938:
699:(knowledge and perception). Though the soul experiences both birth and death, it is neither really destroyed nor created. Decay and origin refer respectively to the disappearing of one state of soul and appearing of another state, these being merely the modes of the soul. Jiva are classified on bases of sense, so there are of 5 types: 1) with one sense (sparshendriya) 2) 2 senses (1st included and raasendriya) 3) 3 senses (1st 2 included and dharnendriya) 4) 4 senses (1st 3 included and chkshuendriya) 5) 5 senses (1st 4 included and shrotendriya)
1266:
1054:
capacity of the senses and range of clairvoyance in the heavenly beings residing in the higher abodes. But there is decrease with regard to motion, stature, attachment and pride. The higher groups, dwelling in nine
Graiveyaka and five Anuttara abodes are independent and dwell in their own vehicles. The Anuttara souls attain liberation within one or two lifetimes. The lower groups, organized like earthly kingdoms—rulers (Indra), counselors, guards, queens, followers, armies etc.
1394:
42:
2001:, or 10^194, is the highest measurable number in Jainism. Higher than that is palyopama (pit-measured years), explained by an analogy of a pit: a hollow pit of 8 x 8 x 8 miles tightly filled with hair particles of a seven-day-old newborn. . 1 Particle emptied after every 100 years, the time taken to empty the whole pit = 1 palyopama. (1 palyopama = countless years.) Hence palyopama is at least 10^194 years. Sagrapoma is 10 quadrillion palyopama, that means a
923:
three realms of the lower world. Living beings are divided in fourteen classes (Jivasthana) : Fine beings with one sense, crude beings with one sense, beings with two senses, beings with three senses, beings with four senses, beings with five senses and no mind, and beings with five senses and a mind. These can be under-developed or developed, a total of 14. Human beings can get any form of existence, but can only attain salvation in a human form.
4370:
581:
824:
1110:
1345:
1083:
1071:
3208:
2815:
816:
654:
639:. Jain cosmology considers the universe as an uncreated entity that has existed since infinity with neither beginning nor end. Jain texts describe the shape of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arms resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is broad at the top, narrow at the middle and once again becomes broad at the bottom.
1620:
moral conduct of the society changes in a phased and graded manner as the time passes. No divine or supernatural beings are credited or responsible with these spontaneous temporal changes, either in a creative or overseeing role, rather human beings and creatures are born under the impulse of their own
922:
s high. Within this region, there are animals and plants everywhere, where as human beings are restricted to 2 continents of the middle world. The beings inhabiting the lower world are called Narak (Hellish beings). The Deva (roughly demi-gods) live in the whole of the top and middle worlds, and top
1619:
and thus this never ending cycle continues. By the calculation of height, we are 11,000 years into the Duḥṣamā ara. Each of these aras progress into the next phase seamlessly without any apocalyptic consequences. The increase or decrease in the happiness, life spans and length of people and general
839:
Some foolish men declare that a creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill advised and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before the creation? If you say he was transcendent then and needed no support, where is he now? How could God have made this
909:
The whole world is said to be filled with living beings. In all three parts, there is the existence of very small living beings called nigoda. Nigoda are of two types: nitya-nigoda and Itara-nigoda. Nitya-nigoda are those which will reincarnate as nigoda throughout eternity, where as Itara-nigoda
1053:
The sixteen heavens in
Devalokas are also called Kalpas and the rest are called Kalpatitas. Those living in Kalpatitas are called Ahamindra and are equal in grandeur. There is increase with regard to the lifetime, influence of power, happiness, lumination of body, purity in thought-colouration,
906:. Apart from the apex, which is the abode of liberated beings, the universe is divided into three parts. The world is surrounded by three atmospheres: dense-water, dense-wind and thin-wind. It is then surrounded by an infinitely large non-world which is completely empty.
721:
or ultimate particle is the basic building block of all matter. The Paramāṇu and
Pudgala are permanent and indestructible. Matter combines and changes its modes but its basic qualities remain the same. According to Jainism, it cannot be created, nor
953:
The early Jains contemplated the nature of the earth and universe. They developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology. According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into 3 parts:
2039:"This universe is neither created nor sustained by anyone; It is self sustaining, without any base or support" "Nishpaadito Na Kenaapi Na Dhritah Kenachichch Sah Swayamsiddho Niradhaaro Gagane Kimtvavasthitah"
1303:
because practice of austerities and liberation is possible and the
Tirthankaras preach the Jain doctrine. The other three zones, Ramyaka Kshetra, Hairanyavata Kshetra, and Haimavata Kshetra are known as
764:(Space) – Space is a substance that accommodates the living souls, the matter, the principle of motion, the principle of rest and time. It is all-pervading, infinite and made of infinite space-points.
1262:, in form of a circle forming a diameter of 100,000 yojanas. There are two sets of sun, moon and stars revolving around Mount Meru; while one set works, the other set rests behind the Mount Meru.
1041:
The sixteen Kalpa abodes are: Saudharma, Aishana, Sanatkumara, Mahendra, Brahma, Brahmottara, Lantava, Kapishta, Shukra, Mahashukra, Shatara, Sahasrara, Anata, Pranata, Arana, and
Achyuta.
1348:
17th century cloth painting depicting seven levels of Jain hell and various tortures suffered in them. Left panel depicts the demi-god and his animal vehicle presiding over the each hell.
756:
are by itself not motion or rest but mediate motion and rest in other bodies. Without
Dharmastikāya motion is not possible and without Adharmastikāya rest is not possible in the universe.
835:
The Jain doctrine postulates an eternal and ever-existing world which works on universal natural laws. The existence of a creator deity is overwhelmingly opposed in the Jain doctrine.
1832:
and their contemporaries regularly appear. The Jain universal or legendary history is basically a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious men. They are categorised as follows:
1423:
is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality with decline in timespans of the epochs. Each of this half time cycle consisting of innumerable period of time (measured in
1057:
Above the
Anuttara abodes, at the apex of the universe is the realm of the liberated souls, the perfected omniscient and blissful beings, who are venerated by the Jains.
776:
is an eternal substance according to
Jainism and all activities, changes or modifications can be achieved only through the progress of time. According to the Jain text,
1689:
is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm. Though he possesses worldly power, he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos. Jain
2217:
858:, which is supposed to be very large. This unit of measurement is the distance covered by a god flying at ten million miles per second for six months. The
1840:– The 24 Tīrthaṅkaras or the supreme ford makers appear in succession to activate the true religion and establish the community of ascetics and laymen.
2910:
902:
s. The
Svetambara view differs slightly and postulates that there is a constant increase and decrease in the breadth, and the space is 239 cubic
1035:
The Upper World (Urdhva Loka) is divided into different abodes and are the realms of the heavenly beings (Gods) who are non-liberated souls.
748:
are distinctly peculiar to Jaina system of thought depicting the principle of Motion and Rest. They are said to pervade the entire universe.
5252:
4405:
717:(Matter) – Matter is classified as solid, liquid, gaseous, energy, fine Karmic materials and extra-fine matter i.e. ultimate particles.
1044:
The nine
Graiveyaka abodes are Sudarshana, Amogha, Suprabuddha, Yashodhara, Subhadra, Suvishala, Sumanasa, Saumanasa. and Pritikara.
5347:
854:
According to Jains, the universe has a firm and an unalterable shape, which is measured in the Jain texts by means of a unit called
3197:
840:
world without any raw material? If you say that he made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression.
986:
Jambūdvīpaprajñapti – Treatise on the island of Roseapple tree; it contains a description of Jambūdvīpa and life biographies of
4349:
1276:
The Jambūdvīpa continent has 6 mighty mountains, dividing the continent into 7 zones (kshetras). The names of these zones are:
5612:
3166:
3104:
3073:
3050:
2990:
2948:
2928:
2904:
2894:
2874:
2806:
2762:
2658:
2631:
2283:
2134:
2014:
Balabhadra is also referred to as Baladeva, Narayana as Vasudeva or Vishnu, and Pratinarayana as Prativasudeva in Jain texts.
5638:
4354:
949:
by Śrīcandra, in Prakrit with a Gujarati commentary. Jain Śvetāmbara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations.
1269:
Work of Art showing maps and diagrams as per Jain Cosmography from 17th century CE Manuscript of 12th century Jain text
2224:
4308:
3139:
3026:
3008:
2966:
2850:
2782:
2741:
2712:
2685:
2056:
See Hemacandras description of universe in Yogaśāstra "…Think of this loka as similar to man standing akimbo…"4.103–6
611:
565:
66:
1419:
is a period of progressive prosperity and happiness where the time spans and ages are at an increasing scale, while
1658:. The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons. They comprise twenty-four
1356:, which are inhabited by Bhavanpati demigods and the hellish beings. Hellish beings reside in the following hells:
4813:
1047:
The nine Anudisha abodes are Aditya, Archi, Archimalini, Vaira, Vairochana, Sauma, Saumarupa, Arka, and Sphatika.
392:
4398:
4453:
5643:
4745:
4303:
2187:
5447:
4272:
5547:
5146:
4339:
4054:
3734:
3190:
672:
which are broadly categorized under Jiva (Living Substances) and Ajiva (Non Living Substances) as follows:
1038:
The Upper World is divided into sixteen Kalpas, nine Graiveyaka, nine Anudisha, and five Anuttara abodes:
945:
or Triloka. Shape of Universe as per Jain cosmology in form of a cosmic man. Miniature from 17th century,
4135:
4094:
1963:
5026:
4188:
5116:
5011:
4391:
3954:
3321:
1787:
are born in the human realm to discover and teach the Jain doctrine appropriate for that era. The word
1405:, the cosmic wheel of time, rotates ceaselessly. The wheel of time is divided into two half-rotations,
4971:
691:
exists as a reality, having a separate existence from the body that houses it. It is characterised by
5292:
4878:
4448:
4049:
3423:
3156:
787:) is perceived by the senses through the transformations and modifications of substances. Real time (
427:
345:
317:
4932:
4915:
4512:
3988:
3611:
3316:
1772:
go to hell because of their violent exploits, even if these were intended to uphold righteousness.
1128:
Madhya Loka consists of 900 yojanas above and 900 yojanas below earth surface. It is inhabited by:
560:
4976:
3403:
2258:
1978:
1647:
146:
5633:
5192:
5172:
4862:
4554:
4267:
3887:
3183:
2650:
1158:
Madhyaloka consists of many continent-islands surrounded by oceans, first eight whose names are:
5472:
5437:
4873:
4598:
3966:
3924:
3869:
3059:
1299:
The three zones of Bharata Kshetra, Mahavideha Kshetra, and Airavata Kshetra are also known as
467:
4889:
4650:
4344:
4115:
3983:
3892:
3113:
3082:
2623:
2124:
604:
999:
Additionally, the following texts describe the Jain cosmology and related topics in detail:
5036:
4329:
4293:
4079:
4074:
4044:
4029:
4009:
3978:
3949:
1704:
1318:
is not the edge of cosmos, but it is beyond the reach of humans. Humans can reside only on
4692:
3524:
1050:
The five Anuttara abodes are Vijaya, Vaijayanta, Jayanta, Aparajita, and Sarvarthasiddhi.
8:
5382:
5322:
5096:
4670:
4594:
4428:
4334:
4213:
4176:
4150:
4089:
4039:
3599:
3467:
3131:
3096:
3042:
2866:
2842:
979:
The following Upanga āgamas describe the Jain cosmology and geography in a great detail:
510:
61:
5257:
4991:
4517:
1837:
668:
According to Jains, the Universe is made up of six simple and eternal substances called
4896:
4707:
4537:
4324:
4298:
4171:
4014:
3944:
3939:
3574:
3569:
1968:
937:
828:
777:
56:
5237:
4907:
4740:
2273:
635:) and its constituents (such as living beings, matter, space, time etc.) according to
5287:
5267:
5222:
5091:
4868:
4844:
4837:
4414:
4193:
4084:
4024:
4019:
4004:
3971:
3961:
3775:
3662:
3413:
3267:
3260:
3237:
3162:
3135:
3100:
3069:
3046:
3022:
3004:
2986:
2982:
2962:
2944:
2924:
2890:
2870:
2846:
2802:
2778:
2758:
2737:
2708:
2681:
2654:
2627:
2279:
2130:
1312:
as humans live a sinless life of pleasure and no religion or liberation is possible.
296:
240:
235:
176:
164:
96:
5552:
4587:
3338:
2978:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
1411:
1388:
684:
676:
191:
5492:
5126:
5061:
4849:
4783:
4712:
4493:
4485:
4231:
4203:
4110:
4034:
3929:
3916:
3861:
3826:
3669:
3564:
3515:
3505:
3398:
3387:
3372:
3362:
3353:
3311:
3299:
1793:
1709:
1622:
1353:
1339:
1265:
1012:
971:
932:
648:
597:
520:
505:
495:
399:
126:
111:
106:
101:
25:
5071:
5442:
5312:
5187:
5086:
4762:
4680:
4655:
4577:
4374:
4225:
4155:
4130:
3836:
3831:
3816:
3796:
3634:
3626:
3552:
3487:
3247:
3152:
3148:
3117:
3086:
3063:
3036:
2976:
2938:
2918:
2884:
2860:
2832:
2828:
2796:
2772:
2752:
2731:
2698:
2677:
2671:
2644:
2040:
910:
will be reborn as other beings. The mobile region of universe (Trasnaadi) is one
874:
s long at the bottom and decreases gradually towards the middle, where it is one
585:
500:
369:
355:
78:
5532:
4603:
2798:
Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara
2594:
5517:
5467:
5457:
5106:
5001:
4883:
4826:
4796:
4665:
4438:
4247:
4145:
4120:
3934:
3851:
3821:
3755:
3689:
3657:
3644:
3639:
3584:
3450:
3445:
3304:
3219:
1958:
1847:– The Chakravartīs are the universal monarchs who rule over the six continents.
1134:
434:
420:
406:
385:
250:
196:
136:
5502:
4687:
4618:
3684:
768:
413:
5627:
4966:
4939:
4802:
4789:
4776:
4730:
4675:
4288:
4140:
4125:
3791:
3557:
2819:
2667:
1889:
1883:
1802:
280:
245:
210:
51:
4544:
3674:
1911:
Besides these, a few other important classes of 106 persons are recognized:
378:
5512:
5412:
5397:
5131:
4961:
4769:
4702:
4582:
4562:
4443:
4208:
4198:
3806:
3717:
3712:
3699:
3649:
3616:
3579:
3282:
3272:
2640:
1973:
1844:
1801:
show the 'fordable path' across the sea of interminable births and deaths.
1664:
1640:
555:
285:
255:
116:
86:
4532:
3388:
1821:. Jain texts state that Jainism has always existed and will always exist.
1630:
1585:
1564:
1547:
1537:
1522:
1512:
1497:
1487:
1472:
1462:
1018:
987:
5592:
5482:
5462:
5232:
5056:
5016:
5006:
4808:
4623:
4507:
4237:
3811:
3679:
3510:
3495:
3477:
3457:
3440:
3294:
3227:
2694:
1393:
545:
441:
327:
275:
131:
5427:
2431:
2429:
1003:
Trilokasāra – Essence of the three worlds (heavens, middle level, hells)
5542:
5522:
5432:
5387:
5362:
5302:
5297:
5247:
5167:
5141:
5076:
4902:
4855:
4660:
4608:
4242:
4218:
3879:
3727:
3594:
3589:
3547:
3408:
3328:
2044:
1854:
1670:
1259:
1251:
1178:
1122:
1118:
1114:
477:
472:
322:
312:
307:
215:
186:
141:
4832:
3841:
3175:
1893:(anti-heroes) – They are anti-heroes who are ultimately killed by the
1783:). According to Jain belief, in every half-cycle of time, twenty-four
1629:
1415:, the descending time cycle, occurring continuously after each other.
41:
5567:
5402:
5227:
5202:
5121:
5081:
5066:
5021:
4819:
4613:
4183:
3846:
3801:
3770:
3722:
3707:
3462:
3432:
3255:
3232:
2999:
Schubring, Walther (1995), "Cosmography", in Wolfgang Beurlen (ed.),
2704:
2426:
2278:. Internet Archive. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. p. 105.
1768:, eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven. On death, the
859:
823:
550:
540:
515:
350:
302:
181:
4567:
4383:
2906:
Cosmography (Appendix 1.1 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra)
2249:
B. H. Hodgson (1834). "Remarks on M. Remusat's Review of Buddhism".
1109:
5562:
5452:
5392:
5342:
5337:
5182:
5177:
5136:
5101:
5051:
4986:
4981:
4735:
4572:
4369:
4257:
4252:
3765:
3739:
3472:
2401:
2399:
2195:
1944:
1871:
1865:
1344:
1145:
846:
628:
580:
290:
5572:
791:), however, is the cause of imperceptible, minute changes (called
5582:
5577:
5557:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5417:
5367:
5357:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5207:
5041:
4921:
4645:
4522:
4497:
4433:
3606:
3382:
3377:
3348:
3211:
2818:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2729:
2600:
1931:
1775:
Jain cosmology divides the worldly cycle of time into two parts (
735:
713:
636:
33:
5307:
2489:
2396:
2360:
1699:(universal monarchs). They are golden in complexion. One of the
1645:
According to Jain texts, sixty-three illustrious beings, called
815:
5587:
5537:
5527:
5422:
5407:
5327:
5317:
5277:
5217:
5212:
5197:
5162:
5111:
5031:
4697:
4527:
4468:
4262:
3760:
3500:
3367:
3333:
2646:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
2465:
1919:
1691:
760:
727:
462:
121:
2549:
2150:
2148:
2146:
1824:
During each motion of the half-cycle of the wheel of time, 63
1435:
or epochs of unequal periods. Currently, the time cycle is in
5602:
5597:
5507:
5377:
5332:
5242:
5046:
4996:
4945:
4926:
4502:
4463:
3897:
3874:
3343:
3127:
2838:
2525:
2441:
2106:
2104:
1925:
1813:). Mahāvīra (6th century BC) is revered as the twenty fourth
1401:
According to Jainism, time is beginningless and eternal. The
1141:
1082:
1070:
704:
3207:
2730:
Jain, Jagdish Chandra; Bhattacharyya, Narendra Nath (1994).
2501:
2372:
2292:
5607:
5372:
5352:
4458:
2143:
2961:, New Delhi: Today & Tomorrows Printer and Publisher,
2188:"Indian Cosmology Reflections in Religion and Metaphysics"
2101:
1908:
are half brothers who jointly rule over three continents.
1026:
Bruhatsamgrahni – Treatise on Jain cosmology and geography
975:– the realms of the hellish beings or the infernal regions
653:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2537:
862:
sect of Jainism postulates that the universe is fourteen
2513:
2416:
2414:
1154:(Intermediary gods) – 100 yojanas below the ground level
2311:
2309:
2307:
1076:
Image depicting map of Jambudvipa as per Jain Cosmology
819:
Structure of Universe according to the Jain scriptures.
627:
is the description of the shape and functioning of the
2573:
2453:
2321:
878:. The width then increases gradually until it is five
2411:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
898:
high. The total space of the world is thus 343 cubic
2477:
2384:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2304:
2089:
1797:, which means a fordable passage across a sea. The
1717:state that Indian subcontinent came to be known as
2750:
2471:
2160:
3021:, Volume I and II, Sussex: Sussex Academy Press,
2943:, International School of Dravidian Linguistics,
2733:Jainism and Prakrit in Ancient and Medieval India
2345:
2077:
1611:the order of the eras is reversed. Starting from
1557:
5625:
1138:(luminous gods) – 790 to 900 yojanas above earth
1060:
1009:Trilokadipikā – Illumination of the three worlds
3058:
2495:
2447:
1439:or descending phase with the following epochs.
1030:
1006:Trilokaprajñapti – Treatise on the three worlds
3124:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
3093:Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion
2721:Gopani, A. S. (1989), Surendra Bothara (ed.),
1258:) is at the centre of the world surrounded by
967:– the realms of the humans, animals and plants
4399:
3191:
3112:
3081:
3034:
3016:
2916:
2794:
2601:Jagdish Chandra Jain & Bhattacharyya 1994
2555:
2531:
2507:
2435:
2405:
2378:
2366:
2298:
2248:
2110:
2074:Ācārya Kundakunda, Pañcāstikāyasāra, Gatha 18
2065:Ācārya Kundakunda, Pañcāstikāyasāra, Gatha 16
1333:
1088:Early 19th-century painting depicting map of
810:
605:
3095:], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), Delhi:
1828:or 63 illustrious men, consisting of the 24
1756:the villains. According to the legends, the
2617:
2543:
1857:who lead an ideal Jain life.e.g. Lord Rama
795:) that go on incessantly in all substances.
4406:
4392:
3198:
3184:
3161:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd,
2882:
2723:Yogaśāstra (Sanskrit) of Ācārya Hemacandra
2519:
2215:
870:from north to south. Its breadth is seven
612:
598:
2998:
2154:
882:long and again decreases until it is one
642:
16:Description of the universe in Jain texts
3119:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
3088:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
2251:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1392:
1343:
1264:
1108:
936:
822:
814:
652:
3205:
2974:
2956:
2902:
2666:
2588:
2459:
2327:
1431:years) is further sub-divided into six
1148:(Animals, birds, plants) on the surface
5626:
3147:
2936:
2883:Jansma, Rudi; Jain, Sneh Rani (2006),
2720:
2693:
2620:Jainism and the definition of religion
2567:
2420:
2390:
2339:
2315:
2095:
1397:Division of time as envisaged by Jains
886:long. The apex of the universe is one
4413:
4387:
3179:
3126:], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.),
3065:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
2959:Pañcāstikāyasāra of Ācārya Kundakunda
2858:
2827:
2483:
2354:
2271:
1635:– The deeds of the 63 illustrious men
3003:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,
2770:
2639:
2173:
2129:. Abhinav Publications. p. 56.
2122:
2083:
1015:– Description on nature of realities
657:Chart showing the classification of
2774:Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha
961:– the realms of the gods or heavens
13:
2889:, Jaipur: Prakrit Bharti Academy,
1651:, are born on this earth in every
1571:Sorrow with very little happiness
1519:Happiness with very little sorrow
995:Candraprajñapti – Treatise on moon
14:
5655:
2862:Collected Papers On Jaina Studies
2859:Jaini, Padmanabh S., ed. (2000),
1494:Moderate happiness and no sorrow
831:' modelled after the three lokas
4368:
3206:
3038:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
3019:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
2957:Nayanar, A. Chakravarti (2005),
2813:
2725:, Jaipur: Prakrit Bharti Academy
2275:Historical dictionary of Jainism
2123:Shah, Umakant Premanand (1987).
1703:mentioned in Jain scriptures is
1081:
1069:
983:Sūryaprajñapti – Treatise on Sun
579:
40:
2975:Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001),
2673:Encyclopedia of World Religions
2265:
2242:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2008:
1991:
1939:24 Mothers of the Tirthankaras.
1936:24 Fathers of the Tirthankaras.
1469:Utmost happiness and no sorrow
4746:Progressive utilization theory
4304:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
2834:The Jaina Path of Purification
2116:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2033:
1544:Happiness with little sorrow
926:
1:
2047:4.106] Tr by Dr. A. S. Gopani
2021:
1382:
1223:Ghrutoda (Butter milk ocean)
1061:Madhya Loka, the middle world
2751:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
2026:
1409:or ascending time cycle and
1352:The lower world consists of
1031:Urdhva Loka, the upper world
7:
5639:Jain philosophical concepts
3389:
2754:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
2618:Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009),
1964:Jainism and non-creationism
1952:
1809:of the present half-cycle (
1791:signifies the founder of a
1631:
1586:
1565:
1548:
1538:
1523:
1513:
1498:
1488:
1473:
1463:
1457:Maximum lifespan of people
1023:– Summary of Jain geography
1019:
988:
421:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
197:Aparigraha (non-possession)
10:
5660:
3001:The Doctrine of the Jainas
2903:Johnson, Helen M. (1931),
2610:
2257:. Bishop's College Press:
2005:is more than 10^210 years.
1638:
1592:Extreme sorrow and misery
1386:
1337:
1334:Adho Loka, the lower world
930:
811:Universe and its structure
732:(Principle of Motion) and
646:
407:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
386:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
5155:
4954:
4754:
4723:
4638:
4553:
4484:
4477:
4421:
4365:
4317:
4281:
4164:
4103:
4067:
3997:
3915:
3908:
3860:
3784:
3748:
3698:
3625:
3540:
3486:
3431:
3422:
3246:
3218:
2911:Baroda Oriental Institute
2865:(First ed.), Delhi:
2272:Wiley, Kristi L. (2004).
1454:Maximum height of people
1378:Mahatamah prabha-maadhavi
1231:Iksuvaroda (Sugar Ocean)
1215:Kshiroda (Ocean of milk)
4933:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3068:, Abhinav Publications,
3035:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
2920:Encyclopedia of religion
2622:(1st ed.), Mumbai:
2438:, pp. 134–135, 285.
1984:
1805:is said to be the first
1752:are violent heroes, and
1549:100 trillion sāgaropamas
1524:200 trillion sāgaropamas
1499:300 trillion sāgaropamas
1474:400 trillion sāgaropamas
1326:, and the inner half of
1199:Puskaroda (Lotus Ocean)
1183:Lavanoda (Salt – ocean)
708:(Non-Living Substances)
561:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
414:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
204:Anuvratas (further vows)
4863:Samkhyapravachana Sutra
4268:Jain terms and concepts
3888:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
3060:Shah, Umakant Premanand
3017:Shah, Natubhai (1998),
2923:, Macmillan Reference,
2917:Jones, Lindsay (2005),
2886:Introduction to Jainism
2795:Jain, Vijay K. (2015),
2771:Jain, Vijay K. (2013),
2757:, Motilal Banarsidass,
2651:Oxford University Press
2472:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
1748:are nonviolent heroes,
1724:There are nine sets of
1363:Sharkara prabha-vansha.
1207:Varunoda (Varun Ocean)
866:high and extends seven
170:Mahavratas (major vows)
4599:Early Buddhist schools
3114:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
3083:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
2940:Jainism in South India
2937:Joseph, P. M. (1997),
2520:Jansma & Jain 2006
1695:give a list of twelve
1398:
1349:
1273:
1125:
950:
852:
832:
820:
806:
740:(Principle of Rest) –
665:
643:Six eternal substances
468:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
379:Samayasāra (Digambara)
192:Brahmacarya (chastity)
5644:Religious cosmologies
4299:List of Jain ascetics
4104:Dynasties and empires
3893:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
3158:Philosophies Of India
2624:Hindi Granth Karyalay
1713:and Hindu Texts like
1482:Three Palyopam years
1396:
1375:Tamah prabha-maghavi.
1347:
1268:
1112:
940:
837:
826:
818:
781:
656:
187:Asteya (non-stealing)
177:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
5037:Brihadratha Ikshvaku
4874:Sarvadarsanasangraha
4651:Acintya bheda abheda
4294:List of Jain temples
2496:Umakant P. Shah 1987
2448:Umakant P. Shah 1987
1997:Per Jain cosmology:
1760:ultimately kill the
1705:Bharata Chakravartin
1577:7 hatha (10.5 feet)
1448:Degree of happiness
1366:Valuka prabha-megha.
1360:Ratna prabha-dharma.
1292:Hairanyavata Kshetra
695:(consciousness) and
680:(Living Substances)
346:Schools and Branches
5097:Dayananda Saraswati
4671:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4595:Buddhist philosophy
4375:Religion portal
4309:Topics List (index)
3600:Mahamastakabhisheka
3132:Motilal Banarsidass
3097:Motilal Banarsidass
3043:Motilal Banarsidass
2867:Motilal Banarsidass
2843:Motilal Banarsidass
2829:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
2801:, Vikalp Printers,
2777:, Vikalp Printers,
2703:(Second ed.),
2570:, pp. 182–183.
2408:, pp. 134–135.
2369:, pp. 271–272.
2230:on 11 February 2021
2157:, pp. 204–246.
1598:1 hatha (1.5 feet)
1532:One Palyopam Years
1507:Two Palyopam Years
1372:Dhum prabha-arista.
1369:Pank prabha-anjana.
1324:Dhatatikhanda Dvipa
1271:Sankhitta Sangheyan
1191:Kaloda (Black sea)
918:broad and fourteen
783:Conventional time (
586:Religion portal
276:The 24 Tirthankaras
4708:Pashupata Shaivism
4538:Pashupata Shaivism
4273:Sexual differences
2556:Natubhai Shah 2004
2532:Lindsay Jones 2005
2508:Vijay K. Jain 2015
2436:von Glasenapp 1925
2406:von Glasenapp 1925
2379:von Glasenapp 1999
2367:von Glasenapp 1999
2299:von Glasenapp 1999
2198:on 30 January 2012
2126:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana
2111:Natubhai Shah 1998
1969:History of Jainism
1707:. Jain texts like
1399:
1350:
1283:Mahavideha Kshetra
1274:
1170:Continent/ Island
1126:
951:
833:
829:Trilok Teerth Dham
821:
734:Adharmastikāya or
666:
393:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
5621:
5620:
5473:Pratītyasamutpāda
4634:
4633:
4415:Indian philosophy
4381:
4380:
4063:
4062:
3842:Hampa Nagarajaiah
3735:Auspicious dreams
3663:Bhaktamara Stotra
3536:
3535:
3168:978-81-208-0739-6
3106:978-81-208-1376-2
3099:(Reprint: 1999),
3075:978-81-7017-208-6
3052:978-81-208-1938-2
2992:978-81-7154-839-2
2983:Popular Prakashan
2950:978-81-85692-23-4
2930:978-0-02-865733-2
2896:978-81-89698-09-6
2876:978-81-208-1691-6
2808:978-81-903639-7-6
2764:978-81-208-0805-8
2660:978-0-19-538502-1
2633:978-81-88769-29-2
2558:, pp. 21–28.
2498:, pp. 73–76.
2285:978-0-8108-5051-4
2136:978-81-7017-208-6
1979:Saṃsāra (Jainism)
1605:
1604:
1316:Nandishvara Dvipa
1295:Haimavata Kshetra
1243:
1242:
726:Dharmastikāya or
622:
621:
241:Micchami Dukkadam
236:Bhaktamara Stotra
165:Ethics of Jainism
5651:
5127:Satyakama Jabala
5062:Akshapada Gotama
5012:Gārgī Vāchaknavī
4992:Vāchaspati Misra
4850:Nyayakusumanjali
4784:Bhagavata Purana
4741:Radical Humanism
4713:Shaiva Siddhanta
4482:
4481:
4454:Vedic philosophy
4408:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4335:Monks & nuns
4232:Statue of Ahimsa
4189:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
3913:
3912:
3827:Champat Rai Jain
3670:Tattvartha Sutra
3429:
3428:
3392:
3210:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3153:Campbell, Joseph
3149:Zimmer, Heinrich
3144:
3109:
3078:
3055:
3031:
3013:
2995:
2971:
2953:
2933:
2913:
2899:
2879:
2855:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2791:
2767:
2747:
2726:
2717:
2690:
2663:
2636:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2544:Balcerowicz 2009
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2223:. Archived from
2222:
2218:"Jain Geography"
2216:Pravin K. Shah.
2213:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2194:, archived from
2183:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2015:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1917:
1880:
1862:
1852:
1710:Harivamsa Purana
1634:
1589:
1587:Duḥṣama- duḥṣamā
1568:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1526:
1516:
1504:Four miles tall
1501:
1491:
1476:
1466:
1451:Duration of Ara
1445:Name of the Ara
1442:
1441:
1340:Naraka (Jainism)
1286:Airavata Kshetra
1236:Nandishwardvīpa
1167:
1166:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1073:
1022:
992:and King Bharata
991:
933:Trilok (Jainism)
850:
804:
649:Dravya (Jainism)
614:
607:
600:
584:
583:
521:Shravanabelagola
428:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
400:Tattvartha Sutra
44:
21:
20:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5443:Parameshashakti
5151:
5087:Ramana Maharshi
4972:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
4950:
4916:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
4890:Tattvacintāmaṇi
4763:Abhinavabharati
4750:
4719:
4693:Sikh Philosophy
4681:Vishishtadvaita
4630:
4549:
4473:
4417:
4412:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4361:
4313:
4277:
4226:Panch Kalyanaka
4160:
4099:
4095:Non-creationism
4059:
3993:
3904:
3856:
3837:Jeffery D. Long
3832:Padmanabh Jaini
3817:Virchand Gandhi
3797:Colette Caillat
3780:
3744:
3694:
3621:
3532:
3482:
3418:
3305:Heavenly beings
3242:
3214:
3204:
3174:
3169:
3142:
3107:
3076:
3053:
3041:, vol. I,
3029:
3011:
2993:
2969:
2951:
2931:
2897:
2877:
2853:
2814:
2809:
2785:
2765:
2744:
2715:
2688:
2678:Merriam-Webster
2661:
2634:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:, p. 4764.
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1955:
1915:
1878:
1860:
1850:
1721:in his memory.
1653:Dukhama-sukhamā
1643:
1637:
1615:, it ends with
1529:Two miles tall
1479:Six miles tall
1391:
1385:
1342:
1336:
1289:Ramyaka Kshetra
1280:Bharata Kshetra
1196:Puskarvardvīpa
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1033:
1013:Tattvārthasūtra
947:Saṁgrahaṇīratna
935:
929:
894:wide and eight
851:
844:
813:
805:
799:
651:
645:
618:
578:
571:
570:
536:
535:
526:
525:
493:
492:
483:
482:
458:
457:
448:
447:
373:
372:
370:Jain literature
361:
360:
343:
342:
333:
332:
271:
270:
261:
260:
251:Ṇamōkāra mantra
231:
230:
221:
220:
162:
161:
152:
151:
82:
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5657:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Jain cosmology
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5518:Shabda Brahman
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5468:Pratibimbavada
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Vedanta Desika
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Gautama Buddha
4999:
4997:Uddalaka Aruni
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4884:Tarka-Sangraha
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4827:Mimamsa Sutras
4823:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4797:Buddhist texts
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4050:Southeast Asia
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:Organisations
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3852:Jinendra Varni
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:Hermann Jacobi
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Digambara monk
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3690:Uttaradhyayana
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3658:Namokar Mantra
3652:
3647:
3645:Shatkhandagama
3642:
3640:Pravachanasara
3637:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:Kashtha Sangha
3448:
3446:Balatkara Gana
3437:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3290:Jain cosmology
3287:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:Jainism topics
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3145:
3140:
3110:
3105:
3079:
3074:
3056:
3051:
3032:
3027:
3014:
3009:
2996:
2991:
2972:
2967:
2954:
2949:
2934:
2929:
2914:
2900:
2895:
2880:
2875:
2856:
2851:
2825:
2807:
2792:
2783:
2768:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2727:
2718:
2713:
2691:
2686:
2670:, ed. (1999),
2668:Doniger, Wendy
2664:
2659:
2637:
2632:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:, p. 146.
2593:
2591:, p. 550.
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2510:, p. 175.
2500:
2488:
2486:, p. 377.
2476:
2464:
2462:, p. 106.
2452:
2440:
2425:
2423:, p. 178.
2410:
2395:
2383:
2381:, p. 272.
2371:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2330:, p. 551.
2320:
2303:
2301:, p. 286.
2291:
2284:
2264:
2241:
2208:
2178:
2159:
2155:Schubring 1995
2142:
2135:
2115:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2007:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:God in Jainism
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1899:
1898:
1876:
1858:
1848:
1841:
1764:. Of the nine
1744:are brothers.
1719:Bharata varsha
1639:Main article:
1636:
1628:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1539:Duḥṣama-suṣamā
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:Suṣama-duḥṣamā
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1338:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1328:Pushkara Dvipa
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:Nandishwaroda
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:Ikshuvardvīpa
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:Ghrutvardvīpa
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:Kshirvardvīpa
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:Varunvardvīpa
1201:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1004:
997:
996:
993:
984:
977:
976:
968:
962:
931:Main article:
928:
925:
842:
812:
809:
808:
807:
801:Dravyasaṃgraha
797:
785:vyavahāra kāla
778:Dravyasaṃgraha
765:
757:
754:Adharmastikāya
746:Adharmastikāya
723:
701:
700:
647:Main article:
644:
641:
625:Jain cosmology
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
602:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
533:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
494:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
438:
435:Silappatikaram
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
374:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
344:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5656:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Parinama-vada
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Padmasambhāva
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Maṇḍana Miśra
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Abhinavagupta
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:Yoga Vasistha
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:All 108 texts
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4803:Dharmashastra
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4777:Bhagavad Gita
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Integral yoga
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Shuddhadvaita
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:List of Jains
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:Jain calendar
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4055:United States
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3989:Uttar Pradesh
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Nalini Balbir
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Vegetarianism
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:81-208-1376-6
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:1-898723-30-3
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3010:81-208-0933-5
3006:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:81-7019-436-9
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:81-208-1578-5
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:public domain
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2789:Non-copyright
2786:
2784:9788190363952
2780:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2743:9788173040511
2739:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2714:0-415-26605-X
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:0-87779-044-2
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2546:, p. 16.
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2522:, p. 28.
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2450:, p. 72.
2449:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2393:, p. 40.
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2342:, p. 20.
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2318:, p. 12.
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2176:, p. 90.
2175:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2113:, p. 25.
2112:
2107:
2105:
2098:, p. 90.
2097:
2092:
2086:, p. 74.
2085:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1999:Sirsapahelika
1994:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:Prati-Vasudev
1886:
1885:
1884:Prati-Naryana
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1845:Chakravartins
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:Rishabhanatha
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:pratinarayana
1759:
1755:
1754:pratinarayana
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:pratinarayana
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:Vishnu Purana
1712:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1701:chakravartins
1698:
1697:chakravartins
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:pratinarayana
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:chakravartins
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:śalākāpuruṣas
1642:
1633:
1632:Śalākāpuruṣas
1627:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:suṣamā-suṣamā
1614:
1613:duṣamā-duṣamā
1610:
1600:
1597:
1595:21,000 years
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:21,000 years
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1558:84 Lakh Purva
1556:
1554:1,500 meters
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:Suṣama-suṣamā
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:Ghatki Khand
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:Vyantaradevas
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:Depiction of
1111:
1084:
1072:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
990:
985:
982:
981:
980:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
948:
944:
939:
934:
924:
921:
917:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
848:
841:
836:
830:
825:
817:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
779:
775:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
751:
750:Dharmastikāya
747:
743:
742:Dharmastikāya
739:
737:
731:
729:
724:
720:
716:
715:
711:
710:
709:
707:
706:
698:
694:
690:
687:i.e. Souls –
686:
683:
682:
681:
679:
678:
673:
671:
664:
660:
655:
650:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
595:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
576:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
487:
486:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
452:
451:
444:
443:
439:
437:
436:
432:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
402:
401:
397:
395:
394:
390:
388:
387:
383:
381:
380:
376:
375:
371:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:Samantabhadra
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:Major figures
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Navkar Mantra
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
182:Satya (truth)
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5548:Iccha-mrityu
5513:Satkaryavada
5413:Nididhyasana
5398:Matsya Nyaya
5132:Madhvacharya
4962:Adi Shankara
4955:Philosophers
4938:
4931:
4914:
4895:
4888:
4879:Shiva Sutras
4869:Sangam texts
4861:
4854:
4845:Nyāya Sūtras
4825:
4818:
4801:
4791:Brahma Sutra
4790:
4782:
4775:
4770:Arthashastra
4768:
4761:
4703:Pratyabhijna
4583:Anekantavada
4230:
4209:Samavasarana
4199:Śalākāpuruṣa
3807:John E. Cort
3718:Ashtamangala
3713:Siddhachakra
3650:Kasayapahuda
3617:Pratikramana
3525:Sthānakavāsī
3289:
3283:Anekāntavāda
3279:Jaina logic
3273:Kevala Jñāna
3268:Epistemology
3157:
3123:
3118:
3092:
3087:
3064:
3037:
3018:
3000:
2977:
2958:
2939:
2919:
2905:
2885:
2861:
2833:
2812:
2797:
2788:
2773:
2753:
2732:
2722:
2699:
2695:Dundas, Paul
2672:
2645:
2619:
2596:
2589:Doniger 1999
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2474:, p. 5.
2467:
2460:Sangave 2001
2455:
2443:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2335:
2328:Doniger 1999
2323:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2211:
2200:, retrieved
2196:the original
2192:Ignca.nic.in
2191:
2181:
2125:
2118:
2091:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2035:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1974:Macranthropy
1948:(patriarchs)
1943:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1870:
1864:
1838:Tīrthaṅkaras
1830:Tīrthaṅkaras
1829:
1826:Śalākāpuruṣa
1825:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:tīrthaṅkaras
1798:
1792:
1788:
1785:tīrthaṅkaras
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1660:Tīrthaṅkaras
1659:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1641:Salakapurusa
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1351:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1275:
1270:
1255:
1250:
1157:
1151:
1132:
1127:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1020:Kṣetrasamasa
998:
978:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
942:
919:
915:
911:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
849:, Mahāpurāṇa
838:
834:
800:
792:
789:niścaya kāla
788:
784:
782:
773:
767:
759:
753:
749:
745:
741:
733:
725:
718:
712:
703:
702:
696:
692:
688:
675:
674:
669:
667:
662:
658:
632:
624:
623:
556:Jain symbols
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
295:
256:Jai Jinendra
229:Jain prayers
203:
169:
117:Kevala Jnana
91:
87:Anekantavada
18:
5593:Vivartavada
5483:Rājamaṇḍala
5438:Paramananda
5238:Apauruṣheyā
5233:Anupalabdhi
5092:Vivekananda
5057:Dharmakirti
5017:Buddhaghosa
5007:Yājñavalkya
4814:Jain Agamas
4809:Hindu texts
4688:Navya-Nyāya
4624:Svatantrika
4619:Sautrāntika
4508:Vaisheshika
4151:Rashtrakuta
4068:Jainism and
3967:Maharashtra
3925:Bundelkhand
3812:Paul Dundas
3685:Kalpa Sūtra
3680:Aptamimamsa
3565:Monasticism
3496:Murtipujaka
3478:Kanji Panth
3458:Taran Panth
3441:Mula Sangha
3295:Siddhashila
3228:Tirthankara
2736:. Manohar.
2568:Zimmer 1953
2421:Joseph 1997
2391:Dundas 2002
2340:Dundas 2002
2316:Dundas 2002
2096:Dundas 2002
1855:Balabhadras
1815:tīrthankara
1807:tīrthankara
1789:tīrthankara
1687:chakravartī
1678:, and nine
1354:seven hells
1306:akarmabhumi
965:Madhya Loka
959:Urdhva Loka
927:Three lokas
876:Rajlok long
566:Topics list
491:Pilgrimages
442:Valayapathi
341:Major sects
328:Yashovijaya
132:Brahmacarya
5628:Categories
5543:Svātantrya
5433:Paramatman
5388:Kshetrajna
5363:Ishvaratva
5303:Cittabhumi
5298:Chidabhasa
5248:Asiddhatva
5168:Abhasavada
5142:Guru Nanak
5077:Vasubandhu
4903:Upanishads
4897:Tirukkuṟaḷ
4856:Panchadasi
4661:Bhedabheda
4609:Madhyamaka
4449:Monotheism
4330:Literature
4219:Samvatsari
3984:Tamil Nadu
3909:Jainism in
3728:Nandavarta
3675:Samayasāra
3627:Literature
3595:Kshamavani
3590:Paryushana
3553:Meditation
3548:Sallekhana
3488:Śvetāmbara
3409:Ratnatraya
3329:Gunasthana
3248:Philosophy
2981:, Mumbai:
2641:Cort, John
2484:Jaini 2000
2355:Jaini 1998
2045:Hemacandra
2043:of Ācārya
2041:Yogaśāstra
2022:References
1902:Balabhadra
1819:avasarpiṇī
1811:avasarpiṇī
1777:avasarpiṇī
1766:balabhadra
1746:Balabhadra
1738:balabhadra
1726:balabhadra
1671:balabhadra
1580:120 years
1437:avasarpiṇī
1425:sagaropama
1412:Avasarpiṇī
1389:Avasarpiṇī
1387:See also:
1383:Time cycle
1320:Jambudvipa
1310:bhogabhumi
1301:karmabhumi
1260:Jambūdvīpa
1252:Mount Meru
1179:Jambūdvīpa
1133:Jyotishka
1123:Hastinapur
1119:Jambudweep
1115:Mount Meru
1102:continents
914:wide, one
890:long, one
722:destroyed.
478:Samvatsari
473:Paryushana
356:Śvetāmbara
323:Haribhadra
313:Siddhasena
308:Kundakunda
216:Sallekhana
142:Gunasthana
137:Aparigraha
79:Philosophy
5403:Mithyatva
5293:Chaitanya
5288:Catuṣkoṭi
5253:Asatkalpa
5228:Anavastha
5203:Aishvarya
5122:Sakayanya
5117:Sadananda
5082:Gaudapada
5067:Nagarjuna
5022:Patañjali
4838:Principal
4820:Kamasutra
4614:Yogachara
4533:Raseśvara
4248:Sculpture
4184:Ekendriya
4045:Singapore
4030:Hong Kong
4010:Australia
3979:Rajasthan
3950:Karnataka
3862:Community
3847:Bal Patil
3802:Chandabai
3771:Pattavali
3723:Shrivatsa
3708:Jain flag
3585:Festivals
3541:Practices
3529:Terapanth
3516:Tristutik
3506:Kharatara
3468:Terapanth
3463:Bispanthi
3433:Digambara
3256:Five Vows
3233:Ganadhara
3151:(1953) ,
2831:(1998) ,
2705:Routledge
2700:The Jains
2697:(2002) ,
2643:(2010) ,
2202:7 October
2174:Cort 2010
2084:Jain 2013
2027:Citations
2003:Sagrapoma
1781:utsarpiṇī
1662:, twelve
1609:utsarpiṇī
1601:20 years
1429:palyopama
1421:Avsarpiṇī
1417:Utsarpiṇī
1407:Utsarpiṇī
1403:Kālacakra
1146:Triyancha
972:Adho Loka
941:Fourteen
860:Digambara
772:(Time) –
551:Jain flag
541:Ekendriya
516:Shikharji
456:Festivals
351:Digambara
303:Ganadhara
92:Cosmology
5568:Tanmatra
5563:Tajjalan
5553:Syādvāda
5453:Pradhana
5428:Padārtha
5393:Lakshana
5338:Ekagrata
5183:Adrishta
5178:Adarsana
5156:Concepts
5137:Mahavira
5102:Ramanuja
5052:Chanakya
4987:Avatsara
4982:Valluvar
4922:Vedangas
4736:Gandhism
4639:Medieval
4588:Syādvāda
4573:Charvaka
4545:Pāṇiniya
4439:Idealism
4340:Scholars
4318:Navboxes
4177:Timeline
4126:Ikshvaku
4111:Chalukya
4080:Hinduism
4075:Buddhism
4040:Pakistan
3998:Overseas
3785:Scholars
3766:Kshullak
3749:Ascetics
3740:Swastika
3558:Sāmāyika
3473:Yapaniya
3424:Branches
3116:(1999),
3085:(1925),
3062:(1987),
1953:See also
1945:Kulakara
1932:Kamdevas
1906:Narayana
1895:Narayana
1875:(heroes)
1866:Narayana
1770:narayana
1758:narayana
1750:narayana
1742:narayana
1730:narayana
1676:narayana
847:Jinasena
843:—
798:—
719:Paramāṇu
663:astikaya
629:Universe
506:Palitana
291:Mahavira
281:Rishabha
211:Sāmāyika
62:Timeline
26:a series
24:Part of
5613:More...
5583:Upekkhā
5578:Uparati
5558:Taijasa
5533:Śūnyatā
5503:Saṃsāra
5498:Samadhi
5463:Prakṛti
5418:Nirvāṇa
5368:Jivatva
5358:Ikshana
5313:Devatas
5283:Bhumika
5273:Brahman
5263:Avyakta
5208:Akrodha
5188:Advaita
5147:More...
5042:Jaimini
4946:More...
4656:Advaita
4646:Vedanta
4604:Śūnyatā
4563:Ājīvika
4555:Nāstika
4523:Vedanta
4518:Mīmāṃsā
4498:Samkhya
4478:Ancient
4434:Atomism
4429:Atheism
4350:America
4345:Temples
4194:Pratima
4172:History
4165:Related
4156:Santara
4136:Kalinga
4131:Kadamba
4121:Hoysala
4090:Sikhism
4015:Belgium
3945:Haryana
3940:Gujarat
3870:Śrāvaka
3776:Acharya
3700:Symbols
3654:Mantra
3607:Upadhan
3580:Rituals
3575:Fasting
3414:Kashaya
3404:Saṃsāra
3383:Nirjara
3378:Samvara
3349:Pudgala
3238:Arihant
3155:(ed.),
2611:Sources
1920:Naradas
1872:Vasudev
1692:puranas
1674:, nine
1668:, nine
1566:Duḥṣamā
1097:⁄
896:Rajloks
880:Rajloks
868:Rajloks
864:Rajloks
845:Ācārya
793:vartanā
738:-dravya
736:Adharma
730:-dravya
714:Pudgala
697:upayoga
693:chetana
637:Jainism
546:Temples
297:Arihant
147:Saṃsāra
57:History
34:Jainism
5588:Utsaha
5538:Sutram
5528:Sthiti
5523:Sphoṭa
5493:Sakshi
5478:Puruṣa
5458:Prajna
5423:Niyama
5383:Kasaya
5328:Dravya
5318:Dharma
5278:Bhuman
5268:Bhrama
5223:Ananta
5218:Anatta
5213:Aksara
5198:Ahimsa
5173:Abheda
5163:Abhava
5112:Raikva
5032:Kapila
5027:Kanada
4724:Modern
4698:Shaiva
4666:Dvaita
4568:Ajñana
4528:Shaiva
4486:Āstika
4469:Moksha
4422:Topics
4355:Bengal
4263:Nigoda
4238:Temple
4204:Tirtha
4146:Pandya
4141:Maurya
4025:Europe
4020:Canada
4005:Africa
3972:Mumbai
3962:Kerala
3761:Aryika
3501:Gaccha
3373:Bandha
3368:Asrava
3363:Tattva
3354:Dharma
3334:Dravya
3322:Causes
3300:Naraka
3261:Ahimsa
3165:
3138:
3103:
3072:
3049:
3025:
3007:
2989:
2965:
2947:
2927:
2893:
2873:
2849:
2805:
2781:
2761:
2740:
2711:
2684:
2657:
2630:
2282:
2234:8 July
2133:
1926:Rudras
1794:tirtha
1736:. The
1732:, and
1623:karmas
1489:Suṣamā
1256:Sumeru
1254:(also
1173:Ocean
1142:Humans
989:Ṛṣabha
943:Rajlok
920:Rajlok
916:Rajlok
912:Rajlok
904:Rajlok
900:Rajlok
892:Rajlok
888:Rajlok
884:Rajlok
872:Rajlok
856:Rajlok
728:Dharma
670:dravya
659:dravya
511:Girnar
463:Diwali
286:Pārśva
160:Ethics
127:Tattva
122:Dravya
107:Dharma
97:Ahimsa
5603:Yamas
5598:Viraj
5573:Tyāga
5508:Satya
5408:Mokṣa
5378:Karma
5333:Dhrti
5258:Ātman
5243:Artha
5047:Vyasa
4927:Vedas
4908:Minor
4755:Texts
4503:Nyaya
4494:Hindu
4464:Artha
4444:Logic
4282:Lists
4243:Stupa
4116:Ganga
4085:Islam
4035:Japan
3955:North
3930:Delhi
3917:India
3898:JAINA
3880:Tamil
3875:Sarak
3635:Agama
3612:Tapas
3399:Death
3390:Mokṣa
3344:Ajiva
3317:Types
3312:Karma
3128:Delhi
3122:[
3091:[
2839:Delhi
2228:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2186:CIL,
1985:Notes
1135:devas
761:Ākāśa
705:Ajīva
534:Other
496:Tirth
112:Mokṣa
102:Karma
67:Index
52:Jains
5608:Yoga
5373:Kama
5353:Idam
5348:Hitā
5343:Guṇa
5308:Dāna
5193:Aham
4597:and
4578:Jain
4513:Yoga
4459:Kama
4325:Gods
3511:Tapa
3339:Jīva
3220:Gods
3163:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3047:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2236:2019
2204:2010
2131:ISBN
1904:and
1779:and
1740:and
1433:aras
1427:and
803:(21)
774:Kāla
769:Kāla
752:and
744:and
689:Jīva
685:Jīva
677:Jīva
661:and
633:loka
5488:Ṛta
5323:Dhi
4258:Law
4253:Art
3935:Goa
2259:504
1942:14
1930:24
1924:11
1887:or
1869:or
1843:12
1836:24
1817:of
1656:ara
1607:In
1308:or
1117:at
501:Abu
5630::
4496::
3134:,
3130::
3045:,
2985:,
2909:,
2869:,
2845:,
2841::
2837:,
2811:,
2787:,
2707:,
2680:,
2676:,
2653:,
2649:,
2626:,
2575:^
2428:^
2413:^
2398:^
2347:^
2306:^
2253:.
2190:,
2162:^
2145:^
2103:^
1918:9
1881:9
1863:9
1853:9
1728:,
1685:A
1682:.
1626:.
1330:.
1322:,
1144:,
1121:,
780::
28:on
4407:e
4400:t
4393:v
3199:e
3192:t
3185:v
2822:.
2746:.
2357:.
2288:.
2261:.
2255:3
2238:.
2139:.
1916:0
1897:.
1879:0
1861:0
1851:0
1099:2
1095:1
1092:+
1090:2
827:'
631:(
613:e
606:t
599:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
