma, Arvind (1994), 7438:Shah, Umakant Premanand 7292:Gandhi and 21st Century 7067:Jain, Vijay K. (2016). 7032:Jain, Vijay K. (2015), 7002:Jain, Vijay K. (2012), 6497:Oxford University Press 5806:Goyal, Śrīrāma (1987). 5785:. pp. 14, 19, 30. 5748:Tähtinen, Unto (1976). 5281:Encyclopædia Britannica 4998:Encyclopædia Britannica 4989:Shah, Umakant Premanand 4883:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4859:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 4847:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4835:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4823:Jain & Fischer 1978 4569:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4545:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4533:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 4322:Jain & Fischer 1978 4150:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 4070:Jain & Upadhye 2000 4041:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 3981:Kailash Chand Jain 1972 3816:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 3602:Kailash Chand Jain 1991 3250:Dharmachakra temple in 2296: 2173:century CE, guided the 1186:, he is referred to as 491:Mahavratas (major vows) 9438:Early Buddhist schools 7633:von Glasenapp, Helmuth 7569:Jaina Shrines in India 7375:Sangave, Vilas Adinath 6922:Malwa Through The Ages 6536:Dalal, Roshen (2010), 5905:Gokulchandra Jain 2015 5779:The Jains (Second ed.) 5777:Dundas, Paul (2002) . 5752:. London. p. 132. 4216:Gupta & Gupta 2006 3462:tradition of Hinduism. 3237:Jain temple, Kundalpur 3229:Bhandavapur Jain Tirth 3225:Muchhal Mahavir Temple 3100:Relief of Mahavira in 2910:century BCE to the 2nd 2874: 2858: 2796: 2747: 2710: 2671:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 2663:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 2619:(Fourfold Restraint). 2510:) through asceticism. 2213: 1994: 1972:) in a previous life. 1853: 1842: 1753:, Mahavira had 14,000 1680: 1607: 1487:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 1384:birth-and-death cycles 1258:Kingdom of the Videhas 1240: 1134:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 1105:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 1068:(many-sided reality): 962:(Devanagari: वर्धमान, 789:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 700:Samayasāra (Digambara) 513:Brahmacarya (chastity) 185:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak 9138:List of Jain ascetics 8943:Dynasties and empires 8732:Vishwa Jain Sangathan 7728:Philosophies Of India 7678:The A to Z of Jainism 7249:Nanda, R. T. (1997), 6966:, Bhartiya Jnanpith, 6796:: Hindoostanee Press. 6421:John Wiley & Sons 6316:, Star Publications, 6238:Adams, Simon (2011), 4825:, pp. 14, 29–30. 4382:Champat Rai Jain 1939 3014:Kalugumalai Jain Beds 2868: 2804: 2785: 2733: 2704: 2207: 2169:Dharasena, in the 1st 2146:palm-leaf manuscripts 1983: 1848: 1828: 1814:Uttaraadhyayana-sutra 1670: 1605: 1294:), contains the line 1238: 508:Asteya (non-stealing) 498:Ahiṃsā (non-violence) 318:Unmarried (Digambara) 9876:Brihadratha Ikshvaku 9713:Sarvadarsanasangraha 9490:Acintya bheda abheda 9133:List of Jain temples 7972:Bharata Chakravartin 7745:S. R. Goyal (2005). 7612:Titze, Kurt (1998), 7052:on 16 September 2015 6837:Samantabhadrabhāratī 6117:Umakant P. Shah 1987 6012:Umakant P. Shah 1987 5956:www.dhammabharat.com 5821:Umakant P. Shah 1987 5163:Jain & Jain 2002 4406:Umakant P. Shah 1987 4394:Umakant P. Shah 1987 4370:Shanti Lal Jain 1998 4358:Umakant P. Shah 1987 3969:Umakant P. Shah 1987 3209:Trilokyanatha Temple 2906:, dated from the 1st 2010:(which includes the 1970:Bharata Chakravartin 1779:(popularly known as 1711:paramaudārika śarīra 1180:. In early Buddhist 667:Schools and Branches 316:Yashoda (Śvetāmbara) 136:Śrī Mahāvīrāya Namaḥ 9936:Dayananda Saraswati 9510:Nimbarka Sampradaya 9434:Buddhist philosophy 9214:Religion portal 9148:Topics List (index) 8439:Mahamastakabhisheka 7681:, Scarecrow Press, 7099:Jaini, Padmanabh S. 7073:. Vikalp Printers. 7038:, Vikalp Printers, 7008:, Vikalp Printers, 6818:The Change of Heart 6789:Asiatick Researches 6349:Motilal Banarsidass 6095:, pp. 273–275. 6038:, pp. 426–428. 5883:, pp. 164–169. 5693:, pp. 125–128. 5681:, pp. 179–181. 5654:, pp. 263–270. 5630:, pp. 135–138. 5603:, pp. 182–183. 5552:, pp. 232–234. 5537:, pp. 205–218. 5525:, pp. 301–305. 5513:, pp. 128–135. 5416:, pp. 229–231. 5402:Charitrapragya 2004 5334:Charitrapragya 2004 5276:"Anatta | Buddhism" 5198:, pp. 892–894. 5078:, pp. 101–102. 4915:, pp. 408–409. 4747:, pp. 549–550. 4628:, pp. 6–8, 26. 4581:Vijay K. Jain 2016b 4559:, pp. 30, 327. 4096:, pp. 312–313. 4019:, pp. 155–156. 3376:Timeline of Jainism 3233:Dimapur Jain Temple 3175:is one of the five 2922:posture appears in 2843:(Holy Assembly) of 2793:Rabindranath Tagore 2781:Rabindranath Tagore 2488:religious tolerance 1821:Nirvana and moksha 1494:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1475:Vira Nirvana Samvat 1309:Vira Nirvana Samvat 1292:Vira Nirvana Samvat 1278:BCE and died in 443 1231:Historical Mahavira 1148:Names and epithets 907:Religion portal 597:The 24 Tirthankaras 9547:Pashupata Shaivism 9377:Pashupata Shaivism 9112:Sexual differences 7982:Indrabhuti Gautama 7463:Religion and Women 7341:Bhartiya Gyanpeeth 6905:, BRILL Academic, 6893:Bharatiya Jnanpith 6351:Publishing House, 6337:(1 January 2008), 6136:The Times of India 6036:von Glasenapp 1925 5928:(1): 91–92. 1980. 5893:Vijay K. Jain 2015 5881:Vijay K. Jain 2015 5628:Arvind Sharma 1994 5564:, pp. 98–106. 5497:Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu 5348:, pp. 99–103. 5247:Harvard University 5064:Vijay K. Jain 2012 5039:Harvard University 4964:Vijay K. Jain 2012 4937:Vijay K. Jain 2012 4781:von Glasenapp 1925 4757:von Glasenapp 1925 4691:von Glasenapp 1925 4679:Natubhai Shah 2004 4596:Upinder Singh 2016 4557:von Glasenapp 1925 4521:von Glasenapp 1925 4480:von Glasenapp 1925 4418:von Glasenapp 1925 4249:, pp. 21, 26. 4201:Upinder Singh 2016 4094:Upinder Singh 2016 3918:The Times of India 3899:von Glasenapp 1925 3867:Pannalal Jain 2015 3508:Samaññaphala Sutta 3364:History of Jainism 3213:Meguti Jain Temple 2875: 2802:was held in 1974: 2711: 2457:Samaññaphala Sutta 2394:Shrimad Rajchandra 2392:, Yashovijaya and 2390:Acharya Haribhadra 2214: 1995: 1854: 1843: 1833:(water temple) in 1731:Indrabhuti Gautama 1681: 1608: 1523:(consecration) on 1483:Gregorian calendar 1241: 1132:. Jains celebrate 1082:Indrabhuti Gautama 714:Agama (Śvetāmbara) 10548:People from Bihar 10503:Indian Jain monks 10460: 10459: 10312:Pratītyasamutpāda 9473: 9472: 9254:Indian philosophy 9220: 9219: 8902: 8901: 8681:Hampa Nagarajaiah 8574:Auspicious dreams 8502:Bhaktamara Stotra 8375: 8374: 8012: 8011: 7738:978-81-208-0739-6 7711:978-81-208-0265-0 7696:Winternitz, Moriz 7688:978-0-8108-6821-2 7648:978-81-208-1376-2 7625:978-81-208-1534-6 7605:978-1-4411-2278-0 7582:978-81-230-1013-7 7560:978-1-4411-1197-5 7553:, A&C Black, 7540:978-1-107-62386-6 7520:978-93-325-6996-6 7511:Pearson Education 7493:978-0-313-37897-3 7473:978-0-7914-1689-1 7453:978-81-7017-208-6 7430:978-81-208-1938-2 7410:978-81-224-1198-0 7390:978-81-263-1273-3 7350:978-81-263-1480-5 7333:Pramansagar, Muni 7325:978-81-208-3169-8 7282:978-0-19-977507-1 7262:978-81-86030-46-2 7224:978-0-415-93919-5 7204:978-1-59884-204-3 7185:Melton, J. Gordon 7177:978-0-7914-3739-1 7157:978-81-208-0717-4 7137:978-0-8577-3656-7 7114:978-81-208-1691-6 7080:978-81-903639-9-0 7045:978-81-903639-7-6 7015:978-81-903639-4-5 6995:978-81-7628-000-6 6973:978-81-263-1738-7 6952:978-81-208-0805-8 6932:978-81-208-0824-9 6912:978-90-04-05259-8 6902:Jaina Iconography 6813:Jain, Champat Rai 6779:978-0-8147-3650-0 6752:978-1-134-93690-8 6718:978-81-269-0639-0 6687:978-0-8091-4533-1 6680:, Paulist Press, 6667:978-1-56518-248-6 6647:978-0-415-26605-5 6624:978-0-7619-2883-6 6615:SAGE Publications 6600:978-0-87779-044-0 6549:978-0-14-341517-6 6542:, Penguin Books, 6529:978-0-19-538502-1 6506:978-0-19-513234-2 6479:978-0-7914-3785-8 6456:978-0-7914-2217-5 6430:978-1-4443-9573-0 6378:978-81-208-2036-4 6358:978-81-208-3247-3 6303:978-1-317-53853-0 6279:978-1-107-03393-1 6255:978-1-4488-4791-4 6107:, pp. 48–49. 6083:, pp. 15–17. 5981:Missing or empty 5922:Business Horizons 5710:, pp. 30–33. 5642:, pp. 55–59. 5588:, pp. 36–37. 5479:Access to Insight 5443:"Jain Philosophy" 5404:, pp. 75–79. 5360:, pp. 90–99. 5336:, pp. 75–76. 5136:Chakravarthi 2003 5114:, pp. 20–45. 5102:, pp. 26–27. 4771:, pp. 38–39. 4717:, pp. 22–24. 4175:978-81-263-0922-1 4162:Jinasena (2003). 4043:, pp. 84–88. 3857:, pp. 24–25. 3845:, pp. 35–36. 3788:, pp. 25–26. 3430:in ancient India. 3354:Arihant (Jainism) 2772:(ranked 4th) and 2647:Barli Inscription 2611:vowed to observe 2562:who have reached 2535:Saṃsāra (Jainism) 2514:monk's chastity. 2200:Ethics of Jainism 2068:Samavayanga Sutra 2051:poem, written by 1948:, the birth of a 1588:feet) in height. 1452:Licchavi republic 1318:Hemachandracharya 1284:Barli Inscription 958:), also known as 943: 942: 562:Micchami Dukkadam 557:Bhaktamara Stotra 486:Ethics of Jainism 340: 339: 16:(Redirected from 10575: 9966:Satyakama Jabala 9901:Akshapada Gotama 9851:Gārgī Vāchaknavī 9831:Vāchaspati Misra 9689:Nyayakusumanjali 9623:Bhagavata Purana 9580:Radical Humanism 9552:Shaiva Siddhanta 9321: 9320: 9293:Vedic philosophy 9247: 9240: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9212: 9211: 9174:Monks & nuns 9071:Statue of Ahimsa 9028:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi 8752: 8751: 8666:Champat Rai Jain 8509:Tattvartha Sutra 8268: 8267: 8231: 8049: 8039: 8032: 8025: 8016: 8015: 7843:Abhinandananatha 7810:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi 7786: 7779: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7752: 7741: 7723:Campbell, Joseph 7719:Zimmer, Heinrich 7714: 7691: 7671: 7651: 7628: 7608: 7585: 7563: 7543: 7523: 7496: 7476: 7456: 7433: 7413: 7393: 7370: 7353: 7337:Jain Tattvavidya 7328: 7305: 7285: 7265: 7245: 7227: 7207: 7180: 7160: 7140: 7130:, I. B. Tauris, 7122:Long, Jeffery D. 7117: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7048:, archived from 7023: 7022: 7018: 6998: 6987: 6976: 6955: 6935: 6915: 6895: 6877: 6857: 6839:(1st ed.), 6826: 6825: 6821: 6808: 6797: 6782: 6755: 6735: 6721: 6701: 6690: 6670: 6650: 6627: 6603: 6576: 6552: 6532: 6509: 6482: 6459: 6444: 6433: 6409: 6381: 6361: 6331:Caillat, Colette 6326: 6306: 6282: 6258: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5845:S. R. Goyal 2005 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5823:, pp. 9–11. 5818: 5812: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5736: 5735: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5538: 5535:Balcerowicz 2015 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5492: 5490: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5438: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5235: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5139: 5138:, pp. 3–22. 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5029:Shah, Pravin K. 5026: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4800:. Archived from 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4769:Pramansagar 2008 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3473:Champat Rai Jain 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3441:Ikshvaku Dynasty 3437: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3399: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3317: 3305: 3290: 3276: 3262: 3247: 3202: 3139: 3116: 3097: 3081: 3056: 3037: 3025: 3009: 2986: 2960: 2929: 2914:century CE. The 2913: 2909: 2873:is on his chest. 2856: 2794: 2749:Samantabhadra's 2723:, and its eight 2708: 2637:Moriz Winternitz 2634: 2386:Acharya Kundkund 2172: 2142: 2133: 2042:Vardhamacharitra 2030:century. In the 2029: 1829:Lord Mahavira's 1777:Haryanka dynasty 1697:Harivamśa-purāņa 1652: 1598:Jain monasticism 1587: 1566:Aupapatika Sutra 1467: 1444:Ikshvaku Dynasty 1424: 1414: 1402: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1312:era began in 527 1281: 1277: 1056:(chastity), and 1050:(non-stealing), 1038:(non-violence), 1026:self realization 968:), was the 24th 967: 957: 935: 928: 921: 905: 904: 842:Shravanabelagola 749:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi 721:Tattvartha Sutra 365: 342: 341: 335:Ikshvaku dynasty 271:Nalanda district 237:Nalanda district 212: 209: 138: 60: 38: 37: 21: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10282:Parameshashakti 9990: 9926:Ramana Maharshi 9811:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 9789: 9755:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 9729:Tattvacintāmaṇi 9602:Abhinavabharati 9589: 9558: 9532:Sikh Philosophy 9520:Vishishtadvaita 9469: 9388: 9312: 9256: 9251: 9221: 9216: 9206: 9200: 9152: 9116: 9065:Panch Kalyanaka 8999: 8938: 8934:Non-creationism 8898: 8832: 8743: 8695: 8676:Jeffery D. Long 8671:Padmanabh Jaini 8656:Virchand Gandhi 8636:Colette Caillat 8619: 8583: 8533: 8460: 8371: 8321: 8257: 8144:Heavenly beings 8081: 8053: 8043: 8013: 8008: 7953: 7948:Simandhar Swami 7812: 7795: 7790: 7760: 7755: 7739: 7712: 7689: 7669: 7649: 7626: 7606: 7583: 7561: 7541: 7521: 7494: 7474: 7454: 7431: 7411: 7391: 7351: 7326: 7310:Potter, Karl H. 7303: 7283: 7263: 7243: 7225: 7205: 7178: 7158: 7138: 7115: 7086: 7081: 7055: 7046: 7020: 7016: 6996: 6974: 6953: 6933: 6913: 6881:Jain, Hiralal; 6875: 6855: 6854:978-81-90468879 6823: 6792:. Vol. 9. 6780: 6753: 6719: 6688: 6668: 6648: 6625: 6601: 6591:Merriam-Webster 6574: 6562:, vol. 1, 6550: 6530: 6507: 6480: 6457: 6431: 6379: 6359: 6324: 6304: 6280: 6256: 6233: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5775: 5771: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5619: 5615:, p. 1396. 5611: 5607: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5488: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5256: 5254: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5027: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954:, pp. 6–8. 4950: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4913:Winternitz 1993 4911: 4904: 4898:Winternitz 1993 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4804:on 22 July 2015 4792: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4470:, pp. 5–7. 4466: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324:, pp. 5–9. 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4222: 4218:, p. 1001. 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3767:. 17 April 2021 3763: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3489: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3443:was founded by 3438: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3340:Religion portal 3338: 3331: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3268: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3200: 3193:Mahavira temple 3153: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3117: 3108: 3098: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3057: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3026: 3017: 3010: 3001: 2987: 2978: 2961: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2863: 2857: 2854:Padmanabh Jaini 2852: 2795: 2792: 2762:Michael H. Hart 2759: 2717:Svayambhustotra 2714:Samantabhadra's 2706: 2699: 2659: 2632: 2617:caujjama dhamma 2585: 2580: 2537: 2531: 2496: 2433: 2427: 2377: 2305: 2299: 2202: 2196: 2170: 2140: 2131: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2089: 2087:Jain philosophy 2083: 2027: 2003:Tiloya-paṇṇatti 1978: 1954:causes of karma 1932: 1930:Previous births 1887:heavenly beings 1864:in present-day 1823: 1749:. According to 1723: 1665: 1659: 1650: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1543: 1465: 1438:family of King 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1392: 1344: 1342:Panch Kalyanaka 1338: 1336:Jain tradition 1325: 1321: 1313: 1279: 1275: 1233: 1190:("worthy") and 1150: 1138:Indian Calendar 939: 899: 892: 891: 857: 856: 847: 846: 814: 813: 804: 803: 779: 778: 769: 768: 694: 693: 691:Jain literature 682: 681: 664: 663: 654: 653: 592: 591: 582: 581: 572:Ṇamōkāra mantra 552: 551: 542: 541: 483: 482: 473: 472: 403: 402: 317: 307: 296: 273:, Bihar, India) 267:Haryanka Empire 257: 248: 223: 213: 210: 206: 205: 63: 51: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10568:Indian princes 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10357:Shabda Brahman 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10307:Pratibimbavada 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9946:Vedanta Desika 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9841:Gautama Buddha 9838: 9836:Uddalaka Aruni 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9723:Tarka-Sangraha 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9666:Mimamsa Sutras 9662: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9636:Buddhist texts 9633: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9250: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9227: 9218: 9217: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9007: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8889:Southeast Asia 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8723:Organisations 8721: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8691:Jinendra Varni 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8661:Hermann Jacobi 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8595:Digambara monk 8591: 8589: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8529:Uttaradhyayana 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8497:Namokar Mantra 8491: 8486: 8484:Shatkhandagama 8481: 8479:Pravachanasara 8476: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8290:Kashtha Sangha 8287: 8285:Balatkara Gana 8276: 8274: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8129:Jain cosmology 8126: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8051:Jainism topics 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7878:Shreyansanatha 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7858:Suparshvanatha 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7793:God in Jainism 7789: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7759: 7758:External links 7756: 7754: 7753: 7742: 7737: 7715: 7710: 7692: 7687: 7672: 7667: 7652: 7647: 7629: 7624: 7609: 7604: 7586: 7581: 7564: 7559: 7544: 7539: 7524: 7519: 7501:Singh, Upinder 7497: 7492: 7477: 7472: 7457: 7452: 7434: 7429: 7414: 7409: 7394: 7389: 7371: 7354: 7349: 7329: 7324: 7306: 7301: 7286: 7281: 7266: 7261: 7246: 7242:978-0815336112 7241: 7228: 7223: 7208: 7203: 7181: 7176: 7161: 7156: 7141: 7136: 7118: 7113: 7095: 7079: 7064: 7044: 7029: 7014: 6999: 6994: 6984:ABC of Jainism 6977: 6972: 6960:Jain, Pannalal 6956: 6951: 6936: 6931: 6916: 6911: 6896: 6878: 6873: 6858: 6853: 6832: 6809: 6798: 6783: 6778: 6756: 6751: 6736: 6722: 6717: 6702: 6691: 6686: 6671: 6666: 6651: 6646: 6628: 6623: 6604: 6599: 6583:, ed. (1999), 6581:Doniger, Wendy 6577: 6572: 6553: 6548: 6533: 6528: 6510: 6505: 6483: 6478: 6472:, SUNY Press, 6466:, ed. (1998), 6460: 6455: 6434: 6429: 6410: 6382: 6377: 6362: 6357: 6335:Balbir, Nalini 6327: 6322: 6307: 6302: 6283: 6278: 6259: 6254: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6224:, p. 112. 6214: 6212:, p. 207. 6202: 6200:, p. 133. 6190: 6178: 6176:, p. 266. 6166: 6154: 6121: 6119:, p. 193. 6109: 6097: 6085: 6070: 6040: 6028: 6026:, p. 225. 6016: 6014:, p. 192. 6004: 5992: 5947: 5909: 5897: 5895:, p. 165. 5885: 5873: 5861: 5859:, p. 394. 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5798: 5791: 5769: 5737: 5730: 5712: 5695: 5683: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5617: 5605: 5590: 5578: 5576:, p. 233. 5566: 5554: 5539: 5527: 5515: 5503: 5466: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5385: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5302: 5267: 5227: 5212: 5200: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5092: 5090:, p. 109. 5080: 5068: 5056: 5016: 4980: 4968: 4966:, p. xii. 4956: 4941: 4929: 4927:, p. 225. 4917: 4902: 4900:, p. 408. 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4785: 4783:, p. 328. 4773: 4761: 4749: 4734: 4732:, p. 897. 4719: 4707: 4705:, p. 222. 4695: 4683: 4671: 4654: 4642: 4640:, p. 326. 4630: 4615: 4600: 4598:, p. 314. 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4523:, p. 327. 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4457: 4455:, p. 269. 4445: 4443:, p. 319. 4422: 4410: 4398: 4396:, p. 188. 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4336:, p. 284. 4326: 4314: 4302: 4287: 4285:, p. 320. 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4220: 4205: 4203:, p. 313. 4193: 4191:, p. 225. 4181: 4174: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 181. 4074: 4062: 4060:, p. 224. 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3983:, p. 152. 3973: 3961: 3959:, p. 549. 3940: 3903: 3886: 3884:, p. 126. 3871: 3869:, p. 460. 3859: 3847: 3832: 3830:, p. 223. 3820: 3805: 3790: 3778: 3756: 3741: 3715: 3690: 3688:, p. 682. 3675: 3654: 3642: 3640:, p. 276. 3630: 3628:, p. 310. 3618: 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 267. 3582: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3527: 3517: 3500: 3498:(omniscience). 3487: 3464: 3451: 3432: 3415: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3359:God in Jainism 3356: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3266:Shri Mahavirji 3264: 3257: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3197:Osian, Jodhpur 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3070:British Museum 3058: 3051: 3049: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2962: 2955: 2935:Theni district 2924:Kushana Empire 2862: 2859: 2850: 2831:) and emblem ( 2790: 2758: 2755: 2751:Yuktyanusasana 2698: 2695: 2691:Hindu festival 2658: 2655: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2541:Acaranga Sutra 2533:Main article: 2530: 2527: 2495: 2492: 2429:Main article: 2426: 2421: 2376: 2373: 2303:Jīva (Jainism) 2301:Main article: 2298: 2295: 2287:Mahatma Gandhi 2267: 2266: 2258: 2250: 2242: 2234: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2108:Main article: 2105: 2102: 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2074:Ācārāṅga Sūtra 1993:, 15th century 1977: 1974: 1931: 1928: 1892:Pravachanasara 1822: 1819: 1745:, or the Jain 1722: 1719: 1701:Ācārāṅga Sūtra 1658: 1655: 1617:Ācārāṅga Sūtra 1593: 1590: 1547:Ācārāṅga Sūtra 1542: 1539: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1348:Jain cosmology 1337: 1334: 1232: 1229: 1149: 1146: 1130:Gautama Buddha 1022:samyak darshan 941: 940: 938: 937: 930: 923: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 858: 854: 853: 852: 849: 848: 845: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 815: 811: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 780: 776: 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 759: 756:Silappatikaram 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 695: 689: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 665: 661: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 589: 588: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 553: 549: 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 528: 527: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 494: 493: 484: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 398: 397: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 367: 366: 358: 357: 351: 350: 338: 337: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 302: 298: 297: 295: 294: 288: 281: 279: 275: 274: 254: 250: 249: 233:Vajjika League 214: 211: 599 BCE 203: 201: 197: 196: 192: 191: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 132: 126: 125: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 46: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10580: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10498:Solar dynasty 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10287:Parinama-vada 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9911:Padmasambhāva 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Maṇḍana Miśra 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Abhinavagupta 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9779:Yoga Vasistha 9776: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9672:All 108 texts 9670: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9642:Dharmashastra 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9616:Bhagavad Gita 9613: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9570:Integral yoga 9568: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9515:Shuddhadvaita 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9241: 9236: 9234: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9128:List of Jains 9126: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9053:Jain calendar 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8895: 8894:United States 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8828:Uttar Pradesh 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Nalini Balbir 8629: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Vegetarianism 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8005: 8004:Samudravijaya 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7987:Sudharmaswami 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7956: 7950:(other world) 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7863:Chandraprabha 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7838:Sambhavanatha 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Rishabhanatha 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7775: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7750: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668:81-7017-316-7 7664: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7358:Rapson, E. J. 7355: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302:9788170226727 7298: 7294: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7238: 7235:, Routledge, 7234: 7229: 7226: 7220: 7217:, Routledge, 7216: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092:public domain 7082: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7061:public domain 7051: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7026:public domain 7017: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6986: 6985: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6876: 6874:9788185616841 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6845:Muzaffarnagar 6842: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6829:public domain 6820: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6745:, Routledge, 6744: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573:9781576070048 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6514:Cort, John E. 6511: 6508: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6487:Cort, John E. 6484: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6464:Cort, John E. 6461: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6340:Jaina Studies 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6323:9788176501651 6319: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6188:, p. 40. 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6164:, p. 15. 6163: 6158: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6002:, p. 31. 6001: 5996: 5988: 5975: 5960: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5907:, p. 84. 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5871:, p. 13. 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5847:, p. 22. 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5792:0-415-26605-X 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5731:81-215-0931-9 5727: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5652:Chapelle 2011 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5428:, p. 18. 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5324:, p. 33. 5323: 5318: 5312:, p. 64. 5311: 5306: 5299: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5225:, p. 44. 5224: 5219: 5217: 5210:, p. 50. 5209: 5204: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5165:, p. 13. 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5132: 5126:, p. 22. 5125: 5120: 5113: 5112:Appleton 2014 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5066:, p. 68. 5065: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4978:, p. 67. 4977: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4939:, p. xi. 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4885:, p. 47. 4884: 4879: 4873:, p. 19. 4872: 4867: 4861:, p. 59. 4860: 4855: 4849:, p. 46. 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 45. 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4759:, p. 39. 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4681:, p. 44. 4680: 4675: 4669:, p. 88. 4668: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4652:, p. 47. 4651: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4571:, p. 31. 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4547:, p. 30. 4546: 4541: 4535:, p. 79. 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4506:, p. 27. 4505: 4500: 4494:, p. 74. 4493: 4488: 4482:, p. 30. 4481: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4420:, p. 16. 4419: 4414: 4408:, p. 95. 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4384:, p. 97. 4383: 4378: 4372:, p. 51. 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4348:, p. 30. 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4312:, p. 19. 4311: 4306: 4300:, p. 22. 4299: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4271:Olivelle 2006 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4237:, p. 21. 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4140:, p. 52. 4139: 4138:Sunavala 1934 4134: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4072:, p. 54. 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3901:, p. 29. 3900: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3818:, p. 32. 3817: 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 93. 3802: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3766: 3760: 3754:, p. 90. 3753: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3673:, p. 24. 3672: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3652:, p. 45. 3651: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3604:, p. 38. 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3580:, p. 25. 3579: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3537: 3531: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3330: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3293:Jain temple, 3289: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207:in Pawapuri, 3206: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3063:Rishabhanatha 3061: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3016:, 8th century 3015: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:Samanar Hills 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837:dharma cakras 2834: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2768:”, below the 2767: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:creator deity 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2212:and five vows 2211: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2187:Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama 2183: 2179: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2122:Gautama Swami 2117: 2116:Jain councils 2111: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2032:Uttara-purāṇa 2025: 2021: 2020: 2019:Uttara-purāṇa 2015: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1706:Sutrakritanga 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1677:shukla dhyana 1674: 1669: 1664: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1459:Rishabhanatha 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1423: 1415:1375–1400 CE) 1410: 1409: 1401: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364:(the present 1363: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346:According to 1343: 1333: 1331: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1119:Gautama Swami 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:ancient India 984: 980: 977: 973: 972: 966: 961: 956: 951: 947: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 916: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 897: 896: 895: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 851: 850: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 808: 807: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 773: 772: 765: 764: 760: 758: 757: 753: 751: 750: 746: 744: 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229:Nāya Republic 226: 221: 217: 216:Kshatriyakund 202: 198: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 59: 54: 50: 44: 39: 36: 33: 19: 10493:Tirthankaras 10387:Iccha-mrityu 10352:Satkaryavada 10252:Nididhyasana 10237:Matsya Nyaya 9975: 9971:Madhvacharya 9801:Adi Shankara 9794:Philosophers 9777: 9770: 9753: 9734: 9727: 9718:Shiva Sutras 9708:Sangam texts 9700: 9693: 9684:Nyāya Sūtras 9664: 9657: 9640: 9630:Brahma Sutra 9629: 9621: 9614: 9609:Arthashastra 9607: 9600: 9542:Pratyabhijna 9422:Anekantavada 9069: 9048:Samavasarana 9038:Śalākāpuruṣa 8646:John E. Cort 8557:Ashtamangala 8552:Siddhachakra 8489:Kasayapahuda 8456:Pratikramana 8364:Sthānakavāsī 8122:Anekāntavāda 8118:Jaina logic 8112:Kevala Jñāna 8107:Epistemology 7958: 7942: 7938:Parshvanatha 7873:Shitalanatha 7817: 7747: 7727: 7700: 7677: 7657: 7637: 7614: 7594: 7590:Taylor, Bron 7568: 7549: 7529: 7505: 7486:, ABC-CLIO, 7482: 7462: 7442: 7419: 7399: 7379: 7362: 7336: 7314: 7291: 7271: 7251: 7232: 7213: 7189: 7166: 7146: 7126: 7103: 7069: 7050:the original 7034: 7004: 6983: 6963: 6941: 6921: 6901: 6887: 6863: 6836: 6817: 6803: 6788: 6764: 6760:Heehs, Peter 6741: 6727: 6707: 6696: 6676: 6656: 6636: 6632:Dundas, Paul 6609: 6585: 6558: 6538: 6518: 6491: 6468: 6440: 6415: 6390: 6386: 6367: 6339: 6312: 6288: 6264: 6240: 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6134: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6088: 6061:. Retrieved 6043: 6031: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983:|title= 5962:. Retrieved 5955: 5950: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5807: 5801: 5778: 5772: 5749: 5721: 5715: 5686: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5608: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5530: 5523:Matilal 1990 5518: 5511:Matilal 1998 5506: 5494: 5487:. Retrieved 5469: 5457:. Retrieved 5446: 5421: 5409: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5310:Collins 1994 5305: 5297: 5290:. Retrieved 5279: 5270: 5262: 5255:. Retrieved 5203: 5177:, p. 4. 5170: 5158: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047:. Retrieved 5007:. Retrieved 4996: 4983: 4976:Sangave 2006 4971: 4959: 4932: 4920: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4802:the original 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4745:Doniger 1999 4710: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4645: 4633: 4613:, p. 6. 4583:, p. 5. 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4448: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4196: 4184: 4164: 4157: 4152:, p. 5. 4145: 4133: 4121:. Retrieved 4110: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3971:, p. 3. 3964: 3957:Doniger 1999 3931:. Retrieved 3916: 3906: 3862: 3850: 3823: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3759: 3732:. Retrieved 3729:Drikpanchang 3728: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3693: 3686:Doniger 1999 3645: 3633: 3626:Hubbard 1807 3621: 3616:, p. 9. 3609: 3597: 3585: 3535: 3530: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3483:tirthankaras 3482: 3478:tirthamkaras 3477: 3467: 3454: 3448:Rishabhadeva 3435: 3424:King Chetaka 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3368: 3349:Jivantasvami 3185:tirthankaras 3184: 3177:tirthankaras 3176: 3172: 3157:Rishabhanath 3154: 3144:Ellora Caves 3121:Ahinsa Sthal 3065: 3060:Tirthankaras 3059: 3042:Kankali Tila 2971: 2964:Jivantasvami 2945:Jivantasvami 2943: 2932: 2920:dhyana-mudra 2919: 2915: 2900:north Indian 2897: 2892: 2886: 2883:tirthankaras 2882: 2878: 2876: 2844: 2841:samavasaraṇa 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2821:Sthānakavāsī 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2786: 2778: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2743:Pancham Kaal 2742: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2721:tirthankaras 2720: 2716: 2712: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2660: 2650: 2640: 2625:tirthankaras 2624: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2609:Parshvanatha 2604: 2596:Parshvanatha 2593: 2589:tirthankaras 2588: 2586: 2571: 2564:Kevala Jnana 2557: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2484:anekantavada 2483: 2481: 2472: 2469:metaphysical 2466: 2455: 2452:anekantavada 2451: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2437:anekantavada 2436: 2434: 2431:Anekantavada 2424:Anekantavada 2423: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2337: 2336:is bound to 2333: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2290: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2254:Brahmacharya 2252: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2215: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2125: 2119: 2090: 2072: 2066: 2063:tirthankaras 2062: 2056: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026:, in the 8th 2017: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1968:(the son of 1961: 1956:and pursues 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1921: 1911: 1905: 1897:tirthankaras 1896: 1890: 1880: 1874: 1855: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1726: 1724: 1715:Samavasarana 1710: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693:Uttar-purāņa 1692: 1685:Kevala Jnana 1682: 1676: 1663:Samavasarana 1620: 1616: 1609: 1592:Renunciation 1581: 1573: 1570:tirthankaras 1569: 1565: 1555: 1551:Parshvanatha 1544: 1532: 1528: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1479:calendar era 1473: 1463: 1433: 1406: 1377: 1369: 1359: 1355: 1352:Tirthankaras 1351: 1345: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1273: 1264: 1249:Uttarapurana 1247: 1242: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1133: 1127: 1114: 1108: 1097:North Indian 1094: 1075: 1069: 1065:Anekantavada 1063: 1057: 1053:brahmacharya 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1008: 1004:Kevala Jnana 1002: 979:Parshvanatha 975: 969: 959: 945: 944: 877:Jain symbols 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 616: 611: 577:Jai Jinendra 550:Jain prayers 524: 490: 438:Kevala Jnana 408:Anekantavada 104:Parshvanatha 90:Venerated in 84:Sanmatinatha 83: 79: 75: 71: 35: 10432:Vivartavada 10322:Rājamaṇḍala 10277:Paramananda 10077:Apauruṣheyā 10072:Anupalabdhi 9931:Vivekananda 9896:Dharmakirti 9856:Buddhaghosa 9846:Yājñavalkya 9653:Jain Agamas 9648:Hindu texts 9527:Navya-Nyāya 9463:Svatantrika 9458:Sautrāntika 9347:Vaisheshika 8990:Rashtrakuta 8907:Jainism and 8806:Maharashtra 8764:Bundelkhand 8651:Paul Dundas 8524:Kalpa Sūtra 8519:Aptamimamsa 8404:Monasticism 8335:Murtipujaka 8317:Kanji Panth 8297:Taran Panth 8280:Mula Sangha 8134:Siddhashila 8067:Tirthankara 7923:Munisuvrata 7908:Kunthunatha 7903:Shantinatha 7898:Dharmanatha 7893:Anantanatha 7888:Vimalanatha 7868:Pushpadanta 7853:Padmaprabha 7848:Sumatinatha 7819:Tirthankara 6393:(3): 3–22, 6186:Dundas 2002 6139:. Chennai. 6063:26 November 6024:Zimmer 1953 5964:2 September 5869:Bhalla 2005 5857:George 2008 5708:Dundas 2002 5691:Gorski 2008 5664:Dundas 2002 5640:Dundas 2002 5601:Harvey 2014 5574:Dundas 2002 5550:Dundas 2002 5489:26 November 5414:Dundas 2002 5370:Dundas 2002 5358:Dundas 2002 5346:Dundas 2002 5292:10 December 5208:Pandey 1998 5196:Taylor 2008 5151:Dundas 2002 5049:31 December 5009:5 September 4871:Dundas 2002 4715:Dundas 2002 4703:Zimmer 1953 4638:George 2008 4504:Dundas 2002 4453:Jacobi 1964 4441:George 2008 4346:Dundas 2002 4298:Dundas 2002 4247:Dundas 2002 4235:Dundas 2002 4082:Zimmer 1953 4058:Zimmer 1953 4017:Rapson 1955 3993:Goyala 2006 3855:Dundas 2002 3843:Potter 2007 3828:Zimmer 1953 3786:Dundas 2002 3671:Dundas 2002 3650:Tandon 2002 3638:Dundas 2002 3578:Dundas 2002 3536:tirthankara 3496:kevalajnana 3460:Vaishnavism 3295:Potters Bar 3221:Sankighatta 3161:Parshvanath 3155:Along with 2968:Tirthankara 2966:image of a 2879:tīrthankara 2861:Iconography 2845:tīrthaṅkara 2675:tirthankara 2600:tirthankara 2568:omniscience 2450:Mahavira's 2417:omniscience 2413:samyak gyan 2375:Bhedvijnāna 2144:written in 2110:Jain Agamas 2058:Kalpa Sūtra 1998:Yativṛṣabha 1990:Kalpa Sūtra 1962:tirthankara 1950:tirthankara 1913:Siddhashila 1785:Ajatashatru 1751:Kalpa Sutra 1743:Gani-Pidaga 1699:texts. The 1657:Omniscience 1622:Kalpa Sūtra 1613:Ashoka tree 1582:tirthankara 1529:Kalpa Sūtra 1515:digkumaries 1504:tirthankara 1456:tirthankara 1408:Kalpa Sūtra 1370:tirthankara 1356:tirthankara 1265:Kalpa Sūtra 1224:tirthankara 1219:Kalpa Sūtra 1215:Kalpasutras 1203:Kalpa Sūtra 1086:Jain Agamas 1030:bhedvijnāna 976:Tirthankara 971:Tirthankara 887:Topics list 812:Pilgrimages 763:Valayapathi 662:Major sects 649:Yashovijaya 453:Brahmacarya 220:Shvetambara 118:Tirthankara 100:Predecessor 68:Other names 49:Tirthankara 10467:Categories 10382:Svātantrya 10272:Paramatman 10227:Kshetrajna 10202:Ishvaratva 10142:Cittabhumi 10137:Chidabhasa 10087:Asiddhatva 10007:Abhasavada 9981:Guru Nanak 9916:Vasubandhu 9742:Upanishads 9736:Tirukkuṟaḷ 9695:Panchadasi 9500:Bhedabheda 9448:Madhyamaka 9288:Monotheism 9169:Literature 9058:Samvatsari 8823:Tamil Nadu 8748:Jainism in 8567:Nandavarta 8514:Samayasāra 8466:Literature 8434:Kshamavani 8429:Paryushana 8392:Meditation 8387:Sallekhana 8327:Śvetāmbara 8248:Ratnatraya 8168:Gunasthana 8087:Philosophy 7994:Jambuswami 7918:Mallinatha 7833:Ajitanatha 6210:Titze 1998 6174:Titze 1998 6000:Jaini 2000 5459:3 November 5322:Nagel 2000 5223:Nanda 1997 5175:Titze 1998 5124:Adams 2011 4952:Wiley 2009 4626:Wiley 2009 4611:Wiley 2009 4468:Wiley 2009 4334:Dalal 2010 4123:15 October 3933:3 November 3801:Heehs 2002 3752:Heehs 2002 3614:Jaini 2000 3546:References 3403:avasarpini 3205:Jal Mandir 3169:Shantinath 3106:Tamil Nadu 2999:Tamil Nadu 2970:carved on 2949:kayotsarga 2939:Tamil Nadu 2812:Śvētāmbara 2808:mendicants 2680:avasarpiṇī 2572:siddhaloka 2500:aparigraha 2462:Middle Way 2402:bhed-nasti 2262:Aparigraha 2178:Pushpadant 2114:See also: 2024:Gunabhadra 2013:Ādi purāṇa 2008:Mahapurana 1958:ratnatraya 1936:Mahapurana 1918:Jal Mandir 1882:Mahapurana 1851:Jal Mandir 1831:Jal Mandir 1808:pravachana 1802:mahavratas 1797:mendicants 1739:Ganadharas 1727:Ganadharas 1661:See also: 1627:Champapuri 1596:See also: 1572:; earlier 1541:Early life 1534:Paryushana 1525:Mount Meru 1446:and Queen 1440:Siddhartha 1366:time cycle 1361:Avasarpiṇī 1340:See also: 1262:Śvētāmbara 1254:Kundagrama 1211:Vardhamāna 1059:aparigraha 995:Siddhartha 985:family of 965:Vardhamāna 960:Vardhamana 952:: महावीर, 950:Devanagari 799:Samvatsari 794:Paryushana 677:Śvetāmbara 644:Haribhadra 634:Siddhasena 629:Kundakunda 537:Sallekhana 463:Gunasthana 458:Aparigraha 400:Philosophy 285:Siddhartha 243:, India) ( 204:Vardhamāna 171:Complexion 122:time-cycle 114:Padmanābha 80:Vardhamana 10242:Mithyatva 10132:Chaitanya 10127:Catuṣkoṭi 10092:Asatkalpa 10067:Anavastha 10042:Aishvarya 9961:Sakayanya 9956:Sadananda 9921:Gaudapada 9906:Nagarjuna 9861:Patañjali 9677:Principal 9659:Kamasutra 9453:Yogachara 9372:Raseśvara 9087:Sculpture 9023:Ekendriya 8884:Singapore 8869:Hong Kong 8849:Australia 8818:Rajasthan 8789:Karnataka 8701:Community 8686:Bal Patil 8641:Chandabai 8610:Pattavali 8562:Shrivatsa 8547:Jain flag 8424:Festivals 8380:Practices 8368:Terapanth 8355:Tristutik 8345:Kharatara 8307:Terapanth 8302:Bispanthi 8272:Digambara 8095:Five Vows 8072:Ganadhara 7977:Ganadhara 7933:Neminatha 7928:Naminatha 7883:Vasupujya 7721:(1953) , 7377:(2006) , 7339:, India: 6885:(2000) , 6637:The Jains 6634:(2002) , 6407:143842799 6294:Routledge 6222:Cort 1998 6198:Cort 2010 6162:Vyas 1995 6105:Cort 2010 6093:Cort 2010 6081:Vyas 1995 5942:0007-6813 5833:Cort 2010 5783:Routledge 5758:cite book 5679:Long 2009 5586:Long 2009 5562:Long 2009 5100:Cort 2001 5088:Long 2009 5076:Long 2009 4925:Cort 2010 4650:Cort 2001 4310:Vyas 1995 4165:Adipurana 4029:Cort 2010 3551:Citations 3407:utsarpini 3381:Bardhaman 3189:John Cort 3129:New Delhi 3102:Thirakoil 2871:Shrivatsa 2816:Digambara 2757:Influence 2669:. 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259:Pawapuri 256:527 BCE 41:Mahavira 18:Vardhman 10452:More... 10422:Upekkhā 10417:Uparati 10397:Taijasa 10372:Śūnyatā 10342:Saṃsāra 10337:Samadhi 10302:Prakṛti 10257:Nirvāṇa 10207:Jivatva 10197:Ikshana 10152:Devatas 10122:Bhumika 10112:Brahman 10102:Avyakta 10047:Akrodha 10027:Advaita 9986:More... 9881:Jaimini 9785:More... 9495:Advaita 9485:Vedanta 9443:Śūnyatā 9402:Ājīvika 9394:Nāstika 9362:Vedanta 9357:Mīmāṃsā 9337:Samkhya 9317:Ancient 9273:Atomism 9268:Atheism 9189:America 9184:Temples 9033:Pratima 9011:History 9004:Related 8995:Santara 8975:Kalinga 8970:Kadamba 8960:Hoysala 8929:Sikhism 8854:Belgium 8784:Haryana 8779:Gujarat 8709:Śrāvaka 8615:Acharya 8539:Symbols 8493:Mantra 8446:Upadhan 8419:Rituals 8414:Fasting 8253:Kashaya 8243:Saṃsāra 8222:Nirjara 8217:Samvara 8188:Pudgala 8077:Arihant 7959:Samanya 7802:Arihant 7725:(ed.), 6841:Budhānā 6794:Kolkata 6345:Prakrit 6231:Sources 4808:23 July 3771:2 April 3734:20 July 3512:brahman 3151:Temples 3046:Mathura 2995:Madurai 2904:Mathura 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9308:Moksha 9261:Topics 9194:Bengal 9102:Nigoda 9077:Temple 9043:Tirtha 8985:Pandya 8980:Maurya 8864:Europe 8859:Canada 8844:Africa 8811:Mumbai 8801:Kerala 8600:Aryika 8340:Gaccha 8212:Bandha 8207:Asrava 8202:Tattva 8193:Dharma 8173:Dravya 8161:Causes 8139:Naraka 8100:Ahimsa 7806:Siddha 7735: 7708: 7685: 7665: 7645: 7622: 7602: 7579: 7557: 7537: 7517: 7490: 7470: 7450: 7427: 7407: 7387: 7347: 7322: 7299: 7279: 7259: 7239: 7221: 7201: 7174: 7154: 7134: 7111: 7077: 7042: 7012: 6992: 6970: 6949: 6929: 6909: 6871: 6851: 6776: 6749: 6715: 6684: 6664: 6644: 6621: 6597: 6570: 6546: 6526: 6503: 6476: 6453: 6427: 6405: 6375: 6355: 6343:, (in 6320: 6300: 6276: 6252: 6147:17 May 5940: 5789: 5728: 5257:16 May 4172: 3708:20 May 3515:left." 3411:sarpin 3235:, and 3201: 3191:, the 3167:, and 3066:(left) 2972:Torana 2928: 2912: 2908: 2828:dhvaja 2826:Jaina 2774:Ashoka 2770:Buddha 2731:reads: 2729:shloka 2707: 2667:Diwali 2633: 2613:ahimsa 2605:ahimsa 2578:Legacy 2549:trilok 2519:moksha 2504:sadhvi 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